UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY  ;»■ 

i 

Class  Book  Volume 

55‘'1  31  \ --l  5- 


Mr  10-20  M 


otOLOGt 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

UNITED  STATES  GEOEOGICAL  SURVEY 


GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  DIRECTOR 


Nos.  371-375 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 


1909 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/mineralresources3713moff 


CONTENTS 


Geological  Survey,  bulletin  371;  Reconnaissance  of  Book  Cliffs  coal  field. 
Same  372;  Bibliography  of  North  American  geology  for  1906  and  1907. 
Same  373;  Smokeless  combustion  of  coal  in  boiler  plants. 

Same  374;  Mineral  resources  of  Kotsina-Chitina  region,  Alaska. 

Same  375;  Fortymile  quadrangle,  Yukon-Tanana  region,  Alaska. 


169057 


DEPARTMENT  OE  THE  INTERIOR 

UNITED  8TATP:S  (IEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director 


Bueeetin  871 


RECONNAI SS  ANCE 

OE  THE 

BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD 


BETWEEN  GRAND  RIVER,  COLORADO 
AND  SITNNVSIDE,  UTAH 


BY 

G.  B.  RICHARDSON 


WASHING TON 

GOVERN  M E N T 1’  R I N 1 1 N G OFFICE 

1909 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction , 5 

Topography 7 

Relief  and  drainage 8 

Lowland  at  base  of  Book  Cliffs 9 

Book  Cliffs 10 

Book  or  Tavapiits  Plateau •. 10 

Climate  and  culture 11 

Descriptive  geology 11 

Stratigraphy 11 

Cretaceous  system 12 

Dakota  sandstone 12 

Mancos  shale ‘ 14 

Mesaverde  formation 16 

Tertiary  system — Eocene  series 19 

Structure 21 

Coal 23 

General  statement 23 

Occurrence  and  thickness 24 

Amount  of  available  coal 42 

Character  and  use  of  Book  Cliffs  coal 42 

Physical  properties 42 

Chemical  composition 43 

Market  and  use 47 

Development 48 

Index 53 


3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


I’age. 

Plate  I.  Map  of  part  of  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field 5 

II.  A,  Bench  at  base  of  Book  Cliffs,  east  of  Thompsons;  B,  Fault  in 

Mesaverde  formation,  2 miles  south  of  Carbonera 10 

III.  Generalized  columnar  section  of  the  rocks  of  the  Book  Cliffs  coal 

field 12 

IV.  Mount  Garfield,  9 miles  east  of  Grand  Junction 14 

V.  A,  Typical  exposure  of  Mesaverde  formation,  north  of  Thompsons; 

J5,  Outcrop  of  coal  in  valley  of  Saleratus  Creek 10 

VI.  Detailed  columnar  sections  of  coal-bearing  rocks  in  Book  Cliffs  field . . 22 

VII.  Little  Book  Cliffs  and  Grand  River  northeast  of  Palisades 24 

VIII.  Coal  sections  in  Book  Cliffs  coal  field 24 

IX.  M,  Ballard’s  coal  mine,  north  of  Thompsons;  B,  Outcrop  of  coal  at 

entrance  to  Ballard’s  mine,  showing  jointing  of  coal 28 

X.  Property  of  the  Book  Cliff  Mine  Company  at  the  base  of  the  cliffs 

north  of  Grand  Junction 48 

Figure  1.  Map  showing  relation  of  the  Book  Cliffs  field  to  adjacent  coal  fields.  7 

4 


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RECONNAISSANCE  OF  THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD, 
BETWEEN  GRAND  RIVER,  COLORADO,  AND  SUNNY- 
SIDE,  UTAH.  

By  G.  B.  Bichardsox. 


INTRODUCTION.  ' 

The  Book  Cliffs  coal  field  is  part  of  the  southern  rim  of  the  Uinta 
Basin,  which  is  an  immense  structural  trough  in  western  Colorado 
and  eastern  Utah,  around  whose  margin  the  outcrop  of  coal-hearing 
rocks  can  be  traced  for  more  than  500  miles.  (See  fig.  1.)  From 
the  vicinity  of  Mount  Flilgard,  in  central  Utah,  northward  to  Castle- 
gate,  the  coal  measures  form  the  eastern  escarpment  of  the  Wasatch 
Plateau.  Thence  they  trend  southeastward  to  Grand  River,  out- 
cropping in  the  Book  Cliffs.  Beyond  Grand  River  they  continue 
eastward,  forming  the  southern  face  of  Grand  Mesa,  to  the  vicinity 
of  Crested  Butte.  From  this  point  the  coal-bearing  rocks  trend 
northward  and  cross  Grand  River  again  near  Newcastle.  North 
of  Grand  River  they  form  the  Grand  Hogback,  and  beyond  the  Dan- 
forth  Hills  the  trend  is  westward  along  the  southern  flank  of  the 
Uinta  Mountains.  This  great  basin  of  coal-bearing  rocks  has  been 
hut  partially  prospected,  and  mines  are  in  operation  in  only  a few 
localities,  hut  enough  of  the  area  has  been  explored  to  prove  that 
it  is  one  of  the  most  important  coal  reserves  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region.  As  a whole,  this  area  is  a distinct  unit,  but  for  convenience 
of  study  and  description,  it  is  divided  into  several  parts.  The  Book 
Cliffs  field  is  that  portion  of  the  southern  rim  of  the  Uinta  Basin 
which  includes  the  Book  Cliffs  and  lies  between  Grand  River,  Colo- 
rado, and  the  Wasatch  Plateau,  ITtali. 

The  geology  of  the  Book  Cliffs  was  first  studied  by  A.  C.  Peale,^ 
of  the  Hayden  Survey,  who  in  1876  examined  the  eastern  part  of 
the  field.  The  western  part  was  included  in  G.  H.  Eldridge’s  map 
of  the  Uinta  Basin  published  in  connection  with  his  study  of  asphalt 
and  bituminous  rock  deposits. Until  recently  these  papers  have 

o An  abstractor  this  report  was  printed  in  Contributions  to  Economic  Geology,  1906,  Part  II:  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey  No.  316,  1907. 

f»Peale,  A.  C.,  Geological  report  on  the  Grand  River  district:  Tenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog. 
Survey  Terr.,  1878,  pp.  170-185. 

<;Eldridge,  G.  II.,  Asphalt  and  bituminous  rock  deposits  of  the  United  States:  Twenty-second  Ann. 
Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  1901,  p.  3.32. 


6 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


been  the  only  available  systematic  geologic  reports  of  the  region. 
The  presence  of  coal  in  the  Book  Chffs  has  long  been  knoAvn.  The 
deposits  are  mentioned  by  R.  C.  Hills®  in  his  report  on  the  coal 
fields  of  Colorado,  and  by  L.  S.  Storrs^  in  his  paper  on  the  Rocky 
Mountain  coal  fields.  Arthur  Lakes  has  also  referred  to  part  of 
the  area‘s  and  has  described  the  Book  Cliff  mine.'^  But  the  coal  field 
was  not  examined  in  detail  until  1905,  when  J.  A.  Taff,  ^ of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  studied  the  western  part  of  the  field  from 
the  vicinity  of  Sunnyside  to  Castlegate,  Utah,  and  its  southern  con- 
tinuation along  the  escarpment  of  the  Wasatch  Plateau. 

During  three  months  of  the  season  of  1906  the  Avriter,  assisted 
by  W.  D.  Neal,  L.  J.  Pepperberg,  and  C.  D.  Perrin,  made  a recon- 
naissance survey  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  Book  Cliffs  field  from 
Grand  River  westward-  to  the  termination  of  Taff’s  work.  The 
attention  of  the  party  was  devoted  mainly  to  a study  of  the  occur- 
rence of  the  coal.  The  boundary  between  the  Mancos  shale  and 
the  Mesaverde  formation — the  most  easily  recognized  horizon  near- 
est the  coal — was  followed  throughout  the  field,  but  in  the  time 
available  detailed  mapping  of  the  formations  could  not  be  attempted. 
The  location  of  the  Dakota  sandstone  outcrop  below  the  Mancos  shale 
and  the  position  of  the  base  of  the  Eocene  above  the  Mesaverde  forma- 
tion were  determined  only  at  certain  localities,  and  the  boundary 
between  these  formations,  shown  on  Plate  I by  a dotted  line,  is  only 
approximately  located. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The  Book  Cliffs  form  the  southern  margin  of  the  Book  or  Tavaputs 
Plateau,  which  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  Colorado  Plateau 
province,  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Wasatch  Range. 
The  southward-facing  cliffs,  which  extend  in  a great  east-west  line 
from  Grand  River  to  Castlegate,  lie  north  of  and  generally  in  sight 
of  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad  and  are  one  of  the  most 
striking  topograpliic  features  along  that  railroad.  The  cliffs  do  not 
form  aii  unbroken  wall,  but  locally  are  deeply  cut  by  small  streams 
into  a series  of  spurs  which,  although  much  lower  than  the  main 
mass  of  the  plateau  to  the  north,  tower  above  and  dominate  the 
great  plain  at  their  base.  Tliis  plain  is  eroded  in  the  soft  shale 
underlying  the  coal-bearing  rocks,  and  it  affords  a route  for  the 
railroad  which  closely  skirts  the  foot  of  the  cliffs  tlnoughout  most 

« Hills,  11.  C.,  Coal  fields  of  Colorado:  Mineral  Resources  U.  S.  for  1892,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  189.1,  p.  .358. 
b Storrs,  L.  S.,  The  Rocky  Mountain  coal  field:  Twenty-second  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  .3, 1901, 
p.  436. 

c Lakes,  Arthur,  The  Grand  River  coal  field:  Mining  Reporter,  vol.  51,  1905,  pp.  .379-.381. 
d Lake.s,  Arthur,  The  Book  ClilTs  coal  mine:  Mine.s  and  Minerals,  vol.  24,  1904,  pp.  289-291. 
eTall,  J.  A.,  The  Book  Cliffs  coal  field:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  285,  1906,  pp.  289-302. 


Figure  1. — Map  showing  relation  of  the  Book  Cliffs  field  to  adjacent  coal  fields. 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


7 


of  their  extent.  South  of  this  broad  valley  stratigraphically  lower 
and  harder  rocks  are  exposed  in  the  Uncompahgre  Plateau  and  the 


San  Rafael  Swell,  two  great  anticlinal  uplifts  south  of  the  Uinta 
Basin. 


8 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


RELIEF  AND  DRAINAGE. 

The  altitude  of  the  surface  throughout  the  Book  Cliffs  field  ranges 
from  about  4,000  feet  in  the  lowlands  to  8,000  and  9,000  feet  above 
sea  level  on  the  plateau.  The  area  is  drained  by  Green  and  Grand 
rivers,  wliich  unite  to  form  the  Colorado  about  60  miles  south  of 
the  Book  Cliffs. 

Green  Biver,  after  leaving  the  Uinta  Mountains,  flows  in  a south- 
westerly direction  across  the  Uinta  Basin  and  cuts  through  the 
Tavaputs  Plateau  in  a steep,  narrow  gorge  known  as  Desolation 
Canyon.”  At  the  mouth  of  the  canyon  in  the  Book  Cliffs  the  stream 
emerges  into  the  lowlands,  where  it  meanders  in  a broad  valley  for 
10  or  12  miles.  It  flows  across  the  belt  of  lowland  and  enters  an- 
other canyon  on  its  way  to  its  junction  with  the  Grand.  Green 
Biver  receives  a number  of  large  tributaries  in  the  Uinta  Basin — 
Yampa  and  AYliite  rivers  on  the  east  and  Uinta  and  Duchesne  on 
the  west;  but  in  its  canyon  course  through  the  Tavaputs  Plateau 
the  only  important  branch  is  Price  Biver,  and  in  the  lowland  south 
of  the  Book  Cliffs  there  is  no  addition  to  its  flow.  East  of  Desolation 
Canyon  the  plateau  drains  northward  by  Kwiant  and  Yogowotsi 
creeks,  wliich,  rising  near  the  rim  of  the  Book  Cliffs,  enter  the  river 
a few  miles  below  the  mouth  of  MTiite  Biver. 

Price  Biver  rises  on  the  Wasatch  Plateau,  flows  southeastward, 
and  emerges  from  the  canyon  it  has  cut  in  the  plateau  at  Castlegate. 
Thence  it  flows  along  the  broad  lowland  valley  at  the  base  of  the 
Book  Cliffs  for  a distance  of  25  miles.  Instead  of  continuing  in  the 
lowland,  however,  it  crosses  the  northern  end  of  the  San  Bafael  Swell, 
flows  directly  across  the  lowland  valley  again,  cuts  a deep  canyon 
which  separates  Beckwith  Plateau  from  the  Tavaputs  Plateau,  and 
finally  enters  Green  Biver  about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Desola- 
tion Canyon. 

Grand  Biver,  rising  near  the  Continental  Divide,  on  the  Front  Bange 
of  the  Bocky  Mountains,  in  Middle  Park,  Colorado,  flows  southwest  ward 
and  enters  the  area  under  consideration  at  the  mouth  of  Boan  Creek 
in  a relatively  broad  valley.  A few  miles  below  Boan  Creek  the  river 
enters  Hogback  Canyon,  in  which  it  flows  through  the  Little  Book 
Cliffs  and  emerges  into  the  lowland  immediately  above  the  town  of 
Palisades.  The  river  crosses  the  lowland,  a lUstance  of  about  13  miles, 
to  the  town  of  Grand  Junction,  where  it  is  joined  by  Gunnison  Biver. 
The  Grand  then  turns  abruptly  northwestward  and  follows  the  south- 
ern margin  of  the  lowland  for  18  miles.  Below  Fruita  it  leaves  the 
lowland,  and  again  flowing  southwestward  cuts  across  the  northern 
end  of  the  Uncompahgre  Plateau,  and  continuing  southwestward, 
mostly  in  a canyon  course,  finally  joins  the  Green. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Gunnison,  Grand  Biver  receives  no  large 
tributaries  in  the  Book  Cliffs  field.  The  most  imjiortant  is  Koaii 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


9 


Creek_,  which  drains  the  area  between  the  Little  Book  Cliffs  and  the 
Book  Plateau  northwest  of  De  Beque.  The  streams  which  flow  south- 
ward from  the  Book  Plateau  are  small,  and  on  account  of  the  slight 
precipitation  and  limited  drainage  area  flow  intermittently  through- 
out the  year.  During  the  dry  months  the  discharge  even  within  the 
highlands  almost  ceases  and  the  stream  beds  across  the  lowlands 
are  dry. 

The  relation  of  the  through-flowing  streams  to  the  lowland  indi- 
cates that  their  general  courses  were  defined  before  the  development 
of  the  present  topography,  for  there  is  little  adjustment  between  the 
drainage  and  the  outcrops  of  the  hard  and  soft  formations.  Grand 
River  conforms  only  partially  with  the  trend  of  the  lowland;  Green 
River  maintains  its  way  directly  across  the  shale  belt;  Price  River, 
flowing  alternately  over  hard  and  soft  rocks,  instead  of  continuously 
in  the  shale  lowland,  is  a good  example  of  superimposed  drainage. 

LOWLAND  AT  BASE  OF  BOOK  CLIFFS. 

The  lowland  at  the  base  of  the  Book  Cliffs  extends  in  a curved  but 
general  westerly  direction  from  Palisades,  Colo.,  to  Helper,  Utah,  a 
distance  of  190  miles.  From  Palisades  it  continues  southeastward 
between  the  Uncompahgre  Plateau  and  Grand  Mesa,  and  from  Helper 
the  lowland  extends  southward  between  the  San  Rafael  Swell  and  the 
Wasatch  Plateau,  where  it  is  known  as  Castle  Valley.  Throughout 
its  extent  the  lowland  is  underlain  by  shale  and  is  not  a stream  valley 
in  the  sense  of  being  carved  and  occupied  by  a single  master  stream; 
instead,  the  lowland  has  been  eroded  in  soft  rock  by  general  subaerial 
action  and  forms  part  of  several  drainage  basins.  The  lowland  has 
been  widened  by  the  gradual  recession  of  the  Book  Chffs  northward 
due  to  the  weathering  of  the  soft  shale  and  the  undermining  of  the 
overlying  hard  sandstone  which  forms  the  cliffs.  By  this  process  the 
cliffs  have  retreated,  but  they  have  maintained  a fairly  regular  front. 

The  average  width  of  the  lowland  is  about  12  miles,  having  a maxi- 
mum of  23  miles,  in  the  vicinity  of  Cisco,  and  a minimum  of  4 miles, 
near  Woodside.  The  lowland  is  an  undulating^  plain  that  rises  gently 
toward  the  bordering  highlands  and  extends  between  the  Book  Cliffs 
on  the  north  and  a belt  of  sandstone  hills  on  the  south.  It  practically 
coincides  with  the  outcrop  of  the  ‘Mancos  shale.  The  small  streams 
that  head  in  the  Book  Cliffs  and  cross  the  lowland  have  carved  steep 
arroyos,  which  impede  travel.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  cliffs  there  are 
outlying  buttes  and  the  shale  is  eroded  into  badlands.  Adjoining  the 
cliffs  there  are  local  fringing  remnants  of  an  old  outwash  gravel- 
covered  plain  into  which  the  streams  have  cut  their  way  100  feet  or 
more,  and  south  of  Grand  River,  near  Palisades,  a number  of  terraces 
are  well  developed.  The  largest,  about  150  feet  above  the  river,  is 


10 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


between  a quarter  and  a half  mile  wide,  and  traces  of  several  other  less 
distinct  terraces  have  been  found  above  this  one. 

BOOK  CLIFFS. 

The  Book  Cliffs  occupy  a belt  from  1 to  10  miles  wide  and  rise  above 
the  adjacent  lowland  from  2,000  to  6,000  feet.  In  places  the  rise  is 
abrupt  in  one  or  two  sharp  precipices;  elsewhere  it  is  accomphshed  by 
a series  of  cliffs  and  intervening  benches.  The  rocks  composing  the 
escarpment  are  alternating  beds  of  sandstone  and  shale  dipping 
slightly  northward,  and  the  strata  present  the  appearance  of  the  leaves 
of  a book  lying  flat,  hence  the  name. 

In  the  area  here  discussed  the  cliffs  extend  in  an  S-shaped  belt  from 
Palisades  to  Sunnyside.  At  the  east  they  are  much  dissected  by 
Poan  Creek,  and  a subordinate  escarpment  known  as  the  Little  Book 
Cliffs  extends  northwestward  from  the  mouth  of  Hogback  Canyon. 
The  top  of  the  Little  Book  Cliffs  marks  the  crest  of  a ridge  whose 
northeastern  flank  constitutes  a dip  slope,  and  the  area  between  Little 
Book  Cliffs  and  Roan  Creek  is  a gentle  northeastward-sloping  mono- 
cline dissected  by  southeastward-flovdng  streams. 

AVest  of  the  headwaters  of  Roan  Creek  the  Book  Cliffs  proper  extend 
to  the  end  of  the  area  mapped.  Erosion  by  East  and  AA^est  Salt 
creeks  has  caused  the  rim  of  the  plateau  to  recede  so  much  that  a few 
miles  east  of  the  LTah-Colorado  boundary  the  distance  between  the 
lowlands  and  the  plateau  is  unusually  great.  Between  the  State  line 
and  Green  River  the  average  distance  is  about  10  miles.  Here  a low 
bench,  caused  by  a great  lens  of  sandstone  in  the  shale,  forms  the  base 
of  the  cliffs,  as  shown  in  Plate  II,  A.  Above  this  lowest  bench  there 
is  a succession  of  dissected  platforms  and  escarpments  up  to  the 
summit  of  the  plateau. 

Green  River  has  cut  another  embayment  in  the  cliffs,  and  Price 
River  in  its  canyon  course  separates  a small  area,  known  as  the  Beck- 
with Plateau,  from  the  main  mass  of  the  upland.  The  Beckwith 
Plateau  is  considerablv  dissected  on  the  north  and  east,  but  faces  the 
lowland  on  the  west  in  a practically  unbroken  scarp  more  than  1,500 
feet  high.  Beyond  Price  River  a similar  line  of  cliffs  extends  at  least 
as  far  as  Sunnyside.  The  surface  at  the  summit  of  this  cliff  slopes 
eastward  and  forms  a platform  upon  which  another  but  more 
dissected  line  of  cliffs  rises  1,500  feet  higher. 

BOOK  OR  TAVAPUTS  PLATEAU. 

The  crest  of  the  Book  cliffs  forms  the  southern  rim  of  the  Book 
Plateau,  or,  as  it  is  known  in  I"tah,  the  Tavaputs  Plateau,  which 
viewed  from  the  south,  forms  an  even-topped  sky  line.  The  plateau 
slo])es  gently  northward  toward  the  axis  of  the  L'inta  Basin,  but  is 
much  dissected  by  deep  canyons. 


U.  S,  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  II 


A.  BENCH  AT  BASE  OF  BOOK  CLIFFS,  EAST  OF  THOMPSONS. 


B.  FAULT  IN  MESAVERDE  FORMATION,  2 MILES  SOUTH  OF  CARBONERA. 


. 'Mi 


K*.  ?sfe?  ' 


:^.v$ 


i j-.^  ^■  1 -fe 


'if*  *•'■  ■ -'il'  -''V 

i '.  ''^.-  ^ •'  -H '-  ' " ■ - 


^r:‘  :,^m  : . . 


. ■ -v*-'^Ss 


STEATIGKAPHY, 


11 


CLIMATE  AND  CULTURE. 

The  climate  of  the  region  is  arid,  the  mean  annual  rainfall  at  Grand 
Junction  being  only  7.8  inches.  The  vegetation,  therefore,  is  of  the 
desert  type,  and  the  shale  lowland  in  its  natural  state  is  practically 
bare  or  yields  a meager  growth  of  desert  plants.  The  uplands 
receive  more  rain  and  support  stunted  conifers,  oaks,  etc.  In  gen- 
eral, timber  suitable  for  mining  purposes  is  scarce.  In  the  Grand 
Junction  region  timber  for  this  purpose  is  imported,  but  in  the  western 
part  of  the  field  it  is  more  plentiful.  In  the  valleys  where  irrigation 
is  practiced  the  desert  has  been  converted  into  a garden,  and  por- 
tions of  the  area  rival  in  productiveness  any  part  of  the  country. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  is  53°,  the  summers  being  warm  and 
the  winters  usually  mild.  The  percentage  of  sunshine  is  75  and  gen- 
eral climatic  conditions  are  delightful.  In  the  irrigated  areas  con- 
tiguous to  Grand,  Green,  and  Price  rivers  there  are  a number  of 
thriving  settlements  where  fruit  growing  is  an  important  industry. 
Grand  Junction,  the  most  important  place  in  the  field,  is  a typically 
progressive  western  town.  The  lowland  is  traversed  in  an  east-west 
direction  by  the  main  line  of  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad. 

DESCRIPTIVE  GEOLOGY. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

The  general  sequence  of  formations  in  the  coal  fields  of  the  Uinta 
Basin,  as  determined  by  recent  work  of  the  United  States  Geological 
vSurvey,®  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Geologic  formations  in  Uinta  Basin. 


System . 

Series. 

Formation. 

Tertiary. 

Eocene. 

Green  River  formation. 
Wasatch  formation. 
Fort  Union  or  older  (?). 

Iinconformity. 

Cretaceous. 

Upper  Cretaceous. 

Mesaverde  formation. 
Mancos  shale. 

Dakota  sandstone. 

Unconformity. 

Jurassic. 


To  the  subdivisions  of  the  Cretaceous  are  given  the  names  intro- 
duced by  Whitman  Cross  for  southwestern  Colorado.^  This  classi- 

ffl  Taff,  J.  A.,  Pleasant  Valley  coal  district,  Utah,  and  Gale,  Hoyt  S.,  Coal  fields  of  the  Danforth  Hills  and 
Grand  Hogback,  Colorado:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  316,  1907. 
i>  Cross,  Whitman,  La  Plata  folio  (No.  60),  Geologic  Atlas  U.  S-,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  1899. 


12 


THE  BOOK  (’LTFFS  COAL  FIELD, 


fication  differs  from  that  of  Peale,  of  the  Hayden  Survey,  who  in  his 
report  on  the  Book  Cliffs  field®  separated  the  rocks  here  assigned  to 
the  Mesaverde  formation  into  the  ‘‘Fox  Hills”  and  the  “Laramie.” 
It  was  recognized  by  the  Hayden  Survey  that  there  is  no  distinct 
lithologic  break  in  the  Book  Cliffs  between  the  “Laramie”  and  the 
“Fox  Hills,”  and  the  nomenclature  employed  was  an  attempt  to 
conform  to  subdivisions  used  in  other  fields.  It  has  been  found  desir- 
able, however,  to  restrict  the  use  of  the  name  “Fox  Hills”  to  the  origi- 
nal area  in  South  Dakota,^  and,  as  shown  below,  these  rocks  are  not 
Laramie,  but  belong  in  the  Montana  group.  The  classification  here 
adopted  is  based  on  the  general  stratigraphic  and  areal  relations  of 
the  rocks  and  on  fossil  evidence,  as  explained  on  pages  17-19.  The 
Uinta  Basin  section  differs  from  that  of  southwestern  Colorado 
and  the  Yanipa  coal  field  in  northwestern  Colorado‘S  by  the 
absence  of  the  Lewis  shale  and  the  Laramie  formation  between 
the  Mesaverde  and  the  Eocene.  This  hiatus  in  the  Book  Cliffs  field 
appears  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  unconformity  at  the  base  of  the 
Eocene,  which  implies  that  these  formations,  if  they  were  ever  pres- 
ent in  the  area  under  discussion,  were  removed  by  erosion  previous 
to  the  deposition  of  the  overlying  Tertiary  rocks. 

In  the  Book  Cliffs  field  the  general  character  and  sequence  of  the 
rocks  is  shown  by  the  section  in  Plate  III.  The  strata  are  separable 
into  four  distinct  lithologic  divisions,  the  three  Cretaceous  forma- 
tions named  and  the  Eocene  rocks,  all  easily  recognizable  throughout 
the  field  by  their  physical  character  and  sequence. 

CRETACEOUS  SYSTEM. 

* DAKOTA  SANDSTONE. 

The  Dakota  sandstone  in  the  area  here  considered  possesses  the  char- 
acteristic features  common  to  the  formation  in  this  general  region.  It 
is  composed  of  buff  quartzitic  sandstone,  generally  conglomeratic,  and 
local  beds  of  carbonaceous  shale  and  low-grade  coal  are  provisionally 
included  in  the  formation,  although  no  fossils  have  been  found  in  them 
in  the  Book  Cliffs  field.  The  Dakota  varies  in  thickness  from  about 
200  feet  to  less  than  25  feet.  The  outcrop  forms  a narrow  belt  of  low 
hills  parallel  to  and  about  12  miles  south  of  the  Book  Cliffs. 

The  formation  is  extremely  variable  in  composition  and  arrangement 
of  the  beds,  as  shown  bv  the  following  sections  measured  in  different 
parts  of  the  field.  At  the  mouth  of  Gunnison  Kiver,  south  of  Grand 

« Peale,  A.  C.,  Geolojiic  report  on  the  Grand  River  district:  Tenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geo^. 
Survey  Terr.,  1878. 

b Stanton,  T.  W.,  Geology  and  paleontology  of  the  Judith  River  beds:  Bull.  C.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  257, 
1905,  p.  ()6. 

f Fenneman,  X.  M.,  and  Gale,  Hoyt  S.,  The  Yainpacoal  field:  Bull.  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Xo.  297,  19(Ml. 


Jurassic?.  I pper  Cretaceous.  Kocene, 


u.  s.  geological  survey 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  Ill 


Description. 


Varicolored  shales,  buff  sandstone,  local  basal 
coiiR’lonierate,  and  subordinate  tliin  beds  of  lime- 
stone containing  fresli-water  shells.  Different 
sections  show  diverse  stratii>'i'apby.  These  rocks 
form  the  hiirbest  cliff's  and  constitute  the  Moor  of 
the  Uinta  basin. 


Alternatiiif?  beds  of  buff  sandstone  and  drab  shale 
with  workable  beds  of  coal  in  the  lower  jiart  of 
the  formation.  Fossils  occur  at  several  horizons, 
including  leaves,  invertebrates,  and  occasional 
bones.  These  are  the  cliff-making  rocks  of  the 
Book  Cliff's. 


Fissile  black  to  drab  clay  shale  and  local  lenses  of 
limestone.  Thin  beds  of  buff  sandstone  at  the  top 
mark  the  transition  to  the  overlying  formation. 
Jlarine  shells  are  abundant  at  two  general  hori- 
zons in  the  uiiper  and  lower  parts  of  the  forma- 
tion. This  shale  underlies  the  broad  lowland 
at  the  base  of  the  Book  Cliff's. 


Buff  sandstone,  often  conglomeratic. 


Red.  green,  and  purple  shales  with  lenses  and  thin 
beds  of  buff'  sandstonecontaining  dinosaur  liones- 


GENERALIZED  COLUMNAR  SECTION  OF  THE  ROCKS  OF  THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


13 


Junction,  the  following  measurements  were  made,  but  no  Dakota  fos- 
sils were  found,  and  the  limits  of  the  formation  were  not  determined : 


Section  of  strata  south  of  Grand  Junction. 


Feet. 


Shale,  drab  (Mancos) 5 

Sandstone,  buff,  lens  (Dakota?) 

Shale,  carbonaceous,  containing  thin  layers  of  coal  (Dakota?) 20 

Sandstone,  massive,  cross-bedded,  cream-colored,  quartzitic,  includ- 
ing irregular  lenses  of  conglomerate  with  rounded  pebbles  of  chert 

and  quartzite  up  to  1 inch  in  diameter  (Dakota) 20 

Shale,  drab,  probably  below  Dakota 1 

Sandstone,  greenish  drab,  shaly 2 

Shale,  greenish  drab 20 -f 


68 


Between  Grand  Junction  and  Fruita  the  outcroj)  of  the  Dakota  lies 
immediatel}^  south  of  Grand  River,  but  the  formation  is  covered  h}" 
sand  and  gravel  at  many  places.  In  this  locality  the  carbonaceous 
shale  is  well  developed,  and  at  several  places  there  are  coal  prospects. 
In  a creek  about  midway  between  Grand  Junction  and  Fruita  the  fol- 
lowing section  is  exposed : 


Section  of  Dakota  (?)  coal  beds  in  (reek  midivay  between  Grand  Junction  and 


Sandstone,  buff 4 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 

Coal .* 1 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

Coal  (varies  from  2 to  3 feet) 2 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 6 

Coal 8 

Shale,  carbonaceous 8 


12  10 


The  formation  crosses  the  river  west  of  Fruita  and  the  following  sec- 
tion was  measured  south  of  Loma : 


Section  of  Dakota  sandstone  south  of  Loma. 

Shale,  dark  with  local  carbonaceous  layers  (Colorado). 

Sandstone,  buff,  including  thin  layers  of  shale  and  lenses  of  conglom- 
erate with  pebbles  of  chert  and  quartzite 

Shale,  greenish,  sandy 

Sandstone,  buff,  and  conglomerate 

Sandstone,  white 

Shale,  varicolored  (Jurassic). 


Feet. 


40 

50 

25 

20 


135 


South  of  Thompsons,  Utah,  there  are  100  feet  of  massive  white  and 
buff  sandstones,  cross-bedded  and  locally  conglomeratic,  lying  between 
drab  shale  above  and  varicolored  shale  below.  At  this  ])lace  the  car- 
bonaceous beds  seem  to  be  absent,  and  they  were  not  found  farther 


14 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


west  in  the  area  examined.  Near  Green  River  the  formation  is  vari- 
able. In  places  south  of  Elgin  the  sandstone  thins  out  to  a few  feet 
and  locally  disappears,  while  nearby  it  thickens  to  40  feet  or  more. 
Some  exposures  show  considerable  conglomerate,  while  others  show 
but  little  conglomerate  and  much  sandstone. 

Characteristic  Dakota  leaves  were  found  in  the  sandstone  near  Elgin 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  Woodside.  They  were  examined  by  F.  H. 
Knowlton,  who  furnishes  the  following  lists: 

V Dakota  fossils  from  Woodside. 

Laiiriis  proteaefolia  Lesq. 

Laurus  modesta?  Lesq. 

Dakota  fossils  from  Elgin. 

cf.  Pecopteris  striata  Heer,  from  the  Unter  Atanekerdluk  (Cenomanian) 
beds  of  Greenland. 

Gleichenia  sp.? 

Torreya  oblanceolata  Lesq. 

Finns  sp.  (cone  scales). 

Liquidambar  integrifolium  Lesq. 

Andromeda  linearifolia?  Lesq. 

Salix  proteaefolia  Lesq. 

The  Dakota  sandstone  is  underlain  by  several  hundred  feet  of  red, 
green,  and  purple  shales  with  intercalated  la3^ers  of  buff  sandstone  and 
thin  blue  limestone.  A number  of  dinosaur®  bones  have  been  found 
in  these  beds,  which  probabl}^  represent  the  Morrison  formation.  The 
contact  between  the  Cretaceous  (Dakota)  and  Jurassic  is  not  everv- 
where  distinct,  but  in  several  localities  the  former  is  exposed  hung  un- 
conformably  on  an  undulating  surface  of  varicolored  Jurassic  shale. 

MANGOS  SHALE. 

The  Blancos  shale  forms  the  base  of  the  Book  Cliffs  (Mount  Garfield, 
PI.  IV),  where  it  is  sculptured  into  badland  topograph}^,  and  it 
underlies  the  broad  valle}"  between  the  cliffs  and  the  hills  of  Dakota 
sandstone  to  the  south.  It  is  a fissile  black,  blue-gra\’,  and  drab  clav 
shale,  which  contains  local  lenses  of  limestone,  and,  at  the  top,  thin 
beds  of  buff  sandstone.  The  shale  constitutes  a distinct  lithologic 
unit  in  which  there  is  little  variation,  though  the  color  of  the  lower 
part  is  generallv  darker  than  the  upper.  It  is  much  broken  bv  cracks 
and  joints,  which  frequenth"  contain  thin  saline  films.  These  locallv 
effloresce  in  patches  of  white  powder,  some  of  which  were  found  to 
consist  chiefiv  of  calcium  carbonate,  and  the  unreclaimed  areas  of 
shale  are  characteristicallv  coated  with  alkali.’’  Lenses  of  blue-grav 
fossiliferous  limestone,  from  several  inches  to  a few  feet  in  thickness, 

a Riggs,  E.  S.,  The  dinosaur  >>c(is  of  Orand  River  valley,  Colorado.  Field  Columbian  Mus.  geol.  series, 
vol.  1,  1901. 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  NO.  371  PU  IV 


MOUNT  GARFIELD,  9 MILES  EAST  OF  GRAND  JUNCTION. 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


15 


occur  at  several  horizons,  but  chiefly  in  the  upper  few  hundred  feet  of 
the  formation.  This  part  of  the  formation  is  also  characterized  by 
beds  of  buff  sandstone,  usually  thin  bedded,  by  which  the  Mancos 
shale  grades  into  the  overlying  Mesaverde  formation. 

From  the  nature  of  the  exposures  the  thickness  of  the  Mancos  shale 
is  difficult  to  determine.  The  best  measurement  was  obtained  from 
a drill  hole  near  the  upper  terminus  of  the  Book  Cliffs  Railroad,  about 
10  miles  northeast  of  Grand  Junction.  This  began  about  200  feet 
below  the  top  of  the  formation,  and  was  still  in  shale  when  drilling 
was  stopped  at  a depth  of  2,600  feet,  showing  a minimum  thickness  of 
2,800  feet.  The  dip  of  the  shale  in  the  valley  can  be  only  roughly 
estimated;  but  assuming  an  average  of  2°  and  allowing  1,200  feet 
for  the  difference  in  elevation  between  the  outcrops  of  base  and  top 
of  the  shale,  and  a width  of  outcrop  of  11  miles,  gives  a thickness  of 
about  3,200  feet. 

Marine  shells  have  been  found  in  the  shale  at  two  general  horizons, 
one  near  the  base  and  the  other  near  the  top.  The  lower  collections 
were  obtained  at  several  localities  within  200  feet  of  the  base  of  the 
formation,  and  among  these  T.  W.  Stanton  has  identified  the  follow- 
ing forms: 

Fossils  from  lower  part  of  Mancos  shale. 


Anomia  sp. 

Modiola  sp. 

Ostrea  lugubris  Conrad. 
Inoceramus  dimidius  White. 
Inoceramiis  fragilis  II.  and  M 
Scaphites  warreni  M.  and  II. 


Prionocyclus  macombi  Meek. 
Callista  sp. 

Pyropsis?  sp. 

Baculites  gracilis  Shumard? 
Gryphaea  newberryi  Stanton. 


Most  of  the  fossils  from  the  upper  part  of  the  shale  were  found  in 
limestone  lenses  about  250  feet  below  the  lowest  coal  bed,  but  a few 
specimens  were  obtained  in  sandstone  only  50  feet  below  the  coal. 
They  include  the  following  forms,  identified  by  T.  W.  Stanton: 


Fossils  from  upper  part  of  MaJicos  shale. 


Lucina  sp. 

Baculites  compressus  Say. 

Baculites  ovatus  Say. 

Inoceramus  cripsi  var.  barabini  Morton. 

Concerning  these  fossils  Stanton  reports  as  follows: 

The  fossils  of  the  shale  between  the  Dakota  and  the  coal-bearing  rocks  indicate  that 
two  distinct  faunas  are  represented,  one,  in  the  lower  part,  being  characteristic  of  the 
Benton  shale  of  the  Colorado  group,  and  the  other,  near  the  top,  equally  characteristic 
of  the  Montana  group.  As  this  agrees  perfectly  uith  the  fauna  of  the  Mancos  shale  in 
the  type  locality,  and  as  there  is  also  essential  agreement  in  other  respects,  such  as 
stratigraphic  position,  lithologic  character,  and  thickness,  it  seems  justifiable  to  apply 
the  name  Mancos  to  this  shale. 


16 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


MESAVERDE  FORMATION. 

Well-exposed  sections  in  the  face  of  the  Book  Cliffs  (Pis.  IV  and 
X)  show  that  the  Mancos  shale  grades  upward  into  the  overlying 
Mesaverde  formation  with  no  apparent  break  in  sedimentation. 
The  transition  is  marked  by  the  increasing  prevalence  of  sand  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Mancos,  and  in  the  Book  Cliffs  field  a sharp 
boundary  can  not  be  drawn  between  the  formations.  The  Mesa- 
verde  consists  of  alternating  beds  of  buff  sandstone  and  drab  or 
dark  shale  with,  workable  beds  of  coal  in  the  lower  part  (PL  V). 
These  are  the  escarpment-making  rocks  of  the  Book  Cliffs,  and  they 
are  well  exposed  throughout  the  area. 

The  sections  in  Plate  VI  show  the  general  character  of  the  forma- 
tion. About  a third  of  it  is  composed  of  shale,  most  of  which  occurs 
in  the  lower  half,  while  the  upper  part  consists  principally  of  sand- 
stone. The  areal  distribution  of  the  different  strata  is  varied,  and 
no  two  sections  are  exactly  alike.  Some  beds  of  sandstone,  however, 
are  persistent  for  several  miles.  Coal  is  practically  limited  to  the 
lower  700  feet  of  the  formation,  and  throughout  the  field  one  or  more 
beds  ranging  from  2 to  21  feet  thick  have  been  found,  as  described 
on  pages  24-41,  wherever  prospecting  has  been  done.  The  shale 
of  the  Mesaverde  formation  is  commonty  sandy  and  is  drab  in  color, 
but  where  associated  with  the  coal  it  is  usually  carbonaceous.  The 
sandstone  is  generally  buff,  though  occasionally  it  is  almost  white, 
and  in  places  red.  The  bedding  ranges  from  thin  to  massive,  some 
of  the  layers  being  only  a few  inches  while  others  are  50  feet  thick, 
the  usual  thickness  being  between  2 and  5 feet.  The  sandstone  is 
prevailingly  fine  textured  and  is  conspicuously  feldspathic,  consist- 
ing in  general  of  rounded  gvains  of  quartz  with  considerable  feldspar 
and  subordinate  mica.  Exposed  surfaces  are  often  coated  with 
efflorescing  salts,  and  the  sandstone  locally  shows  honeycomb  weath- 
ering. The  rocks  of  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field  are  traversed  by 
numerous  joints,  which  are  prominently  developed  in  the  sandstone. 
Two  sets,  at  right  angles,  are  commonly  present. 

At  many  places  in  the  lower  part  of  the  formation  the  sandstone 
is  distinctly  red.  The  color  is  distributed  in  irregular  patches,  gen- 
erally, if  not  always,  a few  feet  above  a coal  bed,  and  usually  at 
exposed  jutting  outcrops.  There  appears  to  be  no  difference  in 
general  composition  between  the  normal  buff  sandstone  and  that 
colored  red,  and  the  distribution  of  the  highly  colored  rocks  is  too 
irregular  to  be  accounted  for  by  differences  in  original  deposition. 
Similar  occurrences  have  been  reported  from  several  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  coal  fields,  and  the  color  is  believed  to  be  due  to  the 
burning  of  coal  in  underlying  beds,  the  formation  of  the  color  being 
analogous  to  that  in  the  burning  of  bricks.  In  Horse  Canyon,  at 
the  western  limit  of  the  present  survey,  the  coal  bed  is  about  16  feet 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  V 


A.  TYPICAL  EXPOSURE  OF  MESAVERDE  FORMATION,  25  MILES  NORTH  OF  THOMPSONS. 


J!.  OUTCROP  OF  COAL  IN  VALLEY  OF  SALERATUS  CREEK. 


V-:  < 


y ’ •-'•  ■ Jc4K.t  aJ 


[- **^-''"V ''■^■'^•'^*  s "■■4  *V  ‘'Tii 

I ^ I ■-.«*'  • jV.  -a* 

uct.<  • - • • . . -'  ^ 


^ f 





• S • ^ . 


STEATIGKAPHY. 


17 


thick  and  is  normally  overlain  by  buff  sandstone.  But  south  from 
the  prospect  near  the  mouth  of  the  canyon,  on  the  west  side,  the 
coal  locally  disappears  and  its  place  is*  occupied  by  a thin  deposit 
of  wliitish,  ashlike  material  about  a foot  thick,  and  the  overlying 
thin-bedded  red  sandstone  is  crumpled  and  broken,  as  if  it  had 
fallen  consequent  to  the  burning  of  the  coal.  Bits  of  slaglike  material, 
clinkers,  etc.,  are  in  the  vicinity. 

The  thickness  of  the  coal-bearing  formation  is  variable  and  decreases 
toward  the  west.  Immediately  east  of  Grand  River  the  entire  for- 
mation is  exposed  in  steep  cliffs,  and  a thickness  of  2,200  feet  was 
measured  barometrically  on  the  flanks  of  Grand  Mesa.  North  of 
Thompsons,  Utah,  a thickness  of  about  1,800  feet  was  measured, 
but  an  allowance  for  dip  makes  this  measurement  less  reliable. 
At  the  mouth  of  Horse  Canyon,  in  the  west  end  of  the  field,  the 
formation  is  only  about  1,200  feet  thick.  As  stated  on  page  19,  the 
erosion  of  the  Mesaverde  before  the  deposition  of  the  overlying 
Tertiary  rocks  is  probably  the  cause  of  the  observed  difference  in 
thickness. 

Fossils  occur  in  this  formation  at  several  horizons  and  include 
invertebrates,  leaves,  and  a few  bones.  Shells  were  found  in  many 
localities  between  200  feet  above  the  lowest  coal  bed  and  250  feet 
below  the  overlying  varicolored  deposits.  Among  the  fossil  shells 
Stanton  has  identified  the  following  species: 

Fossils  from  Mesaverde  formation. 


Corbuia  perimdata  M.  and  H. 

Corbula  subtrigonalis  M.  and  H. 
Corbicula  cytheriformis  M.  and  II. 
Campeloma?  sp. 

Tulotoma  thompsoni  White. 

Goniobasis  sp. 

Molluscan  burrows  in  fossil  wood. 

A number  of  small  lots  of  fossil  leaves  were  collected  from  this  for- 
mation at  several  localities,  and  at  a few  places  fairly  good  collec- 
tions were  obtained,  which  were  identified  by  F.  H.  Knowlton  as 
follows : 

About  a quarter  of  a mile  northwest  of  the  present  Book  Cliff  mine, 
from  a sandstone  30  feet  above  the  upper  coal,  the  following  were  col- 
lected : 

Fossil  leaves  from  sandstone  near  the  Booh  Clijf  mine. 


Ostrea  sp. 

Ostrea  glabra  M.  and  H. 
Anomia  gryphorhynchus  Meek. 
Anemia  micronema  Meek. 
Modiola  laticostata  White? 
Modiola  cf,  regularis  White. 
Unio,  several  species. 


Sequoia  Reichenbachi  (Gein.)  Heer. 
Eriocaulon?  porosum  Lesq. 

Palm  (new). 


Ficus  latifolia  (Lesq.)  Knowlton. 
Myrica  Torreyi  Lesq. 

Magnolia  sp. 


Near  the  mine  entry  several  specimens  of  mayor  Lesq. 

were  obtained. 


63854—09 2 


18 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


Three-fourths  of  a mile  northwest  of  Cameo,  about  100  feet  above 
the  upper  coal,  a narrow  leaf,  apparently  Salix,  Sequoia  Reichen- 
hachi’i  (Gein.)  Heer,  and  fragments  of  dicot}^ledons  were  found. 

Fifty  feet  above  Ballard’s  coal  mine  north  of  Thompsons  Anemia 
elongata  (Xewb.)  Ivnowlton  and  Mynca  Torreyi  Lesq.  were  found. 

About  200  feet  above  the  coal  at  Carbonera  fragments  of  dicotyle- 
dons, including  Myrica  Torreyi'l  Lesq.,  were  found. 

About  8 miles  north  of  Thompsons,  250  feet  below  the  conglomer- 
ate which  is  regarded  as  marking  the  base  of  the  Eocene,  the  follow- 
ing were  obtained: 


Fossil  leaves  from  a locality  about  8 miles  north  of  Thompsons. 


Sequoia  Reichenbachi  (Gein.)  Heer. 
Sabalites  Grayanus?  Lesq. 

Ficus  planicostata  Lesq. 
Cinnamomum  affine?  Lesq. 


Malapoenna  new. 

Ficus  sp.,  very  large,  apparently  new. 
Dicotyledon,  very  large,  with  three  ribs, 
prominent  teeth,  etc.,  probably  new. 


The  only  fossil  bones  from  this  formation  were  obtained  east  of 
Green  River,  about  500  feet  above  the  top  of  the  Mancos  shale. 
The}’  were  determined  by  J.  lY.  Gidley,  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  to  be  the  distal  ends  of  femurs  of  a dinosaur. 

There  has  been  much  misapprehension  concerning  the  age  of  the 
coal-bearing  rocks  of  the  Uinta  Basin.  In  the  Book  Cliffs  field,  as 
already  stated,  Beale  mapped  the  rocks  here  referred  to  the  Mesa- 
verde  as  two  formations  and  correlated  them  respectively  with  the 
“Fox  Hills”  and  the  “Laramie.”  Later  writers  have  considered  the 
entire  formation  to  be  Laramie,  because  it  overlies  marine  Cretaceous 
beds  and  in  turn  is  overlain  by  Wasatch  strata,  and  the  fauna  and 
flora  were  believed  to  belong  to  the  Laramie. 

Just  what  constitutes  the  Laramie  has  long  been  a problem  with 
geologists,  but  recent  studies  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  coal  fields  by 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  have  thrown  new  light  on  the 
subject.  The  reason  for  assigning  the  coal-bearing  formation  of  the 
Book  Cliffs  to  the  Mesaverde  is  explained  in  the  following  extract 
from  a letter  of  T.  W.  Stanton  to  the  writer,  reporting  upon  fossils 
collected  from  this  field. 

In  northwestern  Colorado,  southern  Wyoming,  and  elsewhere,  many  of  the  coal- 
bearing rocks  previously  called  Laramie  are  really  older  and  are  overlain  by  marine 
Cretaceous  formations,  thus  corresponding  with  the  Mesaverde  formation  first  described 
in  southwestern  Colorado.  The  Mesaverde  formation  has  been  identified  in  the 
Yampa  field,  where  the  stratigraphic  evidence  is  satisfactory  that  it  underlies  a thick 
marine  Cretaceous  formation,  correlated  with  the  Lewis  shale,  which  in  turn  is  over- 
lain  by  the  Laramie  and  later  formations.  South  of  the  Yampa  field,  in  the  Danforth 
Hills  and  the  Grand  Hogback,  the  Mesaverde  is  clearly  recognizable,  but  here  there 
is  an  erosional  unconformity  which  cuts  out  the  Lewis  and  the  Laramie  and  brings  the 
Mesaverde  in  contact  with  the  Fort  Lhiiona  and  possibly  later  formations. 


a Gale,  II.  S.,  Coal  fields  of  the  Danforth  Hills  and  Grand  Hogback  in  northwestern  Colorado:  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survej-,  No.  :U(>,  1!*07,  pp.  2(14-301. 


STEATIGRAPHY. 


19 


The  invertebrate  fauna  of  the  Mesaverde  includes  two  distinct  elements;  one  con- 
sisting of  marine  species  is  found  chiefly  in  the  lower  portion,  sometimes  in  beds  alter- 
nating with  those  containing  the  other,  which  consists  of  fresh-water  and  brackish- 
water  forms.  The  marine  element  is  a direct  continuation  of  the  upper  Mancos  fauna 
and  is  not  safely  distinguishable  from  it  without  full  stratigraphic  data.  The  non- 
marine fauna  is  closely  related  to  that  of  the  Laramie,  with  which  it  has  some  species 
in  common,  especially  in  the  genera  Ostrea  and  Corhicula.  During  the  past  season 
[1907]  the  fact  has  been  established  that  Tulotoma  thompsoni,  hitherto  regarded  as 
a characteristic  Laramie  species,  occurs  in  both  the  Laramie  and  the  Mesaverde. 

The  invertebrate  fossils  that  have  been  collected  from  the  coal-bearing  rocks  of  the 
Book  Cliffs  all  occur  in  the  Mesaverde  of  northwestern  Colorado,  and  Doctor  Knowlton 
finds  that  this  is  essentially  true  of  the  plants  also.  It  is  admitted  that  most  of  the 
fossils  in  question  from  the  Book  Cliffs  would  not  seem  out  of  place  in  the  Laramie,  yet 
their  close  agreement  with  those  known  to  occur  in  the  Mesaverde  of  a neighboring 
area,  and  the  general  stratigraphic  and  areal  relations  of  the  rocks  in  which  they  are 
found,  make  their  reference  to  the  Mesaverde  most  reasonable.  The  uncon formable 
relations  that  doubtless  exist  between  those  rocks  and  the  overlying  Wasatch  will 
explain  the  absence  of  the  later  Cretaceous  rocks  from  the  area. 

In  the  Book  Cliffs  field  the  unconformity  between  the  Mesaverde 
and  the  overlying  Eocene  is  marked  not  only  by  the  absence  of  the 
Lewis  shale  and  the  Laramie,  but  also  by  the  westward  thinning  of 
the  Mesaverde  formation  (p.  17),  by  the  basal  Eocene  conglomerate, 
and  by  the  distinct  general  difference  in  stratigraphy^  between  the 
underlying  buff  sandstones  and  shales,  which  are  brackish- water  and 
fresh-water  deposits,  and  the  overlying  variegated  formation  which 
accumulated  under  more  diverse  conditions,  probably  in  part  sub- 
aerial  and  in  part  lacustrine. 

TERTIARY  SYSTEM EOCENE  SERIES. 

Strata  of  Eocene  age  cap  the  Book  Cliffs  and  for  several  thousand 
square  miles  constitute  the  surface  of  the  Uinta  Basin  to  the  north. 
In  the  east  end  of  the  basin  the  Hayden  Survey®  mapped  the  Wasatch, 
Green  River,  Bridger,  and  Uinta  formations  of  the  Eocene,  and  in  the 
west  end  G.  H.  Eldridge  * also  recognized  the  same  formations.  The 
present  reconnaissance  survey  was  not  extended  north  of  the  crest  of 
the  Book  Cliffs,  and  the  large  area  designated  Eocene  on  the  map  is 
taken  from  the  authorities  above  mentioned. 

The  lower  Eocene  beds  in  the  area  here  considered  are  composed  of 
local  conglomerate,  varicolored  shale,  buff  sandstone,  and  subordinate 
thin  lenses  of  limestone.  The  stratigraphy  is  characteristically 
varied  and  many  adjacent  sections  are  very  unlike;  in  one  place  the 
varicolored  shale  predominates  and  in  another  it  is  inconspicuous. 
The  conglomerate  also  is  variable  in  occurrence.  In  some  sections 
none  was  seen,  while  elsewhere  there  is  considerable.  One  of  the  best 
exposures  observed  is  north  of  Thompsons,  where  from  10  to  20  feet 


“Hayden’s  Atlas  of  Colorado. 

Eldridge,  G.  H.,  Asphalt  and  bituminous  rock  deposits  of  the  United  States:  Twenty-second  Ann. 
Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  1,  1901. 


20 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


of  gray  conglomerate  rests  upon  an  undulating  surface  of  massive 
buff  sandstone.  The  conglomerate  is  interbedded  with  lenses  of  fine 
red  sandstone  and  is  composed  of  rounded  pebbles  of  quartz,  quartz- 
ite, and  chert,  colored  red,  pink,  black,  and  white,  in  a sandy  matrix. 
Above  the  conglomerate  north  of  Thompsons  there  are  several  beds 
of  buff  sandstone  and  drab  shale  and  three  thin  intercalated  layers  of 
conglomerate,  above  which  there  are  several  hundred  feet  of  red,  pur- 
ple, green  and  drab  shales,  including  a few  thin  beds  of  drab  siliceous 
limestone. 

The  following  sections  indicate  general  conditions,  their  upper 
limits  marking  no  particular  horizons. 


Section  oj'  Eocene  in  Horse  Canyon. 


Feei. 

Shale,  yellowish 4 

Limestone,  fine  buff  to  white  (rich  in 

fossils,  p 21) 1 

Shale,  drab 20 

Sandstone,  calcareous 1 

Shale,  varicolored 10 

Sandstone,  buff 5 

Shale,  green,  purple,  red 15 

Shale,  drab 20 

Shale,  varicolored 10 

Shale,  drab 25 

Sandstone,  buff 4 

Shale,  drab 10 

Shale,  varicolored 40 

Shale,  drab 20 

Shale,  varicolored 40 

Shale,  drab 20 

Sandstone,  white 10 

Shale,  drab 10 

Sandstone,  greenish 1 

Shale,  olive-drab,  sandy 45 

Shale,  buff  to  drab,  sandy 25 

Conglomerate  and  sandstone 4 


Sandstone,  massive,  buff  (Mesa- 

verde?).  

340 


Section  of  Eocene  5 miles  north  of  Turner^ s 


Sandstone,  buff  and  white 20 

Shale,  red 7 

Shale,  purple 2 

I Sandstone,  buff 2 

Shale,  purple 3 

Shale,  drab 12 

Shale,  red 7 

Shale,  drab 37 

Sandstone,  buff 15 

Concealed  by  talus 115 

Sandstone,  buff 25 

Shale,  drab 15 

Sandstone,  gray 7 

j Shale,  purple 7 

I Shale,  drab 35 

Sandstone,  buff 15 

I Shale,  reddish 18 

Sandstone,  buff 2 

Shale,  drab 25  , 

Sandstone,  buff 5 

Shale,  drab 25 

Shale,  purple 5 

Sandstone,  buff 5 

Shale,  drab 20 

Shale,  red  and  purple 75 


Sandstone,  massive,  white  (Mesa- 

verde?).  

504 


At  least  750  feet  of  the  variegated  beds  are  exposed  in  this  area,  but 
the  top  of  the  formation  was  not  determined.  Peale"  gives  the  fol- 
lowing measurements  of  the  Eocene  at  White  Mountain  on  Grand 
River  north  of  De  Beque:  Green  River,  2,282  feet;  Wasatch,  1,650 
feet;  total  Eocene,  3,932  feet. 


«Pcale,  A.  C.,  Goological  report  on  the  Grand  River  district:  Tenth  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog. 
Survey  Terr.,  1878,  p.  190. 


STRUCTURE. 


21 


Fossils  are  not  abundant  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Eocene  series  in 
the  area  under  consideration,  and  collections  were  made  in  only  two 
localities,  each  from  thin  beds  or  lenses  of  limestone.  The  following 
determinations  were  made  by  W.  H.  Dali: 

Fossils  collected  near  divide  of  Hay  Creek,  north  of  Turner's  ranch,  about  200  feet  above 

(op  of  Mesaverde. 

Goniobasis  tenera  Hall  vai\  carter!  Conrad. 

Cast  of  Polygyra  (aff.  leidyi  Hall). 

Impression  of  Unio  sp. 

Fossils  from  Horse  Canyon,  Utah,  200  and  350  feet  above  top  of  Mesaverde. 

Physa,  probably  bridgerensis  Meek. 

Vivipara  panguitchensis  White. 

Vivipara,  probably  wyomingensis  Meek. 

Goniobasis  sp. 

Dali  reports  that  these  are  fresh-water  shells  which  do  not  indicate 
with  much  precision  their  horizon  within  the  Eocene,  though  they  are 
probably  Wasatch.  Probably  part  of  the  area  colored  as  Eocene  on 
the  map  includes  other  Eocene  formations  in  addition  to  the  Wasatch, 
but  the  region  has  not  been  studied  in  detail  and  their  differentiation 
was  not  attempted. 

The  presence  or  absence  of  the  Fort  Union  formation,  which  nor- 
mally occurs  beneath  the  Wasatch,  has  not  been  determined  in  the 
Book  Cliffs  field.  In  the  Grand  Hogback,  northwest  of  Newcastle, 
Colo.,  T.  W.  Stanton  and  H.  S.  Gale  collected  fossil  plants  which  F.  II. 
Knowlton  refers  to  the  Fort  Union,  but  Gale  did  not  find  it  practicable 
to  map  the  rocks  containing  these  fossil  leaves  distinct  from  the  Wa- 
satch. In  the  Book  Cliffs  field  no  Fort  Union  fossils  have  been  found 
and  the  age  of  the  thin,  variable  zone  of  conglomerate  and  buff  sand- 
stone at  the  base  of  the  Eocene  remains  to  be  determined. 

STRUCTURE. 

The  strata  of  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field,  forming  as  they  do  part  of 
the  southern  margin  of  the  Uinta  synclinal  basin,  dip  gently  north- 
ward. The  dip  is  not  uniform,  however,  for  this  area,  besides  being 
included  in  the  zone  of  folding  of  the  Uinta  Mountains  and  the  Uinta 
Basin,  is  affected  by  the  uplifts  which  produced  the  San  Rafael  Swell 
and  the  Uncompahgre  Plateau.  That  part  of  the  Book  Cliffs  coal 
field  which  is  included  in  the  present  report  is  gently  warped,  the 
eastern  part  constituting  the  end  of  a low,  northward-plunging  anti- 
cline, and  the  western  part  the  end  of  a northward-plunging  syncline. 
Conforming  with  this  structure,  the  irregular  S-shaped  outline  of  the 
cliffs  coincides  with  the  strike  of  the  rocks.  There  are,  also,  local 
faults  of  small  displacement. 


22 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


The  rocks  in  the  foothills  at  the  northern  end  of  the  Uncompahgre 
Plateau,  near  Grand  Junction  and  Mack,  dip  northeastward  at  angles 
var^dng  from  5°  to  45°.  Near  the  mouth  of  Gunnison  River  the 
Dakota  sandstone  dips  5°;  west  of  Fruita  the  dip  is  40°  N.  40°  E., 
and  east  of  Mack  it  is  30°  N.  55°  E.  Several  miles  west  of  Mack  the 
direction  of  the  Dakota  outcrop  turns  and  trends  southwestward  and 
the  sandstone  dips  northwestward  at  angles  ranging  from  2°  to  15°. 

Between  the  Uncompahgre  Plateau  and  the  San  Rafael  Swell  the 
rocks  are  irregularly  disturbed,  but  little  is  known  of  the  structure. 
South  of  the  railroad  between  Cisco  and  Thompsons  the  Dakota  out- 
crop trends  almost  east-west  and  dips  northward.  Seven  or  eight 
miles  southwest  of  Thompsons  the  trend  turns  abruptly  southward, 
forming  the  nose  of  a northwestward-pitching  anticline.  The  axis  of 
this  fold  is  eroded  and  the  vari-colored  shales  of  the  Jurassic  are 
exposed  between  ridges  of  Dakota  sandstone  which  on  the  north  dips 
10°  N.  25°  E.  South  of  the  town  of  Green  River  the  dip  of  the  Dakota 
indicates  the  presence  of  another  low  northward-pitching  anticline, 
the  dips  varying  from  5°  to  15°. 

West  of  Green  River  the  San  Rafael  uplift  causes  the  highland  to  be 
fringed  by  prominent  hogbacks  formed  by  steeply  dipping  strata. 
The  Dakota  outcrop  constitutes  the  outermost  belt  of  foothills,  in 
which  the  sandstone  west  of  the  town  of  Green  River  dips  almost  due- 
east  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Price  River  northeast,  the  angles  averaging 
about  10°. 

The  Mancos  shale  underlying  the  valley  between  the  Dakota  hills 
and  the  Book  Cliffs  doubtless  conforms  to  the  general  structure  of 
this  region,  but  there  are  few  opportunities  for  measuring  the  dips. 
Locally,  however,  especially  where  interbedded  limestone  and  sand- 
stone outcrop,  the  dip  is  shown  to  be  low,  and  throughout  the  valle}" 
it  probably  ranges  between  1°  and  5°. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  structure  of  the  rocks  that  form  the  clifls 
is  well  exposed.  Between  Palisades  and  Carbonera  the  general  dip 
is  northeastward,  the  usual  angle  being  about  4°.  But  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Book  Cliff  mine,  north  of  Grand  Junction,  the  dip  is  locally 
steep,  amounting  to  25°  or  30°  N.  50°  E.  This  dip  continues  down 
the  northeastern  side  of  the  Little  Book  Cliffs,  forming  a dip  slope; 
the  steep  inclination  soon  changes,  however,  to  the  prevailing  low  dip. 

Two  miles  north  of  Carbonera  a local  fold  is  exposed  which  causes 
a southwestward  dip  of  15°,  but  the  extent  of  this  disturbance  was 
not  determined.  It  is  south  of  the  zone  of  doming  found  by  II.  S. 
Gale®  in  the  White  River  valley  in  1907.  From  Carbonera  to  the 
vicinity  of  Thompsons  the  dip  in  the  face  of  the  cliffs  is  about  5°  NIV., 
but,  as  is  general  throughout  the  field,  it  becomes  less  toward  the 


a Gale,  U.  S..  Coal  fields  of  northwestern  Colorado  and  Utah:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  341  1909. 


. S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  VI 


DETAILED  COLUMNAR  SECTIONS  OF  COAL-BEARING  ROCKS  IN  BOOK  CLIFFS  FIELD. 


U.  S QEOLOQICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  VI 


gjs.-. 


LOCATION  OF  SECTIONS 

1.  Horse  Canyon 

2.  3 miles  northeast  of  Woodside 

3.  Northwest  end  of  Beckwith  Plateau  5 miles 
southeast  of  Woodside 

4.  8 miles  northeast  of  Green  River 

5.  Second  canyon  west  of  Horse  Creek 

6.  North  of  Thompsons 

7.  Nash's  ranch,  9 miles  northeast  of  Thompsons 

8.  Bryson’s  ranch  on  Westwater  Creek 

9.  In  the  vicinity  of  Carbonera 

10.  West  of  East  Salt  Creek  5^4  miles  southwest 
of  Turner’s  ranch 

11.  24  miles  northwest  of  Malone’s  ranch 

12.  1 mile  northeast  of  Malone's  ranch 

13.  At  Nearing  mine 

14.  At  Farmers  mine 

15.  At  Book  Cliff  mine 

16.  At  Palisade  mine 


1 2 


3 4 


5 6 7 


8 


9 


10 


11  12  13  14 


15  16 


m 200 


300  feet 


DETAILED  COLUMNAR  SECTIONS  OF  COAL-BEARING  ROCKS  IN  BOOK  CLIFFS  FIELD, 


OCCUKKENCE  OF  COAL. 


28 


plateau.  Northwest  of  Thompsons,  to  the  end  of  the  area  examined, 
the  influence  of  the  San  Kafael  Swell  is  felt  and  the  dips  are  norths 
eastward  from  2°  to  10°. 

The  rocks  in  the  Book  ClifTs  are  conspicuously  jointed,  two  sets  at 
right  angles  being  well  developed,  one  of  which  usually  is  parallel 
to  the  face  of  the  cliffs.  The  escarpment  is  gradually  being  worn 
back  by  blocks  of  sandstone  breaking  along  these  cracks  and  falling 
down  to  the  base  of  the  cliffs. 

Large  faults  have  not  been  observed  in  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field, 
but  several  small  dislocations  were  found  in  the  face  of  the  escarp- 
ment, a few  of  which  will  be  mentioned.  Between  Sunnyside  and 
Woodside  the  coal  in  the  face  of  the  cliffs  is  so  distinctly  offset  that 
a fault  can  be  seen  at  a distance  of  several  miles,  and  there  are  several 
other  faults  in  this  vicinity.  About  10  miles  north  of  Woodside 
the  plane  of  one  fault  strikes  N.  65°  W.  and  the  displacement  amounts 
to  120  feet.  Another  fault  in  the  cliffs  3 miles  northeast  of  Wood- 
side  strikes  N.  75°  W.  Here  the  displacement  is  only  about  20  feet, 
but  the  fault  is  clearly  exposed,  for  it  involves  a bed  of  coal  and  the 
strata  are  bent  along  the  plane  of  dislocation.  There  is  also  a small 
development  of  breccia.  Another  fault  is  clearly  exposed  in  the 
canyon  2^  miles  below  Carbonera.  (See  Pl.TI,  B.)  There  the  fault 
strikes  N.  75°  E.  and  the  throw  amounts  to  about  50  feet. 

COAL. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

Coal  of  commercial  importance  occurs  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
Mesaverde  formation  at  various  horizons  from  35  to  700  feet  above 
its  base.  In  some  localities  several  beds  are  present,  while  in  others 
only  one  or  two  have  been  found,  but  no  single  bed  has  been  traced 
continuously  for  more  than  a few  miles.  (See  PI.  VI.)  So  little 
prospecting  has  been  done  that  an  unqualified  statement  can  not  be 
made,  but  so  far  as  known  one  or  more  workable  beds  are  present 
throughout  the  field  here  considered.  The  thickness  of  the  coal 
ranges  from  a maximum  of  21  feet  down  to  mere  films  of  carbonaceous 
matter.  The  beds  outcrop  in  the  face  of  the  Book  Cliffs  commonl}^ 
100  feet  or  more  above  their  bases,  and  at  distances  from  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande  Railroad  which  vary  from  close  proximity  to  a 
maximum  of  about  15  miles.  The  dip  is  at  a low  angle  northward 
and  the  coal  underlies  an  immense  area  north  of  the  cliffs.  The  coal 
is  of  good  quality  and  compares  favorably  with  that  from  the  Rocky 
Mountain  fields.  It  is  but  little  prospected,  however,  and  there  are 
only  four  small  mines  with  railroad  connections  between  Grand  River 
and  Sunnyside. 


24 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


OCCURRENCE  AND  THICKNESS. 

The  following  description  begins  at  the  east  and  proceeds  westward. 
In  connection  with  it  the  map  (PI.  I),  the  stratigraphic  section  (PI. 
Ill),  and  the  detailed  coal  measurements  shown  on  Plate  VIII  will 
be  of  service. 

At  the  east  end  of  the  Book  Cliffs  two  workable  beds  of  coal  are 
known.  The  lower  one  occurs  between  35  and  60  feet  above  the 
top  of  the  Mancos  shale,  and,  though  variable,  is  commonly  about 
4 feet  thick.  The  upper  coal  is  thicker,  in  places  measuring  9 feet, 
and  occurs  from  200  to  500  feet  above  the  lower  bed.  These  coal 
beds  have  been  prospected  at  several  localities  between  the  Cameo 
mine  (No  1 on  the  map,  PI.  I)  and  the  Farmers  mine  (No.  13),  and, 
though  they  have  not  .been  actually  traced  throughout  that  distance 
and  are  known  to  vary  in  thickness,  the  beds  appear  to  be  continuous. 
Besides  these  two  main  coals  there  are  usually  other  thin  beds,  but 
none  of  commercial  importance  has  yet  been  found. 

The  following  detailed  measurements  made  in  the  face  of  the  cliffs 
a quarter  of  a mile  west  of  the  Book  Cliff  mine  show  the  succession 
of  the  strata  at  that  place  and  indicate  the  general  stratigraphy  of 
the  coal  measures,  although  no  two  sections  are  exactly  alike: 

Section  of  coal-hearing  rocTcs  one-fourth  mile  west  of  Boole  Cliff  mine. 


Ft.  in. 

Sandstone,  massive  buff 35 

Sandstone,  buff , 15 

Shale,  drab  and  sandy 15 

Coal  and  bone 1 3 

Shale,  drab 17 

Shale,  carbonaceous 12 

Sandstone,  buff 12 

Shale,  drab 1 4 

Bone  and  coal 1 6 

Shale,  drab 1 4 

Bone  and  coal 1 9 

('i^y 2 

Bone  and  coal 1 9 

Shale,  drab 2 

Sandstone,  buff 7 

Shale,  sandy 1 4 

Shale,  carbonaceous G 

Shale,  dral) 9 

(oal 1 G 

Shale,  drab 1 8 

Sandstone,  buff 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous  and  bone G 

Sandstone,  buff 3 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 6 

Sandstone,  massive  buff G G 

Shale,  carbonaceous 17 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  VII 


LITTLE  BOOK  CLIFFS  AND  GRAND  RIVER  NORTHEAST  OF  PALISADES. 


'V'*’  . r.^'* » ' ' ■ 'i  ■‘^■-■■^*«^.  ' ■'^''^jHBi  .i»-.^tX*-‘.*y6^’^  ■■■  *\ 


. 'fu 


'-'  i**'  - * 

^Njt'-a  -^.  ..  1 

■=•%■'■.  /-A-  : t-  •' 

3 


v=-V'k^*l 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  VIII 


1 

Horse  Canyon 
Tunnel  on  W.  side 


1 2 miles  south  of 
Horse  Canyon 
section 


3 

7 miles  n 
Wood 


11 

Uinta  R.R.  mine 


12 

3 miles  SW.  of 
Turner's  ranch 


24 

Cameo  coal 
Prospect  north  of 
Riverside  mine 


25 

Cameo  coal 
Prospect  south  of 
Cameo 


l'8'' 


2'2' 


6" 

4'4"’ 


m I'l"' 


180'>^* 


l'2" 


I'lO" 


3' 6" 


6'4" 


22 

Cameo  coal 
Project  north  of 
! Palisades 


180 


Oz 


U 

Lane  i g// 1 


®2'4" 


1 1'  8" 


2'10'' 


34 

Palisade  coal 
[Prospect  2 miles 
lof  Book  Cliff  mine 


35 

Palisade  coal 
Garfield  mine 


13 

3 miles  north  of 
Malone’s  ranch 


Cameo  coal 


Prospect  NE.  of 
Palisade  mine 


S3 


Palisade  coal 
Palisade  mine 


7 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  NO.  371  PL.  VIM 


1 ^ 2 
Horse  Canvon  1 2 miles  south  of 
Tunnel  on  W".  side  Horse  Canyon 
section 


3 

7 miles  north  of 
Woodside 


24 

Cameo  coal 
Prospect  north  of 
Riverside  mine 


25 

Cameo  coal 
Prospect  south  of 
Cameo 


14 

Lane  mine 


4 5 6 

Peterson’s  Black  Baby  mine  Prospect  west  of 
prospect  Ballard’s  mine 


Cameo  mine 


27 

Cameo  coal 
Cameo  mine. 


17 

Hunter  mine 


28 

Palisade  coal? 
Corcoran  mine 


7 ^ 8 

Ballard’s  mine  1 z miles  west  of 

Nash’s  ranch 


2 mile  west  of 
Bryan’s  ranch 


10  11  12 
Uinta  R.R.  mine  Uinta  R.R.  mine  3 miles  SW.  of 

'Turner’s  ranch 


13 

3 miles  north  of 
Malone’s  ranch 


18 

Prospect  south  of 
Hunter  mine  on 
lower  coal 


29 

Palisade  coal? 
Black  Diamond 
mine 


19 

Cameo  coal? 
Near  Steele  mine 


5"  5'6" 

30 

Palisade  coal? 
Steele  mine 


1" 


4'10" 


31 

Palisade  coal 
Prospect  west  of 
Book  Cliff  mine 


20 

Cameo  coal? 
Book  Cliff  mine 


8"  7' 10" 


32 

Palisade  coal 
Old  Book  Clilf 
mine 


Cameo  coal 
Prospect  north  of 
Palisades 


33  Palisade  coal 

Palisade  coal  Prospect  2 miles 
it  miles  south  of  S.  of  Book  Cliff  mine 
Book  Cliff  mine 


6'6'' 


7' 


3'2' 


Cameo  coal 
Prospect  NE.  of 
Palisade  mine 


3'l0" 


3'10" 


37 


Palisade  coal 
Riverside  mine 


6 


r/ 


2 6 


3' 


COAL  SECTIONS  IN  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD,  COLORADO  AND  UTAH. 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COAL. 


25 


Section  of  coal-hearing  rocJcs  one-fovrth  mile  west  of  Book  Cliff'  mine — Continued. 


Sandstone,  brown 

Shale,  sandy 

Coal 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  gray 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  drab 

Coal 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  drab 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal  “upper  bed  ” 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Shale,  drab,  sandy 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Bone 

Coal 

Sandstone,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  massive,  white 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  brown 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  massive,  brown 

Shale,  sandy 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal  “lower  bed” 

Shale,  carbonaceous,  sandy 

Sandstone,  massive  white 

Shale  and  sandstone,  thin-bedded 
Shale,  Mancos. 


Ft.  in 
1 4 

1 6 

5 

3 6 

3 6 
11 

9 

4 6 
1 

1 

1 4 

2 

1 

() 

4 () 

4 

8 5 

1 () 
14 

2 () 
1 5 

1 10 
2 
8 
4 

60 

10 

3 

26 

3 

5 

37 

16 

50 

5 

6 
10 

1 4 

1 

25 

30 


519 


The  lower  bed,  known  as  the  Palisades  coal,  outcrops  at  water  level 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Hogback  Canyon  of  Grand  River,  about  H 
miles  above  Pahsades  (PL  VII).  Thence  the  coal  bed  rises  rapidly 
above  the  valley  and  can  be  traced  westward  along  the  base  of  the 
Book  Cliffs  for  several  miles.  At  the  Palisade  mine  (No.  6)  the  coal 
is  about  150  feet  above  the  valley,  at  the  Garfield  mine  (No.  7)  800 
feet,  and  at  the  old  Book  Cliff  mine  (No.  9)  about  1,200  feet. 


26 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


Throughout  this  distance  the  coal  can  be  easily  followed.  At  many 
places  it  is  exposed  by  erosion,  appearing  as  a black  streak  in  the  chffs, 
and  it  is  usually  underlain  by  a massive  white  sandstone  which  is 
conspicuous  as  the  first  heavy  sandstone  bed  above  the  Mancos  shale. 
This  sandstone  is  not  persistent,  however,  but  locally  thickens  and 
thins  and  gives  way  to  shaly  beds.  The  Pahsades  coal  varies  in  thick- 
ness from  a few  inches  to  6 feet.  At  the  Riverside  mine  (No.  4),  a 
mile  northeast  of  Palisades,  near  the  mouth  of  the  entry,  the  following 
section  is  exposed: 


Section  of  coal  bed  at  Riverside  mine. 

Shale. 

Coal 

Shale 

Coal 


Ft.  in. 
6 
3 

2 6 


3 3 


At  the  face  of  the  workings  the  shale  parting  is  IJ  inches  thick 
and  the  lower  bench  of  coal  is  2 feet  10  inches  thick. 

At  the  Palisade  mine  (No.  6)  there  is  from  3 feet  7 inches  to  3 feet 
10  inches  of  clean  coal. 

Two  miles  west,  at  the  Garfield  mine,  the  Pahsades  coal  attains 
the  greatest  tliickness  yet  measured.  The  following  section  is  there 
exposed : 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  Garfield  mine. 


Sandstone,  shaly. 

Coal 

Bone 

Coal 

Bone 

Coal 

Bone 

Coal 


Ft.  in. 
1 1 
2 

1 9 

1. 

4 

3 2 

9 

1 


Total  coal  bed 


7 Hi 


About  2 miles  south  of  the  old  Book  ClilT  mine  (No.  9),  in  an  aban- 
doned prospect,  the  following  section  is  exposed: 


Section  2 miles  south  of  old  Book  Cliff  mine. 


Shale.  Ft.  in. 

Coal ■ 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 1 

Coal  and  bone 2 7 

Shale 10 

Coal 3 

Shale,  sandy 1 6 

Sandstone.  


Total  coal  bed 


5 9 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COAL. 


27 


In  the  vicinity  of  the  old  Book  Cliff  mine  the  lower  coal  is  of  variable 
thickness;  in  places  it  measures  almost  5 feet,  while  near  by  it  thins 
out  to  almost  nothing,  as  shown  by  the  following  sections: 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  the  old  Book  Cliff  mine. 


Sandstone.  Ft.  in. 

Shale 7 

Coal 4 6 

Shale 8 


Sandstone . 

5 9 

Section  of  coal  bed  1 mile  southeast  of  old  Book  Cliff  mine. 


Shale.  Ft.  in. 

Coal : 4 6 

Shale 8 

Coal : 3 4 

Shale 8 

Sandstone.  

Total  coal  bed 8 (5 

Section  of  coal  bed  1 mile  southeast  of  the  above  section. 

Shale.  Ft.  in. 

Coal 1 

Shale 9 

Coal 2 10 

Shale 2 G 

Coal 1 8 

Shale 8 

Sandstone.  

9 2 


It  is  reported  that  in  working  the  lower  coal  in  the  old  Book  Cliff 
mine  several  areas  were  encountered  in  which  the  coal  is  absent. 
Northwest  of  the  old  mine  evidences  of  thinning  are  shown  by  the  fol- 
lowing section: 


Section  of  lower  coal  bed  near  Book  Cliff  mine. 


Ft. 

Shale,  carbonaceous,  interlaminated  with  thin  coaly  layers  up 


to  one-half  inch G 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous  and  bony 4 

Bone.... 

Coal  and  bone 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 1 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone.  


in. 


2 

2 


9 

7 

5 

7 


13  8 


28 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


About  a quarter  of  a mile  west  of  this  place  the  following  section  is 
exposed  at  the  same  horizon : 

Section  of  loirer  coal  bed  near  Book  Cliff  mine. 

Ft.  in. 

Shale • () 

Coal 7 

Bone \ 

Coal 1 

Sandstone 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

Sandstone.  

Total  coal 

West  of  the  Book  Cliff  mine  less  prospecting  has  been  done  than  in 
the  region  to  the  east,  but  little  variation  in  the  thickness  of  the  coal 
bed  has  been  reported.  At  the  Steele  or  Keystone  mine  (Xo.  11) 
there  is  5 feet  3 inches  of  coal,  including  4 inches  of  bone  1 foot 
from  the  top.  The  roof  and  floor  are  of  shale,  and  the  coal  lies  3 feet 
above  a bed  of  massive  white  sandstone. 

At  the  Black  Diamond  mine  (Xo.  12)  the  following  section  was 
measured : 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  Black  Diamond  mine. 

Shale.  Ft.  in. 

Coal 10 

Clay 2 

Coal 4 8 

Shale.  

Total  coal 5 6 

Locally  the  coal  bed  is  only  3 feet  thick.  At  the  Farmers  mine  the 
lower  bed  appears  to  be  only  30  inches  thick,  but  the  upper  coal  is  of 
greater  value. 

Except  in  two  important  mines,  the  Book  Cliff  (Xo.  10)  and  the 
Cameo  (Xo.  1),  the  upper  coal  is  not  worked  on  a commercial  scale  in 
this  locality,  partly  because  the  lower  coal  in  general  is  of  better  quality, 
but  chiefl}^  because  the  lower  coal  is  more  accessible,  occurring  several 
hundred  feet  nearer  the  base  ot  the  cliffs. 

The  upper  bed,  known  as  the  Cameo  coal,  outcrops  at  river  level  at 
Cameo,  on  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad.  To  the  southwest 
it  rises,  and  north  of  Palisades  is  650  feet  above  the  valley,  lying  at  the 
base  of  the  second  tier  of  cliffs.  (See  PI.  VII.)  From  Palisades  the 
outcrop  extends  northwestward  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Book  Cliff  mine, 
at  a distance  of  about  a mile  and  a half  from  the  crest  of  the  lower 
escarpment.  Thence  westward  the  bench  below  the  upper  coal  dis- 
appears and  the  two  coal  beds  outcro])  in  the  face  of  the  clitfs,  almost 
directl}"  one  above  the  other.  The  position  of  the  upper  coal  is 
marked  b}"  a massive  white  sandstone  almost  immediately  beneatli  it. 
This  sandstone  is  locally  75  feet  thick  and  can  be  traced  for  miles,  but 
it  is  not  constant  and  locally  disa])pears. 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COALr. 


29 


Between  the  Cameo  and  the  Bob  Cat  mines  the  thickness  of  the 
upper  coal,  as  exposed  in  mines  and  prospects,  varies  from  4 feet  4 
inches  to  9 feet  8 inches,  with  one  or  two  partings  of  shale  or  bony  coal 
ranging  from  5 inches  to  3 feet  5 inches  in  thickness. 

In  the  Cameo  mine  the  roof  is  a good,  firm,  sandy  shale,  and  the 
floor,  where  the  full  thickness  of  coal  is  worked,  is  reported  to  be  sand- 
stone, but  usually  the  total  thickness  of  the  coal  is  not  removed.  The 
coal  has  the  reputation  of  being  dirty,  a condition  which  is  due  to  the 
partings  it  contains.  The  following  measurements  were  made  in  the 
mine  at  the  localities  indicated ; 


Coal. . 
Bone. 
Coal . 
Bone 
Coal . . 


Coal . . 
Bone . 
Coal . . 


Coal  - . 
Bone. 
Coal.. 


Coal. 
Bone. 
Coal . . 


Sections  of  coal  bed  in  the  Cameo  mine. 
IN  THE  MAIN  ENTRY. 


IN  ROOM  5 OFF  MAIN  ENTR^' 


AT  END  OF  MAIN  ENTRY. 


AT  THE  NORTHWEST  END  OF  THE  WORKINOS. 


At  a small  prospect  about  a mile  south  of  Cameo,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river,  the  following  section  was  measured . 


Section  oj  coal  bed  1 mile  south  of  Cameo. 


Coal. . 
Bone. 
Coal. . 
Bone. 
Coal . . 


Ft. 

in. 

S 

10 

1 

. H 

10 

1 

9 

2 

10 

1 1 

Ft. 

in. 

2 

4 

() 

1 

2 

S 

7 

Ft. 

in. 

2 

2 

1 

6 

8 

Kl. 

3 

in. 

9 

1 

5 

11 

8 

tie  west 

Ft. 

in. 

1 

8 

2 

. 2 

2 

O 

O 

6 

4 9 


30 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


A stripping  was  made  of  the  Cameo  coal  west  of  the  Grand  River 
bridge  above  Palisades  which  showed  the  following  sections: 

Section  of  Cameo  coal  bed  west  of  Grand  River  bridge. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 2 4 


Bone 

Coal- 

Bone 

Coal- 


1 10 
8 

2 8 


7 lU 

At  a prospect  north  of  Palisades  the  following  section  is  exposed: 
Section  of  coal  bed  at  prospect  north  of  Palisades. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 3 6 

Bone 1 

Coal : 2 5 


6 

At  the  Book  Cliff  mine  (No.  10)  about  7 feet  of  coal  is  worked,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  main  entry  the  following  section  was  measured : 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  end  of  main  entry  in  Booh  Cliff  mine. 

Ft.  in. 

Coal 3 

Bone I 

Coal 4 6 


7 6i 

At  the  face  of  the  northwest  entry  7 feet  of  coal  is  exposed,  and  14 
or  15  inches  of  bony  coal  is  reported  above  and  below  this.  In  one  ol 
the  main  rooms  the  section  is  as  follows: 


Coal. 

Bone 

Coal. 


Section  of  coal  bed  in  room  of  Book  Cliff  mine. 


F . in. 


7 1 
10 
6 


8 5 

About  a quarter  of  a mile  east  of  the  Steele  mine  a stripping  showed 
the  following  section: 

Section  of  coal  bed  one-fourth  mile  east  of  Steele  mine. 

Ft.  in. 


(oal 2 6 

Bone 5 

Coal 3 2 

Shale 8 

Sandstone.  * 

Total  coal  bed 6 1 


At  the  Bob  Cat  mine  (Xo.  14)  and  in  that  vicinity"  between  44 
and  55  inches  of  clean  coal  is  exposed  at  the  upper  (?)  coal  horizon, 
which  occurs  about  400  feet  above  the  lower  bed  worked  at  the 
Farmers  mine.  West  of  the  Bob  Cat  mine  the  upper  coat  has  not 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COAL. 


81 


been  prospected  and  little  is  known  of  it  for  several  miles.  The 
coal  outcrops  high  up  in  the  face  of  the  cliffs  and  the  lower  bed  is 
more  accessible. 

There  are  two  small  openings  on  the  lower  coal  west  of  the  Farmers 
mine,  which  are  known  as  the  Excelsior  and  Corcoran  mines.  The 
Excelsior  mine  (No.  15)  is  located  high  up  a hillside,  near  the  head 
of  a small  gulch,  where  the  coal  is  opened  along  the  outcrop  at  several 
places.  Here  4 feet  7 inches  of  coal  is  exposed  at  the  entrance  to 
the  workings.  Four  feet  above  there  is  a 4-inch  bed,  and  a foot  and  a 
half  below  there  is  2 inches  of  coal,  while  40  feet  below  the  main  coal 
there  is  an  unprospected  bed  of  coal  and  carbonaceous  shale  6 feet 
thick.  A mile  west  of  the  Excelsior  mine  there  is  a small  abandoned 
prospect  known  as  the  Corcoran  mine  (No.  16).  The  workings  have 
caved,  but  there  is  at  least  4 feet  of  coal  exposed  near  the  entrance. 

For  5 miles  northwest  of  the  Corcoran  property  little  or  no  pros- 
pecting has  been  done,  but  at  the  next  wide  valley  there  are  pros- 
pects on  two  beds  of  coal.  An  opening  on  the  lower  bed  shows 
the  following  section: 

Section  of  coal  bed  5 miles  northwest  of  Corcoran  mine. 


Sandstone.  Ft.  in. 

Shale 6 

Coal 3 

Bone 4 

Coal 2 

• Shale : 4 

Sandstone.  

Total  coal  bed 5 4 


Farther  up  the  same  valley  an  upper  coal  is  well  exposed  and 
has  been  worked  at  the  Hunter  mine  (No.  17),  where  the  following 
section  was  obtained: 

Section  of  coal  beds  at  Hunter  mine. 


Sandstone.  Ft.  in. 

Coal 2 

Bone 4 

Coal 4 5 

Bone 8 

Coal 7 

Sandstone 25 

(bal 2 

Bone : 1 

Coal 3 

Sandstone.  

39 


The  Gross  or  Kiel  mine  is  situated  5 miles  northwest  of  the  Hunter 
property,  near  the  mouth  of  Kiel  Canyon.  Between  these  mines 
no  prospecting  has  been  done  and  no  information  was  obtained 
regarding  the  coal  beds.  At  the  Kiel  mine  (No.  18)  from  3 feet  to 
3 feet  9 inches  of  coal  is  exposed  at  the  approximate  horizon  of  the 
lower  bed. 


32 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


The  next  opening  is  about  a -inile  and  half  west  of  the  Kiel,  at 
the  Nugent  mine  (No.  19).  Here  there  are  two  openings  on  the 
lower  ( ?)  coal,  on  opposite  sides  of  a gulch.  The  coal  varies  in  thick- 
ness from  4 feet  3 inches  to  4 feet  8 inches.. 

At  the  Nearing  mine  (No.  20),  three-quarters  of  a mile  west  of  the 
Nugent,  the  same  bed  is  also  worked.  At  the  mouth  of  the  mine 
the  coal  measures  4 feet  to  4 feet  2 inches  and  contains  a variable 
streak  of  bone  up  to  12  inches  thick.  At  the  end  of  the  workings 
the  bone^  disappears  and  the  coal  measures  4 feet  7 inches.  The 
coal  bed  is  here  45  feet  above  the  top  of  the  Mancos  shale,  and  in 
this  general  vicinity  the  upper  coal  appears  to  be  represented  by 
thin  carbonaceous  layers, 
been  found  in  this  locality.  The  following  section  was  measured 
near  this  mine: 

Section  of  coal-hearing  rocks  near  Nearing  mine. 


Ft.  in 

Sandstone,  buff 40 

Shale,  drab 10 

Sandstone,  red 10 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 0 

Shale,  buff 14 

Coal 8 

Sandstone,  buff 7 

Shale,  buff 80 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

Sandstone,  white  and  buff 3:1 

Shale,  carbonaceous 0 * 

Sandstone,  white 18 

Shale,  carbonaceous 10 

Coal,  bony 8 

Sandstone,  white lo 

Shale,  sandy 00 

Sandstone,  white 2o 

Shale,  buff 30 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 6 

Shale,  buff 10 

Coal \ 0 

Sandstone,  white 10 

Shale,  buff 7 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 8 

Coal 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 0 

Shale,  buff 10 


Sandstone,  buff 7 

Shale,  drab !•> 

Sandstone,  buff I 

('oal 1 

Shale,  carbonaceous  an<l  drab 11 

Sandstone,  buff 10 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  buff 
Shale,  Mancos. 


Only  one  workable  coal  bed  has 


430  2 


OCCURRED C'E  OF  COAL. 


33 


Openings  have  been  made  on  a coal  bed  at  tlie  Lane  and  Johnson 
mines,  on  opposite  sides  of  a creek  about  2 miles  northwest  of  the 
Nearing  property.  At  this  place  the  following  measurements  were 
made: 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  the  Johnson  mine  {No.  22). 


Sandstone.  Ft.  in. 

Shale,  carbonaceous 5 

Coal 1 1) 

Bone 

(^al •4,- 


Total  coal  bed 5 9 

Section  of  coal  bed  at  the  Lane  mine  {No.  2S). 

Sandstone.  Ft.  in. 

Shale,  sandy 1 

( 'oal 1 o 

Bone 4 

Coal 3 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

(’oal,  bony 1 


Total  coal  bed 


6 7 


A mile  and  a half  up  the  creek  there  are  several  coal  beds  which 
have  not  been  prospected,  but  which  have  the  following  section: 

Section  of  coal  beds  Ih  miles  east  of  Lane  mine. 


Shale.  Ft.  in. 

('oal 1 4 

Bone  and  coal ' 8 

Coal 1 3 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 

Coal 3 10 

Shale,  carbonaceous 18 

Coal - 8 

Shale,  carbonaceous 7 

Coal 4 1 

Shale.  

38  10 


The  following  section  was  measured  at  about  the  same  hoiizon 
north  of  Malone’s  ranch: 


Section  of  coal  beds  -i  miles  north  of  Malone’s  ranch. 


Shale,  carbonaceous. 

('oal 

Bone 

Coal 

Bone 

Coal 

Bone 

(’oal 

Shale,  sandy 

Coal 


Ft.  in. 

1 4 
() 

2 


4 

3 10 
7 

3 I 


03854-09 3 


18  11 


34 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


The  higher  coal  here  is  in  two  benches,  as  at  the  Hunter  mine, 
hut  it  has  not  been  prospected.  Little  is  known  of  the  coal  between 
the  Lane  and  Johnson  mines  and  Carbonera,  near  the  Colorado- 
L^tah  lioundaiy.  Though  undeveloped,  coal  has  been  found  wherever 
sections  have  been  made;  for  instance,  at  the  west  side  of  the  en- 
trance to  the  canyon  of  East  Salt  Creek,  6 miles  southwest  of  Turner’s 
ranch,  there  are  two  beds  of  coal,  one  2 feet  and  the  other  feet 
thick,  separated  by  an  interval  of  about  252  feet. 

Section  at  entrance  of  East  Salt  Creek  canyon,  6 miles  southwest  of  Turner's  ranch. 


Ft.  in. 

Sandstone,  red 20-1- 

Coal  5 0 

Shale,  carbonaceous 21 

Sandstone,  white,  locally  red , 20 

Shale,  drab •. 19 

Sandstone,  buff 49 

Shale,  drab,  and  thin  beds  of  buff  sandstone 54 

Sandstone,  buff 19 

Shale,  drab 15 

Sandstone,  buff  and  white 30 

Shale,  carbonaceous 25 

Coal ' 2 

Sandstone,  buff  and  white 30 

Shale,  drab,  and  thin  beds  of  buff  sandstone 125 

Sandstone,  buff 50 

Shale,  Manc(X'«. 


About  3 miles  southwest  of  Turner’s  ranch  and  half  a mile  up  from 
the  mouth  of  a small  eastern  tributary  of  East  Salt  Creek  a waterfall 
exposes  a bed  of  coal  21  feet  5 inches  thick,  which  is  the  thickest  bed 
observed  in  the  entire  area  under  consideration.  No  development 
and  but  little  jirospecting  have  been  done  here,  and  the  lateral  extent 
of  this  coal  bed  has  not  been  determined.  It  appears,  however,  to 
be  a lens,  for  in  following  the  coal  to  the  west  along  the  hillside  above 
the  gulch  it  was  found  to  thin  out  and  disappear. 

Considerable  })rosj)ecting  has  been  done  in  the  valley  of  West  Salt 
Creek,  and  at  Carbonera  a mine  is  being  worked  by  the  Uinta  Railway 
Coni])any.  In  this  vicinity  the  local  undulating  structure  (see  }).  22) 
causes  the  coal  to  lie  within  a relatively  moderate  depth  below  the 
surface.  The  following  section  was  measured  here: 

Section  of  coal-hearino  rocks  near  Carbonera. 

Ft.  in. 

Sandstone,  fossiliferous,  buff  (containing  Unio  vivipara,  (ionio- 


basis,  And  Tulofoma  thompsoni) t5 

Shale,  drab,  and  thin  beds  of  buff  sandstone 95 

Sandstone,  buff ^ 

Shale,  carbona(;eous 3 

Sandstone,  buff 5 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COAL. 


35 


Section  of  coal-hearing  rocks  near  Carbonera — Continued. 

Shale,  drab 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Coal  and  bone 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff,  and  shale 

Sandstone,  buff 

Sandstone,  buff,  thin  bedded,  and  shale 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Shale,  drab,  sandy 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  shaly 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  buff 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  shaly 

Coal 


Ft. 

5 


3 

2 

10 

3 


3 

8 

2 

35 

5 

20 

2 

2 

10 

5 

15 

2 

3 


7 

18 

7 

3 

10 

2 

25 

3 

5 

5 

10 

15 

10 


Shale,  carbonaceous 2 

Sandstone,  shaly 20 

Shale,  carbonaceous 3 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 1 

Sandstone,  buff,  shaly 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 4 

Coal. 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 5 

Sandstone,  buff 65 

Shale,  drab,  including  several  thin  beds  of  buff  sandstone 70 

Sandstone,  massive,  buff GO 

Shale,  Mancos. 

' r o r- 


585 


in. 


4 

10 


6 


10 

10 


4 


Within  a distance  of  less  than  500  feet  above  the  top  of  the  Mancos 
shale  there  are  five  beds  of  coal,  each  2 feet  or  more  thick,  and  several 
other  thinner  carbonaceous  layers.  At  the  Carbonera  mine  the  coal 
l)ed  measures  more  than  7 feet,  but  it  is  parted  by  two  layers  of  bone, 


36 


TKE  BOOK  CLIFFS  ('OAL  FIKLI). 


wilich  greatly  decreases  the  value.  The  following  sections,  lueasnred 
in  different  ])arts  of  the  mine,  show  the  genei-al  condition  of  the  coal 
bed : 

Sections  of  coal  bed  in  ('arhonera  mine. 


Coal . 
Hone 
('oal. 
Hone 
Coa.l . 


End  of 
back 
entry. 


Room  ! Near 
No.  3.  I entrance. 


Ft.  in.  Ft.  in.  Ft.  in. 
2 1 1 10  2 

1 1 1 
10^  1 S 

5 11  4 

4 3 0 4 3 


7 5‘.  7 0 7 4 


In  Utah  within  the  area  covered  by  tliis  report  there  are  no  ship- 
ping mines  and  the  (*oal  has  been  prospected  in  only  a few  places. 
The  coal  lands  have  not  been  surveyed  by  the  General  Land  Office, 
and  the  region  is  even  more  thinly  populated  than  Colorado;  between 
Carbonera,  Colo.,  and  Thompsons,  Utah,  a distance  of  more  than  50 
miles,  there  are  only  three  ranches,  which  are  situated  near  the  moutlis 
of  canyons  at  the  base  of  the  Book  Cliffs,  wliere  feeble  streams  flow 
throughout  the  year.  In  LTali,  as  in  Colorado,  the  Mesaverde  forma- 
tion constitutes  the  cliff-making  rocks,  and  coal  lias  been  found  at  the 
usual  horizon  w^herever  sections  have  been  studied.  Near  Bryson’s 
ranch,  on  Westwatcu’  Creek,  the  following  measurements  w'ere  made: 


Section  of  coal -hear in g rods  near  Bryson's  ranch,  on  U'est water  ('reek. 


Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  l)ulT 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Shale,  drab 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  liulT 

Shale,'  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  butT. 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  bntT. 

Coal • 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  beddi'd,  bulT.. 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  bull’ 

Sandstone,  shaly,  but’l' 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  bulY. 
Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  bull’ 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Shale,  (“arbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  l)edd(Hl,  bul’t’.. 


t't.  in. 


to 

10 

5 

”) 


1 10 


:k") 

4 

4 

.4 

2 0 
4 

20 


OCCURRENCE  OF  COAL. 


37 


Section  of  coal-hearing  rocks  near  Bryson’s  ranch,  on  Westwater  Continued. 

Ft.  in. 


Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  buff 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  ))uff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal , ' 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  buff 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  buff . 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Coal 

Shale,  carbonaceous 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff,  and  shale 
Shale,  Mancos. 


13 


3 
7 
1 

4 
3 
15 
10 
15 


2 10 

3 

4 

2 5 

3 

3 

4 

1 3 

5 
90 


417  3 


Six  beds  of  coal,  ranging  from  1 foot  3 inches  to  2 feet  10  inches, 
5vere  found  in  a zone  275  feet  thick,  the  lowest  coal  occurring  95  feet 
al)Ove  the  top  of  the  Mancos  shale.  From  the  Utah-Colorado  bound- 
ary to  some  miles  west  of  Thompsons  a bench  about  100  feet  in 
height  and  half  a mile  to  a mile  in  width,  caused  by  a thick  lens  of 
sandstone  in  the  shale,  extends  along  the  base  of  the  cliffs,  and  the 
coal  outcrop  therefore  lies  farther  back  in  the  cliffs  than  usual. 

Near  Harms’s  ranch  (No.  28),  at  the  mouth  of  Cottonwood  Canyon, 
there  is  a bed  of  coal  1 foot  6 inches  thick.  Mr.  Harms  reports  beds 
varying  in  thickness  from  2 inches  to  3 feet,  but  says  tliat  tlie  coal 
contains  much  bone  and  is  of  poor  quality. 

About  a mile  and  a half  above  Nash’s  ranch  (No.  29),  in  a canyon, 
two  beds  of  coal  were  observed,  separated  by  an  interval  of  about  60  - 
feet.  The  lower  bed  is  1 foot  10  inches  thick  and  occurs  350  feet 
above  the  top  of  the  Mancos  shale;  the  higher  bed  measures  4 feet  8 
inches,  but  little  attempt  has  been  made  to  develop  it. 

More  work  has  been  done  on  the  coal  north  of  Thompsoiis  than  any- 
where else  in  Utah  in  the  area  covered  by  tins  report,  although  the 
prospecting  even  in  this  locality  lias  not  been  thorough.  Several 
beds  of  coal  are  present.  The  following  section  shows  five  beds  more 
than  2^  feet  thick  within  125  feet  of  strata: 


Secflon  of  coal -hearing  rocks  north  of  Thompsons. 

Ft.  in. 


Sandstone,  inassi\(‘,  })ufl’ 25 

Coal , L 

Shale,  carbonaceous fj 

Sandstone,  thin  beddetl 0 


38 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


Section  of  coal-hearing  rocks  north  of  Thompsons — Continued. 


Ft.  in. 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 

Coal 1 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 5 

Coal 2 b 

Shale,  carbonaceous 5 

Coal 5 

Shale,  carbonaceous 3 

Coal 4 

Shale,  carbonaceous 2 

Sandstone,  buff,  shaly 10 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  buff 15 

Coal 5 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 15 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded 5 

Shale,  carbonaceous 4 

Coal 2 

Shale,  carbonaceous 18 

Coal 2 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 5 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 15 

Coal 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous.., 3 

Coal 1 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 9 

Coal 3 6 

Shale,  carbonaceous 10 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 40 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  interbedded  with  shale 20 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 25 

Sandstone,  thick  bedded,  buff 30 

Sandstone,  thin  bedded,  buff 50 

Sandstone,  massive,  buff 70 

Shale,  drab,  interbedded  with  subordinate,  thin,  buff  sandstone 

layers 95 

Sandstone,  massive,  fine  textured,  with  local  lenses  of  coal  up  to 

1 foot  3 inches  thick 150 

Shale,  Mancos.  ■ 


The  principal  work  here  has  been  done  at  the  Ballard  mine  (No.  29), 
at  which  the  following  section  was  measured  (see  PI.  IX) : 


Section  of  coal  bed  at  Ballard  mine,  near  Thompsons,  Utah. 


Sandstone,  shaly.  Ft.  in. 

Coal 1 3 

Bone 2 

Coal 1 10^ 

Bone 

Coal 2 3 


Shale,  carbonaceous. 


At  the  end  of  the  workings  there  is  o feet  10^  inches  of  coal  with 
no  })artings. 


CHARACTER  OF  COAL. 


43 


substance  derived  from  the  leacliing  of  the  adjacent  rocks.  A test  by 
George  Steiger  of  some  of  this  material  from  the  coal  in  Horse  Canyon, 
Utah,  showed  it  to  be  a hydrous  silicate  of  aluminum  containing  a 
small  amount  of  calcium  carbonate. 

The  moisture  content  of  the  coal  is  shown  in  the  table  of  analyses  on 
pages  44-46.  The  moisture  in  the  sample  as  received,’’  which  repre- 
sents the  condition  of  the  coal  in  the  mine,  ranges  from  4.71  to  18.63 
per  cent.  By  air  drying  in  the  laboratory  these  samples  lost  between 
0.10  and  5.30  per  cent  of  their  moisture.  On  exposure  to  the  weather 
the  coal  becomes  dull  and  breaks  up  along  the  joints  into  small 
prisms  which  finally  crumble  to  powder.  The  rapidity  with  which 
disintegration  occurs  is  not  well  known,  for  little  coal  is  allowed  to 
remain  about  the  mines.  A considerable  amount,  however,  was 
found  at  the  prospects  in  Horse  Canyon;  although  this  was  reported 
to  have  lain  in  a heap  exposed  to  the  weather  lor  more  than  a year,  it 
showed  little  apparent  deterioration. 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION. 

The  following  analyses  show  the  composition  of  a number  of  samples 
of  coal  from  the  eastern  part  of  the  Book  Cliffs  field.  Samples  were 
taken  from  the  most  important  mines  and  prospects  under  uniform 
conditions,  and  represent  the  freshest  available  material.  The  sam- 
ples were  collected  b}^  cutting  a channel  across  the  face  of  the  coal 
from  roof  to  floor,  partings  more  than  a quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness 
being  rejected.  The  material  was  gathered  on  canvas,  crushed,  mixed, 
and  quartered  down  to  about  3 pounds,  and  sent  to  the  laboratory  in 
sealed  cans.  The  analyses  were  made  at  the  fuel -testing  plant  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  at  St.  Louis,  under  uniform  con- 
ditions prescribed  by  N.  W.  Lord.® 

The  analysis  of  each  sample  is  tabulated  in  two  forms,  showing  the 
composition  of  the  air-dried  sample  and  the  sample  as  received  at  the 
laboratory.  The  air-dried  analysis  shows  the  percentage  of  the 
several  constituents  of  the  coal  after  it  has  been  powdered  and  allowed 
to  lose  the  moisture  that  evaporates  on  exposure  to  the  atmosphere 
of  the  laboratory  until  a constant  weight  results,  the  percentage  of 
air-drying  loss  being  shown  in  the  table.  The  analysis  of  the  sample 
as  received  shows  the  percentage  of  the  several  constituents  of  the 
coal,  including  the  total  amount  of  water  contained  in  the  sample  as 
received  at  the  laboratory,  and  represents  the  condition  of  the  coal  in 
the  mine.  For  general  purposes  the  figures  for  the  air-dried  sample 
are  best  for  comparison  with  other  analyses.  Proximate  analyses  of 


a Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  48,  190(i,  p.  174  et  seq. 


44 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 

35  samples  and  ultimate  anal3^ses  of  13  of  the  most  nearly  representa- 
tive ones  are  ^iven  in  the  following  tables: 

Projcimole  analyses  of  coal  samples  from  the  Booh  Cliffs  coalfield. 

[F.  M.  Stanton,  chemist  in  charge.] 


1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

Lai)oratory  No 

3550. 

3547. 

3542. 

3540. 

3546. 

3.541. 

3549. 

3.5:39. 

;3545. 

Sample  as  received: 

Moisture 

8.42 

8. 17 

7.55 

4.  71 

7.  57 

7.  52 

8.  77 

9.02 

13.  96 

Volatile  matter 

33.32 

33.09 

31.07 

34.68 

33.  56 

36.03 

36.55 

34.  51 

31.:30 

Fixed  carbon 

47.53 

53  42 

48. 27 

52.66 

52.  91 

50.  46 

48.  72 

50.89 

48.  73 

Ash 

10.  73 

4.  72 

13.11 

7.  95 

5.  96 

5.99 

5.  96 

5.  58 

6. 01 

Sulphur 

.60 

. 57 

.57 

. 56 

.72 

. 85 

.83 

.67 

. ()3 

Loss  of  moisture  on  air  drying 

4.30 

2.80 

2.60 

.10 

2.20 

2.00 

2.50 

3.  10 

4.  40 

Air-dried  sample: 

Moisture 

4.30 

5.  52 

5.08 

4.61 

5.  49 

5.  63 

6.  43 

6.  11 

10.  00 

Volatile  matter 

34.  82 

34.66 

31.90 

34.72 

34.32 

36.  77 

37.  49 

35.  61 

32.  74 

Fixed  carbon 

49.67 

54. 96 

49.  5t) 

52.71 

54. 10 

51  49 

49.  97 

52.  52 

.50.  98 

•\sh 

11.21 

4.86 

13.  46 

7.96 

ti.  09 

6. 11 

6 11 

5.  76 

6.28 

Sulphur 

63 

.59 

.59 

. 50 

.74 

87 

.85 

.69 

. tK) 

• 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

10. 

17. 

18. 

Laboratory  No 

3490. 

3496. 

3494. 

3.581. 

3495. 

3493. 

3489. 

3488. 

3640. 

Sample  as  received: 

Moisture 

11  42 

10.  75 

10. 89 

11.03 

9.  54 

15.  39 

6.86 

6.52 

5.  40 

Volatile  matter 

34.  25 

34.83 

34. 12 

35.90 

34.  49 

32.  57 

34.  20 

35.  75 

33.  ;30 

Fixed  carbon 

44.  49 

47  58 

44  77 

46.  35 

46.33 

45.  69 

43.90 

48.  37 

55.  57 

.Vsh 

9.84 

6.  84 

10.22 

6.72 

9.  64 

6.  35 

15. 04 

9.  36 

5. 73 

Sulphur 

.84 

. 55 

1.09 

.68 

.78 

.62 

.62 

. 07 

. 49 

Loss  of  moisture  on  air  drying 

5.60 

3.50 

5.20 

5.80 

3. 10 

7. 20 

1.80 

.60 

20 

Air-<lried  sample: 

Moisture 

6. 17 

7.  51 

6.00 

5.  55 

6.  65 

8.83 

.5. 15 

5.96 

.5. 21 

\ olatile  matter 

36. 28 

36. 09 

35.  99 

38.11 

35.  59 

35. 10 

34.83 

35.  96 

33.  36 

Fixed  carbon 

47. 13 

49.31 

47.  23 

49.21 

47.  81 

49.23 

44.  70 

48.  66 

,55.  69 

-Vsh 

10.42 

7.  09 

10.78 

7.  13 

9.95 

6.  84 

15.32 

9.42 

5.  74 

Sulphur 

.89 

57 

1. 15 

,7. 

.80 

. 67 

.63 

. 07 

. 49 

19. 

.0. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

.V,. 

2T.  ‘ 

Laboratory  No 

3587. 

3.5S5. 

3586. 

.3.584. 

3730. 

3728. 

3729. 

37.32. 

.3734. 

Sample  as  received: 

Moisture 

9.  44 

9.  73 

8.  27 

5.  55 

18.63 

9.  .32 

10.96 

10.  77 

11.23 

Volatile  matter 

35.  51 

35.  27 

36.  90 

36. 01 

,30.  ()1 

33.  ()4 

.32. 19 

33.68 

31.51 

Fixed  carbon 

49.33 

49.  95 

48.  67 

52.  75 

4<i.  28 

49.  52 

42.45 

48. 36 

4.5.31 

-Vsh 

5.  72 

5.  05 

6.  16 

5.  69 

4.  48 

7.52 

14.  40 

7.19 

11.95 

Sulphur 

1.02 

1.30 

1.26 

.93 

.38 

.51 

. 48 

.56 

. 42 

Loss  of  moisture  on  air  drying 

5.  50 

5.  20 

3.  60 

1.60 

9 10 

3.00 

4.  .50 

.3.90 

4 70 

•\ir-dried  sample: 

Moisture 

4.17 

4.  78 

4.  84 

4.  01 

10.48 

6.  52 

6.76 

7.15 

6. 85 

Volatile  matter 

37.  58 

37.  20 

38. 28 

3()  60 

33.  68 

34.68 

.33.  71 

35.  05 

33  07 

Fixed  carbon 

.52.  20 

.52.  69 

50.  49 

.53.  61 

50  91 

51.05 

44.  45 

50.  32 

47.  .54 

Ash 

6.  05 

5.  33 

6. 39 

5.  78 

4.93 

7. 75 

15.08 

7 48 

12.  .54 

Sulphur 

1.08 

1.37 

1.31 

95 

. 42 

.53 

. 50 

.58 

. 44 

CHAKA('TER,  OF  COAL. 


45 


Proximate  analyses  of  coal  samples  from  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field — Continued. 


28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

32. 

33. 

34. 

Laboratorj"  No 

88.54. 

3856. 

3857. 

3945. 

3957. 

4014. 

4013. 

4015. 

Sample  as  received: 

Moisture 

12.  74 

6. 35 

9.57 

5.  58 

4.75 

9.  79 

9 01 

5.  20 

Volatile  matter 

33. 04 

31.89 

32. 37 

32.  77 

33.  58 

33. 39 

31  78 

36.  03 

Fixed  carbon 

.50. 06 

42.  74 

47. 09 

43.  61 

50.  24 

50.  44 

51.03 

52  69 

Ash 

4.16 

J9.02 

10.  97 

18. 04 

11.43 

6.  38 

8.18 

6.  08 

Sulphur 

.46 

.58 

. 46 

.72 

1. 15 

.60 

46 

.83 

Loss  of  moisture  on  air  drying. 

4.50 

2.  30 

2.50 

1.90 

2. 30 

3 50 

4. 10 

2.  90 

Air-dried  sample: 

Moisture 

8.63 

4. 14 

7.  25 

3.  75 

2.  51 

6.  52 

5.12 

2.37 

Volatile  matler 

34.60 

32.  64 

33.  20 

33.  41 

34.  37 

34.  60 

33. 14 

37.11 

Fixed  carbon 

.52.42 

43.  75 

48. 30 

44.  45 

51.  42 

52.  27 

53. 21 

54.  27 

Ash 

4.  .35 

19.  47 

11.25 

18.  39 

11.  70 

6.  61 

8.53 

6.  25 

Sulphur 

.48 

.60 

.47 

.74 

1.18 

62 

. 47 

.85 

Ultimate  analyses  of  coal  samples  from  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field. 

[F.  M.  Stanton,  chemist  in  charge.] 


% 


Lal>oratory  No 


Sample  as  received: 

.\sh 

Sulphur 

Hydrogen 

Carbon 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Calories 

British  thermal  units 

('arl)on-hydrogen  ratio 

Lo.ss  of  moisture  on  air  drying 

Air-dried  sample: 

-\sh 

Sulphur 

1 1 ydrogen J . 

('arbon 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

('alories 

Briti.sh  thermal  units 


1. 

5. 

6. 

i . 

10. 

18. 

19. 

3546. 

3541. 

3545. 

3490. 

3640. 

.3587. 

10.  73 
.60 
5.  45 
()5.  52 
1.20 
16.  50 
6,466 
11,639 
13.00 

5.  96 
.72 
5.50 
(i9  47 
1.56 
16.  79 
6,913 
12,  443 
13.  20 

5.  99 
.85 
5.  26 
68.  43 
1 55 
17.92 
6, 838 
12,  .308 
13.  59 

6.  01 
.63 
5.82 
62. 19 
1.40 
23.  95 
6,034 
10,861 
11.  66 

9.  84 
.84 
5.  46 
61.84 
1.07 
20.  95 
6, 166 
11,099 
12  77 

b.  73 
.49 
5.  39 
70. 18 
1.20 
17.  01 
6.894 
12',  409 
13.  07 

5.  72 
1 02 
5.  94 
68.  17 
1 . 56 
17.  29 
6,811 
12,260 
12  8,5 

4.30 

2.20 

2.  00 

4.  40 

5 60 

20 

5.  .50 

11.21 

6.09 

6.  11 

6.28 

10.  42 

5.  74 

6.  05 

.63 

.74 

.87 

66 

89 

. 49 

1 08 

5. 19 

5.38 

5. 14 

5-  58 

5 13 

5 38 

5 64 

68.  46 

71.03 

()9.  83 

65.  05 

65.  51 

70  32 

72.  46 

1.26 

1.60 

1.58 

1.47 

1 13 

1.20 

1 65 

13.  25 

15. 16 

16.  47 

20  96 

16.  92 

16.  87 

13.  12 

6, 757 

7,069 

6,978 

6,312 

6, 532 

6,908 

7,207 

12. 162 

12, 723 

12,559 

11,361 

11,757 

12,  434 

12,973 

46 


THE  KOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


Ultimate  analyses  of  coal  samples  from  the  Book  Cliffs  coal  field — Continued. 


20. 

21. 

25. 

29. 

34. 

.35. 

Laboratory  No. 

358.5. 

.3586. 

3729. 

3856. 

401.3. 

4015. 

Sample  as  received:  ■ 

.\sh 

5.  05 

6. 16 

14.  40 

19,02 

8. 18 

6.08 

Sulphur 

l.SO 

1.26 

.48 

.58 

. 46 

.83 

Hydrogen ! 

5. 81 

5.  54 

5. 63 

5. 01 

4.97 

5.26 

Carbon 

68.  84 

67.  48 

58.  42 

59. 10 

62.  22 

71.22 

Nitrogen 

1.55 

1.57 

1.24 

1.52 

1.25 

1.29 

O xygen 

17.  45 

17.99 

19  83 

14. 97 

22.  92 

15  32 

Calories 

6,809 
12,256 
13. 16 

6, 771 

5, 815 

5,890 
10,602 
12.  45 

6, 035 

7,239 

1.3,030 

14.41 

British  thermal  units 

12,188 
13. 13 

lo!  467 

10',  863 
13. 77 

Carbon-hydrogen  ratio 

11.59 

Loss  of  moisture  on  air  drying 

5. 20 

3.  CO 

4. 50 

2.30 

4.10 

2.99 

Air-dried  sample: 

,\sh 

5. 33 

6.  39 

15.08 

19.  47 

8. 53 

6 25 

Sulphur 

1.37 

1.31 

. 50 

.60 

. 47 

85 

Hydrogen 

5.52 

5. 33 

5.  37 

4.86 

4 71 

5.09 

Carbon 

Nitrogen 

72.62 
1 63 

70.00 

1.63 

61.17 

1..30 

60.  49 
1.35 

64.88 

1.30 

73.35 

1.34 

Oxygen 

13. 53 

15.  34 

16.  58 

13. 23 

20. 11 

13.12 

Calories 

7,182 

12,928 

7.024 
12, 043 

6,089 
10, 960 

6,029 
10, 852 

6,293 
11, 327 

7,  455 
1.3,419 

British  thermal  units 

1-3.  Sec.  34,  T.  10  S.,  R.  98  W. 

4.  Upper  coal,  sec.  3,  T.  11  S.,  R.  98  W. 

•5-8.  Lower  coal,  sec.  3.  T.  11  S.,  R.  98  W. 

9.  Sec.  0,  T.  11  S.,  R.  98  W. 

10-12.  Upper  coal,  sec.  8,  T.  10  S.,  R.  99  W. 

13.  First  coal  below  upper  coal,  sec.  8,  T.  10  S., 
R.  99  VV. 

14.  Sec.  7,  T.  10  S.,  R.  99  W. 

15.  Sec.  1,  T.  10  S.,  R.  100  W.  Weathered  sample. 

16.  Sec.  36,  T.  9 S.,  R.  100  W. 

17.  Sec.  35,  T.  9 S.,  R.  100  AV.  Weathered  sample. 

18.  Sec.  5.  T.  9 S.,  R.  100  W. 

19.  Sec.  27,  T.  8 S.,  R.  101  W. 

20.  Sec.  29,  T.  8 S.,  R.  101  W. 


21.  Sec.  30,  T.  8 S.,  R.  101  W. 

22.  Sec.  18,  T.  8S.,  R.  101  W. 

23.  Sec.  16,  T.  7 S.,  R.  102  W.  Weathered  sample. 

24.  Sec.  11,  T.  7 S.,  R.  104  W. 

25-27.  Sec.  14,  T.  7 S.,  R.  104  W. 

28.  \\ miles  northwest  of  Nash’s  ranch,  Utah. 

29.  5 miles  north  of  Thompsons,  Utah. 

30.  5 miles  north  of  Thompsons,  Utah. 

31.  6 miles  northeast  of  Solitude,  Utah. 

32.  4 miles  east  of  Woodside,  Utah. 

3.3-34.  8 miles  south  of  Sunnyside,  Utah. 

35.  West  side  of  Horse  Canj-on,  6 miles  south  of 
Sunnyside,  Utah. 


Inspection  of  the  table  of  proximate  analyses  of  air-dried  coals 
shows  the  following  range  in  percentages:  Moisture,  from  2.37  to 
10.48;  volatile  matter,  from  31.90  to  38.28;  fixed  carbon,  from  43.75 
to  55.69;  ash,  from  4.86  to  19.47.  The  table  of  ultimate  analyses  of 
a'ir-dried  coals  shows  the  following  range : Hydrogen,  from  4.71  to  5.64 ; 
carbon,  from  60.49  to  73.35;  nitrogen,  from  1.13  to  1.65;  oxygen,  from 
13.12  to  20.96;  sulphur,  from  0.47  to  1.37.  The  calorific  values,  de- 
termined with  a Mahler  bomb  calorimeter,  range  from  10,852  to 
13,419  British  thermal  units. 

Bearing  in  mind  that  the  range  shown  hy  the  anal}'ses  is  partly  due 
to  different  stages  of  weathering  of  the  samples  collected,  although 
care  was  taken  to  obtain  as  fresh  coal  as  possible,  the  analyses  indicate 
that  the  coals  from  the  different  parts  of  the  area  examined  are  not 
strikingly  different.  The  marked  variations  in  quality  of  near-by 
coals,  not  uncommon  in  Rocky  Mountain  fields,  especially  in 
Colorado,  are  not  found  in  the  area  here  considered.  Igneous  rocks 
are  not  known  to  occur  in  the  Book  Cliffs,  and  the  coals  are  not  lo- 
cally metamorphosed.  There  are  main’  minor  differences,  however. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  field,  for  instance,  a comparison  of  analyses 
of  mine  samples  of  coal  from  the  upper  and  lower  beds  shows  that  the 


CHAUAC’TEK  OF  COAL. 


47 


upper  bed  contains  more  moisture  and  ash  and  less  carbon  than  tlie 
lower  coal,  and  that  the  lower  coal  has  a greater  efficiency  as  ex- 
pressed by  the  calorific  values.  Judged  by  the  analyses,  the  sample 
of  coal  showing  the  best  results  is  the  one  from  Horse  Canyon,  Utah, 
which,  with  6.25  per  cent  of  ash,  gave  an  efficiency  of  13,419  British 
thermal  units,  while  the  best  results  obtained  in  the  eastern  end  of  the 
field  were  from  the  lower  coal  near  the  mouth  of  the  Hogback  Canyon 
of  Grand  River,  which,  with  6.09  per  cent  of  ash,  showed  an  efficiency 
of  12,723  British  thermal  units. 

An  important  difference  is  in  the  coking  quality  of  these  coals. 
The  coal  from  Sunnyside,  Utah,  produces  a coke  of  good  grade, 
whereas  thus  far  coals  from  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Junction  yield 
such  a low-grade  product  that  they  are  classed  as  noncoking.  Between 
these  extreme  locations,  one  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  area  examined 
and  the  other  beyond  the  western  limit,  no  coking  tests  have  been 
made ; and  it  remains  to  be  determined  what  coals,  if  any,  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  Book  Cliffs  field  will  coke. 

Comparison  with  analyses  of  other  coals  examined  at  the  Govern- 
ment fuel-testing  plant  shows  that  the  coals  from  the  eastern  part  of 
the  Book  Cliffs  field  rank  favorably  with  the  product  of  other  fields  in 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region  and  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  Book 
Cliffs  coals  are  classed  as  medium-grade  bituminous. 

MARKET  AND  USE. 

The  part  of  the  Book  Clitfs  field  under  consideration  is  situated 
between  areas  where  coal  of  similar  quality  and  greater  thickness  is 
already  being  developed.  The  mmes  in  the  vicinity  of  Newcastle,  to 
the  east,  and  those  about  Castlegate,  to  the  west,  are  more  favorably 
situated  for  the  large  markets  than  is  the  eastern  part  of  the  Book 
Cliffs  field.  However,  because  of  the  proximity  of  the  Denver  and 
Rio  Grande  Railroad,  it  probably  will  not  be  long  before  this  great 
reserve  of  coal  will  be  more  actively  developed.  Denver  and  Pueblo, 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  the  Pacific  coast  are  likely  to  be  the  most  im- 
portant outside  markets,  and  there  will  be  a growing  local  demand 
in  connection  with  the  increase  of  po})ulation  and  the  development 
of  Colorado  and  Utah  mines.  At  ])resent  the  local  market  is  the 
onlv  outlet. 

There  are  only  four  mines  with  railroad  connection  in  the  field  here 
discussed,  and  practically  their  entire  product  is  used  by  the  towns 
of  Grand  Junction,  Palisades,  and  Fruita,  and  by  the  Uintah  Rail- 
way. These  mines  are  the  Cameo  (No.  1),  Palisade  (No.  6),  Book 
Cliff  (No.  10),  and  Carbonera  (No.  25).  At  Grand  Junction,  besides 
a considerable  amount  of  coal  used  for  domestic  purposes  and  for 
the  gas  and  electric  light  plants,  a sugar-beet  factory  and  a smelter 
use  coal  from  the  Book  Cliffs  field.  The  other  mines  are  worked 


48 


THE  BOOK  (’LIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


entirely  for  domestic  purposes  and  the  coal  is  transported  by  wagon. 
In  1906  the  average  cost  of  coal  at  the  country  mines  was  SI. 75  a 
ton;  at  Palisades  the  price  was  quoted  at  S2.25  a ton,  and  at  Grand 
Junction  the  retail  price  for  lump  coal  not  delivered  was  S3  a ton. 
Slack  sold  for  between  50  and  75  cents  a ton. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

Very  little  has  been  done  in  developing  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Book  Cliffs  coal  field.  The  four  mines  with  railroad  connections  are 
reported  to  have  produced  in  1905  a total  of  only  5,300  tons,  while 
the  other  mines  are  for  the  most  part  country  banks  that  yield  but  a 
f(‘w  hundred  tons  each  a year. 

The  proximity  of  the  field  to  a trunk  railroad  and  the  ease  with 
which  short  branch  lines  can  be  constructed  across  the  shale  ])lain  to 
the  base  of  the  cliffs  render  the  transportation  problem  comparatively 
easy.  The  situation  of  the  coal,  however,  several  hundred  feet  above 
the  base  of  the  cliffs,  except  in  the  creek  valleys,  makes  it  dilficult  of 
access  and  usually  necessitates  the  construction  ol  a steep  tramway  or 
an  aerial  cable.  Favorable  conditions  for  reaching  the  coal  by  shafts 
are  rare,  except  in  the  broader  valleys,  and  the  greater  ])art  of  the 
coal  probably  will  be  worked  from  the  outcrop. 

An  important  consideration  is  the  lack  of  Avater,  Avhich  will  prove 
a detriment  to  the  commercial  development  of  a large  ])art  of  the 
field.  Thnnighout  the  greater  j^ortion  of  the  year  there  is  either  no 
surface  Avater  in  the  Aucinity  of  the  clifls,  aAvay  from  Grand  PiATr, 
or  AA^ater  is  present  in  very  small  quantity.  Springs  are  scarce  and 
the  prospect  of  obtaining  sufficient  supplies  of  underground  Avater  is 
not  favorable.  The  Cameo,  Riverside,  and  Palisade  mines,  being 
near  Grand  River,  do  not  experience  this  difliculty,  and  the  Book 
Cliffs  mine  is  located  near  one  of  the  rare  springs.  Water  is  hauled 
from  Atchee  by  the  Uintah  RailAA  ay  for  the  men  at  the  Carbonera 
mine.  In  the  Aucinity  of  several  of  the  AAT>rkings,  as  in  Horse  Creek, 
Utah,  there  is  a small  jierennial  stream,  but  for  many  miles  along  the 
cliffs  there  is  insuflicient  AA'ater  for  mining  ])urposes.  Water  from  an 
irrigation  canal  is  hauled  by  AA^agon  to  the  mines  north  of  Fruita,  a 
distance  of  8 or  10  miles. 

The  first  dcATlopment  Avork  on  the  coal  in  this  area  is  said  to  Iuia'c. 
been  in  1882  at  the  old  Book  Cliff  mine,  north  of  Grand  Junction. 
The  Cameo  mine  Avas  opened  about  1895,  and  the  Palisade  mine  is 
reported  to  haAT  been  started  also  about  that  time.  These  are  th(‘ 
chief  mines  of  the  area  and  they  supply  the  needs  of  the  settlements 
in  Grand  River  valley.  The  Carbonera  mine,  the  only  other  Avith 
railroad  connections,  A\’as  not  opened  until  1904,  and  is  used  entirely 
for  the  needs  of  the  Uintah  RailAvay . Avhich  is  a short  road  from  ^lack, 
Colo.,  to  the  gilsonite  deposits  at  Dragon,  Utah.  There  are  only 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


i^.4 


PROPERTY  OF  THE  BOOK  CLIFF  MINE  COMPANY  AT  THE  BASE  OF  THE  CLIFFS  NORTH  OF  GRAND  JUNCTION. 


V 2.’ 


f* 


^ <s 

. ^ f 1 

SJi  ' 

< 

"4^ 

* *■  . 

‘"'I 

~ i^ 

* 4 '►  • . 

ii*- 


' '-■'ft<;:,  -S 


COAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


49 


about  thirty  other  small  mines  and  prospects  of  any  consequence 
within  the  area  here  reported;  these  are  listed  and  their  locations 
are  shown  on  the  map,  Plate  I. 

The  coal  is  opened  at  or  near  the  outcrop  and  generally  is  worked 
by  the  room  and  pillar  system.  Where  the  dip  is  appreciable  entries 
are  run  with  the  strike  and  the  rooms  are  opened  principally  up  the 
rise.  The  long-wall  system  is  used  at  only  one  mine,  the  Riverside. 
Both  roof  and  floor  are  generally  a firm  sandy  shale.  The  workings 
usually  are  dry  and  little  trouble  is  caused  by  water,  but  in  a few 
instances,  as  at  the  Cameo  mine,  water  level  has  been  reached.  Some 
of  the  workings  are  extremely  dry  and  dusty  and  care  must  be  taken 
to  avoid  explosion.  Natural  ventilation  is  chiefly  depended  on, 
though  furnaces  are  used  to  some  extent.  Machines  have  not  been 
introduced  and  in  general  the  methods  of  mining  are  simple.  The 
following  brief  descriptions  will  serve  to  indicate  the  present  stage  of 
development: 

The  Book  Cliff  mine,  operated  by  the  Book  Cliff  Coal  Compan}q  is 
situated  in  a small  ravine  in  the  Little  Book  Cliffs,  about  12  miles 
north  of  Grand  Junction.  The  mine  is  connected  with  the  Denver 
and  Rio  Grande  Railroad  by  a narrow-gage  road,  and  the  camp  con- 
sists of  a number  of  frame  houses,  a company  store,  workshop,  etc. 
(See  PL  X.)  Good  water  is  supplied  in  moderate  quantity  from  a 
near-by  spring,  which  was  an  important  factor  in  determining  tli^ 
location  of  the  mine. 

Considerable  prospecting  has  been  done  in  this  vicinity.  The  lower 
bed  was  formerly  worked;  it  has  the  advantage  over  the  upper  bed  of 
being  slightly  better  in  quality  and  of  outcropping  about  190  feet 
lower  down  the  cliffs.  The  old  mine®  is  situated  in  the  ravine  next 
south  of  the  one  in  which  the  present  workings  are  located,  and  was 
approached  by  a steeply  inclined  tramway.  The  coal  was  reached 
by  a tunnel  cut  through  the  underlying  sandstone.  Development 
proved,  however,  that  the  lower  coal  bed  in  this  vicinity  varies  greatly 
in  thickness,  ranging  from  a few  inches  to  about  4 feet,  and  after  a few 
years  work  on  the  lower  bed  was  abandoned.  A considerable  quan- 
tity of  coal  was  mined,  however,  the  largest  production  of  any  one 
year  being  reported  as  18,000  tons. 

In  the  present  mine,  which  was  opened  in  1903,  the  upper  coal  is 
worked.  It  is  reached  through  a tunnel,  the  mouth  of  which  is  sit- 
uated near  the  lower  coal  outcrop,  about  a quarter  of  a mile  north- 
east of  the  terminus  of  the  branch  railroad  and  some  200  feet  above 
it.  The  tunnel  extends  northeastward  through  a heavy  bed  of  sand- 
stone a distance  of  750  feet,  where  the  upper  coal  is  encountered. 
From  the  end  of  the  tunnel  entries  extend  northwest  and  southeast 


o Lakes,  Arthur,  The  Book  Cliff  coal  mines.  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  24,  1904,  p.  289. 

63854—09 4 


50 


THE  BOOK  CLIFFS  COAL  FIELD. 


about  800  feet  in  each  direction,  and  several  rooms  have  been  opened 
up  the  rise.  The  tunnel  not  only  avoids  climbing  a precipitous  ledge, 
but  has  a distinct  advantage  over  an  opening  on  the  outcrop.  A 
gravity  incline  can  thus  be  operated  and  the  workings  can  be  pushed 
along  the  strike  and  up  the  rise,  avoiding,  in  the  early  stage  of  develop- 
ment at  least,  a haul  up  the  dip,  which  in  this  mine  is  very  steep.  In 
the  workings  the  coal  bed  dips  from  25°  to  30°  X.  55°  E.,  and  is  trav- 
ersed by  prominent  joint  planes,  the  most  conspicuous  of  which  strikes 
between  X.  65°  E.  and  X.  75°  E.  The  bed  averages  about  7 feet 
thick,  with  a parting  of  sandstone,  varying  from  one-fourth  inch  to 
3 inches  in  thickness,  about  3 feet  from  the  top.  The  output  of  the 
mine  for  1905  was  reported  as  6,000  tons. 

The  Cameo  mine,  operated  by  the  Grand  Junction  Mining  and 
Fuel  Company,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a small  creek  which 
enters  Grand  River  about  4 miles  above  Palisades.  The  mine  is 
connected  with  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad  by  a short  spur. 
A number  of  cabins,  a store,  a shop,  etc.,  have  been  constructed  and 
water  is  supplied  by  a steam  pump  from  a well  near  the  river. 

The  coal  worked  is  the  upper  or  Cameo  bed.  At  the  entrance  to 
the  mine  the  coal  is  covered  by  a few  feet  of  alluvium,  and  the  bed 
is  reached  by  a slope.  Xine  feet  or  more  of  coal  is  exposed,  but  only 
5 or  6 feet  is  worked.  The  roof  is  a firm  sandy  shale,  but  owing  to 
a number  of  partings  the  coal  is  dirty  and  is  reported  to  produce 
about  30  per  cent  of  slack.  The  mine  has  been  in  operation  eight  or 
nine  years  and  the  workings  are  extensive.  The  entries  run  north- 
west-southeast and  the  rooms  extend  northeast  and  southwest,  both 
up  and  down  the  slope.  The  inclination  of  the  coal  is  reported  to  be 
only  about  3°,  so  that  mules  can  pull  the  cars  aiwwhere,  but  the 
workings  are  at  such  a distance  from  the  mouth  that  much  time  is 
lost  in  transit.  Some  water  is  encountered,  but  when  it  is  reached 
in  going  down  the  dip  the  workings  are  abandoned.  It  is  proposed 
to  introduce  pumps  and  a system  of  electric  lighting  and  haulage. 
The  annual  product  of  the  mine  is  reported  to  be  24,000  tons. 

The  Palisade  mine  is  located  in  the  face  of  the  cliffs  about  150 
feet  above  the  valley,  a mile  northeast  of  the  town  of  Palisades. 
The  property  is  controlled  by  the  Palisade  Coal  and  Supply  Com- 
pany, which  began  operations  about  1895.  A short  spur  connects 
the  terminus  of  the  gravity  tramway  that  leads  to  the  mine  with  the 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad.  The  mine  is  located  on  the  out- 
crop and  the  workings  extend  in  about  1,600  feet.  The  lower  coal,  or 
Palisades  bed,  is  worked,  which  averages  in  the  mine  about  3 feet  10 
inches  thick.  Xo  trouble  is  caused  by  water.  The  average  output 
of  the  mine  is  reported  to  be  18,000  tons  a year,  about  35  per  cent 
of  which  is  slack. 


COAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


51 


The  Carbonera  mine  has  been  in  operation  only  two  years  (1906) 
and  its  output  is  used  exclusively  by  the  Uintah  Railway  Com- 
pany. The  mine  is  situated  on  the  hillside  above  West  Salt  Creek, 
at  the  little  mining  settlement  of  Carbonera,  where  there  are  a few 
cabins,  a shop,  etc.  Good  mountain  water  is  hauled  from  Atchee 
and  stored  in  a cistern.  The  entrance  is  on  the  outcrop  and  the  main 
entry  is  about  600  feet  long.  The  roof  and  floor  are  a firm  sandy 
shale.  About  5 feet  of  coal  is  mined.  Two  streaks  of  bone,  from  1 
inch  to  1 foot  in  thickness,  are  present,  so  that  the  coal  is  dirty. 
The  daily  production  is  reported  to  be  about  14  tons  throughout  the 
year.  , 

The  other  mines  and  prospects  in  the  area  under  consideration  are 
small.  They  are  all  situated  on  the  outcrop,  and  the  workings  at 
the  largest  are  only  a few  hundred  feet  in  extent.  They  are  operated 
only  during  the  winter  months  to  supply  the  needs  of  near-by  settlers. 


INDEX, 


B. 

Page. 

Ballard  mine,  coal  at,  view  of 38 

sections  at  and  near 38-39 

view  of 38 

Beckwith  Plateau,  description  of 10 

section  at 39-40 

Black  Baby  mine,  section  at 39 

Black  Diamond  mine,  section  at 28 

Bob  Cat  mine,  coal  at 30 

Book  Cliffs  bench,  view  of 10 

Book  Chff  mine,  coal  of 47 

development  at 49-50 

fossils  from 17 

sections  at  and  near 24-25,20-28,30 

view  at 48 

Book  Plateau,  description  of 10 

Bryson’s  ranch,  section  near 36-37 

C. 

Cameo,  fossils  from 18 

Cameo  coal,  occurrence  of 28 

Cameo  mine,  coal  of 28-47 

development  of 50 

sections  at  and  near 29 

Carbonera,  fault  near,  view  of 10 

fossils  from 18 

sections  at  and  near 34-30 

structure  at 22-23 

Carbonera  mine,  coal  of 47 

development  of 51 

section  in 36 

Climate,  character  of 11 

Coal,  amount  of 42 

analyses  of 43-40 

character  of ' 42-47 

development  of 48-51 

faulting  in 23 

market  and  use  for 47-48 

occurrence  and  distribution  of 23-42 

sections  of 22-41 

plate  showing 24 

thickness  of 24 

Coal-bearing  rocks,  detailed  sections  of,  plate 

showing . 22 

Coking,  tests  of 47 

Colorado,  coal  in 5 

Columnar  section,  plate  showing 12 

Corcoran  mine,  coal  of 31 

section  near 31 

Cretaceous  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 12-19 

Cross,  Whitman,  rock  classification  by 11-12 

Culture,  status  of 11,48-51 


D. 

Page. 

Dakota  sandstone,  character  and  distribution 


of 11,12-14 

fossils  of 14 

sections  of 13 

Dali,  W.  II.,  character  and  distribution  of. . . 21 

Development,  progress  of 48-51 

Drainage,  description  of 8-9 

E. 

East  Salt  Creek  canyon,  section  in 34 

Eldridge,  G.  H.,  on  Uinta  Basin 5,19 

Elgin,  fossils  near 14 

Eocene  rocks,  character  and  distribution  of. . 19-21 
Excelsior  mine,  coal  of 31 

F. 

Faults,  occurrence  and  character  of 23 

Fort  Union,  character  and  distribution  of... . 11,21 

Fox  Hills,  restriction  of 12 

Fruita,  section  near 13 

G. 

Gale,  II.  S.,  on  Book  Cliffs  field 22 

Garfield,  Mount,  view  of 14 

Garfield  mine,  section  at 26 

Geology,  description  of 11-23 

study  of 5 

Gidley,  J.  W.,  character  and  distribution  of. . 18 

Grand  Junction,  coal  of 47-48 

sections  of 13 

Grand  River,  coal  of 47 

description  of 8-9 

view  on 24 

Grand  River  bridge,  section  at 30 

Green  River,  description  of 8, 10 

Green  River  formation,  character  and  dis- 
tribution of 11, 19, 20 

Gross  mine.  See  Kiel  mine. 

II. 

Harms’s  ranch,  coal  near 37 

Hay  Creek,  fossils  from 21 

Hills,  R.  C.,  on  Book  Cliffs  coal 6 

History  of  field 5-6 

Hogback  Canyon,  coal  of 47 

Horse  Canyon,  coal  of,  analysis  of 45,40,47 

fossils  from 21 

sections  in  and  near 20,41 

Hunter  mine,  section  at 31 

J. 

Johnson  mine,  section  at 33 


53 


54 


INDEX 


K. 

Page. 

Kiel  mine,  coal  at 31 

Knowlton,  F.  H.,  fossils  determined  by 14, 

17,19,21 

L. 

Lakes,  Arthur,  on  Book  Cliffs  coal 6 

Laramie,  restriction  of 12, 18-19 

Lane  mine,  sections  at  and  near 33 

Little  Book  Cliffs,  description  of 9, 10 

view  of 24 

Location  of  field 5 

Loma,  section  near 13 

Lord,  N.  W.,  analyses  by 43 

Lowland,  topograph}’-  of 9-10 

M. 

Malone’s  ranch,  section  near 33 

Mancos  shale,  character  and  distribution  of.  9, 

11,14-15 

fossils  from 15 

Map  of  Book  Cliffs  field 5 

showing  location  of  Book  Cliffs  field 7 

Mesaverde  formation,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 11,16-19,36 

coal  in .• 23 

fault  in -■ 10 

view  of 10 

fossils  from 17-19 

outcrop  of,  view  of 16 

Mining,  methods  of 48-51 

N. 

Nash’s  ranch,  coal  near 37 

coal  near,  analysis  of 45, 46 

Neal,  W.  D.,  work  of 6 

Nearing  mine,  section  near 32 

Nugent  mine,  coal  at 32 

P. 

Palisade  mine,  coal  of 47-48 

development  at -50 

Palisades,  section  at 30 

Palisades  coal,  occurrence  of 25-26 

Peale,  A.  C.,  on  Book  Cliffs  field 5, 12, 18, 20 

Pepperberg,  L.  J.,  work  of 6 

Perrin,  C.  D.,  work  of 6 

Peterson’s  prospect,  section  at 40-41 

Price  River,  description  of 8, 10 

Price  River  Canyon,  section  near 39-41 


R. 

Page. 

Relief,  description  of 8-9 

Riverside  mine,  coal  at.. .'.  28 

section  at 26 

Roan  Creek,  description  of. 8-9, 10 

Rock  formations,  description  of 11-21 

S. 

Saleratus  Creek,  coal  near,  view  of 16 

San  Rafael  uplift,  structure  of 22 

Section,  columnar,  plate  showing 12 

Sections  of  coal 24^1 

plate  showing 24 

Sections  of  coal-bearing  rocks,  plate  showing.  22 

Solitude,  coal  near,  analysis  of 45, 46 

Stanton,  T.  W.,  fossils  determined  by . . 15, 17, 18-19 

Steele  mine,  coal  at 28 

section  at , 30 

Storrs,  L.  S.,  on  Book  Cliffs  field 6 

Stratigraphy,  description  of 11-21 

Structure,  description  of 21-23 

Sunnyside,  coal  near 47 

coal  near,  analysis  of 45,46 

T. 

Taff,  J.  A.,  on  Book  Cliffs  field 6 

Tavaputs  Plateau,  description  of 6, 10 

Tertiary  rocks,  character  and  distribution  of.  19-21 

Thompsons,  coal  near,  analyses  of 45,46 

fossils  from 18 

rocks  near 19-20 

view  of 16 

section  near 37-39 

Topography,  description  of 6-11 

Turner’s  ranch,  sections  near 20,34 

U. 

Uinta  Basin,  coal  in. 5,42 

Utah,  coal  in 5 

W. 

Wasatch  formation,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 11,19-21 

Water,  lack  of 48 

Westwater  Creek,  section  on .36-37 

Woodside,  coal  near 41 

faults  near 23 

fossils  near 14 


o 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 


UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

OF 

NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY 

FOR 

1906  AND  1907 
WITH  SUBJECT  INDEX 


BY 

F.  B.  WEEKS  AND  J.  M.  NICKLES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERN  M II  N T P R I N T I N G O F F I O K 

1909 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Serials  examined 5 

Bibliography 11 

Index 209 

Lists 282 

Chemical  analyses 282 

Geologic  formations  described 284 

Minerals  described 314 

Rocks  described  315 


3 


SERIALS  EXAMINED. 


Alabama  Geological  Survey:  Underground  water  resources  [Bull.  9?].  Mont- 
gomery, Ala. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences : Proceedings,  vol.  41,  nos.  16-35, 
vol.  42,  vol.  43,  nos.  1-12 ; Memoirs,  vol.  13,  nos.  3,  4.  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science : Proceedings,  vols.  55-57. 

American  Geographical  Society : Bulletin,  vols.  38,  39.  New  York. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers : Bi-Monthly  Bulletin,  nos.  7-18 ; Trans- 
actions, vols.  36,  37.  New  York. 

American  Journal  of  Science,  4th  series,  vols.  21-24.  New  Haven,  Conn. 

American  Mining  Congress : Papers  and  Addresses,  8th  and  9th  Annual  Ses- 
sions. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History : Memoirs,  vol.  9,  parts  1-3 ; Bulletin, 
vols.  22,  23 ; Journal,  vols.  6,  7.  -New  York. 

American  Naturalist,  vols.  40,  41.  Boston,  Mass. 

American  Philosophical  Society : Proceedings,  vol.  44,  no.  181,  vol.  45  and  vol. 
46,  nos.  185-187 ; Transactions,  new  ser.,  vol.  21,  pt.  4.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers : Transactions,  vols.  56-59.  New  York. 

Annales  de  Paleontologie,  t.  1,  2.  Paris,  France. 

Annales  des  Mines,  6®  ser.,  t.  9-12.  Paris,  France. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  7th  ser.,  vols.  17-20.  London. 

Appalachia,  vol.  11,  nos.  2 and  3,  and  index  to  vols.  1-10.  Boston,  Mass. 

Association  of  Engineering  Societies : Journal,  vols.  36-39.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Bernice  Pauahi  Bishop  Museum:  Memoirs,  vol.  2,  no.  2;  Occasional  Papers,  vol. 
2,  no.  4,  and  vol.  4,  no.  1.  Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History : Proceedings,  vol.  32,  nos.  9-12,  vol.  33, 
vol.  34,  no.  1.  Occasional  Papers,  vol.  7,  no.  7.  Boston,  Mass. 

Botanical  Gazette,  vols.  41-44.  Chicago,  111. 

British  Columbia  Bureau  of  Mines:  Annual  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Mines 
for  1904,  for  1905,  and  for  1906.  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 

Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Science:  Bulletin,  vol.  8,  nos.  4-6.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

California  Academy  of  Sciences:  Proceedings,  4th  ser.,  vol.  1,  pp.  1-6.  San 
Francisco,  Cal. 

California  Journal  of  Technology,  vols.  8-10.  Berkeley,  Cal. 

California  Physical  Geography  Club : Bulletin,  vol.  1.  Oakland,  Cal. 

California  State  Mining  Bureau : Report  of  Board  of  Trustees  for  1902,  1904, 
and  1906;  Bulletins,  nos.  21-49.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

California,  University  of,  Department  of  Geology : Bulletin,  vol.  4,  nos.  14-19, 
vol.  5,  nos.  1-11.  Berkeley,  Cal. 

Canada,  Geological  Survey : Summary  Report,  1905  and  1906 ; Catalogue  of 
Publications;  Annual  Report,  vols.  15,  16.  Section  of  Mines,  Annual  Re- 
port for  1906  and  for  1907.  Ottawa,  Ontario. 


5 


6 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^  1906-1907. 


Canada,  Royal  Society : Proceedings  and  Transactions,  2d  ser.,  vols,  11,  12 ; 3d 
ser.,  vol.  1.  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Canadian  Mining  Institute:  Journal,  vols.  8,  9.  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Canadian  Mining  Journal,  new  ser.,  vol.  1,  nos.  1-19  (old  ser.,  vol.  28,  nos.  3-21). 
Toronto  and  Montreal,  Canada. 

Canadian  Mining  Review,  vols.  25-27,  28,  nos.  1,  2.  (Continued  as  Canadian 
Mining  Journal.)  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Canadian  Record  of  Science,  vol.  9,  no.  5.  Montreal,  Quebec. 

Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington  : Yearbook,  nos.  4,  5.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Carnegie  Museum:  Annals,  vol.  3,  no.  4,  and  vol.  4,  nos.  1,  2;  Memoirs,  vol.  2, 
nos.  6-10.  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Cassier’s  Magazine,  vol.  29,  nos.  3-6,  vols.  30-32,  vol.  33,  nos.  1,  2.  New  York. 

Centralblatt  fiir  Mineralogie,  Geologie,  und  Paleontologie,  Jahrgang,  1906,  1907. 
Stuttgart,  Germany. 

Chicago  Academj^  of  Sciences:  Natural  History  Survey,  Bulletin,  no.  4,  pt.  2 
and  no.  6.  Chicago,  111. 

Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History,  Journal,  vol.  20,  nos.  5-7.  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

Colorado  College  Publications:  Science  Series,  vol.  11,  nos.  46-53,  vol.  12,  nos. 
1-5.  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Colorado  School  of  Mines:  Bulletin,  vol.  3,  nos.  2-4,  vol.  4,  no.  1.  Golden,  Colo. 

Colorado  Scientific  Society : Proceedings,  vol.  8,  pp.  71-362.  Denver,  Colo. 

Colorado,  University  of:  Studies,  vol.  3,  nos.  2^,  vol.  4,  vol.  5,  no.  1.  Boulder, 
Colo. 

Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  (Publications  of  Yale  University)  : 
Transactions,  vols.  12,  13,  pp.  1-297.  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Connecticut  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey:  Second  Biennial 
Report,  1905-6 ; Bulletins,  nos.  6-8.  Hartford  Conn. 

Contributions  to  Indiana  Paleontology  (Greene),  vol.  2,  pts.  1-3.  New  Al- 
bany, Ind. 

Davenport  Academy  of  Sciences : Proceedings,  vols.  10,  11,  12,  pp.  1-94.  Daven- 
port, Iowa. 

Delaware  County  Institute  of  Science : Proceedings,  vol.  1,  nos.  2 and  3,  vol.  2, 
vol.  3,  no.  1.  Media,  Pa. 

Denison  University,  Scientific  Laboratories:  Bulletin,  vol.  13,  articles  1 (re- 
print), 3-6.  Granville,  Ohio. 

Deutsche  Geologische  Gesellschaft,  Zeitschrift,  Bd.  58,  59.  Berlin,  Germany. 

Economic  Geology,  vol.  1,  nos.  3-8,  and  vol.  2.  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Elisha  Mitchell  Scientific  Society : Journal,  vols.  22,  23.  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  vols.  81-84.  New  York. 

Engineering  Association  of  the  South : Transactions  for  1905,  vol.  16  and  Pro- 
ceedings, vols.  17-18.  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Engineering  Magazine,  vol.  30,  nos.  4-6,  vols.  31-33,  vol.  34,  nos.  1-3.  New  York. 

Engineers  Club  of  Philadelphia  : Proceedings,  vols.  23,  24.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Field  Columbian  Museum : Geological  Series,  vol.  2,  nos.  6-10,  vol.  3,  nos.  2-6. 
Chicago,  111. 

Florida  State  Geological  Survey:  Organization  and  Plans.  Tallahassee,  Fla. 

Franklin  Institute:  Journal,  vols.  161-164.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Geographical  Journal,  vols.  27-30.  London. 

Geographical  Society  of  the  I’acific : Transactions  and  Proceedings,  2d  ser., 
vol.  4.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Geological  Magazine,  new  ser.,  decade  5,  vols.  3,  4.  London. 

Geological  Society  of  America:  Bulletin,  vol.  16,  pp.  531-636,  vol.  17,  nos.  1-19, 
and  vol.  18,  nos.  1-20.  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  7 


Georgia  Geological  Survey:  Bulletins,  nos.  IS,  ami  1 (second  edition).  Atlanta, 
Ga. 

Hamilton  Scientific  Association  : Journal  and  Proceedings,  nos.  22,  28.  Plam- 
ilton.  Out. 

Harvard  College,  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology : Bulletin,  vol.  43,  no.  5, 
vol.  4G,  nos.  11-13,  vol.  48,  nos.  2-4,  and  vol.  49  (Geological  Series,  vol.  8), 
nos.  3 and  4,  vol.  50,  nos.  6-9,  vol.  51,  nos.  1-8 ; Memoirs,  vol.  30,  no.  3, 
vol.  33,  vol.  34,  no.  1,  vol.  35,  nos.  1,  2.  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Illinois  State  Geological  Survey:  Mineral  Production  in  1905  and  Bulletins, 
nos.  1-6.  Urbana,  111. 

Illinois  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History : Bulletin,  vol.  7,  articles  6-9. 
Urbana,  111. 

Imperial  Earthquake  Investigation  Committee : Bulletin,  vol.  1.  Tokyo,  Japan. 

Indiana  Academy  of  Science : Proceedings,  1903-1906.  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Indiana,  Department  of  Geology  and  Natural  Resources:  30th  and  31st  Annual 
Reports.  Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Institution  of  Mining  Engineers : Transactions,  vol.  28,  pts.  5 and  6,  vol.  29, 
pts.  5 and  6,  vol.  30,  pts.  3-6,  vol.  31,  vol.  32,  vol.  33,  pts.  1^,  vol.  34,  pts. 
1,  2.  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England. 

Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences:  Proceedings,  vols  13,  14.  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Iowa  Geological  Survey : Bulletins,  nos.  2,  3 ; Annual  Report,  vols.  16,  17.  Des 
Moines,  Iowa. 

Johns  Hopkins  University : Circulars,  1906,  1907.  Baltimore,  Md. 

Journal  of  Geography,  vols.  5,  6.  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Journal  of  Geology,  vols.  14,  15.  Chicago,  111. 

Kansas  Academy  of  Sciences : Transactions,  vol.  20,  pts.  1,  2.  Topeka,  Kans. 

Kansas  University  Geological  Survey : vol.  8.  Lawrence,  Kans. 

Kansas  University  Science  Bulletin,  vol.  3,  nos.  7-10,  vol.  4,  nos.  1-6.  Law- 
rence, Kans. 

Kentucky  Geological  Survey : Bulletins  nos.  3,  4,  6,  7 ; Report  of  Progress  of 
Survey,  1904  and  1905.  Lexington,  Ky. 

Lake  Superior  Mining  Institute : Proceedings,  vols.  11,  12.  Ishpeming,  Mich. 

London,  Geological  Society : Quarterly  Journal,  vols.  62,  63.  London. 

London,  Geologists’  Association  : Proceedings,  vol.  19,  pts.  7-10,  vol.  20.  London. 

I.,ouisiana  Geological  Survey : Bulletin,  nos.  4-6.  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

McGill  University,  Department  of  Geology : Papers  from,  nos.  21-24.  Mon- 
treal, Que. 

Maryland  Geological  Survey : Pliocene  and  Pleistocene ; Physical  features  of 
Maryland  ; vol.  6 ; Calvert  County ; St.  Mary’s  County ; State  Map.  Balti- 
more, Md. 

Mazama,  vol.  3,  no.  1.  Portland,  Oreg. 

Mexico,  Instituto  Geologico : Parergones,  t.  1,  no.  10,  t.  2,  nos.  1-3 ; Boletin, 
nos.  22-24.  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Mexico,  Secretarla  de  Fomento ; Boletin,  2’^  epoca,  IV,  ano  5,  nos.  6-11,  ano  6,- 
ano  7,  nos.  1-5.  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Michigan  Academy  of  Science;  Seventh,  Eighth,  and  Ninth  Reports.  Lansing, 
Mich. 

Michigan  Miner,  vols.  8,  9.  Saginaw,  Mich. 

Michigan  State  Board  of  Geological  Survey : Reports  for  1905  and  1906. 

Lansing,  Mich. 

Mineral  Collector,  vols.  13,  14,  nos.  1-10.  New  York. 

Mineralogical  Magazine  and  Journal  of  the  Mineralogical  Society,  vols.  13,  14. 
London, 


8 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Mines  and  Minerals,  yoL  26,  nos.  G-12,  vol.  27,  vol.  28,  nos.  1-5.  Scranton,  Pa. 

Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  vols.  92-95.  San  Francisco,  Oal. 

Mining  Magazine,  vol.  13.  New  York. 

Mining  World,  vols.  22-27.  Chicago,  111. 

Mississippi  State  Geological  Survey,  Bulletin,  nos.  1-3.  Jackson,  Miss. 

Missouri  Bureau  of  Geology  and  Mines;  2d  ser.,  vols.  4,  5;  Biennial  Report  of 
the  State  Geologist.  Jefferson  City,  Mo. 

Montana,  University  of:  Bulletin,  nos.  30,  32,  34,  35,  37  (Geological  Series  2). 
Missoula,  Mont. 

National  Geographic  Magazine,  vols.  17,  18.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Nature,  vol.  73,  no.  1888 — vol.  77,  no.  1991.  London. 

Nautilus,  vol.  19,  nos.  9-12,  vol.  20,  vol.  21,  nos.  1-8.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Nebraska  Geological  Survey : vol.  2.  Lincoln,  Nebr. 

Neues  Jahrbuch  fiir  Mineralogie,  etc.,  1906,  1907 ; Beilage  Band,  Bd.  21-24. 
Berlin,  Germany. 

New  Brunswick  Natural  History  Society:  Bulletin,  no.  24  (vol.  5,  pt.  4),  no.  25 
(vol.  5,  pt.  5).  St.  John,  N.  B. 

New  Jersey  Geological  Survey : Annual  Report  of  the  State  Geologist  for  1905, 
and  for  1906 ; Paleontology,  vol.  4.  Trenton,  N.  J. 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences:  Annals,  vol.  17.  New  York. 

y 

New  York  Botanical  Garden  : Bulletin,  vol.  4,  nos.  13,  14,  vol.  5,  nos.  15-17  ; Con- 
tributions, nos.  74-99.  New  York. 

New  York  State  Museum : 54th  Annual  Report,  vols.  1^ ; Second  and  Third 
Reports  of  the  Director  of  Science;  Bulletins  90,  92,  99-117;  Memoir  10, 
Albany,  N.  Y. 

North  Carolina  Geological  Survey:  Bulletin,  nos.  2,  12,  14,  15;  Economic  Papers, 
nos.  10-14 ; vol.  2.  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

North  Dakota  Geological  Survey : 4th  Biennial  Report.  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak. 

Nova  Scotia  Institute  of  Science : Proceedings  and  Transactions,  vol.  11,  pt.  2, 
Halifax,  N.  S. 

Nova  Scotia  Mining  Society  : Journal,  vol.  10.  Halifax,  N.  S. 

Ohio  Geological  Survey : Fourth  Series,  Bulletin,  nos.  4-5,  6,  and  8.  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

Ohio  Naturalist,  vols.  6,  7,  vol.  8,  nos.  1,  2.  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Ohio  State  Academy  of  Science : Proceedings,  vol.  4,  pts.  7-9.  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Ontario,  Bureau  of  Mines:  Report,  vol.  15,  pts.  1-3,  vol.  16,  pt.  1.  Toronto,  Ont. 

Ottawa  Naturalist,  aoI.  19,  nos.  10-12,  vol.  20,  vol.  21,  nos.  1-9.  Ottawa,  Ont. 

Paleontographica,  Bd.  53,  54.  Stuttgart,  Germany. 

Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Science:  Proceedings,  vols.  57,  pt.  3,  58,  59; 
Journal,  2d  ser.,  vol.  13,  pts.  2,  3. 

Philadelphia,  Geographical  Society  of:  Bulletin,  vol.  4,  nos.  2-5,  vol.  5.  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

I’opular  Science  Monthly,  vols.  68-71.  New  York. 

Rochester  Academy  of  Science:  Proceedings,  vol.  3,  pp.  231-244,  vol.  4,  pp. 
203-231.  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science:  Transactions,  vol.  16,  vol.  17,  no.  1.  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

San  Diego  Society  of  Natural  History:  Transactions,  vol.  1,  no.  2.  San  Diego, 
Cal. 

School  of  iNIines  Quarterly,  vol.  27,  nos.  2-4,  vol.  28,  vol.  29,  no.  1.  New  Y’ork. 

Science  (new  ser.),  vols.  23-26.  New  York. 

Sierra  Club  Bulletin,  vol.  6,  nos.  1-3.  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Sioux  City  Academy  of  Science  and  Letters ; Proceedings,  vol.  2.  Sioux  City, 
Iowa. 


BIBLIOGRA.PHY  OP^  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


9 


Smithsonian  Institution : Annual  Report,  1905,  1906.  Miscellaneous  Collections, 
vol.  48.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Sociedad  cientifica  “ Antonio  Alzate,”  Memorias  y Revista,  t.  22,  nos.  7-12,  23, 
24,  25,  nos.  1-3,  26,  nos.  1-6.  Mexico,  D.  F. 

Sociedad  Geologica  Mexicana  : Boletin,  t.  2.  Mexico,  D.  P". 

Societa  Geologica  Italiana : Bolletino,  vols.  24,  25.  Rome,  Italy. 

Societe  geologique  de  Belgique:  Annales,  t.  30,  livr.  3,  t.  32,  livr.  4,  t.  33, 
livr.  1-3,  t.  34,  livr.  1,  2.  Liege,  Belgium. 

Societe  geologique  de  France : Bulletin,  4®  series,  t.  4,  no.  7,  t.  5,  nos.  6-7,  t.  6, 
t.  7,  nos.  1-8.  Paris,  France. 

Southern  California  Academy  of  Sciences:  Bulletin,  vol.  5,  nos.  1-3,  vol.  6, 
nos.  1,  2.  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Staten  Island  Association  of  Arts  and  Sciences:  Proceedings,  vol.  1,  pts.  1-4. 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Technology  Quarterly,  vols.  19,  20.  Boston,  Mass. 

Terrestrial  Magnetism  and  Atmospheric  Electricity,  vols.  11,  12.  Washington, 

D.  C. 

Texas  Academy  of  Sciences : Transactions,  vols.  7-9.  Austin,  Tex. 

Toronto,  University  of:  Studies,  Geological  Series,  no.  4.  Toronto,  Ontario. 

Torrey  Botanical  Club:  Bulletin,  vols.  33,  34;  Memoirs,  vol.  12,  no.  3.  Lancas- 
ter, Pa. 

Torreya,  vols.  6,  7.  Lancaster,  Pa. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Field  Operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  Sixth 
and  Seventh  Reports.  Washington,  D.  C. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey:  27th  and  28th  Annual  Reports;  Monographs  49,  50; 
Professional  Pai>ers,  nos.  44-57;  Bulletins,  nos.  274,  275,  277-326,  333; 
Water-Supply  and  Irrigation  Papers,  nos.  150,  1.53-210,  213,  214,  216;  Geo- 
logic Atlas  of  the  United  States,  folios  nos.  132,  13.5-154 ; Mineral  Re- 
sources for  1905  and  for  1906.  Washington,  D.  C. 

U.  S.  National  Museum : Annual  Reports  for  1904,  1905,  1906 ; Proceedings, 
vols.  29,  pp.  531-840,  30-32,  33,  pp.  1-572;  Bulletins,  50,  53,  pt.  2,  56,  57,  59, 
60.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Vassar  Brothers  Institute:  Bulletin,  nos.  1,  2.  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

Vermont  Geological  Survey : Fifth  Report.  Burlington,  Vt. 

Virginia  Geological  Survey:  Geological  Series,  Bulletin,  nos.  2 and  3.  Blacks- 
burg, Va. 

Washington  Academy  of  Sciences:  Proceedings,  vol.  7,  jq).  .301-402,  vol.  8,  vol.  9, 
pp.  1-522.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Washington  Biological  Society:  Proceedings,  vols.  19,  20.  Washington,  I).  C. 

Washington  Philosophical  Society:  Bulletin,  vol.  14,  pi>.  ,339-4.50,  vol.  15,  pp. 
1-74.  Washington,  D.  C. 

West  Virginia  Geological  Survey:  vol.  3;  Ohio,  Brooke,  and  Hancock  counties. 
Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

Wisconsin  Academy  of  Science,  Arts,  and  Letters:  Transactions,  vol.  15,  pts.  1, 
2.  Madison,  Wis. 

Wisconsin  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey:  Fifth  Biennial  Rei>ort  of 
the  Commissioners;  Bulletins,  nos.  14-19.  Madison,  Wis. 

AVisconsin  Natural  History  Society:  Bulletin  (new  ser.),  vols.  4,  5.  Milwaukee, 
Wis. 

AVisconsin,  University  of : Science  Series,  vol.  3,  nos.  5,  6.  Madison,  AA3s. 

AA'yoming  Geological  Survey  : Report  of  the  State  Geologist,  1906.  Cheyenne, 
Wyo. 


10  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Wyoming  Historical  and  Geological  Society : Proceedings  and  Collections,  vol.  9. 
Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 

Yorkshire  Geological  Society:  Proceedings  (new  ser.),  vol.  IG,  pts.  1,  2.  Leeds, 
England. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  Gletscherkiinde,  Bd.  1,  2,  Hefte  1,  2.  Berlin,  Germany. 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Krystallographie,  Pd.  41.  Hefte  5,  6,  42,  4P>,  44,  Hefte  1,  2. 
Leipzig,  Germany. 

Zeitschrift  fiir  praktische  Geologic,  Jahrg.  14,  15.  Berlin,  Germany. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Abbott,  Clarence  E. 

1.  The  iroii-ore  deposits  of  the  Ely  trough,  Vermilion  Range,  Minnesota. — 
Lake  Superior  Min.  Inst.,  Proc.,  vol.  12,  pp.  116-142,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  formations,  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  ore  deposits,  and 
the  mode  of  formation  of  the  ore  bodies. 

2.  Geology  of  the  Ely  trough  iron-ore  deposits. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  601-605,  4 figs.,  March  30,  1907. 

Abbott,  James  W. 

3.  Pioche,  Nevada. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  176-179,  2 figs.,  August 
10,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Abel,  O. 

4.  Ueber  deii  als  Beckengiirtel  von  Zeuglodon  beschriebenen  Schultergiirtel 
eiiies  Vogels  aus  dem  Eociln  von  Alabama. — Centralbl.  f.  Mineral.,  Geol.,  u. 
Palaout.,  1906,  no.  15,  pp.  450-458,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  under  the  name  Alahamornis  gigantca  bird  remains  from  the  upper  Eocene 
of  Choctaw  County,  Alabama,  originally  described  as  the  pelvic  girdle  of  Zeuglodon. 

Adams,  Alton  D. 

5.  Recession  of  Niagara  Falls. — Sci.  Am.,  vol.  93,  no.  10,  p.  178,  September 
2,  1905. 

Adams,  Frank  D. 

6.  Investigations  on  flow  of  rocks. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb. 
no.  4,  1905,  pp.  230-231,  1906. 

7.  On  the  need  of  a topographical  survey  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  par- 
ticularly with  reference  to  the  development  of  the  economic  resources  of  the  Do- 
minion.— Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  74-86,  1906, 

8.  Review  of  “ The  nature  of  ore  deposits,”  by  Richard  Beck,  translated  and 
revised  by  Whiter  Harvey  Weed. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  393-401,  1906. 

9.  Nepheline  syenite  in  eastern  Ontario. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  695,  1907. 

Adams,  Frank  D.,  and  Coker,  Ernest  G. 

10.  An  investigation  into  the  elastic  constants  of  rocks,  more  especially  with 

reference  to  cubic  compressibility.  Washington,  D.  C.,  published  by  the  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington,  June,  1906.  (Publication  no.  46.)  69  pp.,  16  pis. 

11.  An  investigation  into  the  elastic  constants  of  rocks,  more  especially  with 
reference  to  cubic  compressibility. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  95-123, 
12  figs.,  August,  1906. 

12.  Experimental  investigation  of  the  compressibility  and  plastic  deforma- 
tion of  certain  rocks. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp.  564-565,1906. 


11 


12  BIBLTOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Adams,  Frank  D.,  and  others. 

13.  Report  of  a special  committee  on  the  correlation  of  the  pre-Cambrian 
rocks  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  “ original  Lanrentian  area  ” of  Canada, 
and  eastern  Ontario. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no,  3,  pp.  191-217,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  along  the  route  traveled  by  the  committee  in  New  York  and 
Canada,  and  discusses  the  correlation  of  pre-Cambrian  rocks. 

Aguilera,  Jose  G. 

14.  Resume  of  the  progress  of  geology  in  Mexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  25, 
no.  11,  pp.  292-295,  September  15,  1906. 

15.  Excursion  de  Mexico  a Tehuacan. — X"  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des 
Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  IV,  17  pp.,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  country  between  these  places. 

16.  Excursion  de  Tehuacan  a Zapotitlan  et  San  Juan  Raya  [Mexico]. — X® 
Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  VII,  27  pp.,  1 geol.  map, 
1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  country  between  these  places. 

17.  Les  gisements  carboniferes  de  Coahuila  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol. 
intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXVII,  17  pp.,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region. 

18.  Apergu  sur  la  geologic  du  Mexique  pour  servir  d’explication  a la  carte 
geologique  de  I’Amerique  du  Nord. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10  ® sess.,  Mexico, 
1906,  pp.  227-248,  1907. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  stratigraphy  of  Mexico. 

19.  I .les  volcans  du  Mexique  dans  leurs  relations  avec  le  relief  et  la  tectonique 
generale  du  pays. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  1155- 
1168,  1 pi.,  1907. 

20.  I^os  volcanos  de  Mexico  en  sus  relaciones  con  el  relieve  y la  tectonica 
general  del  pais. — Mexico,  Secretaria  de  Fomento,  Bob,  2“  epoca,  ano  6,  VI, 
no.  8,  pp.  121-129,  131-139,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  relations  between  the  volcanoes  of  Mexico  and  the  general  relief  and 
geologic  structui’e  of  the  country. 

Aitken,  Frank  W.,  and  Hilton,  Edward. 

21.  A history  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  in  San  Francisco.  An  account  of 

the  disaster  of  April  18,  1906,  and  its  immediate  results.  San  Francisco,  The 
Edward  Hilton  Co.,  1906.  285  ])]).,  illus. 

Alcala,  Maximino. 

22.  Sondeos  en  las  lagunas  6 cienegas  de  Almoloya  y Lerma. — Soc.  Geol. 
Mexicana,  Rol.  t.  2,  pp.  1.5-,34,  1906. 

Describes  investigations  upon  i>eat  resources.  Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology. 
Alden,  William  C. 

23.  Description  of  the  Milwaukee  quadrangle,  Wisconsin. — IJ.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  140,  12  pi>.,  9 figs.,  2 maps,  1 illustrations 
sheet,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Ordovician, 
Silurian,  and  Devonian  formations,  and  of  glacial  deposits,  the  geologic  history,  and  the 
economic  geology. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  II. 

24.  A new  fossil  Busycon  (FuUjur)  from  Florida. — Nautilus,  vol.  20,  no.  11, 
p.  121,  1 pi.,  March,  1907. 

25.  Some  new  Eocene  fossils  from  Alabama. — Nautilus,  vol.  21,  no.  1,  pp.  8-11, 
1 pi..  May,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


13 


Alexander,  John  S. 

26.  The  mines  of  the  Altar  district,  Sonora. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  653-654,  2 figs.,  April  6,  1907. 

Allen,  E.  T. 

Die  Kalkkieselreihe  der  Minerale. — See  Day  and  others,  no.  690. 

Allen,  E.  T.,  and  White,  W.  R. 

27.  On  wollastonite  and  i)sei]do-wollastoiiite,  polymorphic  forms  of  calcium 
metasilicate,  with  optical  study  by  Fred  Eugene  Wright. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th 
ser.,  yol.  21,  pp.  89-108,  2 tigs.,  February,  1906. 

Describes  experimentation  upon  wollastonite,  natural  and  artificial,  the  results  ob- 
tained, and  their  optical  characters. 

Allen,  E.  T.,  Wrig-ht,  Fred  Eugene,  and  Clement,  J.  K. 

28.  Minerals  of  the  composition  MgSiOs;  a case  of  tetramorphism. — Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  385-438,  18  figs.,  November,  1906. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  formation  of  meteorites. 

Allorg’e,  Maurice. 

29.  Esquisse  geographique  dii  Cap  Cod  (Ktats-Unis). — Annales  de  Geog., 
Ann.  15,  no.  84,  pp.  443^48,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  November  15,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  of  the  region. 

Althouse,  Harry  W. 

30.  The  Pocahontas  coals,  Pottsville  series  no.  XII,  in  Raleigh  and  Wyoming 
counties  of  West  Virginia. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no.  3,  pp.  201-213,  7 figs.,  March, 
1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  horizon,  vein  structure,  thickness,  and  quality  of  these  coals. 

31.  Geology  of  the  Buck  Mountain  coal  bed. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  668-670,  2 figs.,  April  6,  1907. 

32.  The  so-called  new  supplies  of  anthracite  [Pennsylvania]. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp.  500-503,  4 figs.,  September  14,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  geologic  relations  of  anthracite  coal  beds. 

Amador,  Manuel  G. 

33.  Los  principales  centros  auriferos  del  uiundo.  Estudio  sobre  la  produc- 
cion  actual  del  oro. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  23,  pp,  355- 
381,  1906. 

Describes  the  production  and  general  geology  of  the  principal  gold-producing  areas  of 
the  world. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 

34.  Report  of  a general  committee  and  of  six  special  committees  of  the  San 
Francisco  Association  of  members  of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers. 
The  effects  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906,  on  engineering 
constructions. — Am.  Soc.  Civil  Eng.,  Proc.,  vol.  33,  no,  3,  pp.  299-354,  31  pis., 
3 figs.,  March,  1907.  Discussion  by  Edwin  Duryea,  and  others,  ibid,,  vol.  33, 
no.  5,  pp.  537-547,  1 pi..  May,  1907 ; Trans.,  vol.  59,  pp.  208-329,  1907. 

Ami,  Henry  M. 

35.  On  the  geology  of  Carp  [Ontario]  and  environs. — Ottawa  Nat.,  vol.  19, 
no.  4,  pp.  92-93,  July,  1905. 

36.  Bibliography  of  Canadian  geology  and  paleontology  for  the  year  1904. — 
Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  11,  sect.  4,  pp.  127-152,  1906, 

37.  Notes  on  an  interesting  collection  of  fossil  fruits  from  Vermont,  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  20,  no.  1, 
]>p.  15-17,  April,  1906, 


14  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Ami,  Henry  M. — Continued. 

38.  Bibliography  of  Canadian  geology  and  paleontology  for  the  year  1905. — 
Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  sect.  4,  pp.  301-326,  1906. 

39.  I’reliniinary  lists  of  organic  remains  [collected  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Low  from 
Beechey  Island,  Southampton  Island,  and  Cape  Chidley]. — Cruise  of  the  Nep- 
tune, pp.  329-336,  1906  (see  Low,  no.  1623). 

40.  On  some  fossils  from  northern  Canada,  collected  by  Commander  Low, 
during  the  expedition  of  1903-4,  together  with  notes  on  the  geological  horizons 
to  which  they  belong. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  973,  June  29,  1906. 

41.  Preliminary  lists  of  organic  remains  from  the  Chazy,  Black  River, 
Trenton,  and  Pleistocene  formations  comprised  within  the  area  of  the  Pembroke 
sheet  (no.  122). — Geol.  Survey  of  Canada,  Appendix  to  Elis’s  Report  on  the 
Geology  and  Natural  Resources  of  the  northwest  quarter-sheet,  no.  122,  pp. 
47-71,  1907. 

42.  Bibliography  of  Canadian  geology  and  palaeontology  for  the  year  1906. — 
Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  143-156,  1907. 

43.  Memorial  of  A.  R.  C.  Selwyu. — Abstract ; Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  763-764,  May  17,  1907. 

Ami,  Henry  M.,  and  Wilson,  W.  J. 

44.  Report  of  the  geological  branch  of  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists’  Club 
for  1905-6. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  19,  no.  11,  pp.  209-214,  February,  1906. 

Contains  various  notes  on  the  geology  and  paleontology  of  Ontario. 

Anderson,  G.  E. 

45.  Studies  in  the  development  of  certain  Paleozoic  corals. — Jour.  Geology, 
vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  59-69,  8 figs.,  1907. 

46.  Development  of  the  inner  wall  in  Paleozoic  corals. — Abstract ; Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  184,  February  1,  1907. 

Anderson,  Robert. 

47.  Earth  flaws  at  the  time  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  769,  May  17,  1907. 

Diatomaceous  deposits  of  northern  Santa  Barbara  County,  Cal. — See  Arnold 
and  Anderson,  no.  65. 

Geology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district,  Santa  Barbara 
County,  Cal. — See  Arnold  and  Anderson,  no.  67. 

Metamorphism  by  combustion  of  the  hydrocarbons  in  the  oil-bearing  shale 
of  California. — See  Arnold  and  Anderson,  no.  68. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district,  Santa  Barbara  County, 
Cal. — See  Arnold  and  Anderson,  no.  66. 

Anderson,  Tempest. 

48.  Recent  volcanic  eruptions  in  the  West  Indies. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R. 
10  ^ sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  735-737,  13  pis.,  1907. 

Andersson,  J.  G. 

49.  Solifluction,  a component  of  subaerial  denudation. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14, 
no.  2,  pp.  91-112,  5 figs.,  1906. 

Defines  the  term  solifluction  and  describes  the  process  of  denudation  so  designated. 
Angermann,  Ernesto. 

50.  Explicacion  del  piano  geologico  de  la  region  de  San  Pedro  de  Gallo, 
Estado  de  Durango  [Mexico]. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Parergones.  t.  2.  no.  1.  pp. 
5-14,  1 pi.  (geol.  map),  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Jurassic, 
Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  strata, 


15 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 

Angermann,  Ernesto — Continued. 

51.  Sobre  la  geologia  de  la  Bufa,  Mapimi,  Estado  de  Durango  [Mexico].- - 
Mexico,  Inst.  GeoL,  Parergones,  t.  2,  no.  1,  pp.  17-25,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  Cretaceous,  Ter- 
tiary. and  Quaternary  deposits. 

52.  Notas  geologicas  sobre  el  Cretaceo  en  el  Estado  de  Colima  [Mexico]. — 
Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Parergones,  t.  2,  no.  1,  pp.  29-35,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  Cretaceous  strata  in  the  State  of  Colima, 
Mexico. 

Anonymous  papers.  See  page  208. 

Arey,  Melvin  E. 

53.  Geology  of  Black  Hawk  County  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16, 
pp.  407-452,  1 pL,  4 figs.,  geol.  map,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Devonian  rocks  and 
glacial  deposits,  and  the  economic  products. 

Argali,  Philip. 

54.  Report  on  the  zinc  mines  of  the  east  and  west  Kootenays. — Canada, 
Dept,  of  the  Interior,  Mines  Branch,  Kept,  of  the  Commission  to  investigate  the 
zinc  resources  of  British  Columbia,  pp.  147-252,  51  pis.,  32  figs.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  character,  occurrence,  and  geologic  horizon  of  the  zinc  ores. 

Armington,  Howard  C.,  and  Stotesbury,  Harold  W. 

55.  The  Yak  mining,  milling,  and  tunneling  comi)any  [Leadville,  Colo.]. — 
Colorado  School  of  Mines,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  1,  pp.  71-88,  10  figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  local  geology. 

Arnold,  Ralph. 

56.  Geological  reconnaissance  of  the  coast  of  the  Olympic  Peninsula,  Wash- 
ington.— Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  451—468,  4 pis.,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Notes  briefly  the  literature  bearing  on  the  region  and  describes  its  physical  features, 
the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Tertiary  and  older  formations,  and  the  gen- 
eral geologic  structure. 

57.  The  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  pectens  of  California. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Prof.  Paper  no.  47,  264  pp.,  53  pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Gives  an  account — nomenclature,  definition,  localities,  and  faunal  lists — of  the  Ter- 
tiary and  Pleistocene  formations  of  California  and  systematic  descriptions  of  the  pectens. 

58.  Coal  in  the  Mount  Diablo  Range,  Monterey  County,  Cal. — V.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  223-225,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  range,  the  relations  of  the  coal  bed,  and  the 
properties  of  the  coal. 

59.  The  Salt  Lake  oil  field  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  357-361,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  formations  and  structure  of  the  area,  and  the  economic  de- 
velopments. 

60.  New  and  characteristic  species  of  fossil  mollusks  from  the  oil-bearing 
Tertiary  formations  of  southern  California. — IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32, 
pp.  525-546,  14  pis.,  June  15,  1907. 

61.  Dome  structure  in  conglomerate. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  6,  pj).  560- 
570,  8 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  structure  of  domes  in  conglomerate  near  I’asadena,  Cal.,  and  discusses 
the  origin  of  dome  structure. 

62.  Fossils  of  the  oil-bearing  formations  of  southern  California. — V.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  309,  pp.  219-256,  17  pis.,  1907. 

(lives  figui'os  of  characteristic  species  of  fossils,  chiefly  IVlecypoda  and  Gastropoda 
from  Tertiary  horizons  of  southern  California, 


16  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Arnold,  Ralph — Continued. 

63.  Geology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Summerland  district,  Santa  Barbara 
County,  Cal. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  321,  93  pp.,  17  pis.,  3 figs.,  1907. 

64.  The  Santa  Maria  oil  district,  California. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser , 
vol.  25,  p.  825,  May  24,  1907. 

The  Santa  Clara  A'alley,  Puente  Hills,  and  Los  Angeles  oil  districts,  southern 
California. — See  Eldridge  and  Arnold,  no.  779. 

Arnold,  Ralph,  and  Anderson,  Robert. 

65.  Diatomaceous  deposits  of  northern  Santa  Barbara  County,  Cal. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  438-447,  1907. 

66.  Preliminarj"  report  on  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district,  Santa  Barbara 
County,  Cal. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  317,  69  pp.,  2. pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  structural  conditions  of  the  field  and  the  economic 
developments. 

67.  Geology  and  oil  resources  of  the  Santa  Maria  oil  district,  Santa  Barbara 
County,  Cal. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  322,  161  pp.,  26  pis.,  1907. 

68.  Metamorphism  by  combustion  of  the  hydrocarbons  in  the  oil-bearing 
shale  of  California. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  8,  pp.  750-758,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Ashley,  George  Hall. 

69.  Cannel  coal  in  the  United  States. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  pi>.  90-92,  381- 
383,  8 figs.,  1905. 

70.  An  area  of  faulting  in  central  Pennsylvania. — Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  33,  January  5,  1906. 

71.  Clearfield  coal  field,  Pennsylvania. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  271-275,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  field  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the 
coal  beds. 

72.  Notes  on  clays  and  shales  in  central  Pennsylvania. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  442-444,  1906. 

Gives  a general  description  of  Die  clays  and  shales  of  the  region  and  particularly  of 
the  flint-clay  deposits. 

73.  The  geological  prelude  to  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Pop.  Sci. 
Monthly,  vol.  69,  no.  1,  pp.  69-75,  6 figs.,  July,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geologic  structure  and  geologic  history  of  California. 

74.  The  maximum  deposition  of  coal  in  the  Appalachian  coal  field.  — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  pp.  788-793,  1906. 

Gives  data  regarding  the  thickness  of  coal  seams  in  various  Appalachian  fields,  with 
the  view'  of  determining  the  time  required  for  the  formation  of  the  coal  beds. 

75.  The  maximum  rate  of  deposition  of  coals. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  1, 
pp.  34^7,  5 figs.,  1907. 

From  the  study  of  peat  bogs  and  field  study  of  coal  basins  endeavors  to  determine  the 
rate  of  accumulation  of  coal. 

76.  Were  the  Appalachian  and  eastern  interior  coal  fields  ever  connected V — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  7,  pp.  659-666,  1907. 

The  Punxsutawney  and  Glen  Campbell  coal  fields  of  Indiana  and  .Jefferson 
counties,  l*a. — See  l*eck  and  Ashley,  no.  1888. 

Correlation  of  coals. — See  White  and  Ashley,  no.  2549. 

Ashley,  George  Hall,  and  Glenn,  Leonidas  Chalmers. 

77.  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  i>art  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field, 
Kentucky. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  49.  239  pp..  40  pis.,  13  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiography,  stratigraphy,  and  geological  structure  of  the  region,  and 
in  detail  the  occurrence,  character,  geological  relations,  and  correlations  of  the  coql 
seams, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  17 


Ashworth,  James. 

78.  Notes  on  the  Crows  Nest  coal  field,  British  Columbia. — Manchester 
Geol.  and  Min.  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  29,  pt.  3,  pp.  78-83,  1905;  Can.  Min.  Rev.,  vol. 
25,  no.  5,  pp.  165-167,  December,  1905;  Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  711- 
712,  April  14,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  character  of  the  coal  field  and  upon  the  rock  slide  at  Frank, 
Alberta. 

Atkin,  Austin  J.  R. 

79.  Some  further  considerations  on  the  genesis  of  the  gold  deposits  of 
Barker ville,  British  Columbia,  and  vicinity. — Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  3,  no.  11, 
pp.  514-516,  1 fig.,  November,  1906. 

Discusses  briefly  the  character,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  these  deposits. 

Atwood,  Wallace  W. 

80.  Red  Mountain,  Arizona : a dissected  volcanic  cone. — Jour.  Geology,  vol. 
14,  no.  2,  pp.  138-146,  6 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  volcanic  material  of  which  the  cone  consists,  the  relations  of  the  deposits 
to  one  another,  and  the  physiographic  features  and  geologic  history  of  the  cone. 

81.  The  glaciation  of  the  Uinta  Mountains. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  8, 
pp.  790-804,  4 figs.,  1907. 

Aubury,  Lewis  E. 

82.  Report  of  the  State  mineralogist  [California]. — California  State  Min. 
Bur.,  Rept.  of  Board  of  Trustees,  pp.  13-17,  1902. 

An  administrative  report. 

83.  Report  of  the  State  mineralogist  [California]. — California  State  Min. 
Bur.,  Rept.  of  Board  of  Trustees,  pp.  9-14,  1904. 

An  administrative  report. 

84.  Report  of  the  State  mineralogist  [California]. — California  State  Min. 
Bur..  Rept.  of  Board  of  Trustees,  pp.  8-19,  1906. 

An  administrative  report. 

85.  The  copper  resources  of  California. — California  State  Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no. 
23,  282  pp.,  pis.,  figs.,  maps,  1902. 

86.  The  quicksilver  resources  of  California. — California  State  Min.  Bur., 
Bull.  no.  27,  273  pp.,  50  pis.,  94  figs.,  8 maps,  lt)03. 

87.  The  structural  and  industrial  materials  of  California. — California  State 
Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no.  38,  pp.  13-378,  149  figs.,  1906. 

Ayres,  W.  S. 

88.  Deutschman’s  cave,  near  Banff,  British  Columbia,  Canada. — Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  13,  pp.  93-112,  17  figs.,  January,  1907. 

Describes  the  location,  the  character  of  the  rocks  in  which  it  has  been  cut,  the  mode 
of  its  formation,  and  various  features  of  the  cave. 

89.  Report  on  the  exploration  of  Deutschman  cave  [British  Columbia]. — 
Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior,  Rept.  Surveyor-General  for  1906,  pp.  117-120, 
1907. 

90.  Supplementary  report  on  the  additional  exi)loration  of  Deutschman  cave 
[British  Columbia]. — Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior,  Rept.  Surveyor-General 
for  1906,  pp.  121-126,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Babcock,  E.  J. 

91.  The  uses  and  value  of  North  Dakota  clays. — North  Dakota  State  Geol. 
Survey,  4th  Bienn.  Rept.,  pp.  191-243,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Clay  and  its  properties,  with  special  reference  to  North  Dakota  clays. — See 
Clapp  and  Babcock,  no.  471. 

66836— Bull.  372—09 2 


18  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Babcock,  E.  J.,  and  Clapp,  C.  H. 

92.  Economic  geology  of  North  Dakota  clays. — North  Dakota  State  Geol. 
Survey,  4th  Bienn.  Kept.,  pp.  95-189,  8 pis.,  1906. 

Bagg,  Rufus  M.,  jr. 

93.  The  minerals  of  Maguarichic  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  80, 
pp.  2-3,  4 figs.,  July  6,  1905. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  selenite, 
fluorite,  and  calcite  crystals. 

94.  Fault  breccia  veins  in  the  Sierra  Madre  [Mexico]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  92,  p.  125,  4 figs.,  February  24,  1906. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  these  mineral-hearing  lodes. 

Bailey,  Gilbert  E. 

95.  The  saline  deposits  of  California. — California  State  Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no. 
24,  216  pp.,  pis.,  figs.,  maps,  1902. 

96.  The  desert : its  resources,  water  supply,  and  development. — Min.  lYorld, 
vol.  23,  no.  IT,  pp.  471—473,  map,  October  28,  1905. 

Describes  the  physical  features  of  the  desert  region  of  southern  California,  Nevada,  and 
Arizona. 

97.  The  borax  deposits  of  California. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  1,  pp.  4-5, 
7 figs.,  January  6,  1906. 

Bailey,  L.  W. 

98.  The  gypsum  deposits  of  New  Brunswick. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and 
Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  sec.  4,  pp.  3-14,  7 pis.,  1906.  Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  971-972,  June  29,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  gypsum  beds  of  New  Brunswick, 
particularly  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Hillsborough,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  gypsum 
deposits. 

Bain,  H.  Foster. 

99.  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  294,  155  pp.,  16  pis.,  45  figs.,  1906 ; Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey.  Bull.  no.  19,  155  pp.,  45  figs.,  18  pis.  (in  atlas),  1906. 

Gives  a historical  sketch  of  the  development  of  the  field,  describes  the  topography, 
stratigraphy,  and  geologic  structure,  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  the  ore 
deposits,  and  the  mining  developments,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  ores. 

100.  [The  coals  of  Illinois.]. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  3,  pp. 
9-19,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  various  ogP  egarding  the  coal  fields  of  Illinois.  Includes  a geologic  map 
showing  the  distrihidio-  of  the  coal  measures. 

101.  A Nevada  zinc  deposit. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no  285,  pp.  166-169, 
1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  Spring  Mountains,  and  the  character  and  occur- 
rence of  the  ore  bodies,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  ores. 

102.  The  southeastern  Illinois  oil  field. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  326, 
May  19,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  oil  in  this  area. 

103.  A persistent  error. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  919,  June  15,  1906. 

Calls  attention  to  the  misuse  of  the  terms  “ Des  Moines”  and  “Missourian”  applied 
to  coal  measures  of  the  western  interior  States. 

104.  Sedi-genetic  and  igneo-genetic  ores. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp. 

;:;n  : no.  loot;. 

rresents  a Tlassification  of  the  metal  production  of  the  United  States  according  to  the 
L.jde  ( f cv-^nceutration  of  the  ores,  with  a discussion  of  the  data  used, 


19 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

Bain,  H.  Foster — Continued. 

105.  AVliat  slionld  appear  in  the  report  of  a state  j?eolo^istV — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  481^87,  no.  7,  pp.  702-705,  1906. 

106.  Some  relations  of  paleogeography  to  ore  deposition  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10 sess.,  IMexico,  1906,  pp.  483-499,  1907. 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  128-144,  1907. 

Discusses  concentration  of  metals  in  sedimentary  rocks,  and  more  especially  the  con- 
centration of  zinc  and  lead  ores  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  as  affected  by  geographic  con- 
ditions prevailing  during  I*aleozoic  sedimentation. 

107.  [Review  of]  Special  report  on  lead  and  zinc,  by  E.  Haworth  and  others 
(Kansas  Univ.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  8). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  186-192, 
1907. 

108.  The  work  of  the  [Illinois]  State  Geological  Survey. — Western  Soc. 
Engrs.,  Jour.,  vol.  12,  pi>.  233-239,  April,  1907  ; Illinois  Soc.  Engrs.  and  Survey- 
ors, 22d  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  51-56,  1907. 

109.  Petroleum  in  Illinois. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  755-756,  2 
tigs.,  April  20,  1907. 

110.  Administrative  report  for  1906. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
4,  pp.  9-35,  1 pi.,  1907.  [Also  issued  separately.] 

Includes  notes  on  economic  resources. 

111.  Analysis  of  certain  silica  deposits. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4,  pp.  185-186,  1907. 

112.  Contributions  to  the  study  of  coal. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4,  pp.  187-188,  1907. 

113.  The  mineral  industry  in  1906  [Illinois]. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  4,  pp.  245-246,  1907. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  zinc  and  lead  ores. — See  no. 
2418. 

Baker,  H.  P. 

114.  The  holding  and  reclamation  of  sand  dunes  and  sand  wastes  by  tree 
planting. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  209-214,  1906. 

Describes  the  origin  of  dunes. 

Baker,  J.  Willard. 

115.  Monograph  on  meteorites. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  12,  no.  6,  pp.  81-87, 
no.  7,  pp.  97-103,  1905. 

Baker,  M.  B. 

116.  Clay  and  the  clay  industry  of  Ontario. — Ontario,  Bureau  of  Mines, 
Rept.  1906,  vol.  15,  pt.  2,  127  pp.,  71  figs.,  1906. 

Baldacci,  L. 

117.  II  giacimento  solfifero  della  Louisiana.  [The  sulphur  de])osits  of  Louisi- 
ana.]— Italia,  Ministero  di  Agricoltura,  Industria  e Commercio,  Publicazioni  del 
Corpo  reale  delle  Miniere,  Roma,  Tii)Ografia  Nazionale  di  G.  Bertero,  1906. 
43  pp.,  9 pis. 

Baldwin^  A.  L. 

The  earth  movements  in  the  California  earthquake  of  1906. — See  Ilayford  and 
Baldwin,  no.  1114. 

Ball,  Sydney  II. 

118.  Pre-Cambrian  rocks  of  the  Georgetown  quadrangle,  Colorado. — Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  371-389,  May,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  rela- 
tions of  the  pre-Cambrian  formations, 


20  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Ball,  Sydney  H. — Coiitiiuied. 

119.  Notes  on  ore  deposits  of  southwestern  Nevada  and  eastern  California. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  53-73,  1 tig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  gold  and  silver  ores, 
and  the  mining  developments. 

120.  A geologic  reconnaissance  in  southwestern  Nevada  and  eastern  Cali- 
fornia.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  308,  218  pp.,  3 pis,,  17  tigs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  stratigraphy  of  the  area  examined,  the  topography,  structure, 
and  stratified  and  igneous  rocks  of  the  various  ranges,  with  notes  on  the  character  and 
occurrence  of  the  economic  minerals. 

121.  Copper  deposits  of  the  Hartville  uplift,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  93-107,  1907. 

122.  The  Hartville  iron-ore  range,  Wyoming. — ^U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no, 
315,  pp.  190-205,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure  of  the  area,  and  the  occurrence  and 
origin  of  the  iron  ores. 

123.  Titaniferous  iron  ore  of  Iron  Mountain,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  206-212,  1907. 

124.  Portland  cement  materials  in  eastern-  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  232-244,  2 figs.,  1907. 

125.  Mica  in  the  Hartville  uplift,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no, 
315,  pp.  423^25,  1907. 

126.  Graphite  in  the  Haystack  Hills,  Laramie  County,  Wyoming. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  426^28,  1907. 

Bancroft,  George  J. 

127.  The  formation  and  enrichment  of  ore-bearing  veins. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  15,  pp.  499-522,  1907. 

128.  Ore  deposition. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  580-581,  November  9, 
1907. 

Barbour,  Erwin  Hinckley. 

129.  Notice  of  a new  fossil  mammal  from  Sioux  Countj",  Nebraska. — Nebraska 
Geol.  Survey,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  4 pp.,  1 pi.,  1905. 

Describes  S]/ndj/occraft  cnnki  n.  gen.  and  n.  sp.  from  tho  Loup  Fork  beds  at  .Vgate, 
Nebraska. 

130.  Notice  of  a new  fossil  rhinoceros  from  Sioux  County,  Nebraska. — 
Nebraska  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  2,  pt.  4,  pp.  311-318,  5 tigs.,  1906. 

Describes  Diceraihcrium  arikarcnsc  from  the  Loup  Fork  beds. 

131.  Evidence  of  loess  man  in  Nebraska. — Nebraska  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  2, 
pt.  6,  pp.  329-348,  16  figs.,  1907. 

132.  Report  on  the  Honey  Creek  coal  mine. — Nebraska  (ieol.  Survey,  vol.  2, 
pt.  7,  pp.  349-364,  7 figs.,  1907. 

133.  Biennial  report. — Nebraska  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  2,  pt.  8,  pp.  365-387,  1907, 

An  administrative  report. 

134.  Rejtort  of  the  tenth  geological  expedition  of  Hon.  Charles  II.  Morrill, 
season  of  1905. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  2.3,  pp.  114-115,  .Tanuary  19,  1906. 

135.  The  .skull  of  Sijndyoccras. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23.  pp. 
288-289,  February  23,  1906;  Am.  Assoc,  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  55,  pp,  378,  1906. 

136.  The  skulls  of  yoccras  and  Protoccras. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  623,  April  20,  1906. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  21 


Barbour,  Erwin  Hinckley — Continued. 

137.  A workable  bed  of  coni  in  Nebraska. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp. 
51-52,  July  13,  1906. 

Notes  the  discovery  of  workable  coal  near  Peru,  Nebr.,  its  character,  and  other  oc- 
currences of  coal  in  Nebraska. 

138.  Notice  of  a new  Miocene  rhinoceros,  Diceratherium  arikarense. — Sci- 
ence, new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  780-781,  2 figs.,  December  14,  1906. 

139.  Report  on  the  geological  expedition  of  Hon.  Charles  H.  Morrill.  Season 
of  1906. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  73-74,  January  11,  1907. 

140.  Evidence  of  man  in  the  loess  of  Nebraska. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  110-112,  January  18,  1907. 

Announces  the  discovery  of  human  remains  in  undisturbed  loess,  detailing  the  cir- 
cumstances and  conditions  of  preservation. 

141.  l*rehistoric  man  in  Nebraska. — Putnam’s  Monthly,  pp.  41.3-415,  502-503, 
3 figs.,  January,  1907. 

Describes  the  finding  of  human  remains  in  undisturbed  loess  deposits. 

Barbour,  Erwin  Hinckley,  and  Ward,  Henry  Raldwin. 

142.  Preliminary  report  on  the  primitive  man  of  Nebraska. — Nebraska  Geol. 
Survey,  vol.  2,  pt.  5,  pp.  317-327,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Barker,  F.  L. 

143.  Structural  geology  at  Leadville  [Colorado]. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol. 
28,  no.  5,  pp.  220-222,  3 figs.,  DecemV)er,  1907. 

Describes  the  geological  relations  and  occurrence  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Barlow,  Alfred  Ernest. 

144.  Report  on  some  of  the  undeveloped  zinc  deposits  of  British  Columbia. — 
Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior,  Mines  Branch,  Report  of  the  Commission  to  in- 
vestigate the  zinc  resources  of  British  Columbia,  pp.  273-293,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  area  examined. 

145.  On  the  Quebec  side  of  Lake  Timiskaming. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey^ 
Summ.  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  113-118,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geology  of  the  region. 

146.  On  the  nickel  deposits  of  Webster,  western  North  Carolina. — Canadian 
Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  303-316,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  the  ores  and  their  geological  relations  and  origin. 

147.  On  the  origin  and  relations  of  the  nickel  and  copper  deposits  of  Sud- 
bury, Ontario,  Canada. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  454-466 ; no.  6,  pp. 
545-553,  1906. 

Gives  a historical  resume  of  the  literature,  and  describes  the  character  of  the  nickel- 
bearing eruptive  rock,  and  the  composition  and  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  ore  bodies. 

Report  of  a special  committee  on  the  correlation  of  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks 
of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  “original  I.aurentian  area”  of  Canada,  and 
eastern  Ontario. — See  Adams  and  others,  no.  13. 

Barrel!,  Joseph. 

148.  Relative  geological  importance  of  continental,  littoral,  and  marine 
sedimentation. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  pp.  316-356,  4.30^57,  524-568,  10  figs., 
1906. 

Discusses  the  conditions  under  which  continental,  littoral,  and  marine  deposits  are 
formed  and  the  criteria  by  which  they  may  be  discriminated,  and  applies  these  consid- 
erations to  geologic  history,  particularly  of  pre-Paleozoic  and  Paleozoic  sedimentation. 


22  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Earrell,  Joseph — Coutiiuied. 

149.  Geology  of  the  Marysville  mining  district,  Montana  : a study  of  igneous 
intrusion  and  contact  metamorphism. — TJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  57, 
178  pp.,  10  pis.,  9 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  Algonkian  and  Tertiary  deposits  and  igneous  rocks  and  the  geologic  structure 
of  the  region,  and  discusses  the  contact  and  intrusive  phenomena. 

150.  Origin  and  significance  of  the  Mauch  Chunk  shale. — Geol*  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  449-476,  4 pis.,  1 fig.,  December,  1907.  Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  766,  May  17,  1907. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  character  of  the  Mauch  Chunk  formation  and  dis- 
cusses the  mode  of  formation  of  the  shale. 

151.  Itelations  between  climate  and  river  deposits. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  766,  May  17,  1907. 

Barringer,  Daniel  Moreau. 

152.  Coon  Mountain  and  its  crater  [Arizona]. — Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  57,  pt.  3,  pp.  861-886,  1906. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  this  “ crater.” 

Barringer,  Daniel  Moreau,  and  Tilghman,  B.  C. 

153.  The  geology  of  Coon  Butte,  Arizona. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
24,  pp.  370-371,  September  21,  1906;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  56-57,  p. 
271,  1907. 

Barus,  Carl. 

154.  Vulcanism. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  400-403,  September  28,  1906. 
Discusses  the  bearing  of  certain  physical  facts  upon  theories  of  vulcanism. 

155.  Note  on  volcanic  activity. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  483-484, 
December,  1907. 

Bassler,  Ray  S. 

156.  A study  of  the  James  types  of  Ordovician  and  Silurian  Bryozoa. — 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  1-66,  7 pis.,  1906. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  classification  of  Ordovician  strata  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

157.  The  bryozoan  fauna  of  the  Rochester  shale. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  292,  136  pp.,  31  pis.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  distribution  and  correlation  of  Niagaran  bryozoan  faunas  and  gives 
systematic  descriptions  of  the  Bryozoa  of  the  Rochester  shales  of  New  York  and  On- 
tario. 

158.  Cement  and  cement  materials  [of  Virginia]. — In  Watson,  T.  L.,  INIin- 
eral  Resources  of  Virginia,  pp.  86-167,  10  pis.,  14  figs.,  1907. 

New  American  Paleozoic  Ostracoda.  Notes  and  descriptions  of  upper  Car- 
boniferous genera  and  species. — See  Flrich  and  Bassler,  no.  2412. 

Bastin,  Edson  S. 

159.  Some  unusual  rocks  from  Maine. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp. 
173-187,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  petrographic  characters  of  prowersose,  albite-pyroxene 
syenite,  cortlandite,  and  porphyritic  granite. 

160.  The  lime  industry  of  Kuox  County,  Me. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285,  pp.  393-400.  .3  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution,  utilization,  general  character,  and  mode  of  occurrence  of 
the  limestones  of  Knox  County,  Me. 

161.  Clays  of  the  Penobscot  Bay  region,  Maine. — T^.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  428-431,  1906. 

Describes  the  distrihution,  age,  origin,  utilization,  and  composition. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


23 


Bastin,  Eclson  S. — Continued. 

162.  Feldspar  and  quartz  deposits  of  Maine. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
315,  pp.  383-393,  1907. 

163.  Feldspar  and  quartz  deposits  of  southeastern  New  York. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  394-399,  1907. 

Description  of  the  Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle. — See  Smith  and  others,  no. 
2241. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1900  of  quartz  (flint)  and  feldspar. — 
See  no.  2419. 

Bateson,  Charles  E.  W. 

164.  The  Mojave  mining  district  of  California. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo. 
Bull.  no.  7,  pp.  65-82,  9 figs.,  January,  1906;  Trans.,  vol.  37,  pp.  160-177,  9 figs., 
1907. 

Describes  the,  topography  of  the  region,  the  rocks  and  their  origin,  and  the  vein 
system. 

Bather,  F.  A. 

165.  Charles  Emerson  Beecher. — London,  Geol.  Soc.,  Quart.  Jour.,  vol.  61, 
Proc.,  pp.  xlix-1,  1905. 

A brief  account  of  his  scientific  work. 

166.  The  species  of  Botryocrinus. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  20,  no.  5,  pp. 
* 93-104,  August,  1906. 

Bauer,  L.  A. 

167.  iNlagnetograph  records  of  earthquakes  with  special  reference  to  the  San 
Francisco  earthquake,  April  18,  1906. — Terrestrial  Magnetism  and  Atmospheric 
Electricity,  vol.  11,  no  3,  pp.  135-144,  2 figs.,  September,  1906. 

168.  Seismograph  and  magnetograph  records  of  the  San  Francisco  earth- 
quake, April  18,  1906. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  69,  no.  2,  pp.  116-127,  2 figs., 
August,  1906. 

Bauer,  L.  A.,  and  Burbank^  J.  E. 

169.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906,  as  recorded  by  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  magnetic  observatories. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  17, 
no.  5,  pp.  298-300,  May,  1906. 

Bawden,  H.  Heath. 

170.  Clarence  Luther  Herrick. — Denison  Univ.,  Sci.  Lab.,  Bull.,  vol.  13,  art.  1, 
pp.  14-27,  1905. 

Becker,  George  Ferdinand. 

171.  Present  problems  of  geophysics. — Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Uni- 
versal Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  508-522,  1906. 

172.  Methods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p. 
622,  April  19,  1907. 

173.  Current  theories  of  slaty  cleaverage. — Am.  Jour  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  1-17,  6 figs.,  July,  1907.  Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  967-968, 
June  21,  1907. 

Beede,  Joshua  W. 

174.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone  r Foraniinifera  and  Anthozoa. — Indiana, 
Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  1201-1218,  illus.,  1906. 

175.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone:  Echinodernia. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol. 
and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  124.3-1270,  illus.,  1906. 

176.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone:  Vermes. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  1271-1273,  illus.,  1906. 

177.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone:  Brachiopoda. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  1297-1322,  illus,  1906. 


24  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Beede,  Joshua  W. — Continued. 

178.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone:  Pelecypoda. — Indiana,  Dept.  (Jeol.  and 
Nat.  lies.,  30th  Ann.  Kept.,  pj).  1.323-1884,  illus.,  1006. 

179.  A correction. — Science,  new  ser.,  yo\.  24,  p.  594,  November  9,  1906. 

Calls  attention  to  a misstatement  in  his  paper  on'  the  Foraminifera  and  Anthozoa 
printed  in  the  30th  Annual  Report  of  the  Department  of  Geology  and  Natural  Resources 
of  Indiana. 

180.  Invertebrate  paleontology  of  the  upper  Permian  Red  Beds  of  Oklahoma 
and  the  Panhandle  of  Texas. — Kansas  Ihiiv.,  Sci.  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  3,  pp.  113-171, 
4 pis.,  2 figs.,  March,  1907. 

Reviews  the  literature  upon  the  Red  Beds  of  Oklahoma,  discusses  their  age  and  corre- 
lation, and  gives  descriptions  of  the  fossils  collected. 

Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone  : Introduction. — See  Cumings  and  Beede,  no.  .301. 

Beede,  Joshua  W.,  and  Rogers,  Austin  F. 

181.  Coal  measures  faunal  studies,  I^^  T’^pper  coal  measures,  Neosho  River 
section. — Kansas  Univ.,  Sci.  Bull.,  vol.  3,  no.  10,  pp.  375-.38S,  1906. 

Gives  lists  of  fossils  from  the  various  formations  of  the  coal,  measures  of  Kansas. 

Beede,  J.  W.,  and  Shannon,  Charles  W. 

182.  [Iron  ores  of]  Martin  County  [Indiana]. — Indiana,  Dept.  Ceol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  31st  Ann.  Kept.,  pp.  .38.3^24,  1907. 

Beeler,  Henry  C. 

183.  The  north  Laramie  Peak  copper  district  in  Converse,  Albany,  and 

Laramie  counties,  Wjmming.  Cheyenne,  Wyo.,  Julj'  1,  1904.  16  pp. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geology,  copper-ore  deposits,  and  mining  developments. 

184.  A brief  review  of  the  South  Pass  gold  district.  Fremont  County,  Wyo. 

Second  edition,  July  15,  1904.  16  pp. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  of  the  district. 

185.  Mining  in  the  Grand  Encampment  copper  district.  Carbon  and  Albany 

counties,  Wyoming.  Cheyenne,  September  1,  1905.  32  pp.,  1 fig. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology,  and  of  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the 
ore  deposits. 

186.  Mineral  and  allied  resources  of  Albany  County,  Wyoming.  Laramie, 

Wyoming,  1906.  80  pp.,  illus. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  various  ores. 

Behr,  Ernest  E. 

187.  The  mines  of  Bolanos,  old  Mexico. — California  Jour.  Tech.,  vol.  10. 
no.  4,  j)p.  11-14,  November,  1907. 

Bell,  J.  J. 

188.  The  Cassiar  coal  fields  in  British  Columbia. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  p.  1007,  3 figs..  May  25,  1907. 

Bell,  J.  M. 

189.  The  i)ossible  granitization  of  acidic  lower  Iluronian  schists  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp.  233-242,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  rocks,  and  discusses  the 
origin  of  granitic  pebbles  in  Iluronian  conglomerate  through  granitization  of  schists. 

Bell,  Robert. 

190.  Summary  report  of  the  Geological  Survey  Department  of  Canada  for 

the  calendar  year  1905.  Ottawa,  190(5.  144  pi).,  2 maps,  3 pis. 

Outlines  the  work  of  the  survey  during  the  year  100,5.  Includes  various  data  relating 
to  the  geology  of  Canada.  [The  reports  by  various  members  of  the  staff  have  been  listed 
under  the  individual  authors,] 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  25 


Bell,  Robert — Contiiiueil. 

191.  [Report  on]  the  Cobalt  mining  district. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Siiinm. 
Rept.  for  1905,  pj).  94-104,  .S  ])ls.,  1906;  Canadian  Min.  Rev.,  vol.  27,  no.  4,  ])j). 
116-124,  October,  190(). 

Gives  an  account  of  the  s^eneral  geolojjy  of  the  area,  the  occurrence,  and  character  of 
the  silver  ores,  and  the  mining  operations. 

192.  Cobalt  district  and  northward. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept. 
for  1906,  pp.  110-112,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  ores  containing  silver,  nickel,  and  cohalt. 

193.  The  occurrence  of  diamonds  in  the  drift  of  some  of  the  northern 
States. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  ]).  819,  November  8,  1906;  (’anadian  Min. 
Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pj).  124-127,  1906. 

Discusses  the  possible  sources  of  th.e  diamonds  found  in  drift  and  th<‘  movement  of 
the  drift. 

194.  The  Cobalt  mining  district. — Canadian  INIin.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  10  (new 
ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  8),  pi>.  246-248,  July  1,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  Cobalt  district,  Ontario,  and  the  character  and  occur- 
rence of  the  ore  deposits. 

Bell,  Robert  N. 

195.  Seventh  annual  report  of  the  mining  industry  of  Idaho  for  the  year 

1905.  — Idaho,  Rejtt.  State  Inspector  of  Mines,  1905,  149  pp.,  illus.  [1906]. 

Contains  notes  on  the  character,  occurrence,  and  geologic  relations  of  ore  deposits. 

196.  Eighth  annual  report  of  the  mining  industry  of  Idaho  for  the  year 

1906.  175  pp.,  illus.,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  ores. 

197.  South  Mountain,  Idaho. — Eng.  and  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  8.8,  pp.  28.8-284, 
2 figs.,  February  9,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ore  deposits. 

198.  Sapphires  in  Idaho. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  p.  449,  April  6,  1907. 

199.  The  gold  of  the  Snake  River  [Idaho]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94, 
pp.  542-543,  .8  figs.,  April  27,  1907. 

Benient,  A. 

200.  The  necessity  for  a geological  survey  of  Illinois. — Western  Soc.  Eng., 
Jour.,  vol.  10,  no.  2,  pp.  1.81-166,  April,  1905. 

201.  Distribution  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  State  [of  Illinois]. — Illinois  State 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  .8,  pp.  19-25,  1 pL,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  mining  of  ihe  workable  coal  seams  of  Illinois. 

202.  The  Peabody  atlas.  Shipping  mines  and  coal  railroads  of  the  central 
commercial  district  of  the  United  States,  accompanied  by  chemical,  geological, 
and  engineering  data.  Chicago,  i)ublished  by  Peabody  Coal  Company,  1906. 
149  pp.,  maps  and  illustrations. 

Contains  data  I’egarding  the  coal  fields  of  the  United  States,  and  the  occurrence, 
character,  and  composition  of  the  coals. 

Benge,  Elmer,  and  Wherry,  Edgar  T. 

203.  Directory  of  the  mineral  localities  in  and  around  Philadelphia. — Min- 
eral Collector,  vol.  12,  pp.  1-3,  49-51,  65-67,  89-91,  105-107,  119-121,  139-142; 
vol.  13,  pp.  7-10,  21-24,  41^3,  60-62,  65-67,  91-9.8,  109-111,  129-132,  1.51-1.54, 
1906;  vol.  13,  pp.  161-16.8,  183-184,  1907;  vol.  14.  pp.  5-7,  25-27,  42,  1907. 

Bensley,  P>.  Arthur. 

204.  The  homologies  of  the  stylar  cusps  in  the  ui)per  molars  of  the  Didel- 
phyidfe. — Toronto  Univ.,  Studies,  Biological  Series  no.  5,  pp.  1-13,  1147-1.59], 
1906. 


26  BTBLTOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^,  1906-1907. 


Berkey,  Charles  P. 

205.  Paleogeography  of  Saint  Peter  time. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  P.nll.,  vol.  17, 
PI).  229-250,  1 pi.,  0 figs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  fjener.ul  character,  distribution,  and  stratigraphic  position  of  the  Saint 
Peter  sandstone,  the  textural  structure  and  origin  of  the  material,  and  the  paleo- 
geographj-  of  Saint  I’eter  time. 

206.  Notes  on  the  preglacial  channels  of  the  lower  Hudson  I'alley  as  re- 
vealed by  recent  borings. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  GOl,  November 
80,  1906. 

207.  Structural  and  stratigraphic  features  of  the  basal  gneisses  of  the 
Highlands. — New  York  State  Mns..  Bull.  107,  pp.  361-378,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

208.  Interpretation  of  certain  interglacial  clays  and  their  bearings  upon 
measurement  of  geologic  time. — Abstract : New  A"ork  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol. 
17,  pt.  3,  }).  574,  1907. 

209.  Palaeography  of  North  America  during  mid-Ordovicic  time  (illustrated 
by  maps,  diagrams,  and  lantern  views! . — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  An- 
nals, vol.  17,  pt,  3.  p.  591,  1907. 

The  geology  and  i)etrography  of  the  Goldfield  mining  district,  Nevada. — See 
Hastings  and  Berkey,  no.  1091. 

Berry,  Edward  W. 

210.  Isolation  and  evolution. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  34,  January  5, 
1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  distribution  of  Cretaceous  plants. 

211.  A note  on  mid-Cretaceous  geography. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp. 
509-510,  March  30,  1906. 

212.  Fossil  plants  along  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal. — New  York 
Bot.  Garden,  Jour.,  vol.  7,  pp,  5-7,  1906. 

Describes  a locality  in  Delaware  from  which  Cretaceous  fossil  plants  have  been  col- 
lected. 

213.  A brief  sketch  of  fossil  plants. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Kept. 
State  Geol.  for  1905,  pp.  97-133,  8 figs.,  1906. 

214.  The  flora  of  the  Cli'ffwood  clays. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey.  Ann  Kept. 
State  Geol.  for  1905,  pp.  135-172,  8 pis.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  Magothy  formation  in  which 
the  flora  considered  is  found,  gives  lists  of  species  from  different  localities  and  descrip- 
tions of  new  species. 

215.  Living  and  fossil  species  of  Comptonia. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  40,  pp. 
485-524,  4 pis.,  July,  1906. 

Discusses  the  geologic  succession  of  forms  of  Comptonia  and  its  characters,  and  gives 
descriptions  of  the  species  with  critical  notes  upon  them. 

216.  Contributions  to  the  Mesozoic  flora  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain.  I. — 
Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Bull.,  vol.  33,  no.  3,  pp.  16.3-182,  3 pis.,  March,  1906. 

217.  Pleistocene  plants  from  Virginia. — Torreya,  vol.  6,  no.  5,  pp.  88-90, 
May,  1906. 

218.  Leaf-rafts  and  fossil  leaves. — Torreya,  vol.  6,  no.  12,  pp.  246-248,  l 
fig.,  December,  1906. 

219.  Coastal-plain  amber. — Torreya,  vol.  7,  no.  1,  pp.  4-6,  January.  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  amber,  more  particularly  in  Cretaceous  beds. 

220.  A Tilia  from  the  New  .lersey  Pleistocene. — Torreya,  vol.  7,  no.  4,  pp. 
80-81,  April,  1907. 

221.  Contributions  to  the  Mesozoic  flora  of  the  Atlantic  coastal  plain. — 
Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Bull.,  vol.  34,  no.  4,  pp.  185-205,  6 pis.,  April,  1907. 


BIBLIOGBAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  27 


Berry,  Edward  W. — Continued. 

222.  Contributions  to  tlie  Pleistocene  flora  of  North  Carolina. — .Tour.  Geology, 
vol.  15,  no.  4,  pp.  338-349,  1907. 

Enumerates  the  species  occurring,  witli  notes  upon  their  disti-ihution,  relations,  etc., 
and  gives  descriptions  of  new  species. 

223.  Pleistocene  plants  from  Alabama. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  41,  j)]).  089- 
700,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  November,  1907. 

224.  Paleobotanical  notes.— Johns  Hopkins  TTniv.,  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no. 
7,  pp.  79-82  [667-6701,  1907. 

225.  New  species  of  plants  from  the  Magothy  formation. — Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.,  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  82-89  [670-677],  1 pi.,  1907. 

226.  The  stomata  in  ProtophynocJadus  suhiiitcf/rifoliH.s  fT.,esq.). — Jolms 
Hopkins  Univ.,  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  89-91  [677-679],  1907. 

Berry,  Edward  \V.,  and  Gregory,  William  K. 

227.  Prorosmarus  allcni,  a new  genus  and  species  of  walrus  from  the  upper 
IMiocene  of  Yorktown,  Virginia. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  444^50, 
4 figs.,  June,  1906. 

Berte,  E. 

228.  I.,es  eruptions  de  la  Montague  Pelee.  Recit  et  observations  d’un 
temoin. — La  Geographie,  t.  6,  no.  3.  pp.  133-141,  1 fig.,  1902. 

Beyer,  S.  W. 

229.  Mineral  production  in  Iowa  in  1905. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16,  pp. 
17-36,  1906. 

230.  Supplementary  report  on  Portland  cement  materials  in  Iowa. — Iowa 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no  3,  36  pp.,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Includes  data  regarding  the  geological  formations  which  yield  raw  materials  for 
cement  manufacture  and  gives  sections  of  strata  shown  in  exposures. 

231.  Mineral  production  in  Iowa  in  1906. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  17,  pp. 
11-25,  4 pis.,  1907. 

232.  Physical  tests  of  Iowa  limes. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  17,  pp.  91-1.50, 
18  pis.,  1907. 

Beyer,  S.  W.,  and  Williams,  Ira  A. 

233.  The  materials  and  manufacture  of  Portland  cement. — Iowa  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, vol.  17,  pp.  29-89,  1907. 

234.  The  geology  of  the  Iowa  quarry  products. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  17, 
pp.  201-525,  26  pis.,  38  figs.,  1907. 

Bibbins,  Arthur  Barneveld. 

235.  Additional  evidence  of  tropical  climate  on  the  Middle  Atlantic  coast 
during  the  lower  Cretaceous. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  297-298, 
February  22,  1907. 

l)escrii)fion  of  the  Patuxent  quadrangle. — See  Shattuck,  and  others,  no.  2193. 
Birge,  E.  A. 

236.  Report  of  the  director  of  the  survey  [Wisconsin]. — Wisconsin  Geol. 
and  Nat  Elist.  Survey,  Fifth  Bienn.  Rept.  of  the  Commissioners,  pp.  9-35,  1906. 

Describes  the  work  carried  on  by  the  survey,  1904-1000. 

Birkinbine,  John. 

237.  Iron  ore  reserves  of  the  United  States. — Cassier's  Mag.,  vol.  32,  no.  2, 
pp.  99-105,  2 figs.,  June,  1907. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  iron  ores  and  manganese 
ores. — See  no.  2418. 


28  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Black  welder,  Eliot. 

238.  On  the  probable  glacial  origin  of  certain  folded  slates  in  southern 
Alaska. — Jonr.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  I,  pp.  11-14,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  position  and  lithologic  characters  of  a shale  or  slate  conglomerate  near 
Yakutat  Bay  and  discusses  its  age  and  mode  of  formation. 

239.  Glacial  features  of  the  Alaskan  coast  between  Yakutat  Baj'  and  the 
Alsek  River. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no  5,  pp.  415-433,  9 figs.,  1907. 

240.  Reconnaissance  of  the  Pacific  coast  from  Yakutat  to  Alsek  River. — 
Abstract:  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  pp.  82-88,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  formations  and  physiography. 

Blake,  William  P. 

Origin  of  orbicular  and  concretionary  structure.  Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans., 
vol.  36,  pp.  39-44,  1 pi.,  190(i  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  4,  pp.  677-682,  1905).— See  Blake, 
19,  page  39  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  II.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

241.  Origin  of  the  deiiression  known  as  Montezuma’s  Well,  Arizonaf — Sci- 
ence, new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  568,  November  2,  190(5. 

242.  The  flanking  detrital  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  the  Southwest. — Sci- 
ence,'new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pj).  975-978,  .Tune  21,  1907.  Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25,  p.  294,  February  22,  1907. 

Describes  the  character  of  these  slopes  in  tlie  Great  Basin  of  Nevada  and  the  Pied- 
mont region  of  Arizona  and  discusses  their  origin. 

Blatchley,  Raymond  S. 

243.  The  Princeton  petroleum  field  of  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  31st  Ann.  Rept.,  i>p.  559-593,  3 figs.,  1 map,  1907. 

Blatchley,  W.  S. 

244.  The  Indiana  of  nature:  Its  evolution. — Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.  1903, 
pp.  33-59,  6 figs.,  1904. 

Describes  the  geologic  history  of  Indiana. 

245.  The  petroleum  industry  of  southeastern  Illinois. — Illinois  State  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  2,  109  pp.,  6‘pls.,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  oil  and  gas  developments  of  Illinois,  discusses  their 
origin  and  mode  of  occurrence,  and  describes  in  detail  the  oil  fields  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  State.  E.  E.  Grout  contributes  (p.  74)  data  regarding  Randolph  County  and 
T.  E.  Savage  (pp.  77-87)  concerning  the  Pike  County  gas  field. 

246.  The  geologic  distribution  of  the  road  materials  of  Indiana. — Indiana, 
Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  ^nn.  Rept.,  pp.  120-160,  1906. 

Describes  the  origin  and  occurrence  of  gravel  deposits  and  the  occurrence  and  geologic 
horizon  of  limestones  suitable  for  road-making  materials. 

247.  The  natural  resources  of  Indiana. — In  Dryer's  Studies  in  Indiana 
Geography,  pp.  61-71,  1907. — See  no.  74.5. 

248.  The  natural  resources  of  the  State  of  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol. 
and  Nat.  Res.,  31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  13-72,  3 pis.,  1907. 

249.  The  petroleum  industry  in  Indiana  in  1906. — Indiana,  Dej)!.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  429-558,  7 figs.,  1 maj*,  1907. 

Includes  a general  discussion  on  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  petroleum  and  condi- 
tions of  accumulation. 

Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  assistants. 

250.  The  roads  and  road  materials  of  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  .30th  Aim.  Rept.,  pp.  17-1057,  25  pis.,  59  figs,  (outline  maps),  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geologic  occurrence  of  road-making  materials. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


29 


Bog-ffild,  O.  B. 

251.  On  some  minerals  from  Narsarsuk  at  Julianehaab,  Greenland. — Med- 
delelser  oni  Gronland,  Hefte  33,  pp.  97-120,  10  figs.,  1907 ; Mineral,  and  Geol. 
Mils.,  Copenhagen,  Contr.  to  Mineral.,  no.  7,  1906. 

Describes  physical,  crystallographic,  and  optical  characters. 

Bohm,  C.  Richard. 

252.  Monazite  sand. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  p.  842,  May  5,  1906. 
Describes  the  occurrence  in  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 

[Boileau,  John  W.] 

253.  Coal  fields  of  southwestern  Pennsylvania,  Washington  and  Greene 
counties.  Fields  of  coking  coal  located  in  eastern  Greene  and  southeastern 
Washington  counties.  Pa.,  owned  and  largely  controlled  by  Mr.  J.  V.  Thompson. 
Copyright,  September,  1907,  by  John  W.  Boileau.  90  pp.,  map  and  illustrations. 

Includes  a description  of  the  geologic  structure  of  the  area. 

Bonsteel,  Jay  A. 

254.  The  soils  of  St.  Mary’s  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey, 
St.  Mary’s  County,  pp.  125-146,  1907. 

Bonsteel,  Jay  A.,  and  Burke,  R.  T.  Avon. 

255.  The  soils  of  Calvert  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Survej%  (’al- 
vert  County,  pp.  135-167,  1907. 

Bordeaux,  Albert. 

256.  Les  mines  d’or  de  la  Californie. — Revue  univ.  des  Mines,  3®  ser.,  t.  53, 
pp.  30-82,  245-307,  1901. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Bose,  Emilio. 

257.  Sobre  algunas  faunas  terciarias  de  Mexico. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Bob, 
no.  22,  97  pp.,  12  pis.,  1906. 

Describes  Mollusca  from  Tertiary  beds  of  Mexico. 

258.  La  fauna  de  Moluscos  del  Senoniano  de  Cardenas,  San  Luis  Potosi 
[Mexico]. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Bob,  no.  24,  95  pp.,  18  pis.,  1906. 

Discusses  stratigraphic  position  and  correlation  of  the  beds  from  which  the  fauna 
described  was  derived,  and  gives  systematic  descriptions  of  the  Mollusca. 

259.  Excursions  a Chavarrillo,  Santa  Maria  Tatetla,  Yera  Cruz,  et  Orizaba 
[Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  gOd.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  II,  11  pp., 
1 pb,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  country  along  the  route  traveled. 

260.  Excursions  aux  mines  de  soufre  de  la  Sierra  de  Banderas  [Mexico]. — 
X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XIX,  8 pp.  2 figs., 
1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  sulphur  deposits. 

« 

261.  Excursion  au  Cerro  de  Muleros  pres  ciudad  Juarez  (Chihuahua). — 
X ® Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursion,  Mexico,  no.  XX,  24  pp.,  6 pis. 
(inch  geol.  map  and  sections),  1906. 

262.  Excursion  dans  les  environs  de  Parras  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol. 
intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXIII,  16  pp.,  6 pis.  (incb  geol.  map 
and  sections). 

263.  Excursions  dans  les  environs  de  Monterrey  et  Saltillo  [Mexico]. — X® 
Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXIX,  17  pp.,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region. 


30  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Bose,  Emilio— CoDtiimed. 

264.  De  San  Luis  Potosi  a Tampico  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern., 
Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXX,  16  pp.,  6 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  along  the  route  of  travel. 

265.  Excursion  a ITsthme  de  Tehuantepec. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide 
des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXXI,  40  pp.,  1 pi.,  1906. 

An  account  of  the  geology  of  the  region. 

266.  Nota  preliminar  sobre  la  fauna  pliocenica  de  Santa  Marfa  Tatetla, 
Ver. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana,  Bob,  t.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  51-64,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  a Pliocene  fauna  from  Santa  Maria  Tatetla,  State  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Mexico. 

267.  Sobre  algunos  fosiles  pleistocenicos  recogidos  por  el  Sr.  Dr.  E.  Anger- 
mann  en  la  Baja  California. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Parergones,  t.  2,  no.  2,  pp. 
41-15,  1907.. 

Describes  Pleistocene  mollusks  from  Lower  California  referred  to  the  genera  Pecten 
and  Fasciolaria. 

268.  T"n  appareil  perfectionne  pour  la  reproduction  photographique  des  sutures 
d’ammonites  et  d’ambulacres  des  oursins. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y 
Rev.,  t.  24,  no.  12,  pp.  467—175,  4 figs.,  June,  1907. 

Describes  a method  for  the  photographic  reproduction  of  the  sutures  of  ammonites 
and  similar  structures. 

Bose,  Emilio,  and  Vigier,  Victor  von. 

269.  Sobre  la  aplicacion  de  la  potasa  caustica  a la  preparacion  de  fosiles. — 
Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Parergones,  t.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  49-59,  1907. 

Describes  the  method  of  cleaning  fossils  by  caustic  potash  and  the  chemical  reactions 
of  the  process. 

Boule,  Marcellin,  and  Thevenin,  A. 

270.  Types  du  Prodrome  de  Paleontologie  stratigrapbique  universelle  de 
D’Orbigny. — Ann.  de  Paleont.,  t.  1,  fasc.  1-2,  pp.  1^  (97-101),  fasc.  3,  pp.  5-12 
(165-172),  4 pis.,  1906. 

Includes  figures  of  and  remarks  upon  the  types  of  fossils  described  by  D'Orbigny  from 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  from  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

Boutwell,  John  M. 

Genesis  of  the  ore  deposits  at  Bingham,  T"tab. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans., 
vol.  36,  pp.  541-580,  13  figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  6,  pp.  1153-1192,  1905).— See 
Boutwell,  14,  page  43  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

271.  Stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  Park  City  mining  district,  Utah. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  434—458,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Carboniferous, 
Triassic,  and  .Turassic  strata,  and  the  geologic  structure. 

The  i)roduction  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  lead  and  zinc,  and  of  quick- 
silver,— See  no.  2419. 

Bovard,  John  F. 

272.  Notes  on  Quaternary  Felidje  from  California. — California  Univ.,  Dept. 
Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  10,  pp.  155-170,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Bowers,  Stephen. 

273.  Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  mining  district. — California 

State  ]\Iin,  Bur.,  1901.  12  pj). 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region  and  the  oil  developments. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


31 


Bowman,  H.  L. 

274.  Note  on  the  refractive  indices  of  pyromorpliite,  miinetite,  and  vanadi- 
nite. — Mineralog.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  pp.  324-329,  December,  1903. 

Bowman,  Isaiah. 

275.  Northward  extension  of  the  Atlantic  preglacial  deposits. — Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  313-325,  3 figs.,  October,  1906. 

276.  Problems  of  water  contamination. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig. 
Paper  no.  160,  pp.  92-95,  1906. 

The  discussion  has  especial  i*eference  to  underground  waters. 

Well  records  on  Long  Island. — See  Veatch  and  Bowman,  no.  2441. 

Bowman,  Isaiah,  and  Reeds,  Chester  Albert. 

277.  Water  resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district. — Illinois  State  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  5,  128  pp.,  4 pis.  (inch  1 map),  11  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  physiographic  features,  the  stratigraphy,  and  the  water  resources. 

Bownocker,  John  Adams. 

278.  Salt  deposits  and  the  salt  industry  in  Ohio. — Ohio  Geol.  Survey,  4th  ser.. 
Bull.  no.  8,  42  pp.,  6 figs.,  1906. 

Reviews  the  salt  industry  in  Ohio  and  describes  present  operations.  Includes  notes 
on  the  composition  of  the  brines,  the  geological  horizon  of  the  salt  beds,  and  well 
records. 

Bowron,  William  M. 

The  origin  of  Clinton  red  fossil-ore  in  Lookout  Mountain,  Alabama. — Am. 
Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  587-604,  3 figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  6,  pp. 
1245-1262,  3 figs.,  1905). — See  Bowron,  1,  page  44  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  V.  S. 
Geol.  Survey. 

Boyle,  O.  M.,  Jr. 

279.  The  Greenwater  mining  district,  California. — California  Jour.  Tech., 
vol.  10,  no.  1,  pp.  29-32,  2 figs.,  August,  1907. 

Boynton,  C.  H. 

280.  The  Little  Rockies  mining  district. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  p.  181, 
2 figs.,  January  27,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  gold  ores. 
Branner,  John  C. 

281.  Geology  in  its  relation  to  topography. — In  Beahan,  Willard,  The  Field 
Practice  of  Railway  Location,  Chapter  5,  pp.  115-141,  19  figs.,  1904. 

282.  The  university  training  of  engineers  in  economic  geology. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp.  289-294,  December-Janaury,  1905-1906. 

283.  A bibliography  of  clays  and  the  ceramic  arts.  Published  by  the  Am. 
Ceramic  Soc.,  1906.  451  pp. 

284.  [Fault  lines  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  California.] — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  92,  p.  347,  May  26,  1906. 

Discusses  the  movements  along  the  fault  lines  which  produced  the  California  earth- 
quake. 

285.  The  California  earthquake:  movements  along  the  Santa  Cruz  fault 
line. — Palo  Altan,  May  1,  1906  [not  seen]  ; Eng.  News,  vol.  55,  no.  20,  p.  542,  May 
17,  1906;  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  12,  p.  536,  July,  1906. 

286.  The  relations  of  the  drainage  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley,  California,  to 
that  of  the  Pajaro  River. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  j)p.  369-370, 
September  21,  1906;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  56-57,  p.  270,  1907. 


32  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Branner,  John  C. — Continued. 

287.  Correspondence  relating  to  the  siirvej'  of  the  coal  fields  of  Arkansas. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  532-537,  October  26,  1900. 

288.  The  policy  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  its  bearing  upon  science 
and  education. — Science,  new  ser,,  vol.  24,  pp.  722-728,  December  7,  1906. 

289.  A drainage  peculiarity  of  the  Santa  Clara  Valley  [California]  affecting 
fresh-water  faunas. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  1-10,  1907. 

Discusses  various  data  regarding  the  phj^siographic  features  of  the  region  and  changes 
in  elevation  in  explanation  of  the  present  distribution  of  fresh-water  faunas. 

Geology  and  the  earthquake. — See  Jordan,  no.  1325. 

Branson,  E.  B. 

290.  Fish  remains  from  the  Salem  limestone  of  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Am\.  Kept.,  pp.  1376-1394,  1906. 

Breger,  C.  L. 

291.  On  Eodevonaria,  a new  sub-genus  of  CJwnetes. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  22,  pp.  534-536,  December,  1906. 

Brewer,  William  M. 

292.  Some  observations  relative  to  the  occurrence  of  deposits  of  copper  ore 
on  Vancouver  Island,  and  other  portions  of  the  Pacific  coast. — Canadian  Min. 
Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  39-48,  1906. 

Describes  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores. 

Brinsmade,  Robert  B. 

293.  Talc  in  northern  New  York. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  80,  pp.  1155- 
1157,  3 figs.,  December  23,  1905. 

Describes  the  occuri’ence.  character,  and  origin  of  talc  deposits. 

294.  Hematite  mining  in  New  York. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  493- 
495,  554-556,  illus.,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the  ores. 

295.  Kelly,  New  ^Mexico.  A zinc  camp  whose  ores  have  been  made  available 
by  modern  metallurgical  methods. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  2,  pp.  49- 
53,  5 figs..  September,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

296.  Lead  deposits  in  northern  Kentucky. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  658-659,  2 figs.,  April  6,  1907. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  local  geology. 

297.  A curious  deposit  of  cerussite  in  Colorado. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  844-845,  1 fig..  May  4,  1907. 

298.  I.ead-silver  deposits  of  Mowry,  Arizona. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27, 
no.  12,  i)p.  529-531,  5 figs.,  July,  1907. 

299.  Coi)per  nwning  at  Bisbee,  Arizona. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  7, 
pp.  289-293,  5 figs.,  February.  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

300.  Tombstone,  Arizona,  I’estored. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol,  27,  no.  8, 
pp.  371-374,  8 figs.,  March,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

301.  The  Cananea  copper  deposits  [Mexico]. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27, 
no.  9,  pp.  422-424,  no.  10,  pp.  465^69,  8 figs.,  1907. 

302.  Mining  at  Bingham,  Utah : history  and  geology  of  the  region. — Mines 
and  Minerals,  vol,  28,  no.  3,  pp.  90-93,  no.  4,  pp.  105-108,  7 figs.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  33 


British  Columbia. 

Annual  report  of  the  minister  of  mines  for  the  year  ending  31st  December, 

1904,  being  an  account  of  mining  operations  for  gold,  coal,  etc.,  in  the  Province 
of  British  Columbia.  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1905. — See  Robertson,  no.  2072. 

Annual  report  of  the  minister  of  mines  for  the  year  ending  31st  December, 

1905,  being  an  account  of  mining  operations  for  gold,  coal,  etc.,  in  the  Province 
of  British  Columbia.  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1906. — See  Robertson,  no.  2073. 

Annual  report  of  the  minister  of  mines  for  the  year  ending  31st  December, 

1906,  being  an  account  of  mining  operations  for  gold,  coal,  etc.,  in  the  Province 
of  British  Columbia.  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1907. — See  Robertson,  no.  2077. 

Brittain,  Doss. 

303.  The  new^  sheet  ground  of  the  Joplin  district. — Min.  World,  vol.  27, 
pp.  841-844,  6«-figs.,  November  9,  1907. 

Britton,  Elizabeth  G.,  and  Hollick,  Arthur. 

304.  American  fossil  mosses,  with  description  of  a new  species  from  Floris- 
sant, Colo. — Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Bull.,  vol.  34,  pp.  139-142,  1 pi.,  1907.  New 
York  Bot.  Garden,  Contr.  no.  93,  1907.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  292,  February  22,  1907. 

Broadhead,  Garland  C. 

305.  Cone  in  cone. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  597,  November  1,  1907.  ^ 
Discusses  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  cone  in  cone  structure. 

Brock,  R.  W. 

306.  Preliminary  report  on  the  Rossland,  B.  C.,  mining  district. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  1906.  40  pp. 

Gives  a general  description  of  the  area,  an  outline  of  its  geologic  history,  and  an  ac- 
count of  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  mining  of  the  ores. 

307.  On  operations  in  the  Rossland,  B.  C.,  mining  district. — Canada,  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Summ.  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  56-65,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper  ores. 

308.  The  Larder  Lake  district. — Ontario,  Bureau  of  Mines,  16th  Ann.  Rept., 
vol.  16,  pt.  1,  pp.  202-218,  15  figs.,  1 map,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence  of  gold  ores. 

309.  The  geology  and  ore  deposits  of  Franklin  Camp,  British  Columbia. — 
Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  10  (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  8),  pp.  233-236, 
July  1,  1907. 

Brooks,  Alfred  H. 

The  outlook  for  coal  mining  in  Alaska. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36, 
pp.  489-507,  1 fig.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Buli.,  no.  4,  pp.  683-702,  1 fig.,  1905).— See 
Brooks,  14,  page  49  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

310.  The  geologic  survey  of  Alaska. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  68,  no.  1,  pp. 
42-54,  3 figs.,  January,  1906. 

Reviews  the  progress  of  geologic  investigation  in  Alaska. 

311.  The  mineral  resources  of  Alaska. — Am.  Min.  Cong.,  8th  Ann.  Sess., 
pp.  194-214,  1906. 

312.  Recent  publications  on  Alaska  and  Yukon  Territory. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  340-359,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Summarizes  recent  publications  bearing  upon  the  economic  geology  of  Alaska  and  Yukon 
Territory. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


3 


34  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMEKICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Brooks,  Alfred  FI. — Continued. 

313.  The  geology  and  geography  of  Alaska.  A summary  of  existing  knowl- 
edge.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper,  no.  45,  327  pp.,  34  pis.,  6 figs.,  1906. 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  946-947,  June  14,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features,  the  general  geologic  structure  and  stratigraphy, 
the  geologic  history,  and  the  geomorphology. 

314.  Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska 
in  1905.  Administrative  report. — U.,  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284,  pp.  1-3,  1906. 

315.  The  mining  industry  [in  Alaska]  in  1905. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  284,  pp.  4-9,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  mineral  resources. 

316.  Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska  in 
1906.  Administrative  report. — Lk  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314^^ pp.  11-18,  1907. 

Gives  an  outline  of  geologic  work  in  Alaska  in  1006  and  a list  of  publications  by  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey  on  Alaska  issued  in  1906. 

317.  The  mining  industry  [in  Alaska]  in  1906. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  314,  pp.  19-39,  1 pi.,  1907. 

318.  The  Kougarok  region  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314, 
pp.  164-181,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  distribution  of  auriferous  gravels. 

319.  The  Circle  precinct  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  pp. 
187-204,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geologic  features,  the  distribution  of  gold-bearing  gravels,  and 
an  occurrence  of  coal. 

320.  Geologic  reconnaissance  map  of  Alaska. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  695-700,  1907. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure. 

Production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1905  in  Alaska. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  Alaska  in  1906  of  gold  and  silver. — See  no.  2419. 

Brooks,  Alfred  H.,  and  Kindle,  E.  M. 

321.  The  Paleozoic  section  of  the  upper  Yukon. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  181-182,  February  1,  1907. 

Brooks,  Alfred  II.,  and  others. 

Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska  in  1905. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284,  169  pp.,  14  pis.,  10  figs.,  1906. 

The  papers  in  this  report  have  been  listed  under  the  individual  authors. 

Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  in  Alaska  in  1906. — 
IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  235  pp.,  4 pis.,  9 figs.,  1907. 

The  papers  in  this  report  have  been  listed  under  the  individual  authors. 

Brown,  Barnum. 

322.  The  osteology  of  Champsosaiirus  Cope. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Mem., 
vol.  9,  pt.  1,  pp.  1-26.  5 pis.,  December,  1905. 

323.  New  notes  on  the  osteology  of  Triceratops. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull., 
vol.  22,  pp.  297-300,  1 pi  , 2 figs.,  1906. 

324.  Gastroliths. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p 392,  March  8,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  pebbles  which  have  been  entitled  “ gastroliths.” 

325.  Th(‘  Hell  Crec'k  beds  of  the  upper  Cretaceous  of  Montana  : their  rela- 
tion to  contiguous  dei)Osits,  with  faunal  and  fioral  lists,  and  a discussion  of  their 
correlation. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  S23-845.  8 figs.,  1907. 

Brown,  Calvin  S. 

326.  Eignite  of  Mississippi. — Mississipf)i  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  3, 
71  pp.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


35 


Brown,  Charles  W. 

327.  The  Jamaica  earthquake. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  70,  no.  5,  pp.  385- 
493,  18  figs..  May,  1907 ; Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  23,  no.  10,  pp.  535-543,  Octo- 
ber, 1907. 

Description  of  the  Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle. — See  Smith  and  others,  no.  2241. 
Brown,  F.  A. 

328.  A contribution  to  Madison  County  geology. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  13, 
pp.  203-206,  1906. 

Gives  a general  section  of  the  Missourian  of  Madison  County,  Iowa,  with  notes,  and  a 
list  of  fossils  identified. 

Brown,  Harriet  Connor. 

329.  Report  on  the  mineral  resources  of  Cuba  in  1901. — Civil  Report  of 
Brigadier-General  Leonard  Wood,  Military  Governor  of  Cuba,  January  1st  to 
May  20th,  1902,  vol.  5,  pt.  2,  121  pp.,  12  pis.,  |1902VJ. 

“ Prepared  hy  Harriet  Connor  Brown,  of  the  Division  of  mining  and  mineral  resources, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  David  T.  Day,  of  the  United  States  (Jeological  Survey,  Washing- 
ton, D.  (\,  for  Brigadier-General  I.^onard  Wood,  Military  Governor  of  Cuba.  I’ress  of 
Guggenheimer,  Weil  & Co.,  Baltimore.” 

Brown,  R.  Gilman. 

330.  The  vein-system  of  the  Standard  mine,  Bodie,  Cal. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  16,  pp.  587-601,  5 figs.,  July,  1907. 

Brown,  Richard  II. 

331.  Record  of  borehole  no.  1 of  the  Standard  Coal  and  Railway  Company, 
limited,  about  one  mile  north  of  Halfway  River  Lake,  Cumberland  Co.,  N.  S. — 
Nova  Scotia  Min.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vol.  10,  pp.  162-169,  1907. 

Contains  records  of  the  strata  passed  through  in  drilling. 

Brown,  Robert  Marshall. 

332.  The  movement  of  load  in  streams  of  variable  flow. — Am.  Geog.  Soc., 
Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.  3,  pp.  147-158,  March,  1907. 

Brown,  Thomas  C. 

333.  Columbia  field  work  in  1905  intercollegiate  field  courses  in  geology. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  587-590,  April  13,  1906. 

Describes  the  itinerary  of  a field  trip  in  New  York.  Includes  notes  upon  Ordovician, 
Silurian,  and  Devonian  formations  of  New  York. 

334.  Developmental  stages  in  Streptelasma  rectum,.  Hall. — Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  277-284,  13  figs.,  April,  1907. 

335.  A new  Tertiary  fauna  from  the  Atlantic  coast  province. — Abstract : 
New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol,  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  596-597,  1907. 

Browne,  David  H. 

336.  Notes  on  the  origin  of  the  Sudbury  ores. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5, 
pp.  467-475,  1906. 

Presents  evidence  to  show  the  magmatic  segregation  origin  of  the  Sudbury  nickel  and 
copper  ores. 

Brues,  Charles  T. 

337.  Fossil  parasitic  and  phytophagous  Hymenoptera  from  Florissant,  Colo- 
rado.— Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  491-498,  7 figs.,  1906. 

Brunton,  D.  W. 

Geological  mine  maps  and  sections. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp. 
508-540,  14  figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  .5,  pp.  1027-1031,  14  figs.,  1905).— See 
Brunton,  1,  page  51  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 


36  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMEKICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Brumell,  H.  P.  H. 

.338.  Canadian  graphite.— Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  8 (new  ser., 
vol.  1,  no.  6),  pp.  163-171,  7 figs.,  June  1,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  graphite. 

Bucke,  Horace  W. 

339.  The  meaning  of  striations. — Min.  and  ISci.  Press,  vol.  94,  p.  432,  April 
16,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  ores. 

Buckley,  Ernest  Robertson. 

340.  Biennial  report  of  the  state  geologist. — Missouri  Bur.  Geol.  and  Mines, 
57  pp.  [1906]. 

An  administrative  report.  Reviews  the  work  of  the  bureau  for  the  years  1905  and  190G. 

341.  The  geology  of  the  Granby  area. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  311- 
314,  1907. 

342.  The  genesis  of  the  lead  and  zinc  ores  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  427-M33,  June,  ^1907. 

343.  [Review  of]  Joplin  District  folio  by  iv.  S.  T.  Smith  and  C.  E.  Sieben- 
thal. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  5,  pp.  518-529,  1907. 

344.  [Review  of]  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley, 
by  H.  F.  Bain  (U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  294). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  6, 
pp.  617-624,  1907. 

345.  Public  roads,  their  improvement  and  maintenance. — Missouri  Bur.  Geol. 
and  Mines,  2d  ser.,  vol.  5,  124  pp.,  30  pis.  [1907]. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  road-making  materials. 

Buckley,  Ernest  Robertson,  and  Buehler,  H.  A. 

346.  The  geology  of  the  Granby  area  [Missouri]. — Missouri  Bur.  Geol.  and 
Mines,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4,  120  pp.,  42  pis.,  3 figs.  [1906]. 

Gives  a history  of  the  lead  and  zinc  mining  and  of  the  geologic  investigation  of  the 
area,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  origin  of  the  ores  ; describes  the  topography  and 
general  geology,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  minerals,  rocks,  and  ore  bodies,  and 
the  mining  operations  ; and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  lead  and  zinc  and  the  chemistry 
of  the  ore  deposits. 

Buckman,  8.  S. 

347.  Brachiopod  nomenclature. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  742-743,  De- 
cember 7,  1906. 

Discusses  the  nomenclature  and  genotypes  of  some  genera  of  brachiopods. 

Buehler,  H.  A. 

The  geology  of  the  Granby  area. — See  Buckley  and  Buehler,  no.  346. 

Bullock,  William  Starr. 

348.  Copper  deposits  at  Ely,  Nevada. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  11, 
pp.  518-520,  2 figs.,  June,  1907. 

Burbank,  J.  E. 

The  San  Francisco  eartlupiake  of  April  18,  190(5,  as  recorded  by  the  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  magnetic  observations. — See  Bauer  and  Burbank,  no.  169. 

Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

349.  The  retniirements  of  sand  and  limestone  for  glass  making. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  4.52^.58,  1906. 

Describes  the  chemical  and  physical  properties  of  sand  and  iime  rock  suitable  for  glass 
making. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  37 


Burchard,  Ernest  F. — Continued. 

350.  Glass  sand  of  the  middle  Mississippi  basin. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  459^72,  1906. 

Describes  the  glass-making  industry  of  the  region,  the  methods  of  preparation  of  the 
sand  and  its  composition  and  physical  properties,  glass-sand  deposits  in  use  in  Illinois 
and  in  Missouri,  and  undeveloped  deposits  in  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Wisconsin. 

351.  The  Clinton  or  red  ores  of  the  Birmingham  district,  Alabama. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  130-151,  1907. 

352.  The  brown  iron  ores  of  the  Russellville  district,  Alabama. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  152-160,  1907. 

353.  Portland  cement  materials  near  Dubuque,  Iowa. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  225-231,  1907. 

354.  Glass-sand  industry  of  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  361-376,  1907. 

355.  Notes  on  various  glass  sands,  mainly  undeveloped. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315;  pp.  377-382,  1907. 

356.  Southern  red  hematite  as  an  ingredient  of  metallic  paint. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  430-434,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  geologic  relations  of  hematite  ores  in  Georgia  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

Description  of  the  Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quadrangles. — See  Grant  and 
Burchard,  no.  1021. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  bauxite  and  aluminum ; of 
glass  sand,  sand,  and  gravel ; and  of  fluorspar  and  cryolite,  gyiisum,  and  gypsum 
products  and  barytes. — See  na  2419. 

Burckhardt,  Carlos. 

357.  Geologie  de  la  Sierra  de  Concepcion  del  Oro  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr. 
geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXIV,  24  pp.,  geol.  map,  1906. 

358.  Geologie  de  la  Sierra  de  Mazapil  et  Santa  Rosa  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr. 
geol.  intern.,  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXVI,  40  pp.,  17  pis.  (inch  2 
geol.  maps),  1906. 

359.  La  faune  jurassique  de  Mazapil  avec  un  appendice  sur  les  fossiles 
du  cretacique  inferieur. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Boh  no.  23,  216  pp.,  43  pis.,  1906. 

360.  Sobre  el  descubrimiento  del  Trias  marino  en  Zacatecas. — Soc.  Geol. 
Mexicana,  Boh,  t.  2,  pp.  43-45,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  marine  Triassic  deposits  in  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

361.  Sobre  las  rocas  fosforiticas  de  las  Sierras  de  Mazapil  y Concepcion 
del  Oro,  Zacatecas. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geoh,  Parergones,  t.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  63-67,  1 ph, 
1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  composition  of  phosphatic  rock  in  the  State  of  Zacatecas, 
Mexico. 

362.  Sur  le  climat  de  I’epoque  jurassique. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,” 
Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  25,  no.  1,  pp.  45-19,  July,  1907. 

Burckhardt,  Carlos,  and  Scalia,  S. 

363.  Geologie  des  environs  de  Zacatecas. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide 
des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XVI,  25  pp.,  11  pis.  (inch  geoh  map  and  sections), 
1906. 

Burrows,  A.  G. 

364.  Eldorado  copper  mine  [Ontario]. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  voh  28,  no.  5 
(new  ser.,  voh  1,  no.  3),  p.  76,  1 tig.,  April  15,  1907. 


38  BTBLTOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Burrows,  K.  H. 

365.  The  Lliivia  de  Oro  district,  Mexico. — Min.  and  Sci.  I‘ress,  vol.  94,  pp. 
664-667,  4 figs..  May  25,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  tlie  geology  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  gold  ores. 
Bustamante,  M. 

366.  Ligero  estndio  sobre  los  pozos  de  “ El  Ebano,”  explotados  por  la  Mexi- 
can Petroleum  Co. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana,  Bob,  t.  2,  pp.  111-131,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  the  petroleum  at  Ebano,  in  the  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi, 
Mexico. 

Butts,  Charles. 

367.  The  Devonian  section  near  Altoona,  Pennsylvania. — Jour.  Geology,  vol. 
14,  no.  7,  pp.  618-630,  9 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  lithologic  characters  of  Devonian  formations 
near  Altoona,  Pa. 

368.  Economic  geology  of  the  Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  (Quadrangles, 
Pennsylvania. — T.  8.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  279,  198  pp.,  11  pis.,  14  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography,  geologic  structure,  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of 
Carboniferous  strata  and  (Quaternary  deposits,  and  the  mineral  resources,  chiefly  coal, 
petroleum,  natural  gas,  and  clays. 

369.  The  Warrior  coal  basin  in  the  Birmingham  quadrangle,  Alabama. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  211-222,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  field  ; the  occurrence,  character,  and 
relations  of  the  coal  seams  ; jand  the  character  and  composition  of  the  coal. 

370.  Limestone  and  dolomite  in  the  Birmingham  district,  Alabama. — U.  S. 

Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  247-255,  1907.  * 

371.  Sand-lime,  brickmaking  near  Birmingham,  Ala. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  256-258,  1907. 

372.  Clays  of  the  Birmingham  district,  Alabama. — TJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  315,  pp.  291-295,  1907. 

373.  The  northern  part  of  the  Cahaba  coal  field,  Alabama. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  76-115,  2 pis.,  1P07. 

Byers,  Charles  Alma. 

374.  The  possibilities  of  Salton  Sea. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  70,  no.  1, 
pp.  5-18,  20  figs.,  January,  1907. 

Includes  data  upon  the  physiographic  features  of  southern  California. 

Caballero,  Gustavo  de  J. 

375.  I.a  region  geisseriana  al  N.  de  Estado  de  ^Michoacfin  [Mexico]. — Soc. 
cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  22,  pp.  203-208,  1905. 

Describes  a geyser  region  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of  Michoacan,  Mexico. 

376.  Los  yacimientos  de  fierro  del  Carrizal,  Estado  de  Nuevo  T.eon 
[Mexico]. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  22,  pp.  183-186,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  iron  deposits. 

377.  I.os  hervideros  de  la  Sierra  de  Ozuniatlan. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana,  Bob, 
t.  2,  ])p.  35-41,  1906. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  area. 

Cadell,  Henry  M. 

378.  Some  old  ^Mexican  volcanoes. — Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  23,  no.  6,  pp. 
281-312,  26  figs.,  June,  1907. 

Cairnes,  I).  I). 

379.  [Report  on]  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  south  of  the  main 
line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. — Canada.  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for 
1905,  ])p.  62-67,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  region  examined. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  39 


Cairnes,  D.  D. — Continued. 

380.  Explorations  in  a portion  of  the  Yukon  south  of  Whitehorse. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Sunmi.  Kept,  for  1906,  pp.  22-30,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  mineral  deposits. 

381.  Moose  ^Mountain  district  of  southern  Alberta. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey, 
55  pp.,  3 pis.,  2 maps,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  coal,  oil,  and  natural  gas,  and  the  general  geology  of  the 
region. 

382.  Kecent  developments  in  mining  in  the  southern  Yukon. — Canadian 
Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28  (new  ser.,  vol.  1),  pp.  87-88,  121-122,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  ores. 

Calderon,  Salvador. 

383.  Sobre  los  fenomenos  de  las  pegas. — Mexico,  Secretaria  de  Fomento,  Bol., 
2‘"  epoca,  aho  6,  VI,  no.  10,  pp.  141-158,  May,  1907 ; Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  K. 
10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  i)p.  1187-1200,  1907. 

Discusses  contact  phenomena. 

Calhoun,  Fred.  H.  H. 

384.  The  Montana  lobe  of  the  Keewatin  ice  sheet. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Prof.  Paper  no.  50,  62  pp.,  7 pis.,  31  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  physiography  and  general  geology  of  northern  Montana,  and  in 
detail  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  surface  formations,  with  discussion  of  the 
distribution  of  mountain  glaciers  and  the  Keewatin  ice  sheet  and  their  inter-relations 
as  shown  by  the  drift  deposits,  and  of  the  drainage  with  changes  produced  by  the  ice. 

California  State  Earthquake  Investigation  Commission. — See  Lawson  and 
others,  no.  1531. 

California  State  Mining  Bureau. 

385.  Register  of  mines  and  minerals,  with  map  [of  each  of  the  following 
counties,  issued  separately]  : 

Amador  County,  by  John  B.  Tregloan,  17  pp.,  1903. 

Butte  County,  by  W.  E.  Thorne,  13  pp.,  1903. 

Calaveras  County,  by  W.  H.  II.  Penniman,  50  pp.,  1900. 

El  Dorado  County,  by  J.  E.  Armstrong,  32  pp.,  1902. 

Inyo  County,  by  A.  V.  Davidson,  24  pp.,  1902. 

Kern  County,  by  Marion  Anbury,  37  pp.,  1904.^ 

Lake  County,  by  George  [Madeira,  14  pp.,  1901. 

Mariposa  County,  by  E.  M.  Wilkinson,  19  pp.,  1903. 

Nevada  County,  by  Charles  E.  LTren,  18  pp. 

Placer  County,  by  Ivan  H.  Parker,  21  pp.,  1902. 

Plumas  County,  by  J.  A.  Edman,  36  pp.,  1900. 

San  Bernardino  County,  by  G.  E.  Bailey,  35  pp.,  1902. 

San  Diego  County,  by  I.  A.  Ilubon,  15  pp.,  1902. 

Santa  Barbara  County,  Lew  B.  Harris,  12  pp.,  1906. 

Shasta  County,  by  M.  E.  Dittmar,  27  pp.,  1902. 

Sierra  County,  by  George  F.  Taylor,  24  pp.,  1903. 

Siskiyou  County,  by  J.  M.  Davidson,  50  pp.,  1900. 

Siskiyou  County,  by  W.  S.  Lowden,  46  pp.,  1900. 

Tuolumne  County,  by  R.  P.  McLaughlin,  24  pp.,  1903. 

Yuba  County,  by  Lew  B.  Harris,  20  pp.,  1905. 

386.  Register  of  oil  wells  in  Los  Angeles  County,  with  map,  by  Charles  A. 
Blackmar,  13  pp.,  1903. 

The  structural  and  industrial  materials  of  California. — See  Anbury,  no  87. 
Gold  dredging  in  California. — See  Doolittle,  no.  728. 

Reports. — See  Aubury,  nos.  82-84. 


40  bibliography  of  north  American  geologa%  1906-1907. 


Calkins,  Frank  Cathcart. 

Description  of  the  Snoqnalinie  (piadrangle. — See  Smith  and  Calkins,  no.  1156. 
Calvin,  Samuel. 

The  Aftonian  gravels  and  their  relations  to  tjie  drift  sheets  in  the  region 
about  Afton  Junction  and  Thayer  [Iowa]. — Davenport  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol. 
10,  pp.  18-31,  7 pis.,  1907.  [As  separate,  1905.  See  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull. 
801,  p.  56]. 

387.  Notes  on  the  geological  section  of  Iowa. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no. 
7,  pp.  571-578,  1906 ; Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  17,  pp.  192-200,  1907. 

Describes  briefly  tbe  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and  nomenclature  of  the  forma- 
tions comprised  in  tbe  geological  scale  of  Iowa. 

388.  Geology  of  Winneshiek  Comity  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16, 
pp.  37-146,  18  figs.,  2 geol,  maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  topographic  features  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Cambrian, 
Ordovician,  Silurian,  and  Devonian  strata  and  glacial  deposits,  and  the  economic  products. 

389.  Some  features  of  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi  River  between  Lansing 
and  Dnhnqiie,  and  their  probable  history. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14, 
pp.  213-220,  7 figs.,  1907. 

Discusses  drainage  changes  in  Iowa  and  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

390.  Fifteenth  annual  report  of  the  state  geologist. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
17,  pp.  1-6,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Administrative  report. 

Campbell,  Donald  F. 

391.  The  iron  ore  of  Shasta  County,  California. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
93,  p.  603,  1 fig.,  Nov,  17,  1906. 

392.  The  copper  of  Shasta  County,  California.— Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94, 
pp.  28-30,  55-58,  4 figs.,  January  5,  1907. 

Campbell,  Marius  R. 

The  classification  of  coals. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  324-340, 
1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  5,  pp.  1033-1049.  1905). — See  Campbell,  21,  page  58  of  Bul- 
letin no.  301,  F.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

393.  The  Santa  Fe  peneplain. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  267, 
February  16,  1906. 

394.  Fractured  bowlders  in  conglomerate. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci..  4th  ser.,  vol.  22, 
pp.  231-234,  2 figs.,  September,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  in  Arizona  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  phenomena. 

395.  Natural  mounds. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  8,  pp.  708-717,  3 figs., 
1906. 

Notes  the  form,  size,  and  occurrence  of  these  mounds  and  discusses  tlie  various 
hypotheses  advanced  to  explain  their  origin. 

396.  Rock  folds  due  to  weathering. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  8,  pp.  718- 
721,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  shallow  folding  in  Arkansas,  which  is  explained  to  be  due  to  weathering. 

397.  The  formation  of  coal.  Hypothesis  to  account  for  the  transformation 
of  vegetable  matter  into  the  different  grades  of  coal. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol. 
26,  no.  12,  pp.  565-566,  July,  1906.  (Reprinted  from  Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1, 
pp.  26-^3,  1905.) 

398.  Review  of  “ Report  on  the  coals  of  Maryland,”  by  William  Bullock 
Clark  and  others  (Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  5). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5, 
pp.  502-508,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  41 


Campbell,  Marins  R. — Continued. 

399.  Survey  work  on  coal  during  1905. — TT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  203-210,  1906. 

A summary  account  of  the  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  examining  coal 
deposits  and  testing  the  fuel  value  of  the  coals. 

400.  Character  and  use  of  the  Yampa  coals. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
297,  pp.  82-91,  1906. 

Describes  the  chemical  composition,  classification,  and  utilization.  Discusses  briefly 
the  classification  of  coals. 

401.  How  long  will  the  coal  reserves  of  the  United  States  last? — Nat.  Geog. 
Mag.,  vol.  18,  no.  2,  pp.  129-138,  1 fig.,  February,  1907. 

Contains  notes  on  the  distribution  and  extent  of  the  coal  fields  and  the  character  of 
the  coals. 

402.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1906,  part  II.  Coal,  lignite,  and 
peat : Introduction. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  5-12,  1907. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  work  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  1906  iipon  coal,  lignite, 
and  peat. 

403.  The  Una  del  Gato  coal  field,  Sandoval  County,  N.  Mex. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  427-430,  1 fig.,  1907. 

404.  Coal  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Stanton  Reservation,  Lincoln  County, 
N.  Mex. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  431-4.34,  1 fig.,  1907. 

405.  Coal  of  Stone  Canyon,  Monterey  County,  Cal. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  316,  pp.  435^38,  1907. 

Report  on  the  operations  of  the  coal-testing  plant  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  IMo.,  1904. — See 
Parker,  Holmes,  Campbell,  no.  1870. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States  in  1905 : peat. — See  no.  2418. 
Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1906.  Part  II,  Coal,  lignite,  and  peat. — 
See  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Campbell,  William. 

406.  The  microscopic  examination  of  opaque  minerals. — Econ.  Geology,  vol. 
1,  no.  8,  pp.  751-766,  7 figs.,  1906. 

407.  Notes  on  the  microscopic  examination  of  the  opaque  constituents  of  ore 
bodies. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  691,  November  30,  1906. 

Campbell,  William,  and  Knight,  C.  W. 

408.  The  paragenesis  of  the  cobalt-nickel  arsenides  and  silver  deposits 
of  Timiskaming  [Ontario]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  1089-1091,  13  figs., 
June  9,  1906. 

An  investigation  of  the  order  in  which  the  minerals  occurring  in  the  ores  have  been 
deposited  and  the  relations  which  the  gangue  (calcite)  hears  to  them. 

409.  Microscopic  examination  of  nickeliferous  pyrrhotites.  Results  of  a 
study  to  settle  a much-discussed  question  in  ore  deposition, — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  909-912,  6 figs.,  November  17,  1906. 

410.  A microscopic  examination  of  the  cobalt  nickel  arsenides  and  silver 
deposits  of  Temiskaming. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  pp.  767-776,  2 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  structure  shown  by  microscopic  examination  and  the  order  of  origin  of 
the  principal  constituents. 

411.  On  the  microstructure  of  nickeliferous  j)yrrhotites. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  350-366,  4 pis.,  June,  1907. 

Camsell,  Charles. 

412.  [Report  on  the]  Peel  River,  in  the  Yukon  and  Mackemiie  districts. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Sumrn.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  36-46,  1906. 

Describes  the  exploration  of  the  region.  Includes  various  data  upon  its  geology. 


42  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Camsell,  Charles — Continued. 

413.  The  Similkameen  district,  B.  C. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Kept, 
for  1906,  pp.  43-55,  1900. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  physiography  and  glaciation,  and  upon  the  occurrence  and  char- 
acter of  Tertiary,  Mesozoic,  and  Paleozoic  rocks  and  of  gold  and  copper  ores. 

414.  Report  on  the  Peel  River  and  tributaries,  Yukon  and  Mackenzie. — • 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  CC,  49  pp.,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

Canada,  Department  of  the  Interior. 

415.  Canada’s  fertile  northland.  A glimpse  of  the  enormous  resources  of 

part  of  the  unexplored  regions  of  the  Dominion.  Evidence  before  a select  com- 
mittee of  the  senate  of  Canada  during  the  parliamentary  session  of  1906-7, 
and  the  report  based  thereon.  Ottawa,  1907.  139  pp.,  illus. 

The  evidence  given  hy  A.  P.  Low  and  other  geologists  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada  contains  notes  on  the  mineral  resources. 

Canada,  Department  of  the  Interior. 

Report  of  the  superintendent  of  mines.  Ann.  Rept.,  pt.  8,  39  pp.,  1907. 

Contains  reports  on  economic  resources  by  Engene  Haanel,  Fritz  Cirkel,  P.  Hille, 
J.  E.  Woodman,  and  Einar  Lindeman.  See  under  these  authors. 

Canada.  Department  of  the  Interior,  Mines  Branch. 

416.  Report  of  the  Commission  appointed  to  investigate  the  zinc  resources  of 
British  Columbia  and  the  conditions  affecting  their  exploitation.  Ottawa, 
Canada,  1906.  300  pp.,  illus. 

Contains  data  regarding  the  occurrence  of  zinc  ores  in  British  Columbia. 

Canada,  Geological  Survey. 

417.  Catalogue  of  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  129  pp.,  1906. 

Annual  report  on  the  mineral  industries  of  Canada  for  1905.  Ottawa,  1907, 
174  pp.,  pis.  and  chart.  See  Ingall,  E.  D.,  no.  1270. 

Canadian  Mining  Journal. 

418.  The  Ontario  meeting  of  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  and 
their  tour  through  the  districts  of  Cobalt,  Sudbury,  and  Moose  Mountain.  Pub- 
lished by  the  Canadian  Mining  Journal,  Toronto,  Out.,  [1907].  89  pp.,  illus. 

Includes  an  historical  sketch  of  the  discovery  of  ore  and  mining  developments  at 
Cobalt,  Ontario,  and  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  nickel  and  cobalt  ores. 

Canfield,  F.  A. 

419.  Mineralogical  notes. — ^Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  20-22,  1 fig., 
January,  1907. 

Includes  brief  notes  upon  willemite  from  New  Jersey. 

Cannon,  George  L. 

420.  Sauropodan  gastroliths. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  116,  July  27, 
1906. 

Notes  the  discovery  of  these  pebbles  with  the  remains  of  Atlanfosaurus  immanis  Marsh 
at  Morrison,  Colorado. 

421.  Notes  on  some  fossils  recently  discovered  near  Denver,  Colorado. — 
Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  194—198,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occuri’ence  and  characters  of  fossil  vertebrate  remains  found  in 
the  vicinity  of  Denver,  Colo. 

Capps,  S.  R.,  jr. 

422.  The  girdles  and  hind  limb  of  Ilolosaunts  ahruptus  Marsh. — Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  15,  no.  4,  pp.  350-356,  3 figs.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  43 


Carden,  A.  D.,  and  Goldney,  G.  F.  B. 

423.  Notes  on  the  Jamaica  earthquake,  14th  January,  1907. — The  Royal 
Engineers  Jour.,  vol.  6,  no.  4,  pji.  213-217,  4 pis.,  October,  1907. 

Carey,  Everett  P. 

. 424.  The  great  fault  of  California  and  the  San  Francisco  earthquake,  April 
18,  1906. — Jour.  Geography,  vol.  5,  no.  7,  pp.  2S9-301,  6 figs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  faulting  which  produced  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  and  displace- 
ments along  the  dine  of  fracture. 

Carey,  Everett  P.,  and  Miller,  W.  J. 

425.  The  crystalline  rocks  of  the  Oak  Hill  area,  near  San  Jose,  California. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  2,  pp.  152-169,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Carmichael,  Alfred. 

426.  Placer  mining  methods  in  the  Atlin  district  [British  Columbia]. — 
Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  6,  pp.  241-244,  5 figs.,  January,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology,  and  on  the  occurrence  of  the  placer  gold. 

Carney,  Frank. 

427.  The  geology  of  Perry  township.  Licking  Co.,  Ohio. — Denison  Univ., 
Sci.  Lab.,  Bull.,  vol.  13,  art.  3,  pp.  117-130,  8 pis.,  4 figs.,  June,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  topography,  glaciation,  and  drainage  of  the  area. 

428.  Valley  dependencies  of  the  Scioto  Illinoian  lobe  in  Licking  County, 
Ohio. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  488-495,  5 figs.,  1907.  Denison  Univ., 
Sci.  Lab.,  Bui.  vol  13,  art.  4,  pf).  131-137,  3 figs.,  September,  1907. 

429.  Pre-Wisconsin  drift  in  the  Finger  Lake  region  of  New  York. — Jour. 
Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  571-585,  4 figs.,  1907. 

430.  Glacial  erosion  in  longitudinal  valleys. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  7, 
pp.  722-730,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  folds  and  glaciated  surfaces  in  Owasco  Lake  Valley,  New  York,  produced  by 
glacial  action. 

431.  Wave-cut  terraces  in  Keuka  Valley,  older  than  the  recession  stage  of 
Wisconsin  ice. — Am.  Jour,  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  325-335,  3 figs..  May,  1907. 

432.  A form  of  outwash  drift. — ^Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  336- 
341,  1 fig..  May,  1907. 

Describes  a deposit  of  outwash  drift  in  the  Penn  Yan  quadrangle.  New  York,  and  pro- 
poses the  term  inter-lobule  fan  for  such  deposits. 

433.  The  glacial  dam  at  Hanover,  Ohio. — Denison  Univ.,  Sci.  Lab.,  Bull., 
vol.  13,  art.  5,  pp.  139-153,  5 figs.,  September.  1907. 

Carpenter,  Franklin  R. 

434.  Tin  in  the  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  20, 
pp.  600-601,  1 fig.,  November  17,  1906. 

Case,  Ermine  C. 

435.  A peculiar  formation  of  shore  ice. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  2,  pp. 
134-137,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  an  unusual  formation  of  shore  ice  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  ex- 
plains how  it  was  formed. 

436.  Report  in  regard  to  the  completion  of  a monograph  on  the  Pelycosaurian 
order  of  Permian  reptiles. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washiiigton,  Yearb.  no.  4,  1905, 
p.  240, 1906. 

437.  On  the  skull  of  Edaphofsaurns  pof/onias  Cope. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  19-26,  1 pi.,  7 figs.,  1906. 


44  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


438.  A description  of  models  illustrating  the  physical  geography  of  Wis- 
consin.— Milwaukee  Normal  School  Bull.,  vol.  3,  no.  3,  pp.  1-19,  January,  1907. 
Case,  Ermine  C.— Continned. 

439.  AVisconsin : Its  geology  and  physical  geography.  An  account  of  the 

natural  features  and  climate  of  the  State  for  students  and  general  readers. — 
Milwaukee,  AVis.,  Press  of  Hendee-Bamford-Crandall  Co.,  1907.  197  pp.  illns. 

440.  Restoration  of  Diadectes. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  556-559, 
2 figs.,  1907. 

441.  Revision  of  the  -Pelycosauria  of  North  America.  Washington,  pub- 
lished by  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  AA^ashington,  July,  1907.  176  pp.,  35  pis., 

72  figs. 

442.  Description  of  the  skull  of  BWosaurm  striatus  Cope. — Am.  Mns.  Nat. 
Hist.,  vol.  23,  pp.  65.3-658,  1 pi.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

443.  The  character  of  the  Wichita  and  Clear  Fork  divisions  of  the  Permian 
Red  Beds  of  Texas. — Am.  Mns,  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  659-664,  2 figs.,  1907. 

444.  Additional  description  of  the  genus  Zatrachys  Cope. — Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  665-66S,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  amphibian  remains  from  the  Permian  of  Texas. 

Catlett,  Charles. 

445.  Occurrence  of  rutile  in  Virginia. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  8,  pp.  796- 
797,  1907. 

446.  Quantitative  field  test  for  magnesia  in  cement  rock  and  limestone. — 
Am.  Inst.  ]Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  18,  pp.  947-951,  November,  1907. 

Cayeux,  L. 

447.  Les  ocufs  d’insects  des  lacs  de  Chaleo  et  Texcoco,  des  environs  de 
Mexico,  et  la  formation  des  oolithes. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess., 
Mexico,  1906,  pp.  1223-1227,  1907. 

448.  Structure  et  classification  des  gres  et  quartzites ; pluralite  des  origines 
du  type  quartzite. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10*“  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  1211- 
1222,  1907. 

Discusses  the  structure,  classification  and  origin  of  sandstone  and  quartzites. 

Ceipek,  L. 

Analyse  des  Albit  von  Amelia. — See  Erben  and  Ceipek,  no.  811. 

Chalmers,  Robert. 

449.  The  surface  geology  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  67-69,  1906. 

450.  Surface  geology  of  the  Great  Plains  and  British  Columbia,  etc. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  190(5,  pp.  74-80,  1906. 

Chamberlin,  P.  W. 

451.  The  volcanoes  of  Nicaragua. — 57th  Congress,  2d  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  no. 
131,  pp.  27-33,  1903. 

Chamberlin,  Thomas  C. 

452.  The  methods  of  the  earth  sciences. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  Cfc,  pp. 
66-75,  November,  1904 ; Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Fniversal  Exposition, 
St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  477^87,  1906. 


45 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 

Chamberlin,  Thomas  C. — Continued. 

453.  On  a possible  reversal  of  deep-sea  circulation  and  its  influence  on 
geologic  climates. — Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  45,  no.  182,  pp.  33-43,  1906; 
Jour.  Geolog3%  vol.  14,  no.  5,  pp.  363-373,  1906.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  pp.  930-931,  June  22,  1906. 

Discusses  variations  of  climate  upon  the  earth  in  geologic  time,  some  of  the  controlling 
factors  and  more  particularly  the  agencies  that  affect  oceanic  circulation. 

454.  Fundamental  problems  of  geology. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington, 
Yearb.  no.  4,  1905,  pp.  171-185,  1906. 

Discusses  the  application  of  the  planetesimal  hypothesis  in  the  e.vplanation  of  de- 
formation of  the  earth  and  of  climatic  oscillations. 

455.  “An  ignored  theory  of  the  Ice  age.” — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  jii).  531- 
532,  October  26,  1906. 

456.  On  the  growth  of  the  earth  by  accretion  under  the  planetesimal  hypoth- 
esis.— Abstract : Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb.  no.  5,  p.  169,  1907. 

457.  On  certain  problems  of  the  lithosphere. — Abstract : Carnegie  Inst,  of 
Washington,  Yearb.  no.  5,  p.  170,  1907. 

458.  On  the  former  rates  of  rotation  of  the  earth. — Abstract:  Carnegie  Inst, 
of  Washington,  Yearb.  no.  5,  i>.  170,  1907. 

459.  On  certain  problems  of  the  h^^drosphere  and  atmosi)here. — Abstract: 
Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb.  no,  5,  p.  171,  1907. 

460.  Review  of  “ The  viscous  vs.  the  granular  theoi^  of  glacial  motion,”  l>y 
Oswin  W.  Willcox. — Jour.  Geolog3%  vol.  15,  no.  2,  pi).  188-190,  1907. 

461.  [Geologic  nomenclature.] — Jour.  Geologj",  vol.  15,  no.  8,  pp.  817-819, 
1907. 

462.  The  fault  problem.  I.— Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  6,  pp.  585-601,  5 figs., 
no.  7,  pp.  704-724,  1907. 

Chamberlin,  Thomas  C.,  and  Salisbury,  Rollin  D. 

463.  Geology.  Vol.  1,  Geologic  processes  and  their  results.  Vol,  II,  Earth 

historj".  Genesis,  Paleozoic.  Vol.  Ill,  Earth  histoiy,  Mesozoic,  Cenozoic.  New 
Y"ork,  Henry  Holt  and  Company.  A^ol.  I (second  edition,  revised),  xix,  684  pp., 
24  pis.,  471  figs.,  1905.  Vol.  II,  xxvi,  692  pp.,  306  figs.,  1906.  Vol.  Ill,  xi,  624 
pp.,  270  figs.,  1906.  * 

Chapman,  Robert  PI. 

464.  The  deserts  of  Nevada  and  the  Death  Valley. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  17, 
no.  9,  pp.  483^97,  7 pis.,  September,  1906 : Sci.  Am.  SuppL,  vol.  63,  pp.  26126- 
26129,  6 figs.,  April  6,  1907. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  physical  features  and  rocks  of  the  region. 

Chrysler,  M.  A. 

The  lignites  of  Brandon,  Vt. — See  Jeffrej^  and  Chrysler,  no.  1291. 

On  Cretaceous  Pityoxyla. — See  Jeff'rej'  and  Chrysler,  no.  1292. 

Church,  John  A. 

465.  The  Pinguico  mine,  Guanajuato,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
82,  pp.  959-960,  November  24,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  ore  deposits. 

466.  Proano,  a famous  mine  of  Ph*esnillo,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  53-56,  4 figs.,  July  13,  1907. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  local  geoiogy  and  the  vein  system. 

467.  The  mines  of  La  Luz,  Guanajuato,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  PI).  10.5-110,  1.5.3-156,  (>  figs.,  1907.. 

Describes  the  geology,  the  vein  system,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 


46  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Cirkel,  Fritz. 

468.  Preliminary  report  on  the  examination  of  the  iron  ore  deposits  in  the 
Ottawa  Valley.— Canada,  Dept.  Interior,  Kept.  Supt.  Mines,  1907,  pp.  11-13, 1907. 

469.  Graphite,  its  properties,  occurrence,  refining,  and  uses.— Canada,  Dept, 
of  Mines,  Mines  Branch,  307  pp.,  20  pis.,  8 maps,  52  figs.,  1907. 

Clapp,  C.  H. 

470.  The  clays  of  North  Dakota.— Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  6,  pp.  551-504, 
1907. 

Economic  geology  of  North  Dakota  clays. — See  Babcock  and  Clapi),  no.  92. 
Clapp,  C.  H.,  and  Babcock,  E.  J. 

471.  Clay  and  its  properties  with  special  reference  to  North  Dakota  clays.— 
North  Dakota  State  Geol.  Survey,  4th  Bienn.  Kept.,  pp.  9-01,  1900. 

Clapp,  Frederick  G. 

472.  The  Nineveh  and  Gordon  oil  sands  in  western  Greene  Comity,  Pa. — 
IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  302-300,  1900. 

Discusses  the  correlation  of  the  oil  sands  in  this  area. 

473.  Evidences  of  several  glacial  and  interglacial  stages  in  northeastern 
New  England. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  499-501,  October  19,  1900. 

474.  Clay  of  probable  Cretaceous  age  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. — Am.  Jonr. 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  183-186,  JMarch,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  white  clay  encountered  in  horinss  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  which,  for  reasons  stated,  is  considered  as  probably  Cretaceous  in  age. 

475.  Description  of  the  Amity  quadrangle  [Pennsylvania]. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  144,  15  pp.,  8 figs.,  3 maps,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Carboniferous  and 
Devonian  strata,  and  of  I’leistocene  deposits,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the 
mineral  resources,  coal,  petroleum,  and  natural  gas. 

476.  Description  of  the  llogersville  quadrangle  [Pennsylvania]. — IT.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  146,  14  pp.,  6 figs.,  3 maps  and  columnar 
section  sheet,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Carboniferous  and 
Devonian  strata,  and  Pleistocene  deposits,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the 
mineral  resources,  chiefly  petroleum,  natural  gas,  and  coal, 

477.  Economic  geology  of  the  Amity  quadrangle,  eastern  Washington  County, 
Pennsylvania. — I^.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  300,  145  pp.,  8 pis.,  7 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Carboniferous  strata,  the  geo- 
logic structure,  and  the  occurrence  of  mineral  resources  : petroleum,  natural  gas,  coal, 

and  limestone. 

478.  Local  glaciation  in  Maine. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  i>.  390, 
March  8,  1907. 

Oil  and  gas  fields  of  Greene  County,  Pennsylvania. — See  Stone  and  (fiapp,  no. 
2314. 


Clark,  W.  C. 

479.  Zinc  in  (‘astern  Tenm^ssee.  Mines  and  miii(‘rals,  vol.  27,  no.  9,  p.  3!)5, 
April,  1907. 


Clark,  William  Bullock. 

480.  What  should  appt‘ar  in  the  report  of  a state  geologist? — Econ. 
yol.  1,  110.  5,  j)p.  489—498,  1906, 


(Jeology, 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  47 


Clark,  William  Bullock — Continued. 

481.  The  Pleistocene  fauna  [of  Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene 
and  Pleistocene,  pp.  139-148,  1906. 

Discusses  the  value  of  the  fossil  contents  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland  for 
correlating  the  beds  with  those  of  other  areas.  Includes  observations  and  tables  show- 
ing the  geographic  distribution  and  geologic  range  of  species. 

482.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland : 
Crustacea,  Mollusca,  Coelenterata,  Protozoa. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene 
and  Pleistocene,  pp.  172-210,  213-210,  26  pis.,  1906. 

483.  The  classification  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  for  the 
Cretaceous  deposits  of  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Virginia. — Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  1^  [589-592],  1907. 

484.  Publications  of  the  Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Maryland  State 
Weather  Service,  and  JMaryland  Forestry  Bureau. — Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 
new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  5-20  [593-608],  1907. 

485.  Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Calvert  County,  Baltimore,  1907.  227  pp., 
14  pis.,  11  figs.  With  atlas  of  3 folded  maps. 

486.  Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  St.  Mary’s  County,  Baltimore,  1907.  209  pp., 

16  pis.,  12  figs.  With  atlas  of  3 folded  maps. 

Clark,  William  Bullock,  Hollick,  Arthur,  and  Lucas,  Frederic. 

487.  The  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland : The  interpretation 
of  the  paleontological  criteria. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleisto- 
cene, pp.  139-152,  1906. 

Clark,  William  Bullock,  and  Mathews,  Edward  B. 

488.  Report  on  the  physical  features  of  Maryland,  together  with  an  account 
of  the  exhibits  of  Maryland  mineral  resources  made  by  the  Maryland  Geological 
Survey. — -Maryland  Geol.  Survey  (Special  Publication,  vol.  6,  pts.  1 and  2), 
284  pp.,  30  pis.,  19  figs.,  geol.  map  (in  pocket),  1906. 

A general  account  of  the  physiography,  geology,  and  mineral  resources  of  the  State. 

Clark,  William  Bullock,  and  Miller,  Benjamin  Le  Roy. 

489.  A brief  summary  of  the  geology  of  the  Virginia  coastal  plain.— ATrginia 
Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Ser.,  Bull.  no.  2,  pp.  11-24,  1906. 

Gives  a summary  of  the  stratigraphy  of  the  coastal  plain  in  Virginia,  embracing  for- 
mations of  Jurassic  (?),  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  age. 

Clarke,  Frank  W. 

490.  The  statistical  method  in  chemical  geology. — Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  45,  no.  182,  pp.  14-32,  1906.  Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  929- 
930,  June  22,  1906. 

Determines  the  approximate  average  chemical  composition  of  the  earth’s  crust  and 
discusses  the  methods  employed  and  the  validity  of  the  resuits  obtained. 

491.  The  comi)osition  of  the  red  clay. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  8,  pp. 
783-789,  1907 ; Roy.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  Proc.,  vol.  27,  pp.  167-171,  1907. 

Clarke,  John  M. 

492.  Nomenclature  of  the  New  York  geologic  formations. — University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  High  School  Department,  Bull.  25,  pp.  495-506,  Decem- 
ber, 1904. 

493.  Second  report,  of  the  director  of  the  science  division  1905,  including 
the  59th  report  of  the  State  ^Museum,  the  25th  report  of  the  state  geologist,  and 
the  report  of  the  state  paleontologist  1905  (reprinted  from  the  59th  Annual 
Report  of  the  New  York  State  Museum,  vol.  1),  pp.  5-99,  1906, 


48  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Clarke,  John  M. — Coutiuued. 

494.  Report  of  the  state  geologist  and  paleontologist  [of  New  York]  for 

1905.  — New  York  State  Miis.,  59th  Ann.  Kept.,  vol.  1,  pp.  10-41,  8 pis.,  1906. 

Outlines  the  work  under  progress  during  1905.  Includes  various  data  relating  to  the 
stratigraphic,  surficiai,  and  economic  geology  of  New  York. 

495.  What  should  appear  in  the  report  of  a state  geologist? — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  488-489,  1906. 

496.  Evidences  of  a Coblenzian  invasion  in  the  Devonic  of  eastern  North 
America. — Festschrift,  Adolf  v.  Koenen,  E.  Schweizerbartsche  Verlagsbuchhand- 
lung,  Stuttgart,  pp.  359-368,  1907. 

497.  "Some  new  Devonic  fossils. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  153- 
291,  illus.,  1907. 

Describes  invertebrate  fossils  from  lower  Devonian  deposits  of  the  Province  of  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  and  Maine. 

498.  An  interesting  style  of  sand-filled  vein. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull. 
K)7,  pp.  293-294,  1 pi.,  1907. 

499.  The  Eurypterus  shales  of  the  Shawangunk  Mountains  in  eastern  New 
York.— New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  295-326,  10  pis.,  1907. 

Discusses  their  correlation  and  describes  their  crustacean  fauna. 

500.  Third  report  of  the  director  of  the  Science  Division  1906,  including 
the  60th  report  of  the  State  Museum,  the  26th  report  of  the  state  geologist,  and 
the  report  of  the  state  paleontologist  for  1906. — (Reprinted  from  the  60th  Ann. 
Rept.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.).  Albany,  1907,  182  pp.,  40  pis. 

Includes- various  geologic  and  paleontologic  data:  Earthquake  records,  pp.  29-32;  an 
account  of  limestone  caverns  of  eastern  New  York,  pp.  32-51  ; Appendix  B is  a supple- 
ment to  the  catalogue  of  type  specimens  of  Paleozoic  fossils. 

501.  Eurypterus  fauna  of  the  Shawangunk  grit. — Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  294-295,  February  22,  1907. 

502.  Lake  Champlain. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  400,  Septem- 
ber 27,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  Lake  Champlain  Valley. 

Clarke,  John  M.,  and  Luther,  D.  Dana. 

Geology  of  the  Watkins  and  Elmira  quadrangles  [New  York],  accompanied 
by  a geologic  map. — New  York  State  Mus.,  58th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  3 (Bull.  81, 
1905),  pp.  3-29,  and  geol.  map  (in  pocket),  1906. — See  Clarke  and  Luther,  2, 
page  68  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

Geologic  map  of  the  Tally  quadrangle  [New  York]. — New  York  State  Mus., 
58th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  3 (Bull.  82,  1905),  pp.  33-52,  geol.  map  (in  pocket), 

1906.  — See  Clarke  and  Luther,  3,  on  page  68  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey. 

Clarke,  W.  C. 

503.  The  zinc  belt  of  Claiborne  and  Union  counties,  Tennessee. — Mines  and 
^Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  12,  i>.  567,  July,  1907. 

Cleland,  II.  F. 

504.  Restoration  of  certain  Devonian  cephalopods  with  description  of  new 
species. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  459-4(59, -14  tigs.,  1907. 

505.  Some  little-known  Mexican  volcanoes. — I*op.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  71,  no.  2, 
pp.  179-187,  8 tigs.,  August,  1907. 

Clement,  J.  K. 

Minerals  of  tlu'  composition  MgSiOa ; a case  of  tetramorphism. — See  Allen. 
Wright,  and  Clement,  no.  28. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


49 


Clerc,  F.  L. 

506.  Ore  deposits  of  the  Joplin  district. — Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8, 
pp.  199-220,  1906. 

States  and  discusses  the  various  explanations  which  have  been  given  of  the  genesis  of 
the  zinc  and  lead  ore  deposits  of  the  Joplin  district,  Missouri 

507.  The  ore  deposits  of  the  Joplin  region,  Missouri. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng., 
Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  14,  pp.  353-376,  March,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  and  form  of  the  lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Joplin  district. 

Cobb,  Collier. 

508.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  Currituck  Banks  [North  Carolina J. — Elisha 
Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vol.  22,  no.  1,  pp.  17-19,  1906. 

509.  Autophytograi)hs. — Abstract:  Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vi^l.  22, 
no.  3,  p.  58,  1906. 

Defines  the  term  and  records  occurrences. 

510.  Rhsetic  flora  of  Moncure  shales. — Abstract:  Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc., 
vol.  22,  no.  3,  p.  60,  1906. 

Notes  the  occurrence  of  fossil  plants  in  North  Carolina. 

511.  Where  the  wind  does  the  work. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  17,  no.  6,  pp. 
310-317,  10  figs.,  June,  1906;  Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vol.  22,  no.  3, 
pp.  80-85,  1906. 

Describes  the  shifting  of  sand  on  the  islands  along  the  coast  of  North  Carolina. 

512.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  Core  Bank,  N.  C. — Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc., 
Jour.,  vol.  23,  no.  1,  pp.  26-28,  May,  1907.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  298,  February  22,  1907. 

Cockerell,  Theodore  Dru  Alison. 

513.  The  publication  of  rejected  names. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  17,  p.  189, 
1903. 

Discusses  the  nomenclature  of  a fossil  fruit  from  Vermont. 

514.  The  origin  of  the  horse. — Nature,  vol.  70,  pp.  53-54,  1904. 

515.  The  snails  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. — Nautilus,  vol.  19,  no.  6,  pp. 
68-71,  October,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  shells  from  Pleistocene  beds  of  New  Mexico. 

516.  A new  fossil  ant. — Entomological  News,  vol.  17,  no.  1,  pp.  27-28,  Janu- 
ary, 1906. 

Describes  Ponera  hendersoni  n.  sp.  from  Tertiary  beds  near  Florissant,  Colo. 

517.  A new  Tertiary  Planorbis. — Nautilus,  vol.  19,  no.  9,  pp.  100-101,  Janu- 
ary, 1906. 

518.  Fossil  plants  from  Florissant,  Colorado. — Torrey  Bot.  Club,  Bull.,  vol. 
33,  no.  5,  pp.  307-312,  6 figs..  May,  1906. 

519.  A fossil  water-bug. — Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  38,  no.  6,  p.  209, 
June,  1906. 

Gives  a description  of  Corixa  florissantella  n.  sp. 

520.  The  fossil  fauna  and  flora  of  the  Florissant  (Colorado)  shales. — 
Colorado  Univ.,  Studies,  vol.Jl,  no.  3,  pp.  157-175,  1 j)!.,  1906. 

t. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  fauna,  discusses  the  evidence 
of  the  fossils  as  to  the  age  of  the  deposits,  and  gives  a classified,  annotated  summary  of 
the  fauna  and  flora.  The  plate  contains  figures  of  new  species  of  plants  described  in  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  1900. 

521.  Fossil  Hymenoptera  from  Florissant,  C’olorado. — Harvard  Coll.,  Mus. 
Comp.  Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  50,  no.  2,  pp.  33-58,  1906. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 4 


50  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  XORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Cockerell,  Theodore  Dm  Alison — Continued. 

522.  A fossil  Cicada  from  Florissant,  Colorado.— Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull., 
vol.  22,  pp.  457-458,  1 fig.,  1906. 

523.  The  fossil  Mollusca  of  Florissant,  Colorado. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull., 
vol.  22,  pp.  459-462,  5 figs.,  1906. 

524.  Fossil  saw-flies  from  Florissant,  Colorado. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull., 
vol.  22,  pp.  499-501,  3 figs.,  1906. 

525.  A new  fly  (fam.  Mycetophilidae)  from  the  Green  River  beds. — Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  285-286,  1 fig.,  April,  1907. 

526.  Some  old-world  types  of  insects  in  the  Miocene  of  Colorado. — Science, 
new  ser.,  vol,  26,  pp,  446^47,  October  4,  1907. 

527.  An  enumeration  of  the  localities  in  the  Florissant  basin,  from  which 
fossils  were  obtained  in  1906. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  127-132, 
2 figs.,  1907. 

528.  Fossil  dragon  flies  from  Fiorissant,  Colorado. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  133-139,  3 figs.,  1907. 

529.  Some  fossil  arthropods  from  Florissant,  (’olorado, — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  605-616,  6 figs.,  1907. 

530.  Some  Coleoptera  and  Arachnida  from  Florissant,  ('olorado. — Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  617-621,  1907. 

Gives  a list  of  Coleoptera  and  Arachnida  identified  from  Florissant,  Colorado,  includ- 
ing those  found  fossil  in  the  shales. 

531.  A fossil  caterpillar  [from  the  Miocene  shales  of  Florissant,  Colorado] . — ■ 
Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  39,  no.  6,  pp.  187-188,  June,  1907. 

532.  A fossil  butterfly  of  the  genus  Chlorippc. — Canadian  Entomologist,  vol. 
39,  no.  11,  pp.  361-363,  1 pi.,  November,  1907. 

Describes  Chlorippe  tcUmattce  n.  sp.  from  the  Miocene  shales  of  Florissant,  Colorado. 

533.  A fossil  Tortricid  moth. — Canadian  Entomologist,  vol.  39,  no.  12,  p.  41(), 
December,  1907. 

Describes  Toririx  florissantana  n.  sp.  from  the  Miocene  shales  of  Florissant,  Colorado. 

534.  A fossil  tsetse-fly  in  Colorado. — Nature,  vol.  76,  p.  414,  August  22.  1907. 

535.  A Miocene  wasp. — Nature,  vol.  77,  p.  80,  November  28,  1907. 

536.  A new  zonitoid  shell  from  the  Miocene,  Florissant,  Colorado. — Nautilus, 
vol.  21,  no.  8,  p.  89,  December,  1907. 

Describes  Vitrea  fagalis  n.  sp. 

Coker,  Ernest  G. 

An  investigation  into  the  elastic  constants  of  rocks,  more  especially  with  ref- 
erence to  cubic  compressibility. — See  Adams  and  Coker,  nos.  10,  11; 

Experimental  investigation  of  the  compressibility  and  plastic  deformation  of 
certain  rocks. — See  Adams  and  Coker,  no.  12. 

Cole,  A.  D. 

537.  C.  L.  Herrick  as  a maker  of  scientific  men. — Denison  Univ.,  Sci.  Lab., 
Bull.,  vol.  13,  art.  1,  pp.  1-13,  1 pi.  (port.),  1905. 

Coleman,  Arthur  P. 

538.  Durham  County : geological  features. — First  Report  of  the  Bureau  of 
Archives  for  the  Province  of  Ontario,  1903,  pp.  46-47,  1 fig.,  1904. 

539.  The  Sudbury  nickel  field. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  Rept.,  1905,  vol.  14, 
pt.  3,  188  pp.,  illus.,  1905. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  ore  de- 
posits, and  the  character  and  distribution  of  eruptive  rocks,  of  Iluronian  sediments,  and 
of  Pleistocene  deposits,  and  gives  an  account  of  the  petrography  of  the  nickel  eruptive, 
of  the  economic  developments  of  the  field,  and  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Sudbury 
nickel  district  of  Ontario. 


51 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY'^  190(3-1907. 

Coleman,  Arthur  1*. — Continued. 

540.  Pre-C;iinbrian  noinenclatnre. — Jonr.  Geoloj^y,  vol.  14,  no.  1,  pp.  00-(>4, 
1906. 

Discusses,  with  regard  to  the  report  of  the  special  committee  of  American  and  C'anadian 
geologists  on  the  nomenclature  of  the  formations  of  tliQ  Lake  Sui)orior  region,  the  rela- 
tionships of  various  pre-Cambrian  formations  in  the  upper  lakes  region  of  Canada  and 
their  nomenclature. 

541.  The  Flelen  iron  mine,  Michipicoten. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp. 
521-529,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology,  the  rocks  of  the  iron  formation,  the  character  of  the  ore 
body,  and  the  origin  of  the  ore. 

542.  Iron  ranges  of  eastern  Michipicoten. — Ontario,  Bnr.  Mines,  liept.,  1906, 
vol.  15,  pt.  1,  pp.  173-199,  13  figs.,  1 map,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  features  of  the  area,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  iron 
deposits,  and  the  Pleistocene  geology. 

543.  Magmatic  segregation  of  sulphide  ores. — Abstract : British  Assoc.  Adv. 
Sci.,  Kept.  75th  meeting,  p.  400,  1906. 

544.  A lower  Hiironian  ice  age. — Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  187- 
192,  March,  1007.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  769,  INlay  17,  1907. 

After  referring  briefly  to  evidence  for  ice  ages  prior  to  the  glacial  period,  describes 
the  Huronian  “ slate  conglomerate  ” of  Ontario,  and  striated  l)owlders  taken  therefrom, 
and  discusses  the  evidence  for  a lower  Huronian  ice  age. 

545.  The  need  of  field  work  in  the  study  of  ore  genesis. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jonr.,  vol.  83,  pp.  295-296,  February  9,  1907. 

546.  The  Sudbury  laccolithic  sheet. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  8,  pp.  759- 
782,  2 figs.,  1907. 

547.  Interglacial  periods  in  Canada. — Gongr.  geol.  intern.,  (’.  K.  lO*’  sess., 
Mexico,  1906,  pp.  1237-1258,  1907. 

548.  Iron  ranges  east  of  Lake  Nipigon. — Ontario,  Bur.  ^Mines,  16th  Ann. 
Kept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  1,  pp.  105-135,  15  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  iron  ores. 

549.  Die  Sudbury-Nickelerze. — Zeitschr.  f.  prak.  Geol.,  Jg.  15,  p.  221,  1907. 
Discusses  the  origin  of  the  Sudbury,  Ontario,  nickel  ores. 

Keport  of  a special  committee  on  the  correlation  of  the  i)re-Cambrian  rocks  of 
the  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  “ original  Laurentian  area  ” of  Canada,  and 
eastern  Ontario. — See  Adams  and  others,  no.  13. 

Collen,  M. 

550.  Copper  deposits  in  the  Belt  formation  in  Montana. — Econ.  Geol.,  vol.  2, 
no.  6,  pp.  572-575,  1907. 

Colles,  George  Wetmore. 

551.  Mica  and  the  mica  industry. — Franklin  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  161,  no.  1,  pp. 

4.3-58,  5 figs.,  January,  1906;  no.  2,  pp.  81-100,  6 tigs.,  February,  190(3.  Ke- 
printed  in  book  form : The  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia,  1906.  130  pp., 

36  figs. 

Collier,  Arthur  J. 

552.  Geology  and  coal  resources  of  the  Cape  Lisburne  region,  Alaska. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  278,  54  pi>.,  9 pis.,  8 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  stratigraphy,  embracing  Devonian,  Carboniferous,  and 
Mesozoic  formations  and  Quaternary  deposits,  and  in  detail  the  coal  resources  of  .lurassic 
and  Carboniferous  age. 

553.  Ore  deposits  in  the  St.  .loe  Kiver  basin,  Idaho. — II.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  129-139,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  ]90(). 

Describes  the  geography,  drainage,  and  geology  of  the  area,  and  the  occurrence  and 
character  of  the  mineral  resources. 


52  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Collier,  Arthur  J. — Coutiiiued. 

554.  Gold-bearing  river  sands  of  northeastern  AVashington. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  56-70,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  geologic  history  of  the  region,  the  occurrence  of 
gold-bearing  placers,  and  their  relation  to  the  terraces. 

555.  The  Arkansas  coal  field. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  137-160, 
1 pi.,  1907. 

556.  The  Arkansas  coal  field.  AVith  reports  on  the  paleontology  by  David 

AA'hite  and  G.  H.  Girty. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  326,  1907.  158  pp.,  6 pis., 

29  figs. 

Descril)es  the  stratigraphy  and  structure,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals 
of  western  Arkansas. 

The  prtKluction  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  chromite  or  chromic  iron  ore; 
and  of  talc  and  soapstone. — See  no.  2419. 

Collins,  Edgar  A. 

557.  The  Combination  Mine.  Early  developments  and  geologic  structure. — 
Alin,  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  397-399,  435-438,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  occurrence  and  character  of  ores  in  the  Goldtield  mining 
district,  Esmeralda  County,  Nevada. 

558.  A prospecting  shaft  in  the  Goldfield  district,  Goldfield,  Nevada. — Inst. 
Min.  and  Aletail.,  Trans.,  vol.  15,  pp.  540-542,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  occurrence  of  the  ore  bodies. 

Collins,  Henry  F. 

559.  Notes  on  the  wollastonite  rock  mass,  and  its  associated  minerals,  of 
the  Santa  Fe  mine.  State  of  Chiapas,  Alexico. — Alin.  Alag.,  vol.  13,  pp.  356-362, 
Deciinber,  1903. 

Collins,  AA".  H. 

560.  [Kei)ort  onj  the  Lake  Superior  region  between  the  Pic  and  Nipigon 
rivers. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Sumni.  Kept,  for  1905,  pp.  80-82,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  physical  features  and  general  geology  of  the  area  examined. 

561.  On  surveys  along  the  National  Transcontinental  Railway  location 
between  Lake  Nipigon  and  Lac  Seul. — Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Kept,  for 
1906,  pp.  103-lt»9,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  region  and  its  mineral  deposits.  ^ 

Colorado,  State  Bureau  of  Mines. 

562.  Report  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Alines  for  the  years  1905-6.  127  pp., 

illus.,  1907. 

Contains  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  mineral  resources.  Includes  a paper  by  Fleck  and 
Haldane  on  uranium  and  vanadium  deposits.  See  no.  878. 

Comstock,  Theodore  B. 

563.  Geological  notes. — Southern  California  Acad.  Sci.,  Jlull.,  vol.  1,  pp. 
74-77,  1902. 

Idscusses  the  subject  of  subsidence  and  elevation  in  California  and  the  later  geological 
history  of  the  southern  i)ortion  of  the  State. 

564.  The  V.  S.  Geological  Survey. — Science,  new  ser..  vol.  2.5,  pp.  .309-311, 
February  22.  1907. 

Condon,  Thomas. 

565.  A new  fossil  pinniped  { Dcsinaiopliocd  orajonenffif^)  from  the  Aliocene 
of  the  Ort'gon  coast. — Oregon  Univ.  Bull.,  Supi)l.  to  vol.  3,  no.  3.  14  i>p.,  2 i»ls., 
3 figs.,  Al.iy,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


53 


Condra,  George  Evart. 

566.  Observations  on  glacial  . accninnlations  of  Nebraska. — Abstract:  Sci- 
ence, new  ser.,  vol.  23,  j).  620,  April  20,  1906. 

567.  Oil  and  gas  possibilities  in  Nebraska. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  621,  April  20.  1906. 

568.  A new  limestone  in  the  Indian  Territory. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  624,  April  20,  1906. 

569.  Geography  of  Nebraska.  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  The  University  Publish- 
ing Co.,  1906.  192  pp.,  118  figs. 

Describes  physiographic  features. 

570.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  the  Rei)iiblican  River  Valley  and 
adjacent  areas,  Nebraska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper,  no.  216, 
71  pp.,  13  pis.,  3 figs.,  1907. 

571.  Opening  of  the  Indian  Territory. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.*  6, 
pp.  321-340,  9 figs..  June,  1907. 

Includes  a general  account  of  the  physiography,  geology,  and  mineral  resources. 
Congres  geologique  international. 

572.  ProceS’Verbanx  des  seances  generates. — Compte  Rendn  de  la  X®  session, 
Mexico,  1906,  pp.  108-156,  1907. 

Contains  discussions  of  papers  relating  to  the  geology  of  North  America. 

Connecticut,  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey. 

573.  Second  biennial  report  of  the  commissioners,  1905-1906.  Hartford 

Press,  1906.  23  pp. 

An  administrative  report. 

Cook,  C.  W. 

Datolite  from  Westfield,  Massachusetts. — See  Kraus  and  Cook,  no.  1426. 
Cook,  Edward  H. 

574.  La  mina  Santa  Francisca. — Mexico,  Secretarla  de  Fomento,  Bol.,  2“ 
epoca,  ano  6,  no.  6,  II,  pp.  562-569,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  silver  ores 
at  the  Santa  Francisca  mine  in  the  state  of  Aguascalientes,  Mexico. 

Cooper,  W.  F. 

575.  Geological  report  on,  Bay  County  [Michigan]. — Michigan  State  Bd. 
of  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rept.,  1905,  pp.  135-426,  17  pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  strata,  of 
Quaternary  deposits,  and  of  the  coal  seams,  the  physical  geography  and  drainage,  the 
economic  products,  and  the  water  supply. 

576.  Geology  and  physical  geography  of  Michigan. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci., 
Ninth  Rept.,  pp.  136-144,  1907. 

Discusses  various  physiographic  features  of  Michigan  : origin  and  tilting  of  the  Great 
Lake  basins,  pre-Glacial  drainage,  terraces,  etc. 

Corey,  G.  W. 

577.  The  Nonesuch  sandstone. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  p.  778,  1 fig., 
October  27,  1906. 

Describes  the  character  of  the  copper  ore  in  the  Nonesuch  mine.  Porcupine  district, 
Michigan. 

Corkill,  E.  T. 

578.  Mines  of  Ontario. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  Rept.,  1906,  vol.  15,  pt.  1, 
pp.  47-107,  35  figs.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  geology  of  ore  bodies. 

579.  Mica  in  Ontario. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  9 (new  ser.,  vOl.  1, 
no.  7),  pp.  196-200,  6 figs.,  June  15,  1907. 


54  BTBLTOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^,  1906-1907. 


Cornforth,  J.  T. 

580.  Alaska  and  its  jiossibilities. — Am.  Mi-n.  Congr.,  Kept,  of  Proc.,  9th 
Ann.  8ess.,  pp.  2(>0-26R,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  mineral  resources. 

Coste,  Engene. 

581.  A'atnral  gas  and  petroleum  [in  Ontario]. — Ontario,  Bnr.  Mines,  Kept. 
190G,  vol.  15,  pt.  1,  pp.  108-115,  1906. 

Includes  records  of  borings. 

582.  The  new  Tilbnry  and  Ilomney  oil  fields  of  Kent  County,  Ontario. — 
Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  11  (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  9),  pp.  265-268,  July 
15,  1907. 

583.  The  Tilbury  oil  field,  Ontario. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  p.  779, 
October  26,  1907. 

Courtis,  William  M. 

584.  The  Cobalt  mining  district. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  5-6, 
5 figs.,  July  7,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores  of  Cobalt, 
Ontario. 

585.  The  Priest  Lake  mining  district,  Idaho. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
p.  866,  November  10,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  the  character  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Courtis,  W.  M. 

586.  Gold  in  Michigan. — Michigan  State  Board  of  Geol.  Survey,  Kept,  for 
1906,  pp.  581-584,  1907. 

Crafts,  H.  A. 

587.  Some  features  of  the  great  earthquake. — Sci.  Am.,  vol.  94,  p.  383,  May 
12,  1906. 

Craig,  E.  H.  Cunningham. 

588.  Geological  structure  of  Trinidad. — Imperial  Inst.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  2, 
pp.  175-179,  1907. 

Crandall,  Albert  R. 

589.  The  coals  of  the  Big  Sandy  Valley,  south  of  Louisa  and  between  Tug 
Fork  and  the  headwaters  of  the  north  fork  of  Kentucky  River. — Kentucky 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  141  pp.,  30  pis.,  1905. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  topography  of  the  area,  the  occurrence,  character, 
thickness,  and  relations  of  the  coal  seams,  giving  numerous  sections,  and  the  character 
and  composition  of  the  coals. 

Crandall,  Roderic. 

590.  The  Cretaceous  stratigraphy  of  the  Santa  Clara  AAilley  region  in 
California. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  ]>p.  33-54,  3 figs.,  July.  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  Cretaceous  formations  and  gives  lists  of  the  fossils  found 
in  different  exposures.  , 

591.  Tln‘  geolo.gy  of  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula. — Am.  l*hilos.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  46,  no.  185,  pp.  3-58,  1 pi.  (map),  3 tigs,  and  sections,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  formations  and  the  petrography  of  their  rocks,  the  geologic 
structure  and  physiographic  features,  and  the  earth  movements  in  the  San  Francisco 
earthquake  of  April  18,  190G. 

Crane,  W.  R. 

592.  Asphaltic  coals  in  the  Indian  Territory;  forms  of  the  deposits,  methods 
of  ])rospecting  and  mining. — Mines  and.  Minerals,  vol.  2(»,  no.  6,  pp.  252-2.14.  6 
figs.,  January,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution,  relations,  and  character  of  the  coal  deposits. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


55 


Crane,  W.  R. — Coiitiiuiecl. 

593.  Lead  and  zinc  mining  in  the  Qnapaw  district^  Oklahoma. — Mines  and 
Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  9,  pp.  445-440,  1 fig..  May,  IOOTj 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Crespi,  R.  A. 

594.  Geology  and  development  of  Agnacate  mines,  (^osta  Rica. — Min.  World, 
vol.  27,  pp.  847-848,  November  9,  1907, 

Crider,  A,  F. 

595.  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  Mississippi. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  283,  99  pp.,  4 pis.,  5 figs.,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Devonian,  Mississippian,  Cre- 
taceous, Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  and  the  mineral  resources,  mainly  clays 
and  cement  materials. 

596.  Clays  of  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. — TJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  417-427,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  distribution  and  character  of  the  Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary  clays. 

597.  Drainage  of  wet  lands  in  Arkansas  by  wells. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no  100,  pp.  54-58,  1 fig.,  1900. 

598.  Cement  and  I’ortland  cement  materials  of  Mississippi. — Mississippi 
State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  1,  73  pp.,  0 pis.,  1907. 

Crider,  A.  F.,  and  Johnson,  L.  C. 

599.  Summary  of  the  underground-water  resources  of  Mississippi. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  159,  86  pp.,  6 pis.,  11  figs.,  1900. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  general  geology,  the  character  and  distribution  of 
Devonian,  Carboniferous,  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  and  the 
underground-water  resources. 

Crook,  Alja  Robinson. 

600.  The  making  of  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly, 
vol.  09,  pp.  417-124,  7 figs.,  November,  1906. 

Crosby,  William  O. 

The  limestone-granite  contact  deposits  of  Washington  Camp,  Arizona. — Am. 
Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  30,  pp.  026-046,  1900  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  1217- 
1238,  1905). — See  Crosby,  10,  page  78  of  Bnlletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

601.  Ore  deposits  of  the  eastern  gold  lielt  of  North  Carolina. — Tech.  Quart., 
vol.  20,  no.  3,  pp.  280-280,  September,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  genetic  and  structural  relations  of  the  gold-bearing 
formations,  and  mining  developments. 

602.  Volcanic  action  in  Alaska. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  20,  p.  78,  July  19, 
1907. 

Cross,  Whitman. 

G03.  Prowersose  (syenitic  lamprophyre)  from  Two  Buttes,  Colorado. — Jour. 
Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp.  105-172,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  the  macroscopic  and  microscopic  characters,  and  the  chem- 
ical composition,  and  compares  it  with  similar  rocks. 

CC4.  Stratigraphic  results  of  a reconnaissance  in  western  Colorado  and 
eastern  Utah. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  7,  pp.  034-079,  11  figs.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  correlation  of  Cretaceous,  Jurassic,  Triassic,  and  Carboniferous  for- 
mations. 


56  BIBLTOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  . 


Cross,  Whitman — Coiitiiined. 

605.  Memoir  of  George  H.  Eldridge  [1854-1905T. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  17,  pp.  681-687,  1907. 

Gives  also  a list  of  his  publications. 

606.  Methods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  621-622,  April  19,  1907. 

Glacial  phenomena  of  the  San  Juan  Mountains,  Colorado. — See  Howe  and 
Cross,  no.  1247. 

Cross,  Whitman,  Howe,  Ernest,  and  Irving,  J.  D. 

• 607.  Description  of  the  Ouray  quadrangle  f Colorado]. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Geol.  Atlas  of  V.  S.,  folio  no.  1.53,  20  pp.,  4 figs.,  2 maps,  structure-section  and 
illustration  sheets,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Algonkian, 
Devonian,  Carboniferous,  Triassic,  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  deposits,  and 
of  igneous  surface  and  intrusive  rocks,  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  economic 
resources,  chiefly  gold,  silver,  and  coal. 

Cross,  Whitman,  Iddings,  .1.  P.,  Pirsson,  L.  V.,  Washington,  H.  S. 

608.  The  texture  of  igneous  rocks. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  8,  pp.  692-707, 
7 figs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  description  of  the  texture  of  igneous  rocks  and  sets  forth  a nomenclature 
for  this  purpose. 

Cumings,  Edgar  R. 

609.  — The  weathering  of  the  Subcarboniferous  limestones  of  southern  In- 
diana.— Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1905,  pp.  85-89,  22  figs.,  1906. 

610.  Description  of  the  Bryozoa  of  the  Salem  limestone  of  southern  In- 
diana.— Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.^Rept.,  pp.  1274-1296,  illus., 
1906. 

611.  Gasteropoda,  Cephalopoda,  and  Trilobita  of  the  Salem  limestone. — 
Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  1335-1375,  illus.,  1906. 

Cumings,  Edgar  R.,  and  Beede,  Joshua  W. 

612.  Fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone  of  Indiana  : Introduction. — Indiana,  Dept. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  1189-1201,  6 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  localities  from  which  collections  were  made,  and  gives  general  notes 
in  regard  to  the  fauna. 

Curtis,  George  Carroll. 

613.  Looking  into  the  Caribbean  craters.  A personal  narrative  of  ascents  to 
the  active  craters  of  La  Soufriere  and  Pelee. — The  Century  Magazine,  vol.  65, 
no.  3,  pp.  420-434,  10  figs.,  January,  1903. 

Cushing,  H.  P. 

614.  Geology  of  the  Long  Lake  quadrangle. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull. 
115,  pp.  451-5.31,  20  pis.,  2 figs.,  geol.  map,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  pre-Cambrian  sedimentary  and 
igrfeous  intrusive  rocks  and  the  petrogra|)bic  characters  of  the  latter,  the  topography  and 
the  glaciation. 

615.  How  faults  should  be  named  and  classified. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  4,  pp.  43.3-4.35,  1 fig.,  June,  1907. 

616.  Asymmetric  differentiation  in  a bathylith  of  Adirondack  syenite. — Geol. 
Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  477-492,  1 i)l.,  December,  1907.  Abstract; 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  774,  May  17,  1907. 

617.  Physical  oscillations  during  the  Cambro-Silurian  in  northeastern  New 
York. — Abstract ; Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  40.3,  September  27,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


57 


Cushing-,  H.  I*. — Continued. 

Report  of  a special  committee  on  the  correlation  of  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks 
of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  “ original  Laiirentian  area  ” of  Canada,  and 
eastern  Ontario. — See  Adams  and  others,  no.  13. 

Cushman,  Joseph  A. 

618.  Types  in  the  paleontological  collections  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History. — Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Proc.,  vol.  33,  no.  6,  pp.  249-27.5,  May,  1007. 

Daggett,  Ellsworth. 

619.  The  extraordinary  faulting  at  the  Berlin  Mine,  Nevada. — Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  14,  pp.  .331-.344,  5 figs.,  March,  1907 ; Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp,  617-621,  6 figs.,  March  30,  1907. 

Dale,  T.  Nelson. 

620.  The  geological  history  of  Mount  Greylock  f Massachusetts!.  Pitts- 
field, Massachusetts,  1906.  17  pp.,  5 figs. 

621.  Slate  deposits  and  slate  industry  of  the  United  States. — IT.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  275,  154  pp.,  25  pis.,  15  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  origin,  composition,  and  structure  of  slate,  the  methods  of  quarrying, 
and  the  occurrence  of  slates  in  various  States  of  the  Union. 

622.  Note  on  a new  variety  of  Maine  slate. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull  no. 
285,  pp.  449-450,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character. 

623.  The  granites  of  Maine.  With  an  introduction  by  George  Otis  Smith. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  313,  202  pp.,  14  pis.,  39  figs.,  1907. 

624.  Recent  work  on  New  England  granites. — IT,  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
315,  pp.  356-359,  1907. 

Dale,  T.  Nelson,  and  Eckel,  Edwin  C. 

625.  Slate  deposits  of  the  United  States. — T^.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  275, 
pp.  51-125,  18  pis.,  12  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  slates  in  various  States. 

Dali,  William  Healey. 

626.  Biographical  memoir  of  Charles  Emerson  Beecher,  1856-1904.  (Read 
before  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  November  16,  1904.)  Washington, 
1906. — [Nat.  Acad.  Sci.,  Biog.  Mem.,  a^oI.  6],  pp.  57-70,  1 pi.  (port.). 

Includes  a list  of  his  publications. 

627.  Note  on  the  genus  Psilocochlis  Dali. — Nautilus,  vol.  20,  no.  11,  j).  128, 
March,  1907. 

628.  On  climatic  conditions  at  Nome,  Alaska,  during  the  I’iiocene,  and  on  a 
new  species  of  Pecten  from  the  Nome  gold-bearing  gravels. — Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  457-458,  1 fig.,  June,  1907. 

629.  A review  of  the  American  Volutidie. — Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  48 
(Quart.  Issue,  vol.  3,  pt.  3),  pp.  .341-.373,  1907. 

630.  Notes  on  some  upper  Cretaceous  Volutidre,  with  descriptions  of  new 
species  and  a revision  of  the  groups  to  which  they  belong. — Smithsonian  Misc. 
Coll.,  vol.  50  (Quart.  Issue,  vol.  4,  pt.  1),  pp.  1-23,  13  figs.,  1907. 

Daly,  Reginald. 

631.  The  differentiation  of  a secondary  magma  through  gravitative  adjust- 
ment.— Festschrift  Harry  Rosenbusch,  E.  Schweizerbartsche  Verlagsbuchhand- 
lung,  Stuttgart,  1906,  pp.  203-233,  2 figS. 

The  discussion  is  largely  based  upon  a study  of  the  Moyie  sill  in  the  I’urcell  Mountain 
Range  along  the  international  boundary  between  Port  Hill,  Idaho,  and  Gateway,  Montana. 


58  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1901 


Daly,  Reginald — Continued. 

632.  The  Okanagan  batholith  of  the  Cascade  Mountain  system. — Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  329-376,  14  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  petrographic  features  of  igneous  rocks  along 
the  international  boundary  in  the  Cascade  Mountains.  ^ 

633.  Abyssal  igneous  injection  as  a causal  condition  and  as  an  effect  of 
mountain  building. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4tb  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  195-216,  3 figs,  Sep- 
tember, 1906.  Abstract;  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  367-368,  September  21, 
1906. 

634.  The  nomenclature  of  the  North  American  Cordillera  between  the  47th 
and  53d  parallels  of  latitude. — Geog.  Jour.,  vol.  27,  no.  6,  pp.  586-606,  1 fig., 
June,  1906. 

635.  Rei)ort  on  field  operations  in  the  geology  of  the  mountains  crossed  by 
the  international  boundary  (49th  parallel). — Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior, 
Rept.  of  the  Chief  Astronomer  ([4.  IX  of  the  Ann.  Dept.  Rept.  for  1905),  pp. 
278-283,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geologic  structure  and  stratigraphy.  Discusses  the  occurrence 
of  oil  in  Alberta. 

636.  The  limeless  ocean  of  ime-Cambriau  time. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4tb  ser.,  vol. 
23,  pp.  93-115,  February,  1907. 

Proposes  and  discusses  the  hypothesis  of  lack  of  lime  salts  in  the  ocean  in  pre  Cambrian 
time  to  explain  the  nonfossil iferous  character  of  Algonkian  deposits. 

637.  Report  on  field  operations  in  the  geology  of  the  mountains  crossed  by 
the  international  boundary  (49tb  parallel). — Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior, 
Rept.  of  the  Chief  Astronomer  (pt.  V of  the  Ann.  Dept.  Rept.  for  1906),  pp. 
1.3.3-135, 1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  country  examined. 

638.  Abyssal  igneous  injection  as  a causal  condition  and  as  an  effect  of 
mountain  building. — Abstract:  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vols.  56-57,  pp.  267- 
268,  1907. 

Danes,  I vie  V. 

639.  Im  Karstgebiete  Jamaica’s. — Soc.  bongroise  de  Geog.,  Abrege  du  Bull., 
Suppl.  an  Fbldrajzi  Kiizlemenyek,  vol.  35,  livr.  7,  ])p.  129-1.30,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  a study  of  the  karsts  of  .Tamaica. 

640.  Das  Erdbeben  von  San  Jacinto  am  25.  Dezember,  1899. — K.  k.  geog. 
Gesell.  in  Wien,  Mitt.,  Bd.  .50,  no.  6 u.  7,  pp.  339-.347,  1907. 

Describes  the  San  .Tacinto  earthquake  of  December  2~*,  1800,  of  southern  California  and 
gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  region. 

Dappert,  J*.  W. 

641.  Sedimentation,  its  relation  to  drainage. — Illinois  Soc.  Eng.  and  Sur- 
veyors, 21st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  82-94,  1906. 

Darton,  Nelson  Horatio. 

642.  Geology  of  the  Owl  Creek  ^Mountains,  with  notes  on  resources  of  ad- 
joining regions  in  the  ceded  itortion  of  the  Shoshone  Indian  Re.^iervatiou, 
Wyoming. — 59tb  Congress,  1st  session.  Senate  Document  no.  219,  1906.  48  ])p.. 
19  pis.,  1 fig. 

Describes  the  topographic  features,  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  pre- 
Camhrian,  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Carboniferous,  Triassic,  .Turassic,  Cretaceous,  and 
Tertiary  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  mineral  and  water  resources 
of  the  area. 

643.  The  hot  springs  at  Tbermopolis,  Wyoming. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14.  no. 
3,  pp.  194-200,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  and  hot-si)ring  deposits  at  this  place,  and  the  char- 
acter and  source  of  the  water  and  the  origin  of  its  heat. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


59 


Darton,  Nelson  Horatio — Continued. 

644.  Fish  remains  in  Ordovician  rocks  in  Bighorn  Mountains,  Wyoming, 
with  a resume  of  Ordovician  geology  of  the  Northwest. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  541-5GG,  7 pis.,  G figs.,  190G. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  Bighorn  uplift  and  more  particularly  the  occur- 
rence, character,  relations,  and  faunal  content  of  the  Ordovician  deposits  of  Wyoming, 
Montana,  and  Colorado. 

645.  Description  of  the  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quadrangles,  Wyoming. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  141,  15  pp.,  G figs.,  7 maps, 
1 columnar  section  sheet,  2 illustration  sheets,  1906. 

Describes  tlie  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  pre- 
Cambrian  igneous  rocks  and  of  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Carboniferous,  Triassicl?), 
Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  geologic  structure  and 
history,  and  the  economic  geology. 

646.  Description  of  Cloud  1‘eak  and  Pk)rt  IMcKinney  quadrangles,  Wyoming. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  Ik  S.,  folio  no.  142,  IG  pp.,  6 figs.,  7 ma])S,  1 
columnar  section  sheet,  2 illustration  sheets,  190G. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  pre- 
Cambrian  igTieous  rocks  and  of  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Carboniferous,  TriassicI  ?) 
Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  geologic  structure  and 
history,  and  the  economic  geology. 

647.  Geology  of  the  Bighorn  Mountains. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper 
no.  51,  129  pp.,  47  pis.,  14  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and  fauna  of 
pre-Cambrian,  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Carboniferous,  Triassic,  .Turassic,  Ci’etaceous, 
Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  glaciation,  the  geological  structure  and  history, 
and  the  economic  resources. 

648.  Geology  and  underground  waters  of  the  Arkansas  Valley  in  eastern 
Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  52,  90  pp.,  27  pis.,  2 figs.,  190G. 

Describes  the  configuration  and  general  geology,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  rela- 
tions of  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Carboniferous,  Triassic  (?),  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and 
Quaternary  formations  and  of  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  history,  and  the  underground 
waters. 

649.  Mineral  resources  of  the  Bighorn  Mountain  region. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  303-310,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  economic  value  of  coal,  gold,  and  other  mineral  deposits. 

650.  The  Great  Plains  of  the  central  United  States. — Scottish  Geog.  Mag., 
vol.  32,  pp.  9-18,  G figs.,  1906. 

651.  Discovery  of  Cambrian  rocks  in  southeastern  California. — .Tour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  470-473,  1 fig.,  1907. 

652.  Coals  of  Carbon  County,  Mont. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  31G,  pp. 
174-193,  1 pi.,  1907. 

653.  Red  beds  in  the  Laramie  mountain  r(‘gion. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  Amer- 
ica, Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  724-725,  1907. 

654.  Bighorn  Mountains. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  18,  no.  G,  j)]).  355-3G4,  8 
figs.,  June,  1907. 

655.  Mexico,  the  treasure  house  of  the  world. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  18, 
no.  8,  pp.  49.3-519,  23  figs.,  August,  1907. 

Darton,  N.  II.,  and  O’Harra,  C.  C. 

656.  Description  of  the  Devils  Tower  quadrangle  [Wyoming]. — II.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  T^.  S.,  folio  no.  1.50,  9 pp.,  3 maps,  columnar  section  and 
structure  section  sheets,  1907. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Triassic,  .Turassic, 
Fretaceous,  and  Tertiary  strata,  and  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  history, 
the  mineral  resources,  and  water  supply. 


60  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


David,  T.  W.  Edgeworth. 

657.  Conditions  of  climate  at  different  geological  ejtoclis,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  glacial  epochs. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  11.,  KF  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pi>. 
4.37^82,  9 pis.,  1907. 

Davidson,  George. 

658.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18,  1900. — Am.  Philos.  Soc., 
Proc.,  vol.  45,  pp.  164-165,  1906. 

659.  Points  of  interest  involved  in  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Am. 
Philos.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  45,  pp.  178-182,  1906. 

Davis,  Charles  A. 

660.  Peat,  essays  on  its  origin,  uses,  and  distribution  in  Michigan. — Michi- 
gan Geol.  Survey,  Ilept.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  pp.  93-395,  19  pis.,  19  figs.,  1907. 

661.  Israel  Cook  Ilussell. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  Ninth  Kept.,  pp  28-31,  1907. 

662.  Some  interesting  glacial  phenomena  in  the  Marquette  region  [Michi- 
gan].— INIichigan  Acad.  Sci.,  Ninth  Kept.,  pp.  132-135,  1907. 

Davis,  Ralph  E. 

663.  Mississippi  Yalley  lead  and  zinc  district. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  18, 
pp.  548-549,  4 figs.,  May  5,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores  in  the  Wisconsin-Iowa-Illinois 
field. 

Davis,  William  Morris. 

664.  The  relations  of  the  earth-sciences  in  view  of  their  progress  in  the 
nineteenth  century. — Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  Fniversal  Exposition,  St. 
Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  488-503,  1906. 

665.  The  geographical  cycle  in  an  arid  climate. — Geog.  Jour.,  vol.  27,  no.  1, 
pp.  70-73,  January,  1906. 

666.  The  physiography  of  the  Adirondacks. — Science,  new  .ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  630-631,  April  20,  1906. 

Discusses  the  formation  of  scarps  in  the  Adirondacks. 

667.  The  Colorado  Canyon  and  its  lessons. — Liverpool  Geol.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  10,  pt.  2,.  pp.  98-102,  1 pi.,  1906. 

668.  The  sculpture  of  mountains  by  glaciers. — Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  22, 
no.  2,  pp.  76-89,  3 figs.,  1906.  Abstract:  Rrit.  Assoc.  Adv.*Sci.,  Kept,  of  75th 
meeting,  pp.  393-394,  1906. 

Presents  criteria  for  distinguishing  glaciated  from  nonglaciated  mountains. 

669.  Incised  meandering  valleys. — Philadelifiiia  Geog.  Soc.,  Hull.,  vol.  4, 
no.  4,  pp.  1-11  (182-192),  9 figs.,  1906. 

670.  Professor  Nathaniel  S.  Shaler. — Am.  Jour.  Sci..  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp. 
480-481,  June,  1906. 

671.  Professor  Shaler  and  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School. — Harvard  Eng. 
Jour.,  vol.  5,  no.  3,  pp.  129-138,  November,  1906. 

Describes  the  work  of  Professor  Shaler  at  Harvard  Thiiversity. 

672.  Symposium  on  general  geography:  the  physical  factor. — The  Educa- 
tional P>i-]\ronthly  (published  by  the  Chicago  Normal  School),  vol.  1.  no.  2, 
pp.  112-12.3,  December,  1906. 

Discusses  the  use  of  physiographic  data  in  the  teaching  of  geography. 

673.  The  j)lace  of  coa.stal  ])lains  in  systematic  physiography. — Jour.  Geog., 
vol.  6,  no.  1,  pp.  8-15,  January,  1907. 

674.  Current  notes  on  land  forms:  Fault  blocks  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  2.5,  p.  72,  January  11,  1907. 

675.  Current  notes  on  land  forms:  Technique  of  physiographic  descrip- 
tions.— Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pj).  72-73,  January  11,  1907. 


61 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 

Davis,  William  Morris — Continued. 

676.  The  systematic  study  of  mountains. — vScience,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  396, 
March  8,  1907. 

677.  The  terraces  of  tho  Maryland  coastal  plain. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  701-707,  May  3,  1907. 

678.  Hanging  valleys. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  835-836,  3 figs..  May 
24,  1907. 

679.  Current  notes  on  land  forms:  The  wolds  and  vales  of  belted  coastal 
plains. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  947-948,  June  14,  1907. 

680.  Current  notes  on  land  forms:  Southern  Arkansas  and  northern  I.,ouisi- 
ana. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  j)p.  948-949,  June  14,  1907. 

681.  Current  notes  on  land  forms:  Earthquake  fissures  and  scarps;  fault 
scarps  and  fault-line  scai*i)s. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  90-92,  July  19,  1907. 

682.  Current  notes  on  land  forms : Pit  craters  in  Mexico. — Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  226,  August  16,  1907. 

Davison,  Charles. 

683.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18. — Nature,  \ ol.  73,  pp.  608-610, 
April  26,  1906.  Sci.  Am.  Suppl.,  vol.  61,  pp.  2.5416-2.5417,  May  26,  1906. 

684.  The  Kingston  earthquake. — Nature,  vol.  75,  p.  296,  January  24,  1907. 

Davison,  John  M. 

685.  Quartz  nodule  with  radiate  structure. — Rochester  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  3,  pp.  268-269,  1906. 

The  Estacado  aerolite. — ;See  Howard  and  Davison,  no.  1242. 

Dawson,  George  M. 

686.  Note  on  the  geological  structure  of  the  Selkirk  Range  (extract  from 
Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America,  vol.  2,  pp.  165-176,  1891). — In 
Wheeler,  A.  O.,  The  Selkirk  Range,  vol.  1,  Ottawa,  Government  Printing 
Bureau,  1905,  pp.  405-409,  1 fig. 

Day,  Arthur  L. 

687.  Mineral  solution  and  fusion  under  high  temperatures  and  pressures. — 
Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb.  no.  4,  1905,  pp.  224-230,  1906. 

Details  methods  and  progress  of  experimentation  upon  certain  groups  of  minerals. 

688.  Investigation  of  mineral  solution  and  fusion  under  high  temperatures 
and  pressures. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb.  no.  5,  pp.  177-185,  1907. 

689.  Methods  o:^  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  622,  April  19,  1907. 

Day,  Arthur  L.,  Allen,  E.  T.,  Shepherd,  E.  S.,  White,  W.  I*.,  and  Wright, 
Fred.  Eugene. 

690.  Die  Kalkkieselreihe  der  Minerale. — Tschermak’s  Mineral,  u.  Petrog. 
Mitt.  (N.  F.),  Bd.  26,  Heft  3,  pp.  169-232,  1907. 

Describes  experiments  upon  the  melting  points  of  the  lime-silica  series  of  minerals. 

Day,  Arthur  L.,  and  Shepherd,  E.  S. 

691.  The  lime-silica  series  of  minerals. — Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vol.  28, 
no.  10,  pp.  1089-1114,  2 figs.,  September,  1906. 

692.  The  lime-silica  series  of  minerals.  With  optical  study  by  Fred  E. 
Wright. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  265-302,  4 figs.,  October,  1906. 

693.  Discussion  of  paper  by  T.  T.  Read  : The  phase  rule  and  conceptions  of 
igneous  magma. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp.  286-289,  December-January, 
1905-1906. 


62  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Day,  David  T. 

694.  Black  sands  of  the  placer  mines  of  the  United  States. — 59th  Cong., 
1st  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  no.  65,  pp.  8-15,  1905. 

695.  The  auriferous  black  sands  of  California. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27, 
no.  12,  pp.  564-565,  July,  1907. 

696.  Black  sands  of  the  Pacific  coast. — Franklin  Inst.,  Jonr.,  vol.  164,  no.  2, 
pp.  141-153,  August,  1907;  Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp.  891,  974,  1013,  1907. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  calendar  year,  1905. — See  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey,  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  platinum. — See  no.  2419. 
Day,  David  T.,  and  Richards,  R.  H. 

697.  Investigation  of  the  black  sands  from  placer  mines. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
rey, Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  150-164,  1906. 

Presents  in  tabular  form  the  results  of  the  examination  of  black  sands  from  the 
Pacific  slope  and  from  various  placer-mining  districts,  and  describes  concentration  ex- 
periments. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  1905 : black  sands. — See  no.  2418. 
Dean,  Bashford. 

698.  Dr.  Eastman's  recent  papers  on  the  kinship  of  the  Arthrodires. — Sci- 
ence, new  ser., -vol.  26,  pp.  46-50,  July  12,  1907. 

Deckert,  Emil. 

699.  Die  Yulkanausbriiche  von  Martinique  und  St.  Vincent. — Frankfurter 
Vereins  f.  Geogr.  und  Statistik,  Jahresb.,  66-67.  iip.  153-156,  1903. 

Describes  volcanic  eruptions  on  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  St.  Vincent. 

De  Kalb,  Courtenay. 

700.  Secondary  enrichment  upward. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93,  p.  176, 
August  11,  1906. 

Describes  an  instance  of  secondary  enrichment  in  copper  deposits  north  of  Lake  Huron. 

701.  Do  the  geological  relations  of  ore  deposits  justify  the  retention  of  the 
law  of  the  apex? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  pp.  801-809,  1906. 

702.  Geology  of  the  Exposed  Treasure  lode.  Mojave,  California. — Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  13,  pp.  15-24.  3 figs.,  January,  1907. 

Describes  the  lithology,  the  geologic  structure,  the  periods  of  faulting,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  the  ores. 

De  Lury,  Justin  S. 

703.  Cobaltite  occurring  in  northern  Ontario,  Canada. — ^Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  275-276,  1 fig.,  April,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  the  crystals. 

Demming,  Henry  C. 

704.  Report  of  the  mineralogist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  10th  Ann.  Rept., 
pp.  438-140,  1905. 

Gives  notes  on  mineral  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 

705.  Report  of  the  geologist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  10th  Ann.  Rept., 
pp.  459-462,  1905. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 

706.  Report  of  the  mineralogist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  11th  Ann 
Rept.,  pp.  447-451,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  mineral  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 

707.  Report  of  the  geologist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  11th  Ann.  Rept., 
pp.  451-454,  1906. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  economic  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


63 


Demming,  Heury  C. — Continued. 

708.  Report  of  the  mineralogist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  12th  Ann.  Kept., 
pp.  466-470,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  mineral  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 

709.  Report  of  consulting  geologist. — Pennsylvania  Dept.  Agric.,  12th  Ann. 
Rept.,  pp.  473^76,  1907. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  economic  resources  of  Pennsylvania. 

Denis,  Theo. 

710.  Western  oil,  gas,  and  coal  fields.^ — ^Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept. 
for  1906,  pp.  164-169,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  oil,  natural  gas,  and  coal  in  Ontario,  Alberta,  and 
British  Columbia. 

Dennis,  Clifford  G. 

711.  Rare  mercury  ores. — Min.  and  Sci.  l*ress,  vol.  95,  p.  92,  2 tigs.,  July  20, 
1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  quicksilver  ores  at  Terlingua,  Brewster  County,  Texas. 
Derby,  Alice  Greenwood. 

712.  A subject  index  of  the  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Ohio, 
from  its  inception  to  and  including  Bulletin  number  eight,  series  four. — Ohio 
Geol.  Survey,  4th  ser..  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  15-233,  1906. 

Derletii,  Charles,  Jr. 

713.  Some  effects  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  on  water- w’orks,  streets, 
sewers,  car  tracks,  and  buildings. — Eng.  News,  vol.  55,  no.  20,  pp.  548-554,  20 
figs..  May  17,  1906. 

714.  The  destructive  extent  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  1906. — Eng. 
News,  vol.  55,  no.  26,  pp.  707-713,  17  figs.,  June  28,  1906. 

Discusses  movement  along  the  fault  line,  producing  the  earthquake. 

Dern,  John. 

715.  The  mining  and  mineral  resources  of  Utah. — Am.  Min.  Congr.,  Rept. 
of  Proc.,  9th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  166-177,  1907 ; Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  6, 
pp.  250-252,  January,  1907. 

Deussen,  Alexander. 

716.  Cement  resources  and  industry  of  Texas. — The  Tradesman,  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  vol.  56,  no.  6,  pp.  46-49,  November  15,  1906. 

DeWolf,  Frank  W. 

717.  Coal  investigations  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  field,  Illinois,  and  the  ad- 
joining area. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  116-136,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Preliminary  investigations  of  Illinois  fire  clays. — See  Purdy  and  DeWolf, 
no.  1973. 

DeWolf e,  Loran  A. 

718.  The  structure  and  succession  at  North  Sydney  and  Sydney  Mines, 
C.  B. — Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  289-323,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  Carboniferous  strata  of  the 
region,  including  many  detailed  sections,  and  gives  a summary  of  the  geologic  history. 

Diaz,  Severo. 

719.  Efemerides  del  volcan  de  Colima  segun  las  observaciones  practicades 
en  los  observatorios  de  Zapotlan  y Colima  de  1893  a 1905.— Congr.  geol.  intern., 
C.  R.,  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  763-960,  6 pis.,  1907. 

A daily  record  of  observations  made  on  the  volcano  Colima, 


64  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  XOETH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Dickson,  Charles  W. 

720.  Genetic  relations  of  nickel-copper  ores,  with  special  reference  to  the 
deposits  at  St.  Stephen,  X.  B.,  and  Sohland,  Germany. — Canadian  Min.  Inst., 
Joiir.,  vol.  9,  pp.  236-260,  6 figs.,  1906;  Canadian  Min.  Rev.,  vol.  26,  no.  5,  pp.  144- 
151,  May,  1906. 

Diller,  Joseph  Silas. 

721.  Description  of  the  Redding  quadrangle  [California]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Geol.  Atlas  of  V.  S.,  folio  no.  138,  14  pp.,  1 fig.,  3 maps,  1 columnar  section 
sheet,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Devo- 
nian, Carboniferous.  Trlassic,  .Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations, 
and  of  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  economic  resources, 
chiefiy  gold,  silver,  and  copper. 

722.  Drainage  of  the  Taylorsville  region,  California,  during  the  auriferous 
gravel  period. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  814,  May  25,  1906. 

723.  Age  of  the  pre-volcanic  auriferous  gravels  in  California.— Washington 
Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  405-406,  1907. 

Discusses  the  age  of  the  auriferous  gravels  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  California  in  the 
light  of  evidence  offered  by  fossil  plants  and  marine  shells  occurring  in  Oregon. 

724.  The  Mesozoic  sediments  of  southwestern  Oregon. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  401^21,  1 fig.,  June,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  .Jurassic  and  Cretaceous  formations  in  south- 
western  Oregon  and  discusses  their  relations. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  asbestos. — See  no.  2419. 
Dobbs,  W.  Stewart. 

725.  [Report  on  a reconnaissance  of]  the  region^  south  of  Cape  Tatnam, 
Hudson  Bay. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  69-73,  1906. 

Gives  various  data  in  regard  to  the  character  of  the  region  visited  and  the  exposed 
rocks. 

Dodge,  Charles  liichards. 

726.  The  volcano  of  Colima  [Mexico]. — Sci.  Am.  Suppl.,  vol.  56,  p.  23092, 
1903. 

Dole,  Richard  B. 

727.  Use  of  fluorescein  in  the  study  of  underground  waters. — I'.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  73-85,  1906. 

D’Ooge,  Martin  L. 

Israel  Cook  Russell. — See  Bombard  and  D'Ooge,  no.  1611. 

Doolittle,  J.  E. 

728.  Gold  dredging  in  California. — California  State  Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no.  36, 
pp.  7-108,  70  figs.,  3 maps,  1905.  • 

Douglass,  Earl  S. 

729.  Generic  names  of  Merycoidcxlonts. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  565- 
567,  November  2,  1906. 

730.  Mct'i/cochocnis  and  a new  genus  of  Merycoidodonts,  with  some  notes  on 
other  Agriochceridie. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  4,  no.  2,  pp.  84-98,  1 pi.,  July, 
1907. 

Includes  also  some  discussion  of  the  succession  and  relations  of  Tertiary  beds  of  the 
West. 

731.  Some  new  Merycoidodonts. — Carnegie  Mus.,  ^Annals,  vol.  4,  no.  2,  pp. 
99-109,  9 pis.,  July,  1907. 

732.  New  Mervcoidodonts  fi-om  the  Miocene  of  Montana. — Am.  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist,  Bull.,  vol.  2%,  pp.  S09-S22,  9 figs.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1U06-1U07.  65 


Dowling*,  D.  B. 

733.  The  northern  extension  of  the  Elk  River  coal  basin. — Canada,  Ceol. 
Survey,  Snmm.  Kept,  for  1905,  pp.  59-62,  1906. 

Includes  data  upon  the  geology  of  the  region. 

734.  Rocky  Mountain  coal  areas  between  the  Bow  and  Yellowhead  passes. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  66-73,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  coal-bearing  beds. 

735.  Cretaceous  section  in  the  Moose  INIountains  district,  southern  Alberta. — 
Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  295-302,  1 tig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character,  occurrence,  relations,  and  geologic  horizon  of  Cretaceous  forma- 
tions in  Alberta,  Canada. 

736.  Report  on  the  Cascade  coal  basin,  All)erta. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey, 

1907.  37  pp.,  5 pis.,  5 figs.,  and  8 maps. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region,  the  relations  and  distribution  of  the  coal  seams, 
and  the  character  of  the  coal. 

737.  The  coals  and  coal  fields  of  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  and  Manitoba. — 
Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  5 (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  3),  pp.  81-83,  April  15, 
1907. 

Dresser,  John  A. 

738.  [Report  on]  St.  Bruno  Mountain. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept. 
for  1905,  pp.  113-115,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  the  rocks  of  the  area. 

739.  A study  in  the  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  St.  Francis  Valley.  Quebec.— 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  67-76,  4 figs.,  January,  1906. 

Discusses  the  character,  occurrence,  and  i*elations  of  metamorphic,  igneous,  and  clastic 
rocks  in  this  region. 

740.  The  Monteregian  Hills : a series  of  volcanic  buttes. — Jour.  Geog.,  vol.  5, 
no.  2,  pp.  74-77,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  their  physiographic  characters  and  history. 

741.  Copper  deposits  of  the  eastern  townships  of  Quebec.— Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  445—453,  1 fig.,  1906 ; Can.  Min.  Rev,,  vol.  26,  no.  6^  pp.  186-188, 
June,  1906. 

Describes  the  classification  and  distribution  of  the  deposits,  their  relation  to  the 
inclosing  rocks,  and  the  origin  and  value  of  the  ores. 

742.  Igneous  rocks  of  the  eastern  townshi])s  of  Quebec. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  497-522,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Reviews  previous  work  upon  the  area  and  descril)es  the  occurrence,  lithologic  character, 
and  relations  of  igneous  and  metamorphosed  sedimentary  rocks. 

743.  Report  on  the  geology  of  Brome  Mountain,  Quebec. — Canada,  Geol, 
Survey,  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  G,  22  pp.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  petrographic  and  chemical  characters  of  the  igneous  rocks. 

Dryer,  Charles  Redway. 

744.  The  geologic  features  of  the  Finger  T.ak(‘  region,  New  York. — Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  371-372,  September  21,  19(X> ; Am.  Assoc.  Adv. 
Sci.,  I’roc.,  vol.  .56-57,  p.  272,  1907. 

745.  Studies  in  Indiana  geography.  First  series,  revised  tnlition.  Terre 

Haute,  Indiana,  The  Inland  Publishing  Company.  1907.  114  pp.,  10  maps. 

Duerden,  James  E. 

746.  The  i)rimary  septa  in  i ugos(‘  corals. — Science,  lunv  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  246- 
247,  August  24,  1906. 

068.36— Bull.  .372— B9 5 


66  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Duerden,  James  E. — Coiitiuued. 

747.  The  morphology  of  the  Madreporaria.  VIII,  The  primary  septa  of  the 
Kugosa. — Ami.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  7th  ser.,  vol.  18,  pp.  220-242,  21  figs.,  Sep- 
tember, 1906. 

The  discussion  is  based  in  part  upon  American  material. 

748.  Studies  of  the  morphology,  physiology,  and  the  develoiiment  of  recent 
and  fossil  corals  with  bibliography. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  Bull.,  vol.  2,  no.  1, 
pp.  3-4,  May,  1905. 

Duffield,  M.  S. 

749.  The  Alaska  Central  railway. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  755-759, 
7 figs.,  April  21,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  ph"siography  and  geology  of  Alaska. 

Dumais,  P.  H. 

750.  Qnelqnes  apergiis  sur  la  geologie  du  Saguenay. — Le  Natiiraliste  Caua- 
dieu,  vol.  27,  pp.  11-14,  24-25,  42-47,  72-77,  106-109,  133-136,  178-182,  1900 ; vol. 
29,  pp.  149-152,  172-175,  182-184,  1902;  vol.  30,  pp.  23-28,  70-74,  137-142,  147- 
149,  172-176,  1903;  vol.  31,  pp.  15-19,  42^6,  63-66,  87-88,  1904;  vol.  32,  pp. 
15-16,  30-33,  51-54,  1905. 

Dumble,  Edwin  T. 

751.  Age  of  petroleum  deposits,  Saratoga,  Texas. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  510-511,  March  30,  1906. 

Prom  fossils  identified  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dali  the  age  is  held  to  be  upper  Miocene. 

Dutton,  Clarence  Edward. 

752.  Volcanoes  and  radioactivity.  (Read  before  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  April  17,  1906.)  Englewood,  N.  J.,  1906.  12  pp.  Also  in  Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  14,  no.  4,  pp.  259-268,  1906 ; and  in  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  68,  no.  6, 
pp.  543-550,  June,  1906. 

Explains  the  phenomena  of  volcanism  as  due  to  radioactivity  generated  in  the  earth. 
Eakle,  Arthur  S. 

753.  Notes  on  law^sonite,  colnmbite,  beryl,  barite,  and  calcite. — California 
Univ.,  Dept.  GeoL,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  6,  pp.  81-94,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence,  composition,  and  crystallographic  and  other  characters  of 
these  minerals. 

754.  Weathered  pyrite. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  p.  492,  October  19, 
1907. 

Eames,  Richard,  Jr. 

755.  Copper  in  North  Carolina. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  583,  March 
23,  1907. 

Eastman,  Charles  R. 

756.  Dipnoan  affinities  of  Arthrodires. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser..  vol.  21, 
pp.  131-143,  4 figs.,  February,  1906.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser..  vol.  23,  p.  290, 
February  23,  1906;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  I*roc.,  vol.  55,  p.  379,  1906. 

757.  Structure  and  relations  of  Mi/lostoma. — Harvard  Coll.,  Mns.  Comp, 
Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  50,  no.  1,  i)j».  1-29,  5 pis.,  8 figs.,  1906. 

758.  Mylostomid  dentition, — Harvard  Coll.,  Mus.  Comp,  Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  .50. 
no.  7,  pp.  211-228,  I j)!.,  4 figs.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  relations  of  the  dental  parts  in  Mylostomid  fishes. 

759.  Types  of  fossil  cetaceans  in  the  Museum  of  Comi)arative  Zoology. — 
Harvard  College,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  51,  no.  3,  pih  79-94,  4 i)ls., 
figs.,  June,  1907. 


o 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


67 


Eastman,  Charles  R. — Continued. 

760.  Devonic  fishes  of  the  New  York  formations. — New  York  State  Mus., 
Mem.  10,  235  pp.,  15  pis.,  35  figs.,  1907. 

Eberle,  Frank. 

761.  The  Willamette  meteorite. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  10,  ]>.  279,  Septem- 
ber 9,  1905. 

Eckel,  Edwin  C. 

762.  Cement  materials  of  Mississippi. — T".  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  283, 
pp.  71-84,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  limestones  suitable  for  cement  manufacture. 

763.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1905:  Investigation  of  iron  ores  and 
nonmetalliferous  minerals. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  20-24,  1906. 

Outlines  the  work  in  progress  of  the  IT.  S.  Geological  Survey  upon  iron  ores,  fuels, 
structural  materials,  and  miscellaneous  nonmetals. 

764.  The  Clinton  or  red  ores  of  northern  Alabama. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  172-179,  1906. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  Clinton  ores  and  describes  the  geology,  occurrence,  and 
chemical  characters  of  the  ore  bodies,  and  the  mining  developments  in  northern  Alabama. 

765.  The  Oriskany  and  Clinton  iron  ores  of  Virginia. — tJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  183-189,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  iron  district,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
origin  of  the  ores. 

766.  Cement  resources  of  the  Cumberland  Gnp  district,  Teimessee-Virginia. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  374-376,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  district,  .ind  the  character  and  occurrence  of  limestones 
and  shales  available  for  cement  manufacture. 

767.  Clays  of  Garland  County,  Arkansas. — T".  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  407-410,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits,  and  the  composition  of  the 
clays. 

768.  Investigations  of  iron  ores,  structural  materials,  etc. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  31.5,  pp.  20-25,  1907. 

Summarizes  the  investigations  of  iron  ores,  structural  materials,  etc.,  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  during  the  year  1900. 

769.  The  mineral-paint  ores  of  Lehigh  Gap,  Pennsylvania. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  435^37,  1907. 

770.  ^Mineral  Paints:  Geology  and  technology. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mineral 
Resources  for  1906,  pp.  1120-1122,  1907. 

Gives  a geologic  section  in  the  Lehigh  Gap  district,  Pennsjdvania. 

Slate  deposits  of  the  United  States. — See  Dale  and  Eckel,  no.  625. 

The  production  in  the  Ihiited  States  in  1905  of  gypsum  and  gypsum  ])rod- 
ucts. — See  no.  2418. 

Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1905. — See  TT.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1906. — See  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Advances  in  cement  technology,  1906. — See  no.  2419. 

The  production  in  the  Ignited  States  in  1906  of  iron  ores,  j)ig  iron,  and  steel; 
and  of  lime  and  sand-lime  brick. — See  no.  2419. 

Eddy,  ,1.  A. 

771.  A remarkable  soda  spring  | New  Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
81,  p.  793,  April  28,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  character  of  ilu*  vvat(M-  and  tlu*  di'posit  it  has  formed. 


68  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Ednian,  J.  A. 

772.  The  auriferous  black  sands  of  California. — California  State  Min.  Bur., 
Bull.  no.  45,  pp.  5-10,  1907. 

Edson,  G.  E. 

773.  Historical  sketch  of  the  Cambrian  age  as  related  to  Vermont  geology. — 
Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  Kept.  State  Geol.,  pp.  117-132,  1906. 

Gives  an  historical  outline  of  geologic  work  upon  the  Cambrian  deposits  of  Vermont. 

774.  The  geology  of  St.  Albans  and  vicinity. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth 
Kept.  State  Geol.,  pp.  133-155,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and  fossil  contents,  with  lists  of  fossils, 
of  Cambrian  and  Ordovician  strata  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Edwards,  George  E. 

775.  The  lead  and  zinc  fields  of  southwestern  Wisconsin. — Min.  World,  vol. 
27,  pp.  279-280,  August  17,  1907. 

Edwards,  W.  H. 

776.  Notes  on  the  production  and  uses  of  Canadian  chrome. — Canadian  Min. 
Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  35-38,  1906. 

Edwords,  Clarence  E. 

777.  California’s  new  coal  fields. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  7,  p.  245,  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1906. 

Eldridge,  George  Homans. 

778.  The  formation  of  asphalt  veins. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  I,  no.  5,  pp.  437- 
444,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  of  asphalt  veins,  the  nature  and  origin  of  the  fissures,  the 
dimensions  of  the  veins  and  their  relation  to  inclosing  rocks,  and  discusses  their  origin. 

Eldridge,  George  Homans,  and  Arnold,  Ralph, 

779.  The  Santa  Clara  Valley,  Puente  Hills,  and  Los  Angeles  oil  districts, 
southern  California. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  309,  266  pp.,  41  pis.,  17  figs., 
1907. 

Ellis,  E.  E. 

780.  Occurrence  of  wjiter  in  crystalline  rocks. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  W.-S. 
and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  19-28,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Ells,  R.  W. 

781.  [Report  onj  Graham  Island  (of  the  Queen  Charlotte  group,  B.  C.). — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  53-55,  1906;  British  Colum- 
bia, Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Mines,  for  1906,  ])i).  74-93,  1 map,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  examination  of  the  coal  deposits  in  this  island. 

782.  Southern  New  Brunswick. — Canada,  Geol,  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for 
1906,  pp.  131-1.39,  1906. 

Discusses  the  stratigraphy  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence  of  economic  minerals. 

783.  Report  on  Graham  Island,  B.  C. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Re]ft., 
vol.  16,  pt.  B,  45  ])p..  2 maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  physical  features,  the  general  geology,  tile  character  and  occurrence  of 
post-Tertiary,  'I'erliary,  and  Gretaceous  s(>dimentary  and  pre-Cretaceous  and  Tertiary 
igneous  rocks,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  mining  of  Cretaceous  coals. 

784.  Some  interesting  i)roi)lems  in  New  Brunswick  geology. — Canada,  Roy. 
Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  11,  sect.  4,  pp.  21-35,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  inter-relations  of  stratified  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  the 
strat igi'aphic  position,  age,  and  relations  of  various  metamori)bosed  rocks  of  N(‘w  liruns- 
wick. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1007. 


69 


Ells,  K.  W. — CoiitiiHied. 

785.  Notes  on  the  mineral  Hiel  supply  of  Canada. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  IT’oc. 
and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  sect.  4,  pp.  267-290,  in0().  Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  973,  June  29,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  extent  of  coal  and  other  minei’al  fuel  re- 
sources of  Canada. 

786.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  islands  of  Trinidad  and  Barbados,  British 
West  Indies. — Canada,  Boy.  Soc.,  Ih-oc.  and  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp. 
115-130,  1907. 

787.  Notes  on  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  Trinidad  and  Barbados, 
B.  W.  Islands. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  23,  no.  5,  pp.  73-79,  August,  1907. 

788.  Report  on  the  geology  and  natural  resources  of  the  area  included  in 
the  northwest  quarter  sheet,  number  122  of  the  Ontario  and  Quebec  series,  com- 
prising portions  of  the  counties  of  Pontiac,  Carleton,  and  Renfrew. — Geol.  Sur- 
vey of  Canada,  Ottawa,  1907.  71  pi>.,  1 map. 

Elton,  H.  L. 

Mines  of  the  Taviche  district,  Oaxaca,  Mexico. — See  Place  and  Elton,  no.  1936. 
Emerson,  Benjamin  K. 

789.  Quartz  after  prochlorite  at  Cranston  and  Worcester  and  coal  plants  at 
Worcester. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  907,  December  27,  1907. 

Emerson,  Benjamin  K.,  and  Perry,  Joseph  H. 

790.  The  green  schists  and  associated  granites  and  porphyries  of  Rhode 
Island. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  311,  74  pp.,  2 pis.,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  pre-Cambrian  and  Carbonif- 
erous stratified  rocks  and  associated  igneous  rocks. 

Emmens,  Newton  W. 

791.  The  Jones  iron  fields  of  New  Mexico. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no.  2,  pp.  109  - 
116,  6 figs.,  February,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  and  occurrence  of  this  iron-ore  deposit. 
Emmons,  Samuel  Franklin. 

792.  Biographical  notice  of  George  II.  Eldridge. — x\m.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo. 
Bull.,  no.  8,  pp.  247-257,  March,  1906;  Trans.,  vol.  37,  pp.  339-340,  1907. 

Adds  a list  of  his  published  papers. 

793.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  385-387,  1906. 

794.  A map  and  cross-sections  of  the  Downtown  district  of  I.ieadville  [Colo- 
rado!.— Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  816-817,  May  25,  1906. 

795.  Useful  definitions. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93,  pp.  355-356,  Septem- 
ber 22,  1906.  Proper  use  of  mining  terms. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  24,  p.  715, 
December  15,  1906. 

Gives  definitions  of  various  terms  employed  in  economic  geology. 

796.  Los  I’ilares  mine,  Nacozari,  Mexico. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp. 
(>29-643,  4 figs.,  1906.  Abstract:  Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  1066-1067,  2 
figs.,  December  8,  1906. 

I>escribes  the  local  geology,  the  character  and  distribution  of  the  copper  ores,  and  the 
geologic  history  of  the  deposits. 

797.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1905  : Investigation  of  metalliferous 
ores.— TJ.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  14-19,  1906. 

Outlines  the  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  progress  and  in  course  of  publica- 
tion pertaining  to  metalliferous  ores. 

798.  Uinta  Mountains. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  287-302,  1 pi., 
2 figs.,  1907. 

Reviews  previous  geologic  work  in  the  region,  describes  the  general  structure  and 
stratigraphic  succession  of  the  Uintas,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  Green  River. 


TO  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA',  1906-1907. 


Emmons,  Saiiinel  Franklin — ContinueO. 

799.  Geological  structure  of  the  Uinta  Mountains. — Abstract  : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  2.Y  jq).  767-768,  May  17.  1907. 

800.  Investigations  of  metalliferous  ores. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Knll.  no.  315, 
PI).  14-19,  1907. 

Summarizes  the  investigations  of  the  V.  S.  Geological  Survey  upon  metalliferous  ores 
during  the  year  190G. 

801.  Suggestions  for  field  observations  of  ore  deposits. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  95,  pp.  18-20,  .July  6,  1907. 

802.  Biographical  memoir  of  Clarence  King,  1842-1901.  (Read  before  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  April  23,  1903).  Washington,  1907. — [Nat. 
Acad.  Sci.,  Biog.  Mem.,  vol.  G],  pp.  25-55.  1 pi.  (port.). 

Includes  a list  of  his  principal  published  works. 

Contributions  to  ec-onomic  geology,  1905. — See  U,  S.  Geological  Survey. 
Contributions,  to  economic  geology,  1906. — See  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Emmons,  Samuel  Franklin,  and  Irving,  John  Duer. 

803.  The  Downtown  district  of  Leadville,  Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol,  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  320.  75  pp.,  7 pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  district,  and  the  distribution,  relations,  and 
origin  of  the  ores. 

Emmons,  William  H. 

804.  Ore  dejtosits  of  Bear  Creek,  near  Silvertou,  Colo. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  25-27,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  gold 
and  silver  telluride  ores. 

805.  The  Cashin  mine.  Montrose  County,  Colo. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285,  pp.  125-128,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  vicinity  of  the  mine  and  the  character  and  origin  of 
the  copper  ore. 

806.  The  Granite-Bimetallic  and  Cable  mines,  Pittsburg  quadrangle,  Mon- 
tana.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp  31-55,  4 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology,  the  distribution  and  character  of  the  ores  yielding  silver,  gold, 
and  copper,  and  the  mining  developments. 

807.  Normal  faulting  in  the  Bullfrog  district. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26. 
pp.  221-222.  August  16,  1907. 

Emmons,  William  Pt.,  and  Garrey,  G.  H. 

808.  Notes  on  the  Manhattan  district  [Nevada]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  308,  pp.  84-93,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  general  geology  of  the  i-egion  and  the  occurrence  and  character 
of  the  ore  deposits. 

Engineering  and  Mining  Journal. 

809.  The  Wisconsin  lead  and  zinc  district. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81, 
pp.  1183-1186.  7 figs.,  June  23,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 

Engineering  News. 

810.  The  Sthi  Francisco  distister : earthquake  and  fire  ruin  in  the  Bay 
counties  of  California. — Eng.  News.  vol.  .55.  no.  17,  pp.  478-480.  1 fig..  April  26. 
1906. 

Erben,  Franz,  and  Ceipek,  L. 

811.  Analyse  des  Albit  von  Amelia  [Virginia]. — Tschermak's  Min.  u.  Petrog. 
Mitt.,  Bd.  20,  Heft  1,  p.  85,  1901. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


71 


Escobar,  1\. 

812.  Los  pozos  ai'tesianos  do  villa  Almmada  ( E.  de  Cliiliiiahna ) . — Soo.  cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  24,  no.  3,  pp.  121-126,  September,  1906. 

Describes  artesian  wells  in  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 

Evans,  Horace  F. 

813.  The  Nicola-Coldwater  coal  beds  [British  Colnmbial. — Min.  World,  vol. 
23,  no.  7,  pp.  200-201,  August  19,  1905. 

814.  The  source  of  Fraser  River  gold  [British  Columbia]. — Min.  World,  vol. 
23,  no.  9,  pp.  258-259,  September  2,  1905. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

815.  The  Cretaceous  stratigraphy  of  Ashcroft,  B.  C. — Min.  World,  vol.  23, 
no.  10,  pp.  285-286,  September  9,  1905. 

816.  A further  reconnaissance  into  Highland  Ahalley,  B.  C. — Min,  World, 
vol.  23,  no.  12,  p.  336,  September  23,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  region. 

817.  Molybdenite  in  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  16,  pp. 
443-444,  October  21,  1905. 

818.  Kamloops  [British  Columbia]  and  its  geological  conditions. — Min. 
World,  vol.  23,  no.  17,  p.  464,  October  28,  1905. 

819.  Interior  plateau  of  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  21, 
p.  579,  November  25,  1905. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  geology. 

820.  A reconnaissance  into  Tulameen,  B.  C. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  pp.  633, 
665,  696,  726,  747 ; vol.  25,  p.  12,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region. 

821.  International  geology  of  Cascade  region. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  9, 
pp.  236-237,  September  1,  1906. 

822.  Copper  deposits  of  Eschelon  Mountain,  B.  C. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no. 
10,  p.  266,  September  8,  1906. 

823.  The  Sirailkameen  and  its  beds. — Min.  World,  vol.  2.5,  no.  13,  p.  399, 
September  29,  1906. 

824.  Marginal  differentiation  in  biotites. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  25,  p.  749, 
December  22,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  ore  deposits.  Includes  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the 
Similkameen  district  of  British  Columbia. 

825.  British  Columbia  placers : Past  and  present. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  pp. 

. 563,  687,  779,  1907. 

826.  Explorations  in  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  pp.  333,  384, 
472,  505-506,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region  examined. 

827.  Reconnaissance  up  West  Fork  of  Kettle  River. — Min.  World,  vol.  27, 
pp.  65,  317,  1907. 

828.  Certain  features  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. — Min.  World,  vol.  27, 

. pp.  641,  809,  1907. 

829.  Nickel  plate  mines  on  Striped  Mountain,  B.  (\ — Min. ’ World,  vol.  27, 
pp.  1015,  1057,  7907. 

Evans,  John  W. 

830.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  8,  pp.  803-806,  1907. 


72 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 
Everette,  Willis  Eugene. 

831.  The  geology  of  tlie  Klondike. — Sci.  Am.  Siippl.,  vol.  64,  pp.  410^11, 
December  28,  1007. 

Fairbanks,  Harold  Wellman. 

832.  Practical  physiography.  Boston,  Allyn  and  Bacon,  1906.  542  pp., 

403  figs. 

833.  The  great  earthquake  rift  of  California. — California  Phys.  Geog.  Club, 
Ball.,  vol.  1,  no.  2,  pp.  2-8,  2 pis.,  October,  1907.  See  also  Jordan,  D.  S.,  no.  132.1. 

Fairchild,  Herman  L. 

834.  The  geology  of  Irondequoit  Bay  [New  York]. — Abstract:  Rochester 
-Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  3,  pp.  236-239,  1 pi.,  1906. 

A brief  account  of  the  glacial  geology  of  the  region. 

835.  The  predecessors  of  Niagara. — Abstract : Rochester  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  3,  pp.  274-277,  1906. 

Di.scusses  drainage  in  northern  United  States,  particularly  New  York,  during  the  re- 
treat of  the  glacial  ice  sheet. 

836.  Glacial  waters  in  the  Lake  Erie  basin.— New  York  State  Miis.,  Bull. 
106,  86  pp.,  23  pis.,  4 figs.,  1907. 

837.  Drnmlins  of  central  western  New  York. — New  York  State  ]Miis.,  Bull. 
Ill,  pp.  391-443,  47  pis.,  1907. 

838.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  2,  pp.  184-185,  1907. 

839.  Driimlin  structure  and  origin. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  17,  pp.  702-706,  1907. 

840.  Gilbert  Gulf  (marine  waters  in  Ontario  basin.) — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  712-718,  3 figs.,  1907. 

841.  Origin  of  ^Meteor  crater  (Coon  Butte),  Arizona. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  493-504,  3 pis.,  1 fig.,  December,  1907. 

842.  Iroquois  extinction. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  398-399, 
September  27,  1907. 

Discusses  the  drainage  of  glacial  waters  in  northern  New  York. 

843.  A meteoric  crater  of  Arizona. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess., 
Mexico,  1906,  pp.  147-151,  1907. 

Describes  “ Coon  Butte  ” and  discusses  its  origin. 

Faribault,  E.  Rodolphe. 

844.  Gold  fields  of  Nova  Scotia. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey.  Summ.  Rept.  for 

1905,  pp.  122-124,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  work  done  in  surveying  the  gold  fields  of  Nova  Scotia. 

845.  Gold  fields  of  Nova  Scotia. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for 

1906,  pp.  147-152,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure  of  the  area,  and  the  occurrence  and 
relations  of  the  gold-hearing  rocks. 

Parish,  John  B. 

846.  The  Dolores  mine.  Chihuahua,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
p.  849,  1 fig.,  May  4,  1907. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  and  of  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Farnsworth,  P.  J. 

847.  On  the  origin  of  the  small  mounds  of  the  lower  .Mississipi)i  Valley 
and  Texas. — Science,  new  ser,,  vol.  23,  j)p.  583-584,  .\i)ril  13,  1906. 

Gives  an  explanation  of  the  origin  of  these  mounds. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  P)0G-1907.  73 


Farrington,  Oliver  Ciiiiiiiigs. 

848.  The  Shelburne  and  South  Bend  meteorites. — Field  Ooluinbian  Mus., 
Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  3,  no.  2,  pp.  7-23,  14  pis.,  2 tigs.,  IPOd. 

849.  Zoisite  from  Lower  California. — Field  Columbian  IMus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  3, 
no.  4,  pp.  55-57,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  characters,  and  composition. 

850.  Meteorite  shower  at  Modoc,  Kansas. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp. 
582-583,  April  13,  1906. 

851.  Professor  Henry  A.  Ward  [died  July  4,  1906]. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
24,  pp.  153-154,  August  3,  1906. 

A brief  sketch  of  his  work  in  collecting  meteorites. 

Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  303-309,  October,  1906. 

852.  Analysis  of  “ iron  shale”  from  Coon  Mountain,  Arizona. — Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  303-309,  October,  1906. 

853.  Analyses  of  iron  meteorites  compiled  and  classified. — Field  Columbian 
Mus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  3,  no.  5,  pp.  59-110,  March,  1907. 

854.  Meteorite  studies  II. — Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  3,  no.  6, 
pp.  111-129,  15  pis.,  1907. 

Describes  the  Bath  Furnace,  Chupaderos,  Iron  Creek,  Lamj)a,  Mejillones,  Modoc,  Ponca, 
Creek,  Saline,  and  Weston  meteorites. 

Fawns,  Sidney. 

855.  Tin  deposits  of  the  world.  The  Mining  Jonrnal,  London,  1905. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  tin  deposits  of  the  United  States  (pp.  157-164)  [Alaska,  pp. 
159-164,  1 pi.]. 

Fay,  Albert  Hill. 

856.  Geology  and  mining  of  the  tin  deposits  of  Cape  Prince  of  Wales, 
Alaska. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  17,  pp.  769-787, 11  figs.,  September, 
1907. 

Fels,  G. 

857.  Ein  Anorthitauswiirfling  von  der  Insel  St.  Christopher. — Zeitschr.  f. 
Kryst.  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  37,  Heft  5,  i)p.  450-460,  5 figs.,  1903. 

Describes  the  crystallographic  features  and  composition  of  anorthite  of  volcanic  origin, 
collected  on  the  island  of  St.  Christopher,  West  Indies. 

Fenneman,  N.  M. 

858.  Pdoodplains  produced  without  floods. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  38, 
no.  2,  pp.  89-91,  February,  1906. 

859.  Oil  fields  of  the  Texas-Louisiana  Gulf  coastal  plain. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  282,  146  ])p.,  11  pis.,  15  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  and  in  detail  the  geologic  structure,  sediments,  oil 
horizons,  and  development  of  the  individual  oil  fields  in  Texas  and  liouisiana,  and 
discusses  the  origin,  properties,  and  utilization  of  the  petroleum. 

860.  Stratigraphic  work  in  the  vicinity  of  East  St.  Louis. — Illinois  State 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  pi>.  213-217,  1907. 

861.  Clay  resources  of  the  St.  Louis  district,  Missouri. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  315-321,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Fenneman,  N.  M.,  and  Gale,  Hoyt  S. 

862.  The  Yanipa  coal  field,  Routt  County,  Colo. — II.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  226-239,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  and  stratigraphy  of  the  field,  the  occurrence  and  rela- 
tions of  the  coal  seams,  and  the  character  and  composition  of  the  coals. 


74  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  KORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Fenneman,  N.  M.,  and  Gale,  Hoyt  S, — ( /ontiinKHi. 

863.  The  Yampa  coal  field,  Routt  County,  Colorado. — V.  8.  Geol.  Survey, 
Rull,  no.  297,  pp.  7-Sl,  t)  pis.,  2 fiiis.,  1900. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Archean, 
Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  deposits,  the  character  of  the  coal  field,  and  the  occurrence, 
thickness,  and  character  of  the  coal  seams. 

Fernekes,  Gustave. 

864.  The  formation  of  Lake  Superior  copper. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  589,  April  12,  1907. 

865.  Precipitation  of  copper  from  chloride  solutions  by  means  of  ferrous 
chloride. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  6.  pp.  580-584,  1907. 

Ferrier,  W.  F. 

Phosphate  deposits  in  western  United  States. — See  Weeks  and  Ferrier,  no. 
2507. 

Finch,  Grant  E. 

866.  A study  of  a portion  of  the  Iowan  drift  border  in  Fayette  County, 
Iowa. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  215-218,  1900. 

Finlay,  George  I. 

867.  On  an  occurrence  of  corundum  and  dumortierite  in  pegmatite  in  Colo- 
rado.— Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  479-484,  1907. 

868.  The  Gleneyrie  formation  and  its  bearing  on  the  age  of  the  Fountain 
formation  in  the  Mauitou  region,  Colorado. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  0,  pp. 
586-589,  1907. 

Fisher,  Cassius  A. 

869.  Description  of  the  Nepesta  quadrangle  [Colorado]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  135,  5 pp.,  2 figs.,  3 maps,  1 columnar  section  sheet, 
1906. 

Describes  the  topograph j'  and  drainage,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of 
Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  geologic  history,  and  the  soils, 
water,  and  mineral  resources. 

870.  Preliminary  report  on  the  geology  and  underground  waters  of  the  Ros- 
well artesian  area,  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no. 
158,  29  pp.,  9 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  region  and  the  artesian  water  resources. 

871.  Development  of  the  Bear  Creek  coal  fields,  Montana. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  269-270,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds,  and  the  mining  operations. 

872.  Mineral  resources  of  the  Bighorn  basin. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285.  pp.  311-315,  1906'. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  coal,  bentonite,  gypsum,  and  other  mineral  deposits  in  this 
part  of  Wyoming. 

873.  Geologj"  and  water  resources  of  the  Bighorn  basin,  Wyoming. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  53,  72  pp.,  16  pis.,  1 fig.,  liK)6. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of 
pre-Cambrian,  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  (’arboniferous,  Triassic,  Jurassic,  Cretaceous,  and 
Tertiary  strata  and  Quaternary  deposits,  tbe  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the 
water  and  mineral  resources. 

874.  The  Great  Falls  coal  field,  Montana. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
316,  pp.  161-173,  1 pi.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1007. 


75 


Fisher,  K F. 

875.  Terraces  of  the  West  Uiver,  Hralt  lehoro,  Yerinont.-  - Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  Proc.,  vol.  .‘13,  no.  2.  pi).  0-42,  11  pis.,  11  ti^s,,  1000, 

Discus.ses  the  production  of  terraces  in  river  valleys  by  the  meandering-  of  the  stream 
controlled  by  rock  ledges,  basing  the  study  upon  the  terraces  of  the  ^Yest  River  in  the 
vicinity  of  Brattleboro,  Yt. 

Fisher,  O. 

876.  A sngjgested  cause  of  changes  of  level  in  the  earth’s  crnst. — Ain.  .Tour. 
8ci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  210-220,  March,  1000. 

Finds  the  cause  in  convection  currents  in  a liquid  substratum  beneath  the  cooled  crust. 

Flammarion,  Camille. 

877.  Earthquakes. — Sci.  Am.  Siippl.,  vol.  62,  pp.  25801-25802,  December 
8,  1000. 

Fleck,  Herman,  and  Haldane,  Wm.  G. 

878.  A study  of  the  nraniimi  and  vanadium  belts  of  southern  CV)lorado. — 
Colorado,  State  Bnr.  Mines,  Kept,  for  100.5-0,  pp.  47-115,  10  pis.,  1 fig.,  1007. 

Fletcher,  Ilngh. 

879.  Geological  work  in  the  noivthwestern  parts  of  Nova  Scotia. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Snmm.  Kept,  for  1005,  pp.  118-122,  1000. 

880.  Surveys  in  western  Nova  Scotia. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Snmm.  Re])t. 
for  1000,  pp.  140-140,  1000. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  area  and  the  occurrence  of  coal. 

Flores,  T. 

881.  Le  Xinantecatl  on  volcan  Nevado  de  Toluca. — X®  Congr,  geol.  intern., 
Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  IX,  10  pp.,  4 j)l.s.,  1900. 

882.  Etude  miniere  du  district  de  Zacatecas  [Mexico]. — X*’  Congr.  geol. 
intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XVII,  25  pp.,  2 pis.,  1000. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Etude  de  la  Sierra  de  Guanajuato. — See  Villarello,  Flores,  and  Kohles,  no. 
2400. 

Foerste,  August  F. 

883.  Silurian  clays,  with  notes  on  clays  of  the  Waverly  and  Irvine  forma- 
tions [of  Kentucky]. — Kentucky  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  5,  pp.  143-178,  190.5. 

Gives  chemical  analyses,  describes  the  geological  position,  and  discusses  possible  uses 
of  the  various  clays. 

884.  The  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  Irvine  formations  of  east-central  Ken- 
tucky, with  an  account  of  their  clays  and  limestones.— Kentucky  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  7,  309  pp.,  33  ])ls.  nncl.  7 maps),  1000. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  classification  of  Silurian  and  Devonian  rocks  and  the 
properties  and  economic  value  of  their  limestones  and  clays.  Also  describes  and  figures 
characteristic  fossils  of  the  Sihirian  formations  of  east  central  Kentucky,  chiefly  from  the 
Waco  limestone  horizon. 

Fohs,  F.  .lulius. 

885.  Clays  in  Crittenden  and  Invingston  counties  [Kentucky]. — Kentucky 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  0,  pp.  124-142,  1005. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  kinds,  origin,  and  geologic  relations. 

886.  Classification  of  faults  and  fractures  into  series  and  sets  and  its  practi- 
cal application. — Eng,  and  Min.  ,7our„  vol.  81,  pp.  558-554,  March  24,  1000. 

Includes  notes  on  faulting  in  western  Kentucky. 


76  BTBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^^  1906-1907. 


Ford,  James. 

887.  Theory  of  the  formation  of  coal  fields. — Eii^.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
pp.  255-256,  August  II,  1006. 

Ford,  W.  E. 

888.  Some  interesting  beryl  crystals  and  their  associations. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pj).  217-22.3,  10  figs.,  September,  1906;  ZeitSchr.  f.  Krystal,  u. 
Mineral.,  Rd.  43,  Heft  1,  pp.  12-17,  11  figs.,  1907. 

On  stibiotantalite. — See  Penfield  and  Ford,  no.  1892. 

Forstner,  William. 

889.  Copi)er  in  Shasta  County,  California. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp. 
625-626,  4 figs..  May  18,  1907. 

Discusses  the  geology  of  the  Shasta  copper  belt  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of 
the  ores. 

890.  Ore  deposits  in  serpentine. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  121-122, 
July  27,  1907. 

Fowke,  Gerard. 

891.  Superficial  deposits  along  the  Mississippi. — Ohio  State  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  4,  pt.  7 (14th  Ann.  Kept.),  pp.  340-.352,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  glacial  deposits'* in  southern  Illinois  and  Missouri  and 
their  explanation. 

892.  Lansing  man. — Bureau  Am.  Ethnology,  Bull.,  vol.  30,  pt.  1,  pp.  759- 
760,  2 figs.,  1907.. 

Discusses  the' occurrence  of  the  human  remains  and  the  geologic  environment,  and 
discusses  the  age  of  the  deposits. 

Fraleck,  E.  L. 

893.  Iron  pyrites  in  Ontario. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  16th  Ann.  Kept.,  vol.  16, 
pt.  1,  pp.  149-201,  21  figs.,  1907. 

Frank,  Fritz  J. 

894.  Cobalt:  Canada’s  wonderful  silver  camp;  geological  features  of  the 
region. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  4,  pp.  145-147,  5 figs.,  November,  1906. 

Fraprie,  Frank  Roy. 

895.  On  the  chromates  of  cfesium. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pit.  309- 
316.  5 figs.,  April,  1906;  Zeitschr.  f.  Kryst.  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  42,  Heft  2,  pp.  113- 
119,  5 figs.,  1906. 

Fraser,  Lee. 

896.  Coal  mining  in  Michigan. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp.  594-595, 
2 figs.,  September  28,  1907. 

897.  Mining  the  coal  measures  of  Michigan. — Eng.  and  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  84, 
pp.  1024-1027,  9 figs.,  November  30,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence,  character,  and  composition  of  the  coals. 

Frazer,  Per  si  for. 

898.  Rocks  of  Mount  Desert  Island,  Maine. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol. 
16,  pp.  583-585,  1906. 

899.  The  classification  of  coals.  Discussion  of  pa])er  by  M.  R.  Campbell. — 
Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  .36,  pp.  825-833,  190(5  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  8,  jtp. 
2.39-246,  March,  1906). 

Freeh,  Fritz. 

900.  I'eher  rlie  Klima-aenderungen  der  geologiscluMi  Vergangenheit. — Congr. 
geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  lO**  sess.,  Mexico.  1906,  pp.  290-.325,  1907. 

Discusses  geologic  changes  of  climate. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


77 


Freeh,  Fritz — Continued. 

901.  Ueber  Avicnliden  von  Bakeozoiscliem  Habitus  aiis  der  Trias  von  Zacate- 
cas.— Congi*.  geol.  intern.,  C.  K.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  327-340,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Discusses  climatic  conditions  prevailing  during  the  Triassic,  and  describes  Aviculidje 
from  the  Triassic  deposits  of  Zacatecas,  Mexico. 

Frost,  Max,  and  Walter,  Paul  A.  F. 

902.  [Physiography  and  geology  of  New  Mexico.] — In  “ The  Land  of  Sun- 
shine,” published  by  the  New  Mexico  Bureau  of  Immigration,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M., 
pp.  23-39,  11  pis.,  1906. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  physiographic  features  and  general  geology  of  New 
Mexico. 

Fuller,  Myron  L. 

903.  Work  of  the  eastern  section  of  hydrology  [of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey]  in  1905,  and  publications  relating  to  underground  waters.— 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  1-S,  1906. 

904.  Significance  of  the  term  “ artesian.” — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and 
Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  9-15,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  various  ways  in  which  the  term  “ artesian  ” has  been  used  and  gives 
definitions. 

905.  Representation  of  wells  and  springs  on  maps. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  *no.  160,  pp.  16-18,  1906. 

Proposes  a system  of  symbols  for  representing  on  maps  wells  and  springs  of  different 
character. 

906.  Total  amount  of  free  water  in  the  earth’s  crust. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Pap?r  no.  160,  pp.  59-72,  1906. 

907.  Peculiar  mineral  waters  from  crystalline  rocks  of  Georgia. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  86-91,  1906. 

Describes  the  composition  of  the  waters  and  discusses  the  geologic  conditions  and  the 
sources  of  their  mineralization. 

908.  Instances  of  improvement  of  water  in  wells. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160,  pp.  96-99,  1906. 

909.  Comparative  intensities  of  the  New  Madrid,  Charleston,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco earthquakes. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  C17-918,  June  15, 
1906. 

910.  Our  greatest  earthquakes. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  69,  no.  1,  pp.  76- 
86,  6 figs.,  July,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  earthquake,  and  compares  the  New  Madrid, 
Charleston,  and  San  Francisco  earthquakes. 

911.  Underground  water  investigations  in  the  United  States. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp.  554-569,  1906. 

Describes  the  development  of  hydrologic  investigations  in  the  United  States,  the  char- 
acter of  hydrologic  problems  and  methods  of  investigation,  and  the  problems  awaiting 
study. 

912.  Clays  of  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  432-441,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  structure  of  the  clay 
beds.  Includes  a geologic  section  of  the  Cape  Cod  region. 

913.  Glacial  stages  in  southeastern  New  England  and  vicinity. — Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  467-469,  Octc'ber  12,  1906. 

914.  The  elevated  beaches  of  Labrador. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  32,  January  4,  1907. 


78  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  XOETH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^  1906-1907. 


Fuller,  Myron  L. — Continiiecl. 

915.  Notes  on  the  Jainaicn  earthquake. — .Jonr.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  7,  pp. 
096-721,  11  tigs.,  1907. 

916.  Controlling  factors  of  artesian  flows. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
25,  p.  767,  May  17,  1907. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  carbon  dioxide  and  of  mineral 
waters. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  phosphate  rock. — See  no.  2419. 
Fuller,  ]Myron  L.,  and  others. 

917.  Underground-water  papers,  1906. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig. 
Paper  no.  160,  104  pp.,  1 pi.,  4 tigs.,  1906. 

Contains  the  following  papers  : 

^Work  of  the  eastern  section  of  hydrology  in  1905,  and  publications  relating  to  undet 
ground  waters,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  1-8. 

Significance  of  the  term  “ artesian.”  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  9-15. 

Representation  of  wells  and  springs  on  maps,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  16-18. 
Occurrence  of  water  in  crystalline  rocks,  by  E.  E.  Ellis,  pp.  19-28. 

Flowing-well  districts  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  oy 
Frank  Leverett,  pp.  29-5.3. 

Drainage  of  wet  lands  in  Arkansas  by  wells,  by  A.  E.  Crider,  pp.  54-58. 

Total  amount  of  free  water  in  the  earth’s  crust,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  59-72. 

Use  of  fiuorescein  in  the  study  of  underground  waters,  by  R.  B.  Dole,  pp.  73—85. 
Peculiar  mineral  waters  from  crystalline  rocks  of  Georgia,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp. 
86-91. 

Problems  of  water  contamination,  by  Isaiah  Bowman,  pp.  92—95. 

Instances  of  improvement  of  water  in  wells,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  5)6-99. 

Fuller,  Myron  L.,  and  Sanford,  Samuel.  ^ 

918.  Record  of  deep-well  drilling  for  1905. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  298, 
299  pp.,  1906. 

Fulton,  T.  T. 

919.  The  faults  of  Battery  Point,  Sydney,  N.  S. — Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci., 
Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  260-261,  2 pis,,  1906. 

Describes  the  kinds  and  directions  of  the  faults. 

Furlong,  Eustace  L. 

920.  The  exploration  of  Samwel  cave  [California]. — Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  4th 
ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  2.35-247,  3 fl.gs.,  September,  1906. 

Describes  the  cave  and  its  deposits,  and  gives  a list  of  the  fossil  remains  obtained, 
with  notes  on  their  occurrence  and  age. 

921.  Reconnaissance  of  a recently  discovered  Quaternary  cave  deposit  near 
Auburn.  California. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  392-394,  March  8,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  vertebrate  remains. 

Gage,  R.  B. 

The  glass-sand  industiy  of  New  Jersey. — See  Kiimmel  and  Gage,  no.  14.36. 
Gale,  Hoyt  S. 

922.  'Phe  Hahns  I’eak  gold  held,  Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285,  pp.  28-34,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  igneous  and  sedimentary  rocks  of 
the  region  and  the  occurrence  and  development  of  placer  and  lode  gold  deposits. 

923.  Carnot it(‘  in  Rio  Blanco  County.  Colo. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Bull.  no. 
315,  pp.  110-117,  1 pi.,  1907. 

924.  Coal  fields  of  the  Danforlh  Hills  and  Grand  Hogback  in  northwestern 
Colorado, — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  .316,  i>p.  ’264^301,  .3  pis.,  1907, 

3'he  Yainpa  coal  field,  Routt  County,  Colo. — See  Fenneman  and  Gale,  nos. 
862,  863. 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


79 


Gallup,  F.  L.  ‘ 

Report  on  the  molding  sands  of  Wisconsin. — See  Kies  and  Gallnp,  no.  2065. 
Ganong,  W.  F. 

925.  Notes  on  the  natural  history  and  physiography  of  New  Brunswick. — 
New  Brunswick  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  no.  XXIV  (vol.  5,  pt.  4),  pp.  409-474, 
illus.,  1906;  no.  XXV  (vol.  5,  pt.  5),  pp.  519-546,  3 pis.,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Contains  notes  on  various  physiographic  features  of  New  Brunswick. 

Gardner,  James  H. 

926.  The  kaolin  deposits  adjacent  to  the  eastern  rim  of  the  western  coal 
field,  with  notes  on  other  clays  in  that  region  [Kentucky]. — Kentucky  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  7-63,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  origin,  and  geologic  horizon  of  the  clay  deposits, 

927.  Clays  of  the  Red  River  Valley  [Kentucky]. — Kentucky  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  64-79,  1905. 

928.  Clays  and  sands  of  the  Jackson's  Purchase  region. — Kentucky  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  80-123,  1905. 

929.  Miscellaneous  analyses  of  Kentucky  clays  and  marls. — Kentucky  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  179-223,  1905. 

Garrey,  George  FI. 

The  Idaho  Springs  mining  district,  Colorado. — See  Spurr  and  Garrey,  no. 
2275. 

Notes  oil  the  Manhattan  district. — See  Emmons  and  Garrey,  no.  808. 
Garrison,  F.  Lynwood. 

930.  Gold  mining  in  Santo  Domingo. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol,  84,  pp. 
490-492,  5 figs.,  September  14,  1907. 

931.  The  Parral  district,  Mexico. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pii.  373-374, 
2 figs.,  March  23,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geolog5%  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

932.  Metallic  sulphides  in  the  tuffs  of  Santo  Domingo. — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  305-310,  6 figs.,  September  7,  1907. 

933.  Notes  on  minerals. — Philadelphia,  Acad,  Nat.  Sci.,  I'roc.,  vol.  59,  pt.  3, 
pp.  445-446,  1907. 

Gautier,  Armand. 

934.  The  genesis  of  thermal  waters  and  their  connection  with  volcanism. 
Translation  by  F.  L.  Ransome  of  “ La  genese  des  eaux  therniales  et  ses  rapports 
avec  le  volcanisme,”  (Ann.  des  Mines,  6®  ser.,  t.  9,  pp.  316-370,  1906). — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp.  688-697,  1906. 

Geijsbeek,  S. 

935.  [Review  of|  Clays,  their  occurrence,  ])roi)erties,  and  uses,  with  special 
reference  to  those  of  the  United  States,  by  Heinrich  Ries. — Econ.  Geology,  vol. 
2,  no.  6,  pp.  603-606,  1907. 

Geinitz,  Eugen. 

936.  Ueber  die  vulcanischen  Ereignisse  von  Martinique  mid  St.  Vincent. — 
Ver.  d.  Freunde  d.  Natnrg.  in  Mecklenburg,  Giistrow,  Archiv,  .Tahrg.  56,  pp. 
xxxvii-lii,  1902. 

Describes  volcanic  eruptions  on  the  islands  of  Martinique  and  St.  Vincent, 


80  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Geinitz,  F.  E. 

937.  Die  Eiszeit. — Die  AVisseiiscliaft : Sammliing  natiirwisseiischaftliclier 

iind  mathematisclier  Moiiograpbieii,  Heft  16,  Bramiscliweig,  Friedrich  Vieweg 
und  Sohn,  1906.  198  pp.,  3 pis.,  25  figs. 

Includes  a chapter  on  the  glacial  period  in  North  America. 

Gentil,  L. 

938.  LSnr  les  ceiidres  rejetees  par  le  volcaii  de  la  Montague  Pelee  le  3 mai 
]902. — Soc.  geol.  de  France,  Bull.,  4®  ser.,  t.  2,  pp.  320-321,  1902. 

Describes  the  character  of  rocks  ejected  by  Mont  Pele. 

George,  H.  C. 

939.  The  Nipissing  mine.  Cobalt,  Ontario. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
967-968,  November  24,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

George,  R.  D. 

940.  Polished  pebbles. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  626-627,  April  19, 
1907. 

Gibson,  Thomas  W. 

941.  Report  of  the  [Ontario]  Bur.  Mines,  1907,  vol.  16,  i>t.  1,  248  pp.,  illus., 
1907. 

Gidley,  James  Williams. 

942.  Evidence  bearing  on  tooth-cusp  development. — Washington  Acad.  Sci.. 
Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  91-106,  2 pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

943.  A new  genus  of  horse  from  the  Mascall  beds,  with  notes  on  a small 
collection  of  equine  teeth  in  the  University  of  California. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  386-388,  2 figs.,  1906. 

944.  A fossil  raccoon  from  a California  Pleistocene  cave  deposit. — U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  29,  pp.  553-554,  1 pi.,  1906. 

945.  A new  ruminant  from  the  Pleistocene  of  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  165-167,  3 figs.,  1906. 

946.  New  or  little  known  mammals  from  the  Miocene  of  South  Dakota. — 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  135-153,  20  figs.,  1906. 

947.  A new  horned  rodent  from  the  Miocene  of  Kansas. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  627-636.  8 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

948.  Revision  of  the  Miocene  and  Pliocene  Equidte  of  North  America. — Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  865-934,  1907. 

Gilbert,  (trove  Karl. 

949.  The  cause  and  nature  of  earthquakes. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92, 
pp.  272-273,  April  28,  1906. 

950.  The  investigation  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly, 
vol.  69,  no.  2,  ])p.  97-115,  14  figs.,  August,  1906.  See  also  Jordan.  D.  S.,  no.  1.325. 

951.  Crescentic  gouges  on  glaciated  surfaces. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  17,  pp.  303-316,  1906. 

Dpscrihes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  these  markings  and  gives  an  explanation 
of  their  origin. 

952.  Mouliu  work  under  glaciers. — Geol.  Soc.  xVmerica,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  317- 
.320,  .3  pis.,  1906. 

Describes  a certain  type  of  rock  sculpturing  and  explains  how  it  was  produced  by 
the  mouliu  work  of  a glacier. 

953.  Gravitational  assemblage  In  granite. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17, 
pp.  .321-328.  4 pis.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  localization  of  phenocrysts  of  feldspar  and  of  hornblende,  and  of  other 
I)henomena  in  granite  in  the  Siei-ra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  explains  their  assemblage 
as  due  to  gravitational  force. 


81 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  190G-19U7. 

.Gilbert,  Grove  Karl — Continued. 

954.  Israel  Cook  Russell,  1S52-190G. — Jour.  (Jeology,  vol.  14,  no.  S,  pp.  6Go- 
667,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  his  life  and  work. 

955.  Rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls. — U.  S.  (Jeol.  Survey,  Hull.  no.  30G, 
pp.  5-25,  11  pis.,  S figs.,  1907. 

Explains  the  cause  of  \he  recession,  cites  records  as  to  former  positions  of  the  falls, 
and  discusses  the  rate  of  recession. 

956.  The  [San  Francisco]  earthquake  as  a natural  phenomenon. — IC  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  824,  pp.  1-13,  8 pis.,  2 tigs.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  fault  trace,  the  dislocations  of  surface  material,  the  motions  constituting 
the  earthquake,  and  the  distribution  of  intensity. 

The  investigation  of  the  California  earthquake  of  1906. — See  Jordan,  no.  1325. 
Gilder,  Robert  F. 

957.  A primitive  human  type  in  America.  The  finding  of  the  “ Nebraska 
man.” — Putnam’s  Monthly,  pp.  407^09,  2 figs.,  January,  1907. 

Giles,  W.  B. 

958.  Bakerite  (a  new  borosilicate  of  calcium)  and  howlite  from  California. — 
Mineral.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  pp.  353-355,  December,  1903. 

Gilmore,  Charles  W. 

959.  Notes  on  the  osteology  of  Baptanodon.  With  a description  of  a new 
species. — Carnegie  Mus.,  INIem.,  vol.  2,  pp.  325-342,  3 pis.,  13  figs.,  1906. 

960.  Notes  on  some  recent  additions  to  the  exhibition  series  of  vertebrate 
fossils. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  607-611,  G pis.,  190G. 

961.  Notes  on  a newly  mounted  skeleton  of  IMerycoidodon,  a fossil  mammal. — 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  31,  pp.  513-514,  1 pi.,  190G. 

962.  The  type  of  the  Jurassic  reptile  Morosanrus  agilis  redescribed  with  a 
note  on  Camptosaurus. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  151-1G5,  2 pis.,  9 
figs.,  1907. 

963.  A new  species  of  Baptanodon  from  the  .Turassic  of  AVyoming. — Am.  .Jour. 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  i>p.  193-198,  2 tigs.,  ^Marcli,  1907. 

Gilpin,  Edwin. 

964.  Report  on  the  mines  of  Nova  Scotia. — Nova  Scotia,  Department  of 
Mines,  Report  for  190G,  99  pp.,  1907. 

Giroux,  Joseph  L. 

965.  The  Giroux  mines,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  985-986, 
November  24,  1906. 

Describes  the  ore  bodies  at  Ely,  Nev. 

Girty,  George  II. 

966.  Report  on  fossil  invertebrates  [of  the  Cape  liisbnrne  region,  Alaska]. — 
F.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  278,  pp.  22-26,  1906. 

Gives  lists  of  fossils  identified  from  various  localities,  considered  to  be  of  lower  Mis- 
sissippian  age,  and  notes  upon  the  faunas. 

967.  Report  on  marine  Carboniferous  fossils  from  the  coal  fields  of  Arkan- 
sas.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  P>ull.  no.  326,  pj).  31-35,  1907. 

Gives  lists  of  invertebrate  fossils  identified  from  various  localities. 

Glenn,  Leonidas  Chalmers. 

968.  Erosion  at  Ducktown,  Tennessee. — Abstract  : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
p.  288,  February  23,  190(5 : Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  I'roc.,  vol.  55,  p.  377,  1906. 

66836— Bull.  372—09 6 


82  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Glenn,  Leonidas  Chalmers — Continued. 

969.  The  hydrology  and  geology  of  the  Gulf  emhaymeut  area  of  west  Ten- 
nessee, west  Kentucky,  and  southern  Illinois. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
23,  p.  288,  February  23,  1900;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.  vol.  55,  p.  377,  1906. 

970.  The  university  training  of  engineers  in  economic  geology. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  476^79,  1900. 

971.  Underground  waters  of  Tennessee  and  Keiitnclvy  west  of  Tennessee 
River  and  of  an  adjacent  area  in  Illinois. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  \Y.-S.  and  Irrig. 
Paper  no.  164,  173  pp.,  7 pis.,  13  figs.,  1906. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  physiography,  geology,  and  underground-water  resources. 
Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  part  of  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field,  Ken- 
tucky.— See  Ashley  and  Glenn,  no.  77. 

Goddard,  Malcolm. 

972.  Fish  rema  is  from  the  marine  lower  Triassic  of  Aspen  Ridge,  Idaho. — 
California  Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  8,  pp.  145-148,  5 figs.,  May,  1907. 

Goldsmith,  E. 

973.  The  Jerseyite. — Franklin  Inst.  Jour.,  vol.  164,  no.  5,  pp.  369-373,  Novem- 
ber, 1907. 

Describes  the  finding  and  composition  of  a meteoric  stone  from  New  .lersey. 
Goldthwait,  James  Walter. 

974.  Correlation  of  the  raised  beaches  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Michigan. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  5,  pp.  411—124,  6 figs.,  1906. 

Reviews  previous  work,  records  recent  observations  by  the  writer,  and  discusses  the 
relations  of  the  raised  beaches  bordering  Lake  Michigan. 

975.  The  abandoned  shore-lines  of  eastern  AYisconsin. — Wisconsin  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  17,  134  pp.,  37  pis.,  37  figs.,  1907. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  history  of  the  Great  Lakes  region  during  the  ice  age,  reviews 
the  work  of  deciphering  this  history,  and  describes  in  detail  the  old  shore-lines  in  eastern 
Wisconsin. 

Gordon,  Clarence  E. 

976.  Studies  on  early  stages  in  Paleozoic  corals. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  21,  pp.  109-127,  18  figs.,  February,  1906. 

977.  The  primary  septa  in  rugose  corals. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp. 
345-347,  March  1,  1907;  Abstract;  ibid.,  pp.  733-734,  May  10,  1907. 

978.  Early  stages  of  some  Palaeozoic  corals. — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci., 
Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  p.  596,  1907. 

Gordon,  Charles  H. 

979.  New  Mexico  geology. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  109,  January  18, 
1907. 

Calls  attention  to  inaccuracies  in  recent  publications  on  the  geology  of  New  Mexico. 

980.  Some  features  of  the  geology  of  Magdalena  and  Black  Range  region. — 
Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  824-825,  May  24,  1907. 

981.  Mississippian  (Lower  Carboniferous)  formations  in  the  Rio  Grande  Val- 
ley, New  Mexico. — Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  58-64,  1 fig.,  July,  1907. 

982.  Notes  on  the  Pennsylvanian  formations  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  New 
Mexico. — .Tour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  8,  pp.  805-816,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Gordon,  Charles  H.,  and  Graton,  Louis  Caryl. 

983.  Low(‘r  Paleozoic  formations  in  New  Mexico. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  21,  pp.  .39()-.395,  ]May,  1906;  Science,  m‘w  ser..  vol.  23,  pp.  590-5J)l,  April  13. 
1906. 

I)escrii)es  the  occurrence  and  character  of  Cambrian.  Ordovician,  Silurian,  Devonian, 
and  Carboniferous  rocks  in  New  Mexico. 


83 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

Gordon,  W.  C. 

984.  Tlie  Black  River  section  near  Bessemer  | Micliigan  | . — Micliijjan  Acad. 
Sci.,  7th  Kept.,  pp.  188-195,  1905. 

Describes  the  physical  features  of  the  area  examined  and  the  occurrence,  character, 
and  relations  of  the  sedimentary  and  eruptive  rocks  of  Keweenawan  aj^e. 

Gordon,  W.  C.,  assisted  by  Lane,  Alfred  C. 

985.  A geoloj^ical  section  from  Bessemer  down  Black  River. — Michigan, 
State  Board  of  Geol.  Survey,  Rept.  for  1900,  pp.  397-507,  4 pis.,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Keneenawan  strata. 

Gould,  Charles  N. 

986.  TThe  geology  and  water  resources  of  the  eastern  ])ortion  of  the  Pan- 
handle of  Texas. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  AY.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  154,  04  pp., 
15  pis.,  4 figs.,  1900. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  general  geology  and  stratigraphy,  and  the 
occurrence  and  character  of  underground  and  surface  waters. 

987.  The  geology  and  water  resources  of  the  western  ])ortion  of  the  Pan- 
handle of  Texas. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  \Y.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  191,  70  pi*., 
7 pis.,  3 figs.,  1907. 

988.  The  oil  fields  of  Oklahoma. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr.,  vol.  84,  p.  259,  August 
10,  1907. 

Gow,  Paul  A.,  and  others. 

989.  Report  on  the  property  of  the  Daly-Judge  mining  company.  Park  City, 
Utah. — Colorado  School  of  Mines,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  1,  pp.  31-70,  15  figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  the  lead-silver  ores. 

990.  The  Daly-Judge  mine  and  mill.  Park  City,  Utah. — Mines  and  Minerals, 
vol.  28,  pp.  32-35,  79-82,  11  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  lead-silver  ores. 

Grabau,  Amadeus  IV. 

991.  Guide  to  the  geology  and  paleontology  of  the  Schoharie  Valley  in  east- 
ern New  York. — N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  Bull.  92  (58th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  3),  pp.  77-386, 
24  pis.,  216  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and  fossil  content  of  Ordovician.  Silurian, 
and  Devonian  strata  of  the  Schoharie  Valley,  gives  detailed  characteristic  sections  in  the 
Ilelderbergs  and  lists  of  fossils  found  in  the  various  formations  with  figures  of  those 
characteristic,  and  explains  the  physiography  of  the  region. 

992.  Relative  ages  of  the  Oneida  and  Shawangunk  conglomerates. — Abstract: 
Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16.  p.  582,  1906. 

993.  Types  of  sedimentary  overlap. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp. 
567-636,  17  figs.,  1906.  Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3, 
pp.  598-.590,  1907. 

Defines  the  various  kinds  of  overlap  in  sedimentation  and  ia  the  application  of  the 
principles  laid  down  discusses  the  deposits  of  the  l)asal  Paleozoic  series,  of  the  basal 
Mesozoic  series,  the  Saint  Peter  and  Dakota  sandstones,  and  upper  Devonian  and  lower 
Carboniferous  formations  of  the  Appalachian  region. 

994.  Discovery  of  the  Schoharie  fauna  in  Michigan. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23.  p.  467,  March  23,  1906;  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp. 
718-719,  1907. 

995.  Notes  on  th(‘  character  and  oilgin  of  the  BoltsvilU'  formation  of  the 
Appalachian  region. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  j).  691,  Novendier  30, 
1906. 


84  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Grabau,  Amadeus  W. — Continued. 

996.  Studies  of  Gastropoda.  III.  On  ortliogenetic  variation  in  Gastropoda. — 
Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  41,  pp.  G07-(i4(),  3 pis.,  October,  1907. 

The  study  is  based  in  part  upon  fossil  material. 

997.  Subaerial  erosion  cliffs  and  talus  in  the  lower  Devonic  of  Michigan. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  295-296,  February  22,  1907. 

998.  Types  of  cross-bedding  and  their  stratigraphic  significance. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  296,  February  22,  1907. 

999.  Geology  and  scenery  of  the  Tapper  Genesee  falls. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25,  pp.  538-  539,  April  5,  1907. 

1000.  Age  aiid  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  Chattanooga  black  shale. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  771,  May  17,  1907. 

1001.  The  Medina  sandstone  problem. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25. 
pp.  771-772,  May  17,  1907. 

1002.  The  Sylvaiiia  sandstone — a study  in  paleogeography. — Abstract : Sci- 
ence, new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  832,  December  13,  1907. 

1003.  Seventh  international  zoological  congress — section  of  paleozoology. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  881-883,  December  20,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  proceedings  of  the  meeting  held  in  Boston,  August  lh-24, 
1907,  and  the  titles  of  the  papers  presented. 

1004.  Evolution  of  some  Devonic  spirifers. — Abstract : New  York  Acad.  Sci., 
Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  574-575,  1907. 

Grabau,  Amadeus  \T.,  and  Shimer,  Hervey  Woodburn. 

1005.  North  American  index  fossils. — School  of  Mines  Quart.,  vol.  27,  no.  2, 
pp.  138-243,  175  figs.,  January,  1906;  vol.  38,  no.  1,  pp.  20-100.  46  figs.,  Novem- 
ber, 1906. 

Gives  brief  descriptions  of  “ index  ” fossils  : species,  genera,  and  higher  groups,  with 
keys  to  the  genera.  Includes  references  to  the  literature. 

1006.  North  American  index  fossils.  II. — School  of  Mines  Quart.,  a’oI.  28, 
no.  2,  pp.  150-221,  89  figs.,  no.  3,  pp.  251-352,  165  figs.,  1907. 

Gives  brief  descriptions  and  synoptic  tables  of  the  hrachiopods. 

Graham,  Blakely. 

1007.  The  Cooney  district.  New  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
731-732,  October  20,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Graham,  K.  P.  D. 

1008.  Note  on  two  interesting  i)seudomorphs  in  the  McGill  Fniversity  min- 
eral collection. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  47-54,  3 figs.,  July,  1906. 

Describes  pseudomorphs  after  laumontite  from  Quebec  and  corundum  from  Ontario. 

Graichen,  W. 

1009.  Das  Kupfer-Gold-I.ager  von  Globe,  Arizona.— Zeitschr.  f.  prak.  Geol., 
Jg.  13,  Heft  1,  pp.  39-40,  1 fig.,  January,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  gold-copper  ore  near  Globe.  Arizona. 

Granberry,  J.  II, 

1010.  Magnetit(‘  deposits  and  mining  at  Mim*ville,  N.  Y. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  890-893,  98(5-989,  1035-1038,  1082-1084,  1130-11.32,  1178-1179, 
26  figs.,  190(5.  Iteprint(Ml  (with  la'visions  by  tbe  autbor)  umb'r  tbe  title:  33ie 
Port  Henry  iron  mines. 

Describes  the  geology  and  discusses  the  origin  and  occurrence  of  the  ores  and  (he  mining 
operations. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  85 


Granberry,  J.  H. — Continued. 

1011.  History  of  the  Seluiyler  mine,  the  first  copper  mine  opemt(‘d  in  the 
Lnited  States. — Eng.  and  Min.  .lonr.,  vol.  82,  i)p.  1116-1119,  3 tigs.,  December 
15,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  local  geoloj?y. 

1012.  The  Schuyler  mine,  Kingsland,  New  Jersey. — Franklin  Inst.,  Jonr., 
vol.  164,  pp.  13-28,  217-223,  7 tigs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  copper  ores. 

Grant,  C.  C. 

1013.  Notes  on  the  past  collecting  season. — Hamilton  Sci.  Assoc.,  Jour,  and 
I‘roc.,  no.  22,  pp.  107-114,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  fossils  in  Silurian  strata  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton, 
Ontario. 

1014.  Additional  notes  on  late  collecting  season. — Hamilton  Sci.  Assoc., 
.Tour,  and  Proc.,  no.  22,  pp.  115-120,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  fossils  in  the  Silurian  beds  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton, 
Ontario. 

1015.  Notes  on  the  late  collecting  season. — Hamilton  Sci.  Assoc.,  .Tour,  and 
Proc.,  no.  23,  pp.  130-137,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  Silurian  fossils  and  their  occurrence  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton, 
Ontario. 

1016.  Notes  during  the  collecting  season. — Hamilton  Sci.  Assoc.,  Jour,  and 
I’roc.,  no.  23,  pp.  1.38-144,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  Silurian  fossils  occurring  in  the  vicinity  of  Hamilton,  Ontario. 

Grant,  Ulysses  Sherman. 

1017.  Report  on  the  lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Wisconsin,  with  an  atlas  of 
detailed  maps. — Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  14,  100  pp., 
26  pis.  (18  in  atlas),  10  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  of  the  Wisconsin  lead  district,  the  geologic  struc- 
tui-e  of  the  area,  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Cambrian  and  Ordovician 
strata,  and  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  origin  of  the  lead  and  zinc  ores. 

1018.  Zinc  and  lead  deposits  in  Wisconsin. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no.  6,  pp. 
453-^60,  7 figs.,  June,  1906. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence,  character, 
and  mining  of  the  ores. 

1019.  Structural  relations  of  the  Wisconsin  zinc  and  lead  deposits. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp,  233-242,  4 figs.,  December-January,  1905-1906. 

Desci’ibes  the  general  and  structural  geology  of  the  ore  deposits,  and  discusses  their 
origin. 

1020.  Copper  and  other  mineral  resources  of  Prince  William  Sound. — TJ.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284,  pp.  78-87,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of 
deposits  of  copper  ore. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  and  Burchard,  Ernest  F. 

1021.  Description  of  the  Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quadrangles  [Wis- 
coiisin-Iowa-lllinois]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  V.  S.,  folio  no. 
14.5,  14  pp.,  11  figs.,  4 maps,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Cambrian,  Ordo- 
vician, and  Siiurian  strata  and  Quaternary  deposits,  the  geologic  structure  and  history, 
and  the  mineral  resources,  chiefly  lead  and  zinc. 

Gratacap,  L.  P. 

1022.  The  Clove  Valley  Pleistocene  lake  basin. — Staten  Island  Nat.  Sci. 
Assoc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  no,  2,  pp.  3-4,  1901. 


86  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Gratacap,  L.  P. — C'oiitinued. 

1023.  Newfonndlanrl,  its  ijeologjy  and  mineral  resources. — Min.  World,  vol. 
2o,  no.  19,  pp.  52.0-526,  .‘>  ligs.,  November  11,  1905. 

1024.  Tbe  largest  American  collection  of  meteorites. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly, 
vol.  69,  no.  1,  pp.  21-28,  6 figs.,  July,  1906. 

Graton,  Louis  Caryl. 

1025.  Reconnaissance  of  some  gold  and  tin  deposits  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachians.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no.  293,  pp.  9-118,  7 pis.,  14  tigs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  geology,  origin,  and  mining  of  tin  and  gold  ores 
in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

1026.  Description  and  petrology  of  the  metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  54,  pp.  41-113,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  the  petrographic  and  chemical  character  of  the  various 
igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district,  and  discusses  their  mag- 
matic derivation. 

Lower  Paleozoic  formations  in  New  Mexico. — See  Gordon  and  Graton,  no.  983. 
A reconnaissance  of  the  mineral  deposits  of  New  Mexico. — See  Lindgren  and 
Graton,  no.  1603. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  copper. — See  no.  2419. 
Greaves-Walker,  A.  F. 

1027.  The  flint  Are  clay  deposit  of  northeastern  Kentucky. — Am.  Ceramic 
Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  9,  pp.  461-472,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Greenawalt,  William  E. 

1028.  The  tungsten  deposit  of  Boulder  County,  Colo. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  951-952,  1 fig..  May  18,  1907. 

Greene,  George  K. 

1029.  rUescriptions  of  Devonian  corals.] — Contributions  to  Indiana  Pale- 
ontology, New  Albany,  Indiana,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  pp.  1-7,  2 pis.,  1906. 

1030.  [On  the  age  of  the  rocks  near  Kentland,  Newton  County,  Ind.]  — 
Contributions  to  Indiana  Paleontology,  New  Albany,  Indiana,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  pp. 
11-17,  3 figs.,  1906. 

1031.  [Descriptions  of  Devonian  corals.] — Contributions  to  Indiana  Pale- 
ontology, New  Albany,  Indiana,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  pp.  19-21,  1 pi.,  1906. 

1032.  [Descriptions  of  Devonian  corals.] — Contributions  to  Indiana  Pale- 
ontology, New  Albany,  Indiana,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  pp.  33-38,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Gregory,  Herbert  E. 

1033.  The  geology  of  Connecticut  in  relation  to  its  water  supljh — Con- 
necticut Bd.  Agric.,  39th  Ann.  Kept.,  pp.  283-297,  1906. 

1034.  The  crystalline  rocks  [of  Connecticut]. — Connecticut  State  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  39-156,  6 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  kinds  and  structures  of  the  rocks,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
relations  of  the  crystalline  formations. 

1035.  Glacial  geology  [of  Connecticut]. — Connecticut  State  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  225-259,  7 pis.,  5 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  glaciation  and  glacial  deposits  of  the  State. 

1036.  Geological  map  of  Connecticut,  1905. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  727,  1907. 

1037.  Bibliography  of  the  geology  of  Connecticut. — Connecticut  State  Geol. 
and  Nat.  Hist.  Survej",  Bull.  no.  8,  123  pp.,  1907. 

Manual  of  the  geology  of  Connecticut. — See  Rice  and  Gregorj",  no.  2034. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-190'J.  87 


Gregory,  Herbert  P^rnest,  and  Robinson,  Henry  Hollister. 

1038.  IT-eliminary  geological  map  of  Coiiiiecticnt. — Connecticut  State  Geol. 
and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  7,  39  pp.,  and  map  in  pocket,  1907. 

The  explanatory  text  accompanying-  the  map  gives  a brief  outline  of  the  geology  of 
Connecticut,  a sketch  of  the  history  of  geological  work  in  Connecticut,  and  a summary 
of  the  geologic  formations  of  the  State. 

Gregory,  J.  W. 

•1039.  Climatic  variations,  their  extent  and  causes. — Congr.  geol.  intern., 
C.  B.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  jtp.  407-426,  1907. 

Gregory,  William  K. 

1040.  The  orders  of  teleostomous  fishes.  A preliminary  review  of  the 
broader  features  of  their  evolution  and  taxonomy. — New  York  Acad.  Sci., 
Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  2,  pp.  437-508,  2 pis.,  September,  1907. 

Prorosmarus  aUeni,  a new  genus  and  species  of  walrus  from  the  upper  Mio- 
cene of  Yorktown,  Virginia. — See  Berry  and  Gregory,  no.  227. 

Griffith,  William. 

1041.  Kinds  and  occurrence  of  anthracite  coal. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no.  3, 
pp.  214-221,  March,  1906. 

1042.  The  Matanuska  coal  field,  Alaska. — jMines  and  Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  10, 
pp.  433-437,  5 figs..  May,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  seams,  and 
the  quality  and  composition  of  the  coals. 

Griggs,  Robert  E. 

1043.  The  Buffalo  River  [Minnesota]  : an  interesting  meandering  stream. — 
Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  38,  no.  3,  pp.  168-177,  2 figs.,  March,  1906. 

Discusses  factors  controlling  the  meandering  of  streams. 

Grimsley,  G.  P. 

1044.  Clays,  limestones,  and  cements. — West  Virginia  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  3, 
565  pp.,  44  pis.,  50  figs.  [1906]. 

Describes  the  composition,  occurrence,  properties,  and  xitilization  of  clays,  limestones, 
and  cement  materials  in  AVest  Virginia.  Includes  an  outline  of  the  geology  of  the  State. 

1045.  Portland  cement  resources  of  West  Virginia.— Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  998-999,  May  25,  1907. 

1046.  [Report  on  the  geology  of  the  Panhandle  counties  of  West  Virginia.]  — 
West  Virginia  Geol.  Survey,  County  Reports  and  Maps : Ohio,  Brooke,  and  Han- 
cock counties,  378  pp.,  16  pis.,  37  figs.,  and  8 maps  in  atlas  [1907]. 

Griswold,  W.  T. 

1047.  The  coals  of  the  Steubenville  quadrangle  in  West  Virginia. — West  Vir- 
ginia Geol.  Survey,  County  Rei)orts  and  Maps : Ohio,  Brooke,  and  Hancock 
counties,  pp.  224-2.37,  1 pi.  [1907]. 

The  production  in  the  Thiited  States  in  1905  of  natural  gas  and  of  petro- 
leum.— See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  petroleum. — See  no.  2419. 
Griswold,  W.  T.,  and  Munn,  M.  J. 

1048.  Geology  of  the  oil  and  gas  fields  in  Steubenville,  Burgettstown,  and 
Claysville  quadrangles,  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  and  Pennsylvania. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  318,  196  pp.,  13  pis.,  1907. 

Grout,  Frank  F. 

1049.  The  composition  of  coals. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  225-241, 
4 figs.,  April-May,  1907. 


Gives  a graphic  mode  of  representing. 


Includes  a classification. 


88  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1006-1907. 


Grout,  Frank  F. — Coiiliiiiied. 

1050.  Cannel  coal  in  noi-tliern  Illinois. — Illinois  Stato  (R'ol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4,  PI),  107-11)S,  1007. 

[Oil  fields  of]  Bandolpli  County  [Illinois]. — See  Blatcdiley,  no.  245. 

Guerra,  Manuel  Fernandez. 

1051.  Solucion  a las  euestiones  teenico-.i^eologicas,  propuestas  por  el  Sr. 
Lie.  D,  Luis  INIOidez,  presidente  de  la  Academia  de  .iurisprudencia  y leijislacion, 
sobre  si  son  denuneiables  los  uiantos  de  carbon  de  piedra  y los  depositos  de 
petroleo  que  existan  en  terrenes  de  propiedad  particular. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana, 
BoL,  t.  2,  pp.  87-110,  190G. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  occurrence  of  coal  and  of  petroleum. 

Guild,  F.  N. 

1052.  Notes  on  some  eruptive  rocks  in  Mexico, — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4tb  ser., 
vol.  22,  pp.  159-175,  6 figs.,  August,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  chemical  composition  of  some  eruptive  rocks 
from  central  Mexico. 

1053.  The  comi)osition  of  molybdite  from  Arizona,— Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4tb  ser,, 
vol.  23,  pp.  455—456,  June,  1907. 

1054.  Coon  IMountain  crater. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pj).  24-25,  July  5, 
1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  depression  so  named. 

Gulliver,  F.  P. 

1055.  Brewsters  Neck,  Connecticut. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  368-369,  September  21,  1906. 

Describes  a glacial  deposit  of  water-laid  sand  and  gravel. 

1056.  Ice  i)resent  during  the  formation  of  glacial  terraces. — Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  770-771,  May  17,  1907. 

1057.  The  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Summer 
meeting,  Section  E — Geology  and  geography.— Science,  new  ser..  vol,  26,  pp. 
397-404,  Sei)tember  27,  1907. 

Describes  the  excursions  made.  Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  places  visited. 
Gives  abstracts  of  papers  presented. 

1058.  Brewsters  Neck,  Connecticut. — Abstract:  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  56-57,  pp.  268-269,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  mode  of  formation  of  certain  glacial  deposits. 

Gunther,  C.  G. 

The  White  Knob  copper  deposits,  Mackaj%  Idaho. — See  Kemp  and  Gunther, 
no,  1372. 

Gwillim,  J.  C. 

1059.  Western  coal  resources. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  3 (new 
ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  1),  pp.  16-18,  March  15,  1907. 

Haanel,  Eugene. 

1060.  Report  of  the  superintendent  of  mines. — Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior, 
Ann.  Kept.,  pt.  8,  pj).  3-10,  1907. 

Haddon,  R.  AY. 

1061.  Zinc  mining  in  New  Alekico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  845- 
846,  2 figs..  May  5,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  Magdalena  Range.  New  Mexico,  and  the  occur- 
rence of  the  ores  yielding  silver,  h'ad,  zinc,  and  copper. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


89 


Haehl,  H.  L..  and  otliery. 

1062.  lieport  of  committee  [of  the  Sail  Francisco  Association  of  members 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil  Enj^ineers]  on  the  .ideology  of  the  [San  Fran- 
cisco] earthquake. — Ani.  Soc.  Civil  Eng.,  Proc.,  vol.  83,  no.  3,  pp.  307-313,  7 tigs., 
March,  1907;  Trans.,  vol.  59,  pp.  216-222,  2 pis.,  2 tigs.,  December,  1907. 

Halberstadt,  Baird. 

1063.  Halberstadt’s  general  mai)  of  the  bitnminons  coal  fields  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1907. 

Haldane,  Wm.  G. 

A study  of  the  nraninm  and  vanadium  belts  of  southern  Colorado. — See  Fleck 
and  Haldane,  no.  878. 

Hall,  C.  W. 

1064.  Some  geological  features  of  the  Minnesota  Seaside  Station  [Vancouver 
Island]. — Postelsia,  the  Yearbook  of  the  Minnesota  Seaside  Station,  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota,  1906,  pp.  305-347,  8 pis. 

Describes  the  lithology  of  the  southwestern  part  of  Vancouver  Island  and  discusses 
the  probable  age  of  the  rocks  and  their  origin. 

Hall,  W.  Carvel. 

1065.  Report  of  survey  of  crest  line  of  Niagara  Falls. — T^.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  306,  pp.  26-31,  1907. 

Halla,  Otto. 

1066.  The  beaches  of  Nome. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  p.  688,  June  1, 
1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  placer  gold  at  different  levels. 

Halse,  Edward. 

The  occurrence  of  pebbles,  concretions,  and  conglomerate  in  metalliferous 
veins. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  154-177,  13  figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo. 
Bull.  no.  4,  pp.  719-742,  13  figs.,  1905). — See  Halse,  5,  page  151  of  Bulletin 
no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

1067.  The  geology  of  Chiapas  and  Tabasco,  Mexico. — Min.  .Tour.,  London, 
vol.  79,  pp.  243-244,  February  *24,  1906. 

Hand,  W.  F. 

A preliminary  reiiort  on  some  of  the  clays  of  Mississippi. — See  Logan  and 
Hand,  no.  1609. 

Handlirsch,  Anton. 

1068.  A new  blattoid  from  the  Cretaceous  of  North  America. — T^.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  29,  pp.  655-6.56,  1 fig.,  1906, 

1069.  Revision  of  American  Paleozoic  insects. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol. 
29,  pp.  661-820,  109  figs.,  1906. 

1070.  Die  fossilen  Insekten  und  die  Phylogenie  der  rezenten  Formen. — Leip- 
zig, Wilhelm  Englemann,  1906.  IJef.  1—1,  640  pp.,  36  pis. 

1071.  Fossil  insects  and  the  development  of  the  class  Insecta. — Pop.  Sci. 
Monthly,  vol.  70,  no.  1.  pj).  5.5-62,  .Tanuary,  1907. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Lucy  Peck  Bush. 

Hanks,  Henry  G. 

1072.  Notes  on  “ aragotite,’'  a rare  California  mineral. — Roy.  Micro.  Soc., 
.Tour.,  1905,  pt.  6,  pp.  67.3-676,  1905. 

Hansell,  N.  V. 

Magnetite  mines  at  I.iyon  Mountain,  N.  Y. — See  Newland  and  Hansell,  no. 
1796. 


90  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  iS^ORTH  AMEFICAK  GEOLOGY^  1906-1901 


Harder,  Ediiiimd  (Veil. 

1073.  The  joint  system  in  the  rocks  of  southwestern  Wisconsin  and  its 
relation  to  the  drainage  network. — Wisconsin  Univ.,  Bull.,  vSci.  Ser.,  vol.  3,  no. 
5,  pp.  207-246,  10  pis.,  1906. 

Describes  investigations  upon  the  directions  of  joints  at  localities  in  southwestern 
Wisconsin,  and  the  drainage  system,  and  discusses  their  relations. 

Hardinge,  H.  W. 

1074.  The  Cobalt  district,  Ontario. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  p.  215,  February 
9,  1907. 

Hardman,  John  E. 

1075.  Quebec’s  new  mineral  region. — Canadian  Min.  Rev.,  vol.  25,  pp.  9-12, 
4.3-47,  1905. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  northern  Quebec  and  the  occurrence  and  character 
of  ore  deposits. 

1076.  Cobalt,  Canada,  the  new  silver-mining  district. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  33, 
no.  1,  pp.  21-.34,  14  figs.,  April,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 
Harper,  Roland  M. 

1077.  A phytogeographical  sketch  of  the  Altamaha  grit  region  of  the  coastal 
plain  of  Georgia. — New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17.  pp.  1-414,  2<S  pis.,  17 
figs.,  September,  1906. 

Includes  a general  account  of  the  geology  of  Georgia,  particularly  of  the  Altamaha 
grit  region. 

Harris,  Gilbert  D. 

1078.  Notes  on  elementary  geologic  mensuration.  Ithaca,  1904.  61  pp.  and 
tables. 

1079.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  Winnfield  sheet. — Louisiana  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  5,  36  pp.,  9 pis.  (iucl.  geol.  map).  5 figs,,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  economic  resources,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  rela- 
tions of  Cretaceous.  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  deposits. 

1080.  Cartography  of  southwestern  Louisiana  with  special  reference  to  the 
.Tennings  sheet. — Louisiana  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  6.  24  ])i>.,  I map,  1907. 

Harrison,  Richard  C. 

1081.  Pockets  in  gold  veins. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol,  94,  p.  564,  May  4, 
1907. 

Hartnagel,  C.  A. 

1082.  Notes  on  the  Ontario,  or  Silnric,  section  of  eastern  New  York. — Ab- 
stract: Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16.  j).  5S2.  1906. 

1083.  Stratigraphic  relations  of  the  Oneida  conglomerate. — N.  Y.  State 
Mns.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  29-.3S.  2 pis.,  1907. 

1084.  Upper  Silnric  and  lower  Devonic  formations  of  the  Skunnemunk 
Mountain  region. — N.  Y.  State  Mns.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  .39-54,  3 i)ls„  1 geol.  maj), 
1907. 

1085.  Geologic  map  of  the  Rochester  and  Ontario  Beach  quadrangles, — 
New  York  State  Mns.,  Bull.  114,  35  pp.,  geol.  map.  August,  1907. 

The  accompanying  text  describes  the  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and  faunal  con- 
tent of  Silurian  strata. 

1086.  Structural  relations  and  origin  of  the  limonite  beds  at  Cornwall, 
N.  Y. — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci..  Annals,  vol.  17.  pt.  3,  pii.  .597-59S,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


91 


Hartzell,  J.  CTilvei’. 

1087.  Conditions  of  fossilizat ion. — Joiir.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  4,  pp.  2(>i)-289, 
14  tigs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  conditions  in  which  fossils  occur,  reviews  the  usage  of  authors  in  regard 
to  the  terms  original,  mold,  and  cast,  gives  definitions  for  these  terms,  and  discusses 
the  mineralization  and  preservation  of  invertebrates  as  affected  by  the  lithological  char- 
acters of  formations. 

Harvard  University. 

1088.  Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  28,  pp.  869—872, 
June  8,  1906. 

“ Minute  adopted  by  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and  Sciences  of  Harvard  TTniversity.” 
Hastings,  John  B. 

1089.  Are  the  quartz  veins  of  Silver  Peak.  Nevada,  the  result  of  magmatic 
segregation? — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pj).  647-654,  1 tig.,  1906;  Bi- 
Mo.  Bull.,  no.  1 [7],  pp.  9r-16,  1 fig.,  January,  190(5. 

1090.  The  geology  of  Goldfield,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp. 
843-844,  2 figs.,  May  5,  1906. 

Hastings,  John  B.,  and  Berkey,  Charles  P. 

1091.  The  geology  and  petrography  of  the  Goldfield  mining  district,  Nevada. — 
Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  8,  pp.  29.5-314,  2 figs.,  March,  .1906 ; Trans., 
vol.  37,  pp.  140-159,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Hatcher,  John  Bell. 

1092.  The  Ceratopsia : History  of  discovery,  classification,  osteology,  and 

systematic  descriptions. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mon.,  vol.  49,  pp.  .3-1 .57,'- 1907. 

Hatcher,  John  B.,  Marsh,  Othniel  C.,  and  Lull,  Richard  S. 

1093.  The  Ceratopsia. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mon.,  vol.  49,  300  pp.,  51  pis., 
125  figs.,  1907. 

Hately,  J.  Geo. 

1094.  Copper  mining  on  the  Colorado  River. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  p.  809, 
1 fig.,  June  29,  1907. 

Haultain,  H.  E.  T. 

1095.  Corundum  at  Craigmont  fOntariol. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28, 
no.  12  (new  ser.,  vol,  1,  no.  10),  pp.  291-296,  3 figs.,  August  1,  1907. 

Haupt,  Lewis  M. 

1096.  Changes  along  the  New  Jersey  coast. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  Ann. 
Rept.  State  Geologist  for  1905,  pp.  27-95,  18  pis.,  1906. 

Haven,  G.  T. 

1097.  Volcanoes  give  United  States  two  islands. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  14, 
no.  1,  pp.  1-3,  March,  1907. 

Haworth,  Erasmus. 

1098.  History,  geography,  geology,  and  metallurgy  of  Galena-Jo))lin  lead 

and  zinc. — Kansas.  Univ.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  8,  pi>.  1-126,  23  ])ls.,  7 figs.,  1904. 

\ 

Describes  the  development  of  the  lead  and  zinc  industry  and  the  fieolojry  of  the  lead 
and  zinc  deposits  of  Kansas,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  ores. 

Economic  geology  of  the  Inde])endence  quadrangle,  Kansas. — See  Schrader 
and  Haworth,  no.  2144. 

Hay,  Oliver  P. 

1099.  Descriptions  of  two  new  genera  (Echmatemys  and  Xrnoclieh/fi)  and 
two  new  species  {Xcnochchjs  formom  and  Terrapcnc  piitnami)  of  fossil  tur- 
tles.— Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  27-31,  7 figs.,  1906. 


92  BTBLTOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Hay,  Oliver  F. — Continued. 

1100.  On  two  interesting  genera  of  Eocene  turtles,  Cliistcnwn  Leidy  and 
Anostcira  T.ekly. — Ain.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  155-1  GO,  3 figs.,  1906. 

1101.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  turtles  of  the  genus  Testudo,  collected 
from  the  Miocene  by  the  Carnegie  Museum ; together  with  a description  of  the 
skull  of  Stylemijs  nebrasccnsis. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  4,  no.  1,  pp.  15-20, 
G pis.,  11  figs.,  December,  1906. 

1102.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland: 
Beptilia. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene,  pp.  169-170,  pi.  xl, 
fig.  2,  1906. 

1103.  Descriptions  of  seven  new  species  of  turtles  from  the  Tertiary  of 
the  Lhiited  States. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  847-863,  1 pL,  20 
figs.,  1907. 

1104.  A new  fossil  stickleback  fish  from  Nevada. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc., 
vol.  32,  pp.  271-273,  1907. 

1105.  A new  genus  and  species  of  fossil  shark  related  to  Edestus  Leidy. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  22-24,  1 fig.,  July  5,  1907. 

1106.  The  turtles  of  the  Bridger  basin. — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci., 
Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  p.  592,  1907. 

Haycock,  Ernest. 

1107.  [Report  on  the]  geology  of  parts  of  the  counties  of  Labelle  and  Wright, 
Quebec. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Kept,  for  1905,  pp.  105-112,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  rocks. 
Hayes,  C.  Willard. 

1108.  The  relation  of  the  federal  government  to  the  mining  industry. — Am. 
IMin.  Cong.,  8th.  Ann.  Sess..  pp.  46-59,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  history  of  the  V.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  some  consideration  of  its 
relations  to  the  mining  industry. 

1109.  Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1905:  Introduction. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  1-13,  1906. 

Explains  the  purpose  and  character  of  the  bulletin  and  describes  the  diffei’ent  series 
of  publications  of  tbe  T'.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

1110.  Introduction  to  Contributions  to  economic  geology.  1906,  part  I. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  7-13,  1907. 

Includes  a list  of  the  folios  of  the  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  showing  the 
mineral  resources  described. 

1111.  The  Gila  River  alum  deposits. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp. 
215-223,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Hayford,  John  F. 

1112.  The  geodetic  evidence  of  isostasy,  with  a consideration  of  the  depth 
and  completeness  of  the  isostatic  coin])ensation  and  of  the  hearing  of  the  evi- 
dence upon  some  of  the  greater  i)rol)lems  of  geology. — Washington  Acad.  Sci., 
Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  25-40,  1906, 

1113.  The  earth  a failing  structure. — Philos.  Soc.  of  Washington,  Bull., 
vol.  1.5,  pp.  57-74,  December,  1907. 

Hayford,  John  and  Baldwin,  A.  L. 

1114.  The  earth  movements  in  the  California  eartlupiake  of  1906. — V.  S. 
Coast  and  G(‘odetic  Survey,  Rei>t.  of  Sui)erintendent  for  1906-7,  Ai)i)endix  3, 
[)p.  ()7-104,  1907. 


93 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

Headden,  William  I*. 

1115.  Mineralogical  notes,  no.  III. — Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp. 
167-182,  1906. 

Describes  cassiterite  from  North  Carolina  and  South  Dakota,  phosphorescent  zinc- 
blendes  from  Utah  and  California,  and  jamesonite,  meneghite,  huebnerite,  wolframite, 
and  tapiolite  from  South  Dakota. 

1116.  Some  pbospliorescent  calcites  from  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  and  Joplin, 
Mo. — Am.  Join*.  Sci.,  4tli  ser.,  vol  .21,  pp.  301-308,  April,  1906. 

1117.  An  examination  of  some  coals  from  lioutt  County,  Colorado. — Colo- 
rado Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  257-280,  March,  1907. 

1118.  A study  of  some  Colorado  coals — a comparison  of  some  coals  from 
Boulder,  Routt,  and  Delta  counties. — Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  281- 
300,  May,  1907. 

1119.  Phosphorescent  calcites. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  14,  no.  2,  pp.  21-22, 
April,  1907. 

Hedburg",  Eric. 

1120.  The  Wisconsin  zinc  fields. — Mining  World,  vol.  24,  no.  3,  pp.  61-62, 
January  20,  1906. 

Heikes,  V.  C. 

Production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1905  in  Arizona,  Idaho,  and  ITfah. — See  no. 

2418. 

The  production  in  Arizona  and  in  Utah  in  1906  of  gold  and  silver.  See  no. 

2419. 

Heilprin,  Angelo. 

1121.  Mont  Pele  in  its  might.  A scientific  study  of  the  volcano's  activity, 
from  data  gathered  at  the  crater’s  mcmth. — McClure’s  Magazine,  vol.  19,  no.  4, 
pp.  359-368,  9 figs.,  August,  1902. 

1122.  The  rock  of  the  Pele  obelisk  and  the  condition  of  the  volcano  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1906. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  25-26,  July  6,  1906. 

1123.  The  shattered  obelisk  of  Mont  Pele. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  17,  no.  8, 
pp.  465-474,  5 pis.,  August,  1906. 

Describes  the  condition  of  the  summit  of  Mont  Pele  and  discusses  the  mode  of  forma- 
tion of  its  former  spine. 

1124.  The  concurrence  and  interrelation  of  volcanic  and  seismic  phenomena. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  545-551,  November  2,  1906. 

1125.  The  concurrence  and  interrelation  of  volcanic  and  seismic  phenomena. — 
Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess.,  JMexico,  1906,  i>p.  187-196,  1907. 

1126.  The  Catskill  Mountains. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.  4,  pp. 
19.3-199,  April,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiography  and  geologic  history  of  the  Catskill  region. 

Henderson,  Junius. 

1127.  The  Tertiary  lake  basin  of  Florissant,  Colorado. — Colorado  Univ., 
Studies,  vol.  3,  no.  .3,  pp.  145-1.56,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  mode  of  formation  and  character  of  the  Florissant  forma- 
tion of  Colorado,  notes  upon  the  physiographic  and  geologic  history,  and  a bibliography. 

1128.  Topographic  development  of  Chalk  Bluffs  and  Pawnee  Buttes.— 
Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pi).  247-2.56,  7 figs.,  March,  1907. 

Hendrixson,  W.  S. 

1129.  Some  features  of  the  Iowa  ground  waters. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  14,  pp.  187-199,  1907. 


94  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Heneage,  E.  F. 

1130.  A consideration  of  tbe  Archean  ])eriod  of  the  continents  of  North 
America  and  South  Africa,  with  reference  to  mineral  occurrences. — British 
Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Kept,  of  75th  meeting,  pp.  410—411,  1906. 

Henton,  John  M. 

1131.  An  interesting  study  in  geology. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  p.  975,  1 fig., 
November  30,  1907. 

Discusses  a land  slip  in  Montana. 

Herrick,  R.  L. 

1132.  The  Joplin  zinc  district. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  28,  no.  4,  pp.  145- 
157,  1 pi.,  15  figs.,  November,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geology  of  the  district. 

The  Gold  Prince  mine  and  mill. — See  Scholl  and  Herrick,  no.  2141. 

Hershey,  Oscar  H. 

1133.  Some  western  Klamath  stratigraphy. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21, 
pp.  58-66,  Januaiy,  1906. 

Describes  the  faulting  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of 
stratified  and  volcanic  rocks,  and  discusses  the  relative  age  of  certain  formations. 

Hess,  Frank  L. 

1134.  The  York  tin  region  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284,  pp. 
145-157,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  tin 
lodes  and  of  tin-bearing  gravels. 

1135.  Some  magnesite  deposits  of  California. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285,  pp.  385-392,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits  and  the  economic  developments. 

1136.  Review  of  “Tin  deposits  of  the  world,’'  by  Sidney  Fawns  (London, 
The  Mining  Journal,  1905). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  500-502,  1906. 

1137.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp.  700-702,  1906. 

1138.  The  working  magnesite  deposits  of  California. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  31, 
no.  5,  pp.  691-704,  8 figs.,  August,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits. 

1139..  The  Carolina  tin  deposits. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  32,  no.  1,  pp.  10-20.  5 figs., 
October,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology,  and  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  tin  deposits. 

1140.  The  York  tin  region  of  Alaska. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  32,  no.  3,  pp.  352- 
369,  8 figs.,  December,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  geology,  occurrence,  and  character  of  the  tin  ores  in  the 
York  region  of  Alaska. 

The  Rampart  gold  placer  region. — See  Prindle  and  Hess,  no.  1958. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  tin. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  antimony,  l)ismuth,  nickel, 
cobalt,  tungsten,  vanadium,  molybdenum,  titanium,  uranium,  and  tantalum 
of  arsenic : of  selenium,  and  of  tin, — See  no,  2419. 

Hice,  Richard  R. 

1141.  What  should  be  embraced  in  a geological  study  and  report  on  claysV — 
Am.  Ceramic  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  8,  ]>]>.  221-225,  1906. 

Hice,  Richard  R..  and  others. 

1142.  Report  of  the  committee  on  cooi)eration  with  federal  and  state 
g(‘ological  sni'veys. — Am.  Ceramic  Soc..  Trans.,  vol.  9.  pp.  741-771,  1907. 

Includes  various  data  relating  to  the  study  of  and  reports  on  clays. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


95 


Hidden,  W.  E.,  ami  Warren,  C.  II. 

1143.  On  yttocrasite,  a new  yttriiuu-tliorinm-nraninni  titanate. — Ain.  Jour, 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  .51.V5U),  December,  1906;  Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u. 
Mineral.,  Bd.  44,  Heft  1,  pp.  18-2.3,  T907. 

Hilg-ard,  E.  W. 

1144.  Soils:  their  formation,  properties,  composition,  and  relations  to  cli- 

mate and  plant  growth  in  the  humid  and  arid  regions.  New  York,  The  Mac- 
Millan Company,  1906.  593  pp.,  89  figs. 

1145.  Some  peculiarities  of  rock-weatheidng  and  soil  formation  in  the  arid 
and  humid  regions. — Am.  Jour,  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pj).  261-269,  April,  1906. 

1146.  The  exceptional  nature  and  genesis  of  the  Mississii)i>i  delta. — Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  861-866,  December  28,  1906. 

1147.  The  causes  of  the  glacial  epoch. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  K.-  KE  sess,, 
Mexico,  1906,  pp.  431-136,  1907 ; Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  350-354,  March 
1, 1907. 

1148.  Exceptional  nature  and  genesis  of  the  Mississippi  delta. — Abstract: 
Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  731,  1907. 

Hill,  Robert  T. 

1149.  The  volcano  systems  of  the  western  hemisphere.  Several  groups  of 
active  volcanoes. — The  Century  Magazine,  vol.  64,  no.  3,  pp,  473-483,  13  figs., 
July,  1902. 

1150.  On  the  origin  of  the  small  mounds  of  the  lower  Mississippi  Valley 
and  Texas. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  704-706,  May  4,  1906. 

1151.  Geologic  and  geographic  aspects  of  Mexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  pp. 
370-372,  459,  540-541,  596,  7 figs.,  1906;  vol.  26,  pp.  69,  187,  1907;  vol.  27,  pp. 
589-591,  633-634,  805,  6 figs.,  1907. 

1152.  Geology  of  the  Sierra  Almoloya,  with  notes  on  the  tectonic  history  of 
the  Mexican  plateau. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  710-712,  May  3,  1907. 

1153.  Peculiar  formations  of  the  Mexican  arid  regions. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  662-666,  3 figs.,  April  6,  1907. 

Discusses  physiographic  features  and  the  mode  of  their  formation. 

1154.  Characteristics  of  some  Mexican  mining  regions. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  631-636,  8 figs.,  October  5,  1907. 

Discusses  physiographic  features  and  economic  resources  of  Chihuahua.  Sonora,  and 
the  western  Sierra  Madre. 

1155.  Geology  of  the  Sierra  Almoloya,  Mexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  pp. 
530-532,  560,  6 figs.,  1907. 

1156.  Mexico:  Its  geology  and  natural  resources. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp. 
686-691,  10  figs.,  October  26,  1907. 

Hille,  F. 

1157.  The  Atik-Okan  nickel iferous  pyrrhotite  deposits  and  their  origin. — 
Canadian  Min.  Inst..  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  285-301,  1 i)l.  (map),  4 figs,,  1906. 

Describes  the  rock  formations  of  the  region  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  iron  ores. 

1158.  Preliminary  report  on  the  iron  ore  deposits  of  western  Ontario. — 
Canada,  Dept.  Interior,  Kept.  Supt.  Mines,  1907,  pp.  13-18,  1907. 

Hillebrand,  W.  F. 

1159.  Notes  on  th(‘  chemical  comi)Osition  of  the  roofing  slates  of  (‘astern 

New  York  and  western  Vermont. — IT.  S.  G(‘ol.  Survev,  Bull.  no.  275,  itj).  39-42, 
1906. 

1160.  The  anal.vsis  of  silicale  and  carbonate  rocks. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  305,  200  pp.,  24  figs.,  1907. 


96  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY, -1906-1907. 


Hillebrand,  W.  F.,  and  Schaller,  W.  T. 

1161.  The  mercury  minerals  from  Terlinsna,  Texas;  kleinite,  terlingnaite, 
eglestonite,  montroydite,  calomel,  mercury. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  Itli  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  259-274,  4 figs.,  Sepfember,  1907. 

Hilton,  Edward. 

A history  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  in  San  Francisco. — See  Aitken  and 
Hilton,  no.  21. 

Himmelwright,  A.  L.  A. 

1162.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake  and  fire:  a brief  history  of  the  dis- 
aster. New  York,  The  lloehling  Construction  Company  [lOOO].  270  pp.,  illus. 

Hinrichs,  G.  D. 

1163.  Sur  les  meteorites  d’Amana  [Iowa]. — Acad.  d.  Sci.,  Paris,  Compt. 
Kend.,  1. 140,  pp.  545-547,  1905. 

Hitchcock,  C.  H. 

1164.  Surfacial  geology  of  the  region  about  Burlington  [A'ermont]. — Ver- 
mont Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  Kept.  State  Geol.,  pp.  232-235,  1906. 

1165.  The  Champlain  deposits  of  northern  Vermont. — A'ermont  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Fifth  Kept.  State  Geol.,  pp.  236-253,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits  and  the  relations  of  deposits  in 
different  valleys  and  hasins,  and  outlines  the  geological  history  of  the  Champlain  Valley. 

1166.  Geology  of  Diamond  Head,  Oahu. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bulk,  vol.  17, 
pp.  469-184,  5 pis.,  1906. 

Presents  the  views  of  previous  writers  as  to  the  composition  and  origin  of  Diamond 
Head,  Oahu,  and  describes  new  observations  upon  the  character,  occurrence,  and  rela- 
tions of  the  deposits  of  which  it  is  composed  and  their  hearing  upon  the  method  and  age 
of  its  formation. 

1167.  Mohokea  caldera. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bulk,  vol.  17,  pp.  485^96,  3 pis., 

1906. 

Describes  the  physical  features  and  history  of  the  Mohokea  caldera  of  Hawaii  and 
discusses  the  origin  of  calderas. 

1168.  Glacial  Lake  Memphremagog. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  773,  May  17,  1907. 

Hixon,  Hiram  AV. 

1169.  The  origin  of  earthquakes. — Eng.  and  Alin.  Jour.,  a’oI.  81.  p.  864, 
Alay  5,  1906. 

1170.  The  geological  age  of  the  earth  as  compared  to  the  life  of  the  sun. — 
Alin,  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  297,  Alay  5,  190(k 

1171.  'The  ore  deposits  and  geology  of  the  Sudbury  district  [Ontario]. — 
Canadian  Alin.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  223-235,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  geologic  relations  of  the  ore  deposits  and  discusses  their 
origin. 

1172.  The  Sudhui’y  nickel  region. — Eng.  and  Alin.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  jtp.  313-314, 
1 tig.,  August  18,  1906. 

Discusses  the  geologic  structure  of  the  Sudbury,  Ontario,  region. 

1173.  Geii(‘sis  of  ores  of  the  Cobalt  district. — Eng.  and  Alin.  Jour.,  vol.  S3, 
p.  ()30,  Alarch  30,  1907. 

1174.  Ort'  dejtosition. — Alin,  ;ind  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  .59.3-594,  Alay  11, 

1907. 

1175.  A’olcjinic  ash. — Alin,  and  Sci.  Press,  vol,  95,  j).  S05),  December  28,  1907. 
Discusses  the  origin  of  volcanic  ash. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


97 


Hobbs,  Williani  Herbert. 

1176.  The  correlation  of  fracture  systems  and  the  evidences  of  planetary 
dislocations  within. the  earth's  crust. — Wisconsin  Acad.  Sci.,  Arts,  and  Letters, 
vol.  15,  pt.  1,  1905. 

Discusses  the  directions  of  lines  of  fracture  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  their  correspondence  to  the  major  features  of  the  earth’s  surface,  including  details 
in  a table  of  fracture  systems. 

1177.  Suggestions  regarding  a petrographic  nomenclature,  based  on  the 
quantitative  classification. — Abstract:  Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Universal 
Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  p.  604,  1906. 

1178.  On  two  new  occurrences  of  the  “ Cortlandt  series”  of  rocks  within  the 
State  of  Connecticut. — Festschrift  Harry  Rosenbusch,  E.  Schweizerbartsche 
l^erlagsbuchhandlung,  Stuttgart,  1906,  pp.  25-48.  1 pi..  3 figs. 

Calls  attention  to  two  occurrences  ot  the  “ Cortlandt  series  ” of  igneous  rocks  in  the 
State  of  Connecticut,  and  gives  petrographic  descriptions  of  the  rock  types  found  in 
them. 

1179.  America  and  seismological  research. — Po]).  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  69,  no.  3, 
jip.  226-228,  September.  1906. 

1180.  Correspondence  relating  to  a study  of  an  area  of  crystalline  rocks  in 
southwestern  New  England. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  655-658,  November 
23,  1906. 

1181.  On  some  principles  of  seismic  geology. — Beitriige  zur  Geophysik 
(Gerland),  Bd.  7,  Heft  2,  pp.  219-292,  10  figs.,  1907. 

Includes  a chapter  on  the  seismic  geography  of  the  eastern  United  States  and  a list 
of  the  earthquake  epicenters  within  the  eastern  United  States. 

1182.  Earthquakes,  an  introduction  to  seismic  geology.  New  York,  D. 

Appleton  and  Company,  1907.  336  pp.,  24  pis..  1 12  figs. 

1183.  [Seismological  research].— Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  2,  pp.  182-184, 
1907. 

1184.  The  recent  advance  in  seismology. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  pp.  288- 
297,  396-409,  4 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1185.  The  iron  ores  of  the  Salisbury  district  of  Connecticut.  New  York, 
and  Massachusetts. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no..  2,  pp.  153-181,  12  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  history  of  the  mining  operations,  the  geology  of  the  district,  the  occur- 
rence of  the  ores  in  the  various  mines,  and  their  composition  and  origin. 

1186.  Some  topographic  features  formed  at  the  time  of  earthquakes  and 
the  origin  of  mounds  in  the  Gulf  plain. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp. 
245-256,  5 figs.,  xipril,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  small  mounds  and  adduces  evidence  in  favor  of  their  forma- 
tion through  seismic  agencies. 

1187.  Origin  of  ocean  basins  in  the  light  of  the  new  seismology. — Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  233-250,  1 pL,  1907. 

1188.  Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler. — Wisconsin  Acad.  Sci..  'Frans.,  vol.  15, 
pt.  2,  pp.  924-927,  1.  pi.  (port.),  1907. 

1189.  The  Charleston  earthquake  of  August  31st,  1886.  in  a new  light. — 
Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  4,  no.  5,  pp.  197-202.  1 fig.,  1907. 

1190.  Origin  of  the  ocean  basins  in  the  light  of  the  new  seismology. — Ab- 
stract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  j).  766,  May  17,  1907. 

1191.  Seismotectonic  lines  and  lineaments — a rejoinder. — Science,  new  ser.. 
vol.  26,  pp.  253-255,  1 fig.,  August  23,  1907. 

1192.  Earthquakes  viewed  in  a new  light. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci..  9th  Kept., 
pp.  43-56,  2 figs.,  1907. 

66836— Bull.  872—09- 


•7 


98  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Hobbs,  William  Herbert,  and  Leith,  Charles  Kenneth. 

1193.  The  pre-Cambrian  volcanic  and  intrusive  rocks  of  the  P\>x  River  Val- 
ley, AVisconsin. — Univ.  of  AATsconsin,  Bull,  no.  158,  Science  Series,  vol.  3,  no.  6, 
pp.  247-277,  1 pi.,  21  figs..  May,  1907. 

Hobson,  Bernard. 

1194.  A new  geological  map  of  North  America. — Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  3, 
no.  12,  pp.  564-566,  December,  1906. 

1195.  An  excursion  to  the  volcanoes  of  Navado  de  Toluca  and  Jorullo  in 
Mexico. — Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  4,  no.  1,  pp.  5-13,  1 pi.,  January,  1907. 

Describes  physical,  geologic,  and  petrologic  features  of  Giese  volcanoes. 

1196.  The  volcanoes  of  Mexico. — Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  23,  pp.  25-27, 
1907. 

Idant  remains  in  basalt,  Mexico. — See  Solorzano  and  Hobson,  no.  2257. 
Hoffmann,  G.  Christian. 

1197.  [Report  on]  chemistry  and  mineralogy. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  125-131,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  work  done  by  the  division  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  and  an  annotated  list  of  minerals  and  rocks  added 
to  its  museum. 

1198.  Report  of  the  section  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy. — Geol.  Survey  of 
Canada,  Ottawa,  1906.  71  pp. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  composition  of  various  minerals  and  economic 
materials. 

Hogbom,  A.  G. 

1199.  Zur  Petrographie  der  kleinen  Antillen. — Geol.  Inst.  Univ.  TJpsala. 
Bull.,  vol.  6,  no.  11-12,  pp.  214-233,  2 pis.,  1905. 

Describes  rocks  collected  from  various  islands  of  the  Lesser  Antilles. 

Holden,  R.  J. 

1200.  The  brown  ores  of  the  New  River-Cripple  Creek  district,  A'irginia. — 
V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  190-193,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  district  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
origin  of  the  iron  ores. 

1201.  Mineral  resources  of  ATrginia  : Iron. — In  AAhitson,  T.  L.,  Mineral  re- 
sources of  Alrginia,  pp.  402-491,  8 pis.,  20  figs.,  1907. 

Holland,  AY.  J. 

1202.  The  osteology  of  Diplodocm  Marsh,  with  special  reference  to  the 
restoration  of  the  skeleton  of  Diplodocits  canicpici  Hatcher,  presented  by  Mr. 
Andrew  Carnegie  to  the  British  Aluseum,  Alay  12,  1905. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Mem., 
vol.  2,  pp.  225-278,  8 pis.,  30  figs.,  1906. 

Hollick,  Arthur. 

1203.  The  Cretaceous  flora  of  southern  New  York  and  New  England. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Mon.,  vol.  50,  219  pp.,  40  pis.,  1906. 

Reviews  the  progress  of  geologic  investigation  upon  the  Cretaceous  of  the  region  and 
describes  the  general  character  and  correlation  of  the  plant-bearing  beds  and  gives  sys- 
tematic descriptions  of  the  plant  remains. 

1204.  Origin  of  the  amber  found  on  Staten  Island. — New  York  Bot.  Garden, 
vol.  7,  pp.  11-12,  1906. 

1205.  A newly  discovered  outcrop  of  Triassic  rock  on  Staten  Island  [New 
A'orkj. — Staten  Island  Assoc.  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  pp.  16-17,  1906, 

Describes  the  character  and  occurrence  of  Triassic  rocks  in  Staten  Island. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


99 


Hollick,  Artlmr — Coiitiuned. 

1206.  A fossil  forest  fire. — Staten  Island  Assoc.  Arts  and  Sciences,  vol.  1, 
pt.  2,  pp.  21-23,  1906. 

Gives  an  explanation  of  the  occurrence  of  charred  wood  in  Cretaceous  deposits  at 
Kreisherville,  Staten  Island,  New  York. 

1207.  Insect  borings  in  Cretaceous  lignite  from  Kreiscberville  [New  York]. — 
Staten  Island  Assoc.  Arts  and  Sciences,  voi.  1,  pt.  2,  pp.  23-24,  1906. 

1208.  A soapstone  drift  bowlder  containing  magnetite. — Staten  Island  Assoc. 
Arts  and  Sciences,  Proc.,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  pi>.  31-32,  1906. 

1209.  The  Pleistocene  flora  [of  ^Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Plio- 
cene and  Pleistocene,  pp.  148-149,  1906. 

1210.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland: 
Pteridophyta  and  Spermatopbyta.— Maryland  Geol.-  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleis- 
tocene, pp.  217-237,  9 pis.,  1906:  New  York  Rot.  Garden,  Contr.,  no.  85,  1906. 

1211.  Description  of  new  Tertiary  fossil  flower  from  Florissant,  Colorado. — 
Torreya,  vol.  7,  no.  9,  pp.  182-184,  2 figs.,  1907. 

American  fossil  mosses,  with  description  of  a new  species  from  Florissant, 
Coloi;ado. — See  Britton  and  Hollick,  no.  304. 

Hollick,  Arthur,  and  Jeffrey^  Edward  C. 

1212.  Affinities  of  certain  Cretaceous  plant  remains  commonly  referred  to 
the  genera  Dammara  and  HraclujithyUiim. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  40,  pp.  189- 
216,  5 pis.,  March,  1906;  New  York  Rot.  Garden,  Contr.  no.  79,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  material,  the  methods  of  investigation 
employed,  and  gives  a description  of  Protodaw mara  speciosa  n.  gen.  and  sp.,  and  critical 
notes  upon  the  other  material. 

1213.  Recent  identification  of  Cretaceous  gynmosperms  from  Kreischerville, 
N.  Y.— Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  292-293,  February  22,  1907. 

Holmes,  Joseph  A. 

Report  on  the  operations  of  the  coal-testing  plant  of  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  at  the  Tionisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1904. — 
See  Parker,  Holmes,  Campbell,  no.  1870. 

Holmes,  Joseph  A.,  and  others. 

1214.  Preliminary  report  on  the  operations  of  the  fiiei»testing  plant  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1905. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  290,  240  pp.,  1906. 

Contains  the  following  papers  : 

Introduction,  by  J.  A.  Holmes,  pp.  5-15. 

Literature  relating  to  peat  and  its  utilization,  pp.  11-16. 

Field  work,  hy  E.  W.  Parker  and  ,T.  Shober  Burrows,  pp.  16-28. 

Work  of  the  chemical  laboratory,  by  N.  W.  Lord,  pp.  20-.S0. 

Washing  tests,  by  .Tohn  D.  Wick,  pj).  .81-82. 

Steaming  tests,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge,  pp.  88-85. 

Producer-gas  tests,  by  Robert  II.  Fernald,  pp.  36-87. 

Coking  tests,  by  A.  W.  Belden,  pp.  88-89. 

Briquetting  tests,  by  .1.  A.  Holmes,  pp.  40-52. 

Detailed  report  of  tests,  pp.  53-238. 

Holway,  Ruliff  S. 

1215.  The  history  of  the  Blue  Lakes  [California!. — California  Phys.  Geog. 
Club,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  no.  1,  pp.  8-13,  2 figs.,  April,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiographic  origin  and  history  of  the  lakes  in  Lake  County,  California. 

1216.  Physiographic  changes  bearing  on  the  faunal  relationships  of  the 
Russian  and  Sacramento  rivers,  California. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  382- 
383,  September  30,  1907. 


100  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Horton,  F.  W. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  platinum  and  quicksilver. — 
See  no.  2418. 

Hoskins,  L.  M. 

1217.  The  rigidity  of  the  earth. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  403,  September 
28,  1900). 

Hotchkiss,  W.  O. 

1218.  Cobalt  mining  district,  Ontario. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  23,  pp.  034- 
030,  4 figs.,  December  9.  1905. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ore  deposits. 

1219.  Mining  and  mineral  resources  of  Wisconsin. — Am.  Min.  Congr.,  Kept, 
of  Proc.,  9th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  220-225.,  1907. 

Hovey,  Edmund  Otis. 

1220.  Present  condition  of  Mont  Pele. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  16,  pp.  566-509,  2 pis.,  1900. 

1221.  Soufriere  of  vSaint  Lucia. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  10, 
pp.  569-570,  1 fig.,  1906. 

1222.  Boiling  lake  of  Dominica. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol. 
16,  pp.  570-571,  1 fig.,  1906. 

1223.  The  geology  of  the  Guaynojuta  district.  Chihuahua  [Mexico]. — Fest- 
schrift Harry  Rosenbusch,  E.  Schweizerbartsche  I'erlagsbuchhandlung,  wStutt- 
gart,  1900,  pp.  77-95,  2 pis.,  7 figs. 

1224.  The  collections  illustrating  the  rocks  and  minerals  of  Manhattan 
Island. — Am.  Mus.  Jour.,  vol.  6,  no.  1,  pp.  6-12,  3 figs.,  January,  1906. 

1225.  Geological  notes  on  the  western  Sierra  Madre  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  467,  March  23,  1906. 

1226.  [Report  of  the  meeting  of]  Section  E — Geology  and  Geography:  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. — Science,  new  ser..  vol.  23, 
pp.  286-291,  February  23,  1906. 

Contains  abstracts  of  papers  read  at  the  meeting  held  at  New  Orleans,  December,  lOO."). 

1227.  The  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  -of  Science.  Special 
meeting,  Ithaca,  New  York,  June  28-July  3,  1906.  Section  E — Geology  and 
Geography. — Science  new  ser..  vol.  24,  pp.  365-372,  September  21,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  meeting  and  abstracts  of  the  papers  presented. 

1228.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  Guaynopita,  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  mining 
district. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  369,  September  21,  1906. 

1229.  The  Willamette  meteorite. — Am.  Mus.  Jour.,  vol.  6,  no.  3,  pp.  105-116, 
4 pis.,  July,  1906, 

Describes  the  finding,  subsequent  histoi’y,  and  characters  of  this  meteorite. 

1230.  Notes  on  northern  Mexico:  Its  deserts,  plateaus,  and  canyons. — 
Bhiladelphia  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no,  5.  pp.  1-24  (247-270),  3 pis.,  October. 
1906. 

1231.  The  Tenth  International  Geological  Congress. — Am,  Geog.  Soc..  Bull., 
vol.  38,  no.  12,  pp.  730-741,  December,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  Tenth  International  Geological  ('ongress  held  in  the  City  of 
Mexico,  September.  1000,  and  abstracts  of  some  of  the  papers  presented.  Includes  notes 
on  the  geology  of  Mexico  in  the  account  of  the  excursions. 

1232.  The  Selma  meteorite. — Am.  Mus.  Jour.,  vol.  7,  no.  1,  pp.  8-12,  4 figs., 
January,  1907. 

Describes  the  physical  characters  of  this  aerolite,  found  near  Selma,  .\labama. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1900-11)07.  101 


Hovey,  Edmund  Otis — Continued. 

1233.  The  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  and  the  Tehuantepec  National  Railway.— 
Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.  2,  pp.  78-91,  6 figs.,  February,  1907. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  of  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  Mexico. 

1234.  The  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science.  Meeting 
of  Section  E — Geology  and  Geography. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  293-298, 
February  22,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  meeting  and  abstracts  of  the  papers  presented. 

1235.  La  Sierra  Madre  occidentale  de  I’etat  de  Chihuahua. — Congr.  geol. 
intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  1259-1268,  1907. 

1236.  A geological  reconnaissance  in  the  western  Sierra  Madre  of  the  State 
of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pi>.  401—142,  18  pis., 
13  figs.,  1 map,  1907. 

1237.  The  Geological  Society  of  America. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp. 
761-775,  May  17,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  meeting  in  New  York,  December  27-DO,  IfMHi,  and  abstracts  of 
the  papers  presented. 

1238.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  the  Guaynopita,  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  mining 
district. — Abstract : Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  l*roc.,  vol.  56-57,  p.  270,  1907. 

1239.  I'olcanoes  of  Colima,  Toluca,  and  Popocatepetl. — Abstract : Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  764  and  868,  May  17  and  31,  1907. 

Remarks  on  and  descriptions  of  f invertebrate]  Jurassic  fossils  of  the  Black 
Hills. — See  Whitfield  and  Hovey,  no.  2563. 

The  production  in  the  TTiiited  States  in  1905  of  fiuorsitar  and  cryolite,  of 
salt,  of  asphaltum  and  bituminous  rock,  and  of  lithium  minerals. — See  no. 
2418. 

Howard,  Kenneth  S. 

1240.  Preliminary  notice  of  a new  meteorite  from  Texas. — Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  186,  February,  1906. 

1241.  The  Elm  Creek  aerolite. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  i)i).  379-381, 
2 figs.,  ^lay,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  this  meteorite  from  neai-  Admire.  Kansas. 

Howard,  Kenneth  S.,  and  Davison,  .Tohn  M. 

1242.  The  Estacado  aerolite. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  i>p.  .5.5-60. 
4 figs.,  July,  1906. 

Describes  occurrence,  characters,  and  chemical  composition. 

Howe,  Ernest. 

1243.  Glacial  phenomena  in  the  San  Juan  Mountains. — Abstract : Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  306-307,  February  23,  1906. 

1244.  Report  on  the  geology  of  the  [Panama  1 Canal  Zone. — Isthmian  Canal 
Commission,  Ann.  Rept.,  for  1907  [60th  Congr.,  1st  sess..  Senate  Doc.  no.  55], 
l)p.  108-1.38,  1907. 

1245.  Isthmian  geology  and  the  Panama  Canal. — Ecoii.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  7, 
pp.  639-658,  1 pi.,  1907. 

1246.  Geology  of  the  Camil  Zone.^ — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26, 
p.  148,  August  2,  1907. 

Description  of  the  Ouray  (iinidrangle,  Colorado. — Set^  Cross,  Howe,  and 
Irving,  no.  607. 

Howe,  Ernest,  and  Cross,  Whitman. 

1247.  Glacial  phenomena  of  the  San  Juan  Mountains,  Colorado. — Geol.  Soc. 
Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  251-274,  7 pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character,  extent,  and  evidences  of  recent  and  older  glaciation. 


102  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  PK)6-1907. 


Howley,  James  R. 

1248.  Report  on  the  continuation  of  the  coal  boring  operations  in  the  central 
Carboniferous  area,  near  Goose  Brook,  Humber  Yalley,  Newfoundland. — New- 
foundland Geol.  Survey.  Rept.  on  Mineral  Statistics  for  190.5,  pp.  19-30,  1900. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  character  of  the  strata  penetrated  in  horings. 

1249.  Report  on  the  mineral  statistics  of  Newfoundland  for  the  calendar 
year  1905. — Newfoundland  Geol.  Survey,  30  pp..  1900. 

Hrdlicka,  Ales. 

1250.  Skeletal  rqinaius  suggesting  or  attributed  to  early  man  in  North  Amer- 
ica.— I".  S.  Bur.  of  Ethnology.  Bull.  .33,  113  pp..  21  pis,.  10  figs..  1907. 

Hubbard,  George  D. 

1251.  Drumlinoids  of  the  Catatonk  folio  [New  York]. — Am.  Geog.  Soc., 
’Bull.,  vol.  38,  no.  0.  pp.  355-305,  0 figs.,  June,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  area,  elevation,  relatiohs.  and  physical  features  of  the  eleva 
tions  to  which  the  term  drumlinoids  is  given,  and  discusses  their  origin. 

1252.  Experimental  physiography. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  39.  no.  11. 
pp.  658-606,  3 figs.,  November.  1907, 

Hudson,  George  Henry. 

1253.  On  some  Pelmatozoa  from  the  Chazy  limestone  of  New  York. — N.  Y. 
State  Mus.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  97-152,  10  pis.,  8 figs..  1907. 

1254.  On  the  structure,  development,  and  relationship  of  Blastoidocrin  iis 
(Billings  18.591. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  730,  May  10,  1907. 

1255.  Blastoiclocrinus  and  its  tyi>e. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser..  vol.  26. 
p.  401,  Septemlter  27,  1907. 

Huene,  I\  v. 

1256.  Ueber  die  Dinosaurier  der  aussereuropaischen  Trias. — Geol.  u.  Pahe<uit. 
Abhandl.,  N.  F..  Bd.  8.  Heft  2.  pp.  1-60  (97-1.561.  16  ids..  102  figs..  1906. 

Includes  descriptions  and  figures  of  American  dinosaurian  remains. 

Hunt,  W.  F. 

The  occurrence  of  sulphur  and  celestite  at  Maybee,  Michigan. — See  Kraus 
and  Hunt,  no.  1427. 

Huntington,  Ellsworth. 

1257.  Some  characteristics  of  the  glacial  period  in  nonglaciated  regb’nis. — 
Geol.  Soc.  Am..  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  351-388.  9 pis.,  16  figs..  October.  1907. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  mode  of  formation  of  the  Moencopie  shales  of  Ftah. 

Hussakof,  Louis. 

1258.  Studies  on  the  Arthrodira. — Am.  .Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Mem.,  vol.  9.  i>r.  3. 
I»p.  10.5-1.54,  2 pis.,  25  figs..  May.  1906. 

Describes  the  Arthrodiran  jaw  and  discusses  the  relationshijis  and  evolution  of  the 
Arthrodira. 

1259.  Zehrasoma  cleani,  a fossil  surgeon-fish  /rom  the  \Yest  Indies. — Am. 
Mus.  Nat.  Hist,,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  125-126.  1 pi.,  1907. 

Hutdhins,  John  Power. 

1260.  Gold-dredging  practice  at  Ruby,  Montana. — Eng,  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
8.3,  pp,  1223-1226,  7 figs.,  .Tune  29,  1907 ; vol.  84,  pp.  69-72,  6 figs..  .Inly  l.‘>.  1907. 

Contains  notes  on  the  character  and  relations  of  the  deposits. 

1261.  The  essential  data  of  jdacer  investigations. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  339-342,  385-4186,  5 figs.,  August,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  103 


Hutchins,  John  Power — Continued. 

1262.  The  nomenclature  of  modern  placer  mininj?. — I^ng.  and  Min.  .Tour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  293-296,  4 figs.,  August  17,  1907. 

Discusses  the  classification  and  mode  of  formation  of  the  placers. 

1263.  Dredging  beach  gravel  deposits  near  Nome. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  955-961,  8 figs.,  November  23,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  placer  gold. 

Hutchinson,  W.  Spencer. 

1264.  The  Bonanza  silver  mines  of  Cobalt,  Ontario. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  793-794,  9 figs.,  April  27,  1907. 

1265.  Barytes  deposits  at  Five  Islands,  Nova  Scotia. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  825-826,  7 figs.,  November  2,  1907. 

Idaho. 

[Seventh  annual]  report  of  the  state  inspector  of  mines,  1905. — See  Bell, 
no.  195. 

Iddings,  Joseph  P. 

1266.  Rock  minerals,  their  chemical  and  physical  characters  and  their  de- 
termination in  thin  sections.  New  York,  John  Wiley  and  Sons,  1906.  .548  pp. 

The  texture  of  igneous  rocks. — See  Cross,  Iddings,  Pirsson,  AVashington,  no. 
608. 

Ingall,  Elfric  Drew. 

1267.  Summary  of  the  mineral  production  of  Canada  for  1905. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Mineral  Production  for  1905,  16  pp.,  1906. 

1268.  Section  of  mines : Annual  report  for  1904. — Canada,  (leol.  Survey,  162 
pp.,  1906. 

Gives  various  data  relating  to  the  mineral  industries  and  products  of  Canada. 

1269.  Report  of  the  mines  section. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for 
1906,  pp.  158-163,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  various  ores. 

1270.  Annual  report  on  the  mineral  industries  of  Canada  for  1905. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Section  of  Mines,  174  pp.  and  pis.,  1907. 

Ingalls,  A.  O. 

1271.  Earthquakes  and  their  probable  origin. — Northwest  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  2, 
no.  1,  pp.  2-12,  14  figs.,  July,  1906. 

Gives  a detailed  discussion  of  the  Pacific  coast  earthquakes  from  1888  to  1898. 
Ingalls,  Walter  Renton. 

1272.  Mining  the  porphyry  ore  of  Bingham  [Utah]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 

vol.  84,  pp.  431^40,  1 pL,  17  figs.,  September  7,  1907. 

♦ 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  copper 
ores. 

1273.  The  copper  mines  of  Ely,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp. 
675-682,  7 figs.,  October  12,  1907. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

1274.  The  silver-lead  mines  of  Eureka,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
84,  pp.  1051-1058,  1 pi.,  18  figs.,  December  7,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Inkersley,  Arthur. 

1275.  Effects  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  upon  the  City  of  San  Francisco  and 
its  buildings. — Sci.  Am.,  vol.  94,  pp.  418-120,  9 figs..  May  19,  1906. 


104  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  XOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


International  Geological  Congress. 

1276.  X Reunion  ^lel  Congreso  geologico  internacional.  (Extracto  de  las 
actas  de  sesiones  del  Consejo  y Generales  del  Congreso.) — Mexico,  Secretaria 
de  Fomento,  Boletm,  Seg.  epoca,-ano  6,  \l,  no.  .3,  pp.  4.5-48,  no.  4,  pp.  49-56, 
no.  5,  pp.  75-79,  1906;  no.  6,  pp.  81-89,  1907. 

A report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Tenth  International  Geological  Congress  held  in  the 
City  of  Mexico,  September,  1906. 

Irving,  John  Duer. 

1277.  Review  of  “The  geological  map  of  Illinois,”  by  Stuart  Weller  (111. 
State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  1). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  pp.  816-818,  1906. 

The  Downtown  district  of  Leadville,  Colorado. — See  Emmons  and  Irving, 
no.  803. 

Description  of  the  Ouray  quadrangle,  Colorado. — See  Cross,  Howe,  and 
Irving,  no.  607. 

Issel,  Arturo. 

1278.  A proposito  del  recente  disastro  delle  Antille,  proposta  e voti. — Soc. 
ligustica  di  sc.  nat.  e geogr.,  Atti,  vol.  13,  no.  2,  pp.  77-90,  1902. 

Describes  phenomena  connected  with  the  eruption  of  Mont  Pele.  Martinique. 

Jaccaci,  August  F.  » 

1279.  Pelee,  the  destroyer.  Splendors  and  terrors  of  an  eruption  at  close 
range. — McClure’s  Mag.,  vol.  19,  no.  5,  pp.  401^16,  13  tigs.,  September,  1902. 

Jaggar,  Thomas  A.,  jr. 

1280.  The  eruption  of  Mount  Pelee,  1851.  Translated  from  the  French  of 
* I.e  Prieur,  Peyraud,  and  Rufz. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  38,  pp.  51-7.3,  Januarj’, 

1904. 

1281.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  (ieology,  vol.  2, 
no.  1,  pp.  58-62,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1282.  Current  methods  of  observing  volcanic  eruptions. — Abstract : Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  764-765,  May  17,  1907. 

1283.  Experiments  illustrating  erosion  and  sedimentation. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  765,  May  17,  1907. 

James,  F.  AYilton. 

1284.  Notes  on  the  Minnewaska  region  of  Ulster  County,  N.  Y. — Abstract: 
New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  580-581,  1907. 

Jarvis,  May  M. 

1285.  On  the  fossil  genus  Porocijstis  Cragiii. — Biol.  Bull.,  vol.  9,  no.  6,  pp. 
388-3J10,  6 figs.,  November,  1905. 

Jefferson,  Mark  S.  W.  ^ 

1286.  The  scaurs  on  the  river  Rouge  [Michiganl. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  19, 
pp.  150-151,  January  22,  1904. 

1287.  Lateral  erosion  on  some  Michigan  rivers. — (^eol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  18,  pp.  3.33-350,  5 figs.,  1907. 

1288.  Material  for  geography  of  Michigan.  Ypsilanti,  Michigan,  1906.  90 

pp.,  illus.  Reprinted  from  Normal  College  News. 

Contains  an  account  of  the  physiography,  including  old  beaches  and  moraines. 

1289.  T’plift  increases  rainfall,  denudation  diminishes  it. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25.  pp.  909-910,  June  7,  1907. 

Jeffrey,  Edward  C. 

1290.  Attiiiities  of  certain  Cretaceous  plant  remains  commonly  referred  to 
the  genera  Dammam  and  BrachiiphyUinn. — New  York  Bot.  Garden.  Contr.  no. 
79,  1906. 

Recent  identification  of  Cretaceous  gymnosperms  from  Kreicherville,  N.  Y. — 
See  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  no.  1213. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190o-lUU7.  105 


Jeffrey,  Edward  C.,  and  Chrysler,  M.  A. 

1291.  The  lignites  of  Brandon  [Vermont]. — Vermont  (4eo].  Survey,  Fifth 
Kept.  State  (ieol.,  pp.  195-201,  3 pis.,  1900. 

Describes  the  method  of  examination  employed  and  the  characters  of  woody  material 
found  in  the  lignite. 

1292.  On  Cretaceous  Pityoxyla. — Bot.  Gazette,  vol.  42,  no.  1,  pp.  1-15,  2 pis., 
July,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  state  of  preservation,  and  in  detail  the  structure  of  the 
wood  of  Pityoxyla  from  Staten  Island,  New  York,  and  from  Massachusetts,  characterizes 
two  species,  and  discusses  the  relations  oT  living  and  fossil  pines. 

Jenney,  Walter  P. 

1293.  Structural  features  of  the  Ontario  mineral  belt.  Park  City,  Utah. 
Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  pp.  6-7,  1 fig.,  January  6,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  the  relations,  of  the  ore-bearing  veins. 

1294.  The  fissure  system  of  the  Ontario  mineral  belt  [Utah]. — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  92,  pp.  24-25,  3 figs.,  January  13,  1906. 

1295.  Block-faulting  and  its  relation  to  ore  deposition. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  92,  pp.  54-55,  2 figs.,  January  27,  1906. 

Discusses  the  conditions  under  which  block-faulting  took  place,  its  characteristics,  and 
connection  with  ore  deposition. 

1296.  The  ore  deposits  of  the  Ontario  mineral  belt  [Utah]. — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  92,  pp.  108-109,  2 figs.,  February  17,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  ore  deposits. 

Jennings,  E.  P. 

1297.  The  Lost  Packer  copper  gold  lode  [Idaho]. — Canadian  Min.  Inst.. 
Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  54-57,  1906;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  pp.  435-436,  June  .30, 
1906. 

1298.  Genesis  of  the  copper  deposits  of  Yerington,  Nev. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  1143-1144,  June  15,  1907 ; Camidian  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  28,  no.  14, 
(new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  12),  pp.  .S65-.366,  September  1,  1907. 

Johnson,  B.  L. 

1299.  Pleistocene  terracing  in  the  North  Ctirolina  coastal  itlain. — Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  640-642,  November  8.  1907. 

Johnson,  Douglas  Wilson. 

1300.  The  scope  of  applied  geology,  and  its  place  in  the  technical  school. — 
Econ  Geol.,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp.  243-256,  December-January,  1905-1906;  Tech. 
Quart.,  vol.  19,  no.  1,  pp.  25-36,  1906. 

1301.  The  New  England  intercollegiate  geological  excursion,  1905.  Geology 
of  the  Nantasket  area. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  15.5-156,  January  26,  1906. 

1302.  Report  on  the  geological  excursion  through  New  ^Mexico,  Arizona,  and 
Utah,  summer  of  1906. — Tech.  Quart.,  vol.  19,  no.  4,  pp.  408^15,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  physiographic  features  of  the  region  examined. 

1303.  Drainage  modifications  in  the  Tallulah  district. — Boston  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  Proc.,  vol.  23,  no.  5,  pp.  211-248,  2 pis.,  9 figs.,  1907. 

Reviews  previous  work,  describes  the  general  geology  and  physiography  of  the  region, 
the  rock  types  and  structural  relations  in  the  Tallulah  district,  and  its  topographic- 
features,  considers  the  principles  governing  river  capture,  and  applies  these  to  explain 
drainage  changes  in  the  Tallulah  district.  South  Carolina-Georgia. 

1304.  Volcanic  necks  of  the  Mount  Taylor  region.  New  .Mexico. — Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pj).  303-324,  (>  pis.,  10  figs.,  1907.  Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  769,  May  17,  1907. 


106 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP^  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY",  1906-1907. 
Johnson,  Douglas  Wilson — Continued. 

1305.  A recent  volcano  in  the  San  Francisco  Mountain  region,  Arizona. — 
Philadelphia,  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  3,  pp.  6-11,  3 pis.,  3 figs.,  July,  1907. 

Describes  a lava  flow  of  recent  origin. 

1306.  Current  notes  on  land  forms : Biver  terraces  in  Vermont. — Science, 
new,  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  71-72,  January  11,  1907. 

1307.  River  capture  in  the  Tallulah  district,  Georgia. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25,  pp.  428^32,  March  15,  1907. 

Discusses  drainage  changes  in  the  region  of  tl^  upper  Savannah  River. 

1308.  Current  notes  on  land  forms : A ])eneplain  in  the  Grand  Canyon  dis- 
trict.— Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  837-838.  December  31,  1907. 

Johnson,  L.  C. 

Summary  of  the  underground  \vuter  resources  of  Mississippi. — See  Crider  and 
Johnson,  no.  599. 

Johnson,  R.  D.  O. 

1309.  Tennessee  phosphate. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  80,  pp.  204-207,  Au- 
gust 5,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  phosphate-producing  area,  and  describes  the 
origin,  occurrence,  and  character  of  the  phosphate  deposits. 

1310.  A unique  lead  deposit. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  p.  794,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence  and  character  of  a deposit  of  lead  ore  in  Madison 
County,  Mo. 

Johnson,  Woolsey  McA. 

1311.  The  Kelly  mine.  New  Mexico,  and  treatment  of  its  ores. — Min.  World, 
vol.  27,  pp.  267-269,  2 figs.,  August  17,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  lead-zinc  ores. 

Johnston,  Robert  A.  A. 

1312.  [Report  on]  work  in  Charlotte  County,  N.  R, — Canada.  Geol,  Survey, 
Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  117-118,  1906. 

1313.  Surveys  on  parts  of  the  proposed  route  of  the  Transcontinental  Rail- 
way in  New  Brunswick. — Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rei>t.  for  1906,  pp.  127- 
130,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

1314.  The  Chambord  meteorite. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  20,  no.  3,  p.  51. 
June,  1906. 

Gives  data  in  regard  to  the  occurrence  and  surface  characters  of  this  meteorite  from 
Quebec. 

Johnston,  W.  A. 

1315.  [Report  on  the  geological  surve.v  of  j the  Peterborough  sheet. — Canada. 
Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  92-94,  1906. 

Gives  various  data  in  regard  to  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  area. 

1316.  Peterborough,  Ih-ince  Edward,  and  Sinicoe  sheets. — Canada,  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Summ.  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  124-126,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  area. 

Jones,  Charles  Colcock. 

1317.  Phosphate  rock  in  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Wyoming. — Eng.  and  -Min,  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  953-955,  6 figs..  May  18,  1907. 

Jones,  F.  O.  . 

1318.  Glacial  rock  sliding. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no,  5.  j)p.  48.5-487,  1 fig., 
1907. 

Describes  an  occurrence  of  rock  displacement  due  lo  ice  pressure  near  Elmira,  New 
York. 


BlBLIOGHAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  107 


Jones,  Fayette  A. 

1319.  Mineral  resources  of  Ne^y  Mexico. — Am,  Min.  Cong,,  Stli  Ann.  Sess., 
pp.  135-143,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  mineral  resources  in  New  Mexico. 

1320.  Placers  of  Santa  Fe  ('oniity.  New  ^lexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  2.5,  no.  14, 
p.  425,  October  0,  1906. 

1321.  The  Lordsbnrg  mining  region.  New  ^Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min,  Jour., 
vol,  84,  pp.  444—445,  2 figs.,  September  7,  1907. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  geology  and  of  the  ores. 

Jones,  James  O. 

1322.  On  the  effect  of  the  recent  seismic  disturbances  in  Guatemala,  Costa 
Kica,  and  Nicaragua  upon  the  level  of  the  waters  in  Lakes  Nicaragua  and 
Managua. — 57tb  Cong.,  2d  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  no.  131,  33  pp.,  1903. 

Jordan,  David  Starr. 

1323.  The  earthquake  rift  of  1906. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  69,  no.  4,  i)p. 
289-309,  20  figs.,  October,  1906. 

Explains  the  nature  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake,  the  course  of  the  rift,  and  effects 
produced. 

1324.  The  fossil  fishes  of  California.  With  supi)lenientary  notes  on  other 
species  of  extinct  fishes. — California  T"niv.,  Dept.  Geol.,  P>ull.,  vol.  5,  no.  7,  pp. 
95-144,  2 pis.,  .33  figs.,  April,  1907. 

An  annotated  list  of  the  species  of  fossil  fishes  recorded  from  the  rocks  of  California, 
with  descriptions  of  a number  of  new  species. 

Jordan,  David  Starr,  Editor. 

1325.  The  California  earthquake  of  1906.  San  Francisco,  A.  M.  Robertson, 

1907.  371  pp.,  illus. 

Contains  articles  by — 

David  Starr  .Iordan:  The  earthquake  rift  of  April,  lOOG.  pp.  1—62  (reprinted  from 
Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  October,  1906). 

.John  Casper  Branner  : Geology  and  the  earthquake,  j)]).  68-78  (reprinted  from  Out  West, 
vol.  24,  no.  6,  .Tune,  1906). 

Charles  Derleth,  jr.  : The  destructive  extent  of  the  California  earthquake  of  1906  ; its 
effect  upon  structures  and  structural  materials,  within  the  earthquake  belt,  pp.  79-212 
(not  reprinted). 

(irove  Karl  Gilbert  : The  investigation  of  the  California  earthquake  of  1906,  ])p.  213— 
2.56  (reprinted  from  Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  August,  1906). 

Stephen  Taber:  Local  effects  of  the  California  earthquake  of  1906,  ])p.  2.57-280  (reprinted 
from  .Tour.  Geolog.v.  vol.  14,  no.  4). 

F.  Omori  : Preliminary  notes  on  the  cause  of  the  California  earthquake  of  1906,  pp. 
281-318  (reprinted  from  the  Imperial  Earthquake  Investigation  Committee,  Bull.,  vol. 
1,  no.  1). 

Harold  W.  Fairbanks:  The  great  earthquake  rift  of  California,  pp.  319-388  (reprinted 
from  California  Phys.  Geol.  (dub,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  no.  2). 

Mary  Austin  : The  Temblor  : a personal  narrative,  pp.  339-361  ( reprinted  from  Out  West, 
vol.  24,  no.  6,  June,  1906). 

Joseph,  M.  H. 

1326.  Tungsten  ore  in  Washington, — b]iig.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  p.  409, 
March  3,  1906. 

Notes  briefly  the  occurrence  of  tungsten  ore  in  northern  Washington. 

Joyce,  W.  E. 

1327.  New  supiilies  of  aidliracite  coal. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp. 
216-217,  August  3,  1907, 

Judd,  Edward  K. 

1328.  The  Virgillna  f Virginia  1 copper  belt. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol,  82, 
pp.  1005-1008,  5 figs.,  December  1,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  character  of  the  ores. 


108  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Judd,  Edward  K. — Continued. 

1329.  Soft  iron  ore  in  Tennessee. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  88,  p.  507, 
March  23,  1907.. 

1330.  The  bauxite  industry  in  the  South. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  574-575,  March  23,  1907. 

1331.  The  barytes  industry  in  the  South. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  S3, 
pp.  751-752,  1 fig.,  April  20,  1907. 

1332i  New  development  in  coal  fields  of  New  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr., 
vol.  84.  pp.  8-11,  6 figs.,  July  6,  1907. 

Judd,  Emerson  W'. 

1333.  New  coal  developments  in  northern  New  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  .Tour., 
vol.  SO,  pp.  300-301,  2 figs.,  August  19,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals. 

Julien,  Alexis  A. 

1334.  The  occlusion  of  igneous  rock  within  metamorphic  schists,  as  illustrated 
on  and  near  Manhattan  Island,  New  York. — New  l^ork  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol. 
16,  pt.  3,  pp.  387-446,  2 pis.,  1906. 

Defines  the  term  occlusion,  considers  processes  attending  occlusion,  and  different  kinds 
of  occlusion  and  their  occurrence,  describes  various  outcrops  exhibiting  occlusions,  and 
the  petrographic  characters  of  the  rocks,  and  discusses  the  genesis  of  serpentinoid  schists 
and  the  distribution  of  occlusion  tracts  and  ancient  centers  of  volcanic  activity  along 
the  Appalachian  belt. 

1335.  Determination  of  brucite  as  a rock  constituent. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  p.  586,  1906. 

1336.  Notes  on  glaciation  of  Manhattan  Island. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  388,  March  9,  1906. 

1337.  Glaciation  of  Manhattan  Island,  New  York. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  708-709,  1907. 

1338.  Notes  on  the  glaciation  of  Manhattan  Island. — Abstract : New  York 
Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3.  p.  609,  1907. 

1339.  Determination  of  brucite  as  a rock-constituent. — Abstract : New  York 
Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  581-582,  1907. 

1340.  Present  structural  character  and  probable  former  extent  of  the  Pali- 
sade trap. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  184,  February  1,  1907. 

1341.  Relations  of  physiography  to  structure  at  Manhattan  Island  and 
vicinity. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  762-763,  May  17,  1907. 

1342.  Evidence  of  the  stal)ility  of  the  rock  foundations  of  New  York  City. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  868,  May  31,  1907. 

1343  On  the  pebbles  at  Hbrwick  (Cape  Cod),  ]NIass.,  and  on  rude  arrow- 
heads found  among  them. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  831-832. 
I )ecember  13,  1907. 

Jumeau,  E.  P. 

1344.  Ive  phosphate  de  chaux  (gisements  connus)  et  les  exploitations  aux 

Etats-Pnis  en  1905.  Paris.  Ch.  Dunod,  1905.  198  p[).,  .34  pis.,  1 map. 

Contains  an  extended  account  of  the  phosphate  industry  in  Florida.  Discusses  the 
origin,  distribution,  etc.,  of  Florida  phosphates. 

Kay,  G.  F. 

1345.  Nickel  de])osits  of  Nickel  Mountain,  Oregon. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  31.5.  pp.  120-127,  1907. 

Keele,  Joseph. 

1346.  A rec'onnaissMiice  survey  on  the  Stewart  River. — Canada,  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pi).  32-36,  1906. 

Includes  data  upon  the  geology  of  the  region  examined. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  109 


Keele,  Joseph — Continued. 

1347.  Report  on  the  upper  Stewart  River  region,  Yukon. — Canada,  Geol. 
Survey,  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  C,  23  pp.,  4 pis,,  1906. 

Keffer,  Frederic. 

1348.  Methods  of  mining  in  the  Boundary  district,  British  Colunihia, — 
Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  33,  no.  3,  pp.  441-454,  17  figs.,  June,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores. 

1349.  Copper-smelting  practice  in  the  Boundary  district,  British  Columbia. — 
Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  33,  no.  5,  pp.  715-727,  9 figs.,  August,  1907. 

Includes  a classification  of  the  copper  ores. 

1350.  The  Emma  mine  fBoundary  district,  British  Columbia]. — Eng.  and 
Min,  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp.  490^91,  September  14,  1907 ; Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
28,  no.  17  (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  15),  pp,  463-465,  5 figs.,  October  15,  1907. 

Keilhack,  K. 

1351.  Ueber  das  Onyxvorkommen  von  Etla,  Oaxaca. — Congr.  geol.  intern., 
C.  R.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  759-762,  1907. 

Describes  an  occurrence  of  marble  at  Etla,  in  the  State  of  Oaxaca,  and  discusses  its 
origin. 

Keith,  Arthur. 

1352.  Description  of  the  Nantahala  quadrangle  [North  Carol ina-Teimes- 
see]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol,  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  143,  11  pp.,  3 maps  and 
structure-section  sheet,  1907. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  the  geologic  structure  and  the  mineral  resources,  marble,  talc,  kaolin,  mica,  corundum, 
iron,  and  gold. 

1353.  Description  of  the  Pisgah  quadrangle  [North  Carolina-South  Caro- 
lina].— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  147,  8 pp.,  3 maps, 
structure-section  and  illustration  sheets,  1907, 

Describes  the  topography,  the  general  geologic  record,  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
relations  of  Archean,  Cambrian,  and  intrusive  rocks,  the  geologic  structure,  and  the 
mineral  I’esources.  • 

1354.  Description  of  the  Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  [Tennessee-North  Caro- 
lina].— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  151,  11  pp.,  3 figs., 
3 maps,  structure-section  and  illustration  sheets,  1907. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  pre-Cambrian, 
Cambrian,  Ordovician,  and  Triassic  ( ?)  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic 
structure,  and  the  mineral  and  water  resources. 

1355.  The  Appalachian  mountains  and  valleys. — ^Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25,  pp.  865-867,  May  31,  1907. 

Keith,  N.  S. 

1356.  The  copper  deposits  of  New  Jersey. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no.  6,  pp.  468- 
475,  7 figs.,  June,  1906. 

Kelley,  Walter  S. 

1357.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  p.  484,  1906. 
Kellogg*,  L.  O. 

1358.  Sketch  of  the  geology  and  ore  deposits  of  the  Cochise  mining  district, 
Cochise  County,  Arizona. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp.  651-659,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  district,  and  the  character,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the 
wolframite  and  copper  ores. 

Kemp,  James  Furman. 

1359.  Earthquakes  and  volcanoes : the  great  natural  cataclysms. — The  Cen- 
tury Magazine,  vol.  64.  no.  4,  pp.  .593-609,  17  figs.,  August,  1902. 


110  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Kemp,  James  Fiirmau — Coutiuued. 

The  copper  deposits  at  San  Jose,  Taniaiilipas,  Mexico. — Am.  lust.  Min.  Eng., 
Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  178-203,  3 figs..  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  4,  pp.  885-912,  3 figs., 
1905). — See  Kemp,  32,  page  190  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  V.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

1360.  The  problem  of  the  metalliferous  veins. — Ecou.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3, 
pp.  207-232,  December-January,  1905-1906 ; Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  14-29, 
January  5,  1906 ; New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  632-657,  1907  ; 
Smithsonian  lust..  Ann.  Kept,  for  1906,  pp.  187-206,  1907. 

IMscusses  the  formation  of  ore  deposits,  particularly  the  part  taken  by  meteoric  and  by 
magmatic  waters. 

1361.  The  geology  of  Jell. — Canadian  Min.  Bev.,  vol.  26,  no.  1,  pp.  11-13, 
January,  1906;  Min.  and  Sci.  I’ress,  vol.  92,  p.  243,  April  7,  1906. 

A humorous  paper  read  at  the  dinner  of  the  Journal  Club  of  the  Geological  Depart- 
ment, Columbia  University,  on  the  evening  of  May  18,  1905.  • 

1362.  The  physiography  of  the  Adiroudacks. — Pop!  Sci.  Monthly,  vol,  68, 
no.  3,  pp.  195-210.  14  figs.,  March,  1906. 

1363.  On  the  formation  of  garnet  zones  at  the  contacts  of  eruptive  rocks 
and  limestones. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol,  92,  pp.  220-221,  March  31,  1906. 

1364.  The  problem  of  the  metalliferous  veins. — Ecou.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7, 
pp.  699-700,  1906. 

1365.  Dikes. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  85-88,  3 tigs.,  January  19, 
1907. 

1366.  Ore  deposits  at  the  contacts  of  intrusive  rocks  and  limestones;  and 
their  significance  as  regards  the  general  formation  of  veins. — Cougr.  geol. 
intern..  C.  R.  10^  sess..  Mexico,  1906,  pp,  519-531,  1907 ; Ecou.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  1,  pp.  1-13,  1907. 

1367.  Some  new  points  in  the  geology  of  copper  ores. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  94,  pp.  402—103,  March  30,  1907 ; Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  1192-1193, 
June  22,  1907 ; Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  9,  pp.  274-275,  July  15, 
1907. 

1368.  Dike^  of  mica-i)eridol  ite  from  Fayette  County,  southwestern  Pennsyl- 
vania.— Abstract : Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  691,  1907. 

1369.  Physiography  of  the  lower  Hudson  valley. — Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  762,  May  17,  1907. 

1370.  Physiography  of  the  Adiroudacks  ( with  lantern  illustrations  and 
map). — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  589-591,  1907. 

1371.  Recent  interesting  discovery  of  human  implements  in  an  abandoned 
river  channel  in  southern  Oregon. — Abstract : New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals, 
vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  606-608,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology. 

Report  of  a special  ccunmittee  on  the  correlation  of  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks 
of  the  Adirondack  ^lountains,  the  **  original  Laurentian  area  ” of  Canada,  and 
eastern  Ontario. — See  Adams  and  others,  no.  13. 

Kemp,  J.  F.,  and  Gunther,  C.  G. 

1372.  The  AVhite  Knob  copper  deposits,  Mackaj%  Idaho. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  14,  pp.  301-,‘^S,  14  figs.,  March.  1907. 

Describes  the  geological  relations  of  the  mineralized  area,  the  character  and  occur- 
rence of  the  rocks,  the  contact  phenomena,  and  the  mode  of  formation  of  the  ores. 

Kemp,  J.  F.,  and  Ross,  J,  G. 

1373.  A peridotite  dike  in  the  coal  measures  of  southwestern  I’ennsylvauia. — 
New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  2,  pp.  509-518.  September,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  Ill 


Kennedy,  Stewart. 

1374.  Lignite  of  iiorthea stern  AVyoining. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27, 
no.  7,  pp.  294-297,  6 figs.,  February,  1907. 

Kerr,  H.  L. 

1375.  Exploration  in  Mattagami  Valley. — Ontario,  Bnr.  Mines,  Kept.,  1906, 
vol.  15,  pt.  1,  pp.  116-135,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  economic  resources,  the  geology  and  petrology,  and  evidences 
of  glaciation. 

Keyes,  Charles  Roll  in. 

1376.  [Notes  on  the  classitication  of  American  Carboniferous  deposits]. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  1,  pp.  71-76,  1906. 

1377.  Carboniferous  formations  of  New  Mexico. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14, 
no.  2,  pp.  147-154,  1906. 

Describes  the  extent,  character,  and  occurrence  of  the  Carboniferous  deposits  of  New 
Mexico  and  discusses  their  correlation  with  those  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  of  the 
Appalachian  region. 

1378.  Orotaxial  signiticance  of  certain  nnconformities. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4th 
ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  296-800,  2 figs.,  April,  1906. 

This  discussion  is  based  mainly  upon  the  stratigraphic  succession  exhibited  in  New 
Mexico. 

1379.  The  Dakotan  series  of  northern  New  Mexico. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th 
ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  124-128,  August,  1906. 

1380.  Geological  section  of  New  Mexico. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp. 
921-922,  June  15,  1906. 

1381.  T Tse  of  the  term  Permian  in  American  geology. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  24,  pp.  181-182,  August  10,  1906. 

1382.  Carboniferous  coal  measures  in  the  southwest. — Eng.  and  IMin.  Jour., 
vol.  81,  p.  1129,  June  16,  1906. 

Calls  attention  to  coals  of  Carboniferous  age  in  New  Mexico  and  describes  briefly  the 
geology  of  these  deposits. 

1383.  Physiography  of  New  Mexico. — Jour.  Geogra])hy,  vol.  5,  no.  6,  pp.  251- 
256,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  provinces  of  New  Mexico,  tlie  location  of  various  topo- 
graphic features,  and  the  drainage  system. 

1384.  Lime  Creek  fauna  of  Iowa  in  soutlnvestern  United  States  and  north- 
ern Mexican  region. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  197-198,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  a Devonian  fauna  at  Lake  Valley,  New  Mexico,  and  gives 
a list  of  the  forms  identifled. 

1385.  Alternation  of  fossil  faunas.— Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  199- 
201,  1906, 

Describes  instances  of  alternations  of  fossil  faunas  and  discusses  their  bearing  upon 
(juestions  of  correlation  of  strata. 

1386.  Mescal  Canyon  coal  field.  New  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  S3, 
p.  957,  2 figs..  May  18,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  coal  beds,  and  the  character  of  the  coal. 

1387.  Volcanic  craters  in  the  Southwest. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Hull.,  vol. 
17,  pp.  721-723,  5 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1388.  Tertiary  terranes  in  New  Mexico. — xVbstract : Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  725,  1907. 

1389.  Physiographic  significance  of  the  Mesa  de  Maya. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci., 
Proc.,  vol.  14,  pp.  221-222,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  physiographic  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the  area  along  the  southern 
boundary  of  Colorado. 


112  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Keyes,  Charles  Rolliii — Continued. 

1390.  Tertiary  terranes  of  New  Mexico. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14. 
pp.  22.3-228,  1907. 

Describes  the  distribution,  relations  and  correlation  of  Tertiary  formations  in  New 
Mexico. 

1391.  Volcanic  phenomena  about  Citlaltepetl  and  Popocateptl. — Abstract : 
Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14,  pp.  229-230,-  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  these  Mexican  volcanoes. 

1392.  Cerargyritic  ores : their  genesis  and  geology. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2. 
no.  8,  pp.  774-780,  1907. 

1393.  Aggraded  terraces  of  the  Rio  Grande. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  467-472,  3 figs.,  December,  1907. 

Kimble,  George  W. 

1394.  Pockets  in  the  upper  portion  of  gold  veins. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  94,  pp.  343-344,  1 fig.,  March  16,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  Mt.  Thompson,  Eldorado  County,  Cal. 

1395.  The  ancient  river  channels  of  California. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
94,  pp.  726-727,  2 figs.,  June  8,  1907. 

Kindle,  Edward  M. 

1396.  Notes  on  the  range  and  distribution  of  Reticularia  Iwvis. — Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp.  188-193,  1906. 

1397.  Faunas  of  the  Devonian  section  near  Altoona,  Pa. — Jour.  Geology, 
vol.  14,  no.  7,  pp.  631-635,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  paleontologic  character  of  Devonian  formations  present  in  the 
Altoona  section  and  lists  of  the  fossils  identified. 

1398.  The  iron  ores  of  Bath  County,  Ky. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  180-182,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  relations  and  character  of  the  ores,  and  their  development. 

1399.  Note  on  a Tertiary  basin  in  northern  Alaska. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  25,  pp.  506-507,  March  29,  1907. 

Reports  the  discovery  of  Tertiary  strata  on  the  Porcupine  River. 

1400.  Notes  on  the  Paleozoic  faunas  and  stratigraphy  of  southeastern 
Alaska. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  4,  pp.  314-337,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Review-s  briefly  previous  literature  on  the  region,  outlines  the  stratigraphy  of  the 
region,  and  describes  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Silurian,  Devonian,  and 
Carboniferous  faunas,  with  lists  of  species. 

The  Paleozoic  section  of  the  upper  Yukon. — See  Brooks  and  Kindle,  no.  321. 
King,  Francis  Plaisted. 

1401.  Basic  magnesian  rocks  associated  with  the  corundum  deposits  of 
Georgia.  (A  dissertation  submitted  to  Johns  Hopkins  I’niversity  for  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy.)  Baltimore,  ^Id.,  1906.  32  pp. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  geological  relations  of  the  corundum-bearing  rocks  of 
(ieorgia.  and  more  particularly  their  petrographic  characters  and  chemical  composition, 
and  discusses  their  origin. 

Kinney,  Bryce  A. 

1402.  Report  of  the  state  supervisor  of  natural  gas  for  the  year  1906. — 
Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.,  31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  597-607,  1907. 

Kip,  II.  Z. 

1403.  A new  method  for  the  determination  of  the  hardness  of  minerals. — 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24.  ]ii);  23-32,  4 figs..  July.  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  113 


Klotz,  Otto. 

1404.  Earthquakes. — Ottawa  Lit.  and  Sci.  Soc.,  Trans.,  no.  4,  pp.  1.30-144, 
1907. 

1405.  Recession  of  Alaska  glaciers. — Geog.  .Tour.,  vol.  30,  no.  4,  pp.  419-421, 
October,  1907. 

1406.  Seismograpliic  and  magnetic  work. — Canada,  Dept,  of  the  Interior, 
Kept,  of  the  Chief  Astronomer  (pt.  1'  of  the  Ann.  Dept.  Report  for  1906), 
pp.  7-37,  4 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Gives  a general  discussion  of  the  subject  of  earthquakes. 

Knapp,  G.  N. 

1407.  [The  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  .Jersey  1. — New  .lersey  Geol.  Sui-- 
vey.  Paleontology  Series,  vol.  4.  Text,  pp,  15-20,  1907. 

Discusses  the  correlation  of  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  .7('rs<'.v. 

Knapp,  M.  A. 

1408.  The  fault  system  of  eastern  Santa  Eulalia  | Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  99.3-994,  2 figs.,  May  26,  1906. 

Knight,  Cyril  W. 

1409.  Analcite-trachyte  tuifs  and  breccias  from  southwest  Alberta.  Canada. — 
Canadian  Rec.  Sci.,  vol.  9,  no.  5,  pp.  2(>5-278,  3 figs.,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  analcite  rocks  in  southwest  Alberta  and  the  results  of 
microscopic  and  chemical  examination,  and  discusses  the  primary  origin  of  the  analcite. 

1410.  A new  occurrence  of  pseudo-leucite. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21, 
pp.  286-293,  2 figs.,  April.  ItlOt;. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  leucite  rock  from  Yukon  Territory  and  com- 
pares it  with  material  from  other  sources. 

1411.  Oil  and  gas  in  Kent  [County,  OntarioJ. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  16th 
Ann.  Rept„  vol.  16,  pt.  1,  pp.  92-104,  5 figs.,  1907. 

A microscopic  examination  of  the  cobalt  nickel  arsenides  and  silver  deposits 
of  Temiskaming. — See  Campbell  and  Knight,  no,  410. 

The  paragenesis  of  the  cobalt  nickel  arsenides  and  silver  deposits  of  Timis- 
kaming. — See  Campbell  and  Knight,  no.  408. 

Microscopic  examination  of  nickeliferous  pyrrhotites. — See  Campbell  and 
Knight,  no.  409. 

The  re-formation  of  soda-leucite. — See  Read  and  Knight,  no.  1997. 

On  the  microstructure  of  nickeliferous  jiyrrhotites. — See  Campbell  and 
Knight,  no.  411. 

Grenville-Hastings  unconformity  and  the  ])robable  identity  in  age  of  the 
Grenville  limestone  with  the  Keewatin  iron  formation  of  the  Lake  Superior 
region. — See  Miller  and  Knight,  no.  1759. 

Knight,  C,  Y. 

1412.  A curious  occurrence  of  sulphur. — Min.  and  Sci.  l*ress,  vol.  94,  p.  242, 
February  23,  1907. 

Notes  on  occurrence  of  bornile  in  serpentine  near  Sliiugle  Springs,  Eldorado  County,- 
California. 

Knight,  Nicholas. 

1413.  The  determination  of  silica. — Iowa  Acad,  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14,  pp.  201- 
211,  1907. 

Discusses  methods  and  results  of  determinaiion  of  silica  in  rocks. 

Knight,  Nicholas,  and  Wheeler,  Ward  II. 

1414.  Dolomite  and  magnesite  with  reference  to  the  separation  of  calcium 
and  magnesium. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  167-171,  1906, 

Discusses  methods  of  determining  the  calcium  and  magnesium  content  of  a mineral 
or  rock. 

66836— Bull.  372—99 8 


114  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Knopf,  Adolph. 

1415.  Notes  oil  the  foothill  copper  belt  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. — California 
Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  17,  pp.  411-423,  1906. 

Gives  a general  “Itcconnt  of  the  geology  and  describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
relations  of  the  copper  deposits. 

1416.  An  alteration  of  Coast  Range  serpentine. — California  Univ.,  Dept. 
Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  18,  pp.  425—130,  1900. 

Discusses  the  composition  and  the  character  of  alteration  that  has  taken  place  in  the 
rock. 

Stratigraphic  succession  in  the  region  northeast  of  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska. — See 
Paige  and  Knopf,  no.  1860. 

Reconnaissance  in  the  ^lataunska  and  Talkeetua  basins,  with  notes  on  the 
placers  of  the  adjacent  region. — See  Paige  and  Knopf,  no.  1861. 

Geologic  reconnaissance  in  the  Matannska  and  Talkeetna  basins,  Alaska. — 
See  Paige  and  Knopf,  no.  1862. 

Knowlton,  Frank  Hall. 

1417.  Report  on  ^Mesozoic  fossil  plants  from  northwestern  Alaska. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survej",  Bull.  no.  278,  pp.  29-.30,  1906. 

Gives  a list  of  plants  identified  and  notes  upon  them. 

1418.  Change  of  name. — Washington  Biol.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  19,  p.  95,  1906. 

Proposes  the  name  of  Qucrcus  hnfcheri  to  replace  Qiiercus  mouiana  Knowlton,  preoc- 
cupied. 

1419.  Description  of  a collection  of  Kootanie  plants  from  the  Great  Falls 
coal  field  of  Montana.— Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  50  (Quart.  Issue,  vol.  4,  pt. 
1),  pp.  105-128,  4 pis.,  1907. 

Koch,  Fred  AV. 

1420.  California's  inland  sea. — California  Ifiiys.  Geog.  Club,  Bull.,  vol.  1, 
no.  1,  pp.  4-7,  2 figs.,  April,  1907. 

Includes  physiographic  notes  on  the  Salton  sink  region. 

Koch,  Aval  ter  E. 

1421.  Ore  deposition. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  p.  300,  September  7, 
1907. 

Koenig'sberg’er,  Job. 

1422.  Bergfahrten  in  Alexiko  und  Colorado. — Schweizer  Alpenclub,  Jahrbuch. 
.Tg.  42,  pp.  210-235,  1 pi.,  8 figs.,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  volcanoes  of  Mexico,  and  on  physiographic  and  geologic  feU' 
lures  of  Colorado. 

Kraus,  Edward  Henry. 

1423.  On  the  origin  of  the  sulphur  deposits  at  the  AA’oolmith  quarry,  Monroe 
County,  Alich. — Alichigan  Acad.  Sci.,  7th  Rept.,  pp.  26-29.  1905. 

1424.  Essentials  of  crystallography.  Ann  Arbor.  Alicli..  1906.  162  pp..  427 

figs. 

1425.  I'he  teaching  of  crystallography. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pj).  855- 
856,  December  28,  1906, 

Kraus,  Edward  Henry,  and  Cook,  (-.  AA’. 

1426.  Datolite  from  AA’estfield,  Massachusetts. — Am.  .lour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.. 
vol.  22,  pp.  21-28,  6 figs.,  July,  1906;  Zeitschr.  f.  Kryst.  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  42,  Heft. 
4,  pp.  327-333,  pi.  iv,  190(5. 

Describes  the  crystallography  and  chemical  composition. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  115 


Kraus,  Edward  H.,  and  Hunt,  W.  F. 

1427.  The  occurrence  of  sulphur  and  celestite  at  Maybee,  Michigan. — Ain. 
•Tour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  2.37-244,  8 figs.,  March,  1906;  Zeitschr.  f.  Kryst. 
n.  Mineral.,  Bd.  42,  Heft  1,  pp.  1-12,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Kraus^  Edward  H.,  and  Scott,  I.  D. 

1428.  Ueher  interessante  ainerikanische  Pyritkrystalle. — Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal, 
n.  Mineral.,  Bd.  44,  Heft  2,  pp.  144-1.53,  3 pis.,  1907. 

Describes  the  crystallographic  characters  and  composition  of  pyrite  crystals  from  Colo- 
rado and  New  .Tersey. 

Kreutz,  Stefan. 

1429.  Ueher  Zwillingskrystalle  des  Calcites  von  (xuanajuato,  Mexico. — 
Tschei’inak’s  Mineral,  n.  Petrog.  Mitt.  (N.  F. ),  Bd!  26,  Heft  1-2,  pp.  140-141, 
1907. 

Describes  tbe  crystallography  of  calcite  from  Guanajhiato,  Mexico. 

Kiimmel,  Henry  B. 

1430.  Administrative  report  of  the  state  geologist  [of  New  .Jersey]. — New 
Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  for  1905,  pp.  1-24,  190(5. 

Includes  various  data  relating  to  the  geology  of  the  State. 

1431.  The  chemical  composition  of  the  white  crystalline  limestones  of  Sussex 
and  Warren  counties  [New  Jersey],  with  analyses  hy  R.  B.  Gage. — New  Jersey 
Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geologist  for  190.5,  i>p.  173-191,  1906. 

1432.  Notes  on  the  mining  industry  [in  New  Jersey]. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Ann.  Rept.  State  Geologist  for  1905,  pj).  317-.325,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  iron,  zinc,  and  copper  mines  and  their  production. 

1433.  The  peat  deposits  of  New  Jersey. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  pp. 
24-33,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  peat  deposits  in  New  .Jersey  and  the  character,  composition, 
and  fuel  value  determined  by  testing  samples. 

1434.  Administrative  report. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  liept.  State 
Geol.  for  1906,  pp.  1-16,  1907. 

1435.  Notes  on  the  mining  industry  [New  .Jersey]. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Sur- 
rey, Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  pp.  173-lSl,  1907^ 

Kiimmel,  Henry  B.,  and  Gage,  R.  B. 

1436.  The  glass-sand  industry  of  New  Jersey. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey, 
Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  pp.  77-96,  4 pis.,  1907. 

Kunz,  George  Frederick. 

1437.  Gems,  jewelers’  materials,  and  ornamental  stones  of  Galifornia. — 
California  State  Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no.  37,  pp.  9-1 .5.5,  51  figs.,  1905. 

1438.  [Peridotite  dike  upon  Manhattan  Island]. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  388,  March  9,  1906. 

1439.  [Modoc,  Scott  County,  Ivansas,  meteorite]. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  388-389,  March  9,  1906. 

1440.  History  of  the  gems  found  in  North  Carolina. — North  (’arolina  Geol. 
and  Econ.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  12,  60  iip.,  15  pis.,  1907. 

1441.  Gems  and  precious  stones  of  Mexico. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  (’.  R. 
10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  i>p.  1029-1080,  1907. 

1442.  Occurrence  of  the  diamond  in  North  America. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  692-694,  1907. 

1443.  Description  of  the  Modoc,  Scott  County,  Kansas,  meieorit(‘. — Abstract: 
New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  p.  626,  1907. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  1905:  iwecious  stones. — See  no.  2418, 


116  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Kunz,  Georjie  F.,  and  Washington,  Henry  S. 

1444.  Occnrrence  of  diamonds  in  Arkansas. — I".  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mineral 
Uesonrces  for  1006,  pi).  1247-12.51,  1907. 

1445.  Note  on  the  forms  of  Arkansas  diamonds. — Am.  .Torn*.  Sei.,  4th  ser., 
Ami.  24,  pp.  275-276,  September,  1007. 

Lacroix,  A. 

1446.  Sur  qnelqiies  productions  boiieuses  accompagnant  les  eruptions  de  la 
Montague  Pelee. — Revue  gen.  d.  Sci.  pures  et  appliquees,  t.  14.  no.  3,  pp.  11.5- 
116,  2 pis.,  February  15,  1003. 

Discusses  mud  flows  accompanying  the  eruptions  of  Mont  PelA 

1447.  I/eruption  de  la  Martinqiue. — Soc.  de  Seconrs  des  Amis  des  Sciences, 
Lull.,  pp.  40-93,  1903  [not  seen]  ; Re\'Ue  scientifique,  4®  ser.,  t.  20,  no.  22,  pp. 
(574-086,  1003. 

1448.  Les  dernieres  eruptions  de  Saint-Vincent. — Annales  de  Geograpbie, 
Ann.  12,  pp.  261-268.  3 pis..  May  15,  1903. 

1449.  Sur  le  gisement  de  la  calcMoine  et  des  hois  silicities  de  la  Martinique. — 
Soc.  franqaise  de  Mineral.,  Bull.,  t.  26,  no.  0,  pp.  150-152,  June,  1903. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence  of  minerals  upon  the  Island  of  Martinique. 

1450.  Sur  la  production  de  rocbes  quartziferes  an  conrs  de  lYumption  actuelle 
de  la  Montague  I’elee. — Acad.  d.  Sci.,  Paris.  Compt.  rendu,  t.  138.  pp.  702-707, 
:\larcli  28,  1004. 

Discusses  the  formation  of  (juartz-bearing  eruptive  rocks. 

1451.  Le  mode  de  formation  d’un  dome  volcanique  et  la  cristallisation 
des  rocbes  eruptives  quartziferes,  d’apres  les  observations  faites  an  conrs  de 
I’eruption  de  la  Montague  Pelee. — Revue  gen.  d.  Sci.  pures  et  appliquees.  t.  16, 
no.  7,  pp.  301-315,  8 tigs.,  April  1.5,  1005. 

Discusses  the  mode  of  formation  of  the  “ spine  ” of  Mont  Pele. 

1452.  Sur  un  gisement  de  redondite  a la  ^lartinique. — Soc.  franqaise  de 
Mineral.,  Bull.,  t.  28,  pp.  1.3-16,  1905. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  a deposit  of  redondite  on  the  coast  of  Mar- 
1 inicpie. 

1453.  Observations  faites  a la  Montague  Pelee  siu‘  les  conditions  presidani 
a la  itroduction  de  la  tridymite  dans  les  rocbes  volcaniques. — Soc.  franqaise  de 
Mineral.,  Bull.,  t.  28,  pp.  56-60,  1005. 

Discusses  the  formation  of  certain  volcanic  rocks. 

1454.  Le  sulfate  de  soude  des  fumerolles  secondaires  a haute  temperature 
de  la  Montague  Pelee. — Soc.  franqaise  de  Mineral.,  Bull.,  t.  28,  pp.  60-68,  1005. 

Describes  the  character  and  action  of  fumaroles  following  the  eruption  of  Mont  Pole, 
and  sulphate  of  soda  produced  in  these  fumaroles. 

1455.  Contributions  ji  Tetude  des  bribes  et  des  conglomerats  volcaniques 
( Antilles  1002-100.3.  AT'sm’e  1006). — Soc.  geol.  de  France,  Bull.,  4®  ser.,  t.  6,  i>p. 
6.3.5-685,  4 pis.,  11  figs.,  1007. 

Discusses  the  formation  of  the  ‘‘ siune  " of  Mont  Pele.  and  the  constitution  of  the 
rocks  erupted. 

1456.  Sur  la  constitution  mineralogique  du  dome  recent  de  la  Montague 
Pelee. — Acad.  d.  Sci.,  Paris,  Compt.  rend.,  t.  144.  pp.  160-17.3,  1007. 

Discusses  the  constitution  of  the  recent  “spine”  of  Mont  Pele. 

Laflamme,  .7.  C.  K. 

1457.  Les  Iremblements  de  terre  de  la  region  de  (Quebec. — Canadti.  Roy.  Soc.. 
Proc.  ;ind  ^bvins.,  .‘>d  ser.,  vol.  1.  sect.  4.  j)]).  157-183,  1 tig..  1007. 

GiA’os  a list  of  earthquakes,  with  notes,  that  have  taken  place  in  Quebec. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  117 


Lakes,  Arthur. 

1458.  Fissure  veins  and  ore  deposits  as  waterwaj^s. — Min.  World,  vol.  22, 
no.  25,  pp.  658-659,  illus.,  June  24,  1905. 

1459.  San  Juan  region  and  some  of  its  peculiar  mines. — Min.  World,  vol.  22, 
no.  2,  pp.  .34-35,  6 tigs.,  July  15,  1905. 

1460.  Geologj"  and  economicjil  geology. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  11,  |)p. 
312-314,  September  16,  1905. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  of  the  Denver  basin,  Colorado. 

1461.  Coal  resources  along  the  line  of  the  Moffat  road  | Colorado  1. — Min, 
World,  vol.  23,  no.  19,  p.  520,  1 fig.,  November  11,  1905. 

1462.  The  anthracite  area  of  lioutt  County  | Colorado] . — Min.  World,  vol. 
23,  no.  20,  pp.  552-553,  2 figs.,  November  18,  1905. 

1463.  Some  of  the  veins  and  ore  deposits  of  the  Wood  River  district,  Id;Tho. — 
Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  25,  i)p.  696-697,  December  23,  1905. 

1464.  Colorado  anthracite.  The  fields  of  the  State  and  the  infiuence  of 
eruptive  rocks  in  metamorphosing  the  bituminous  deposits. — Mines  and  ^Minerals, 
vol.  26,  no.  6,  pp.  275-276,  2 figs.,  January,  1906. 

1465.  Mineral  and  hot  springs  in  Colorado. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  11, 
pp.  359-360,  2 figs.,  March  17,  1906. 

1466.  The  Dollarhide  mine,  Idaho. — Min.  World,  vol,  24,  no.  14,  p.  437, 

2 figs.,  April  7,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ore. 

1467.  Fossil  flora  and  its  relation  to  climate  and  coal  beds. — Mines  and 
Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  9,  p.  401,  April,  1906. 

1468.  The  evolution  of  a mineral  vein. — Min.  and  Sci.  l*ress.  vol.  92,  p.  349, 
4 figs.,  May  26,  1906. 

1469.  The  Tonopah  volcanoes.  The  probable  causes  to  which  are  due  the 
appearance  of  the  country  and  also  the  ore  deposits. — Mines  and  ^Minerals,  vol. 
26,  no.  12,  p.  554,  4 figs.,  .July,  1906. 

1470.  Coals  changed  by  heat  in  Colorado, — rMines  and  Minerals,  vol.  26, 

no.  12,  pp.  566-567,  July,  1906.  * 

1471.  The  Utah  coal  fields  of  the  Wasatch,  near  Grass  Creek  and  Weber 
Canyon.  Thick  veins  of  lignitic  coal  with  numerous  faults, — Mines  and  Min- 
erals, vol.  27,  no.  12,  pp.  61-62,  2 figs.,  September,  1906. 

1472.  The  Gunnison  gold  belt  of  Colorado. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  19, 
p.  576,  2 figs,,  November  10,  1906, 

1473.  A trip  to  San  Juan,  Colorado. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  8, 
pp.  351-352,  March,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

1474.  The  spontaneous  combustion  of  coal  and  its  effect  on  the  surrounding 
strata. — Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Pi*oc.,  vol.  8,  i>p.  301-304,  May,  1907. 

1475.  The  Maple  Leaf  mine,  Colorado. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  p.  32J).  2 figs., 
March  9,  1907. 

1476.  Natural  gas  wells  and  spring  of  White  River. — Min.  World,  vol.  26, 
p.  419,  2 figs.,  March  .30,  1907. 

1477.  The  natural  bridges  of  Ftah. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  j).  595,  5 tigs.. 
May  11,  1907. 

1478.  Sketch  of  the  oil  fields  of  Colorado. — Min,  AVorld.  vol.  26,  p.  6S4,  June 

1,  1907.  ^ 

1479.  The  coals  of  Routt  County,  Colorado. — Min,  World,  vol.  26.  pp.  748-750, 

3 figs.,  June  15,  1907. 

1480.  A new  coal  field  in  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp.  .547- 
548,  4 figs.,  October  5,  1907. 


118  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190«-1907. 


Lakes,  Arthur — Contiuued. 

1481.  Some  ore  deposits  of  Similkameeii  district,  B.  C. — Min.  World,  vol.  27, 
pp.  S85-886,  3 tigs.,  November  16,  1907. 

Lamb,  H.  Mortimer. 

1482.  Oil  the  advisability  of  the  establishment  of  a federal  Department  of 
Mines  [in  the  Dominion  of  Canada]. — Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  .Tour.,  vol.  9,  pp. 
87-106,  1906 ; Canadian  Min.  Rev.,  vol.  26.  no.  4,  pp.  105-112,  Aiull,  1906. 

Lambe,  Lawrence  M. 

1483.  [Report  on]  vertebrate  iialeontology. — Canada.  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  135-137,  1906. 

Gives  a short  account  of  the  work  on  vertebrate  paleontology  done  daring  the  year 
for  the  Geological  Survey  or  Canada. 

1484.  Note  on  the  age  of  the  Horsehy,  Similkameeii,  and  Tranqnille  Ter- 
tiary beds  of  the  southern  interior  of  British  Columbia. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey, 
Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  tip.  137-138,  1906. 

1485.  [Report  on  verterbrate  paleontology.] — Canada.  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Rei)t.  for  1906,  pp.  170-174,  1906. 

Gives  a report  upon  the  work  in  vertebrate  paleontology  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
(^anada. 

1486.  Notes  on  the  fossil  corals  collected  by  Mr.  A.  I*.  Low  at  Beechey 
Island,  Southampton  Island,  and  Cape  Chidley,  in  1904. — Cruise  of  the  Nep- 
tune, pp.  322-328,  3 figs.,  1906.  [See  I.ow,  no.  1623.] 

1487.  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Testmlo  and  Buena  with  remarks  on 
some  Cretaceous  forms. — Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  19,  no.  10,  pp.  187-196,  2 pis., 
.Tanuai‘y,  1906. 

1488.  Borcmys,  a new  Chelonian  genus  from  the  Cretaceous  of  Alberta. — 
Ottawa  Nat.,  vol.  19,  no.  12,  pp.  232-234,  March,  1906. 

1489.  A new  species  of  Hyrucodon  (H.  yriscidens)  from  the  Oligocene  of 
the  Cypress  Hills,  Assiniboia. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc..  Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.. 
vol.  11.  sect.  4,  pp.  .37—12,  1 pi.,  1906. 

T490.  Fossil  horses  of  the  Oligocene  of  the  Cypress  Hills,  Assiniboia. — 
Canada.  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  11,  sect.  4,  pp.  4.3-52,  1 pi., 
1906. 

1491.  On  Amy.::on  breviyinne  Cope,  from  the  Amyzon  beds  of  the  southern  in- 
terior of  British  Columbia, — Canada,  Roy,  Soc.,  l*roc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 
12,  sect.  4,  pp.  151-156,  1 pi.,  1906.  Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  970- 
971,  June  29,  1906. 

1492.  On  a new  crocodilian  genus  and  species  from  the  .Judith  River  forma- 
tion of  Alberta. — Canada.  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans..  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect,  4. 
pp.  219-244,  5 pis.,  1907. 

1493.  On  a tooth  of  Oribos,  from  Pleistocene  gravels  near  Midway.  B.  C. — 
Ottawa  Naturalist,  vol.  21.  no.  1,  pp.  15-18,  1 pi.,  April,  1907. 

Lammers,  Theo.  L. 

1494.  The  iMurray  gold  belt.  Idaho. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  636- 
637,  May  18,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Landes,  Henry. 

1495.  Cement  resources  of  Washington. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
PI).  .377-383,  1906. 

Describes  the  character  and  occurn'nce  in  counties  of  northern  Washington  of  lime- 
stones and  shales  available  for  ceiiKuit  manufacture. 

1496.  Round  about  Mount  Baker. — Mazama.  vol.  .3.  no.  1,  pp.  5-8,  2 pis., 
March,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  and  the  glaciers. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  119 


Lane,  Alfred  C. 

1497.  Annual  report  of  the  state  geologist  [Michigan]. — Michigan  Miner, 
vol.  8,  no.  4,  pp.  9-13,  March,  1906. 

Gives  extracts  from  the  report  for  1905. 

1498.  The  possibility  of  deep  cracks  in  the  earth. — Michigan  Miner,  vol.  8, 
no.  6,  'May,  1906. 

1499.  Seventh  annual  report  of  the  state  geologist  to  the  Board  of  Geological 
Survey  for  the  year  1905. — Michigan  State  Board  of  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rei)t. 
for  1905,  pp.  535-571,  1 fig.,  1906.  Abstract:  Michigan  Miner,  vol.  9,  no.  1,  pi>. 
9-13,  December,  1906;  no.  2,  pp.  9-13,  January,  1907. 

An  administrative  report,  but  includes  various  notes  relating  to  the  geology  of  the 
State. 

1500.  Die  Korngrosse  der  Auvergnosen.  E.  Schweizerbartsche  Verlagsbuch- 

handlung,  Stuttgart,  1906.  19  pp.,  1 pi.,  6 figs. 

Discusses  size  of  grain  with  respect  to  distance  from  sides,  particularly  in  the  Med- 
ford, Mass.,  dike,  and  cites  a practical  application  of  the  theory  of  the  size  of  grains  in 
cooled  magmatic  masses. 

1501.  The  influence  of  varying  degrees  of  superfusion  in  magmatic  differen- 
tiation.— Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  210-217,  1906. 

1502.  Salt  water  in  the  lake  mines. — Michigan  Miner,  vol  8,  no.  7,  jip.  9-12, 
June,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  source  of  waters  in  deep  mines  and  their  relation  to  the 
distribution  of  copper  ores. 

1503.  The  interior  of  the  earth. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  i>p.  404—105, 
September  28,  1906. 

1504.  The  chemical  evolution  of  the  ocean. — Abstract : .Tour.  Geology,  vol. 
14,  no.  3,  pp.  221-225,  1906. 

Discusses  the  variation  in  the  ratio  of  sodium  to  chlorine  in  the  water  of  the  ocean 
during  geologic  time.  Includes  analyses  of  waters  from  various  sources,  upon  which 
the  discussion  is  based. 

1505.  The  geologic  day. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  5,  pp.  425-429,  1906. 

Discusses  the  problem  of  determining  the  contemporaneity  in  time  of  geologic  forma- 
tions and  the  criteria  which  may  be  used. 

1506.  Discussion  of  paper  by  Marius  R.  Campbell:  Hypothesis  to  account 
for  the  transformation  of  vegetable  matter  into  the  different  grades  of  coal. — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  498-499,  1906. 

1507.  Geology  of  Keweenaw  I*oint  [Michigan]. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27, 
no.  5,  pp.  204-206,  4 figs.,  December,  1906. 

1508.  Eighth  annual  report  of  the  state  geologist. — Michigan,  State  Board 
of  Geol.  Survey,  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  573-601,  1907. 

An  administrative  report,  but  includes  notes  on  Michigan  geology. 

1509.  The  geology  of  Keweenaw  Point,  a brief  description. — Lake  Su])erior 
Min.  Inst.,  Proc.,  vol.  12,  pp.  81-104,-6  figs.,  1907  . 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  Keweenawan  region  of  the  Upper  Peninsula 
of  Michigan,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  -the  copper-bearing  beds,  and  the  source 
of  the  copper. 

1510.  Salt  water  in  the  Lake  mines. — Lake  Superior  Min.  Inst.,  Proc.,  vol. 
12,  pp.  154-163,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  differences  in  chemical  composition  of  shallow  surface-derived  and  deep  mine 
waters  in  the  Lake  Superior  copper  mines,  and  discusses  the  sources  of  the  deep  waters, 
and  the  part  they  may  have  taken  in  the  distribution  of  the  coi)per  deposits. 

1511.  Chemical  evolution  of  the  ocean. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  Americ.-i, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  691,  1907. 

1512.  The  formation  of  Lake  Superior  copper. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  589,  April  12,  1907. 


120  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190()-1907. 


Lane,  Alfred  C. — Continued. 

1513.  Genetic  connections  of  some  granitic  dikes. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  774,  May  17,  1907. 

1514.  Different  manifestations  of  the  opliitic  texture. — Abstract:  Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  774-775,  May  17,  1907. 

1515.  Tbe  early  surroundings  of  life. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  20,  i)p.  129-148, 
August  2,  1907. 

1516.  Oil  and  gas  prospects  in  Michigan. — Michigan  Miner,  vol.  9,  no.  4. 
pp.  9-12 ; no.  5,  pp.  9-12,  4 figs.,  1907. 

1517.  Dr.  Carl  Ludwig  Rominger. — Michigan  Miner,  vol.  9.  no.  7,  pp.  9-11, 
June,  1907. 

A geological  section  from  Bessemer  down  Black  River. — See  Gordon  and 
Lane,  no.  9S5, 

Lane,  A.  C.,  and  Seaman,  A.  E. 

1518.  Notes  on  the  geological  section  of  Michigan.  Part  I.  The  pre-Ordo- 
vician.— .Tour.  Geol.,  vol.  15.  no,  7,  i)p.  6S0-095,  1907. 

Laney,  Francis  B. 

The  building  and  ornamental  stones  of  North  Carolina, — See  Watson  and 
I.aney,  no.  2494. 

Lang‘s  Herbert. 

1519.  The  copijer  belt  of  California. — Eng,  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp. 
909-913,  903-900,  1000-1010,  (*  figs.,  Novembei-,  1907. 

Lang,  S.  S. 

1520.  The  Burro  Mountain  copper  district  [New  Mexico]. — Ting,  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  395-390,  1 fig.,  September  1,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  copper  oros. 

L apparent,  A.  de. 

1521.  La  montagne  Pelee  et  ses  eruptions. — Annales  de  Geographie,  no,  74, 
anil.  1.5,  pp.  97-110,  1905. 

Describes  the  eruptions  of  Mont  Pele  on  the  Island  of  Martinicpu*. 

1522.  Le  tremblement  de  terre  de  la  Californie,  d'apres  le  rapport  ]>re- 
liminaire  ofiiciel. — Acad.  d.  Sci.,  Paris,  Compt.  rend.,  t.  143,  pj).  18-20,  1900, 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  report  of  the  California  State  Earthquake  Investi^ration  Com- 
mittee. See  no.  l,5o'l.  * 

Law,  E.  Stanley. 

1523.  Notes  on  a useful  mineral  [graphite]. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  12. 
pp.  169-173,  180-184,  1900. 

1524.  On  a rare  occurrenci*  in  Delaware  County.  l*eun. — Mineral  Collector, 
vol.  14,  no.  .3,  pp.  33-35,  1 pi.,  ^la.v,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  crystallographic  characters  of  euxenite. 

Lawrence,  Benjamin  B. 

1525.  Co])p('r  mining  in  Cuba. — ^lin.  and  Sci,  Pn'ss,  vol.  9.“>,  p,  002.  Novem- 
ber 17,  1900. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  cojiper  ores  in  Cuba. 

Lawson,  Andr(*w  C. 

1526.  The  copper  deposits  of  the  Robinson  mining  district,  Nevada. — Cali- 
forniti  T"niv.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4.  no.  14,  ])i>.  287-^357.  190(). 

Describes  the  geologic  formations  of  Carboniferous  and  Devonian  age  of  the  region, 
their  correlations  with  the  Eureka  section,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  the  irruptive  rocks  and  contained  copper  ores  and  gives  an  annotated  list  of  the 
minerals  observed. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907* 


121 


Lawson,  Andrew  C. — Continued. 

1527.  The  geomorpliic  features  of  the  middle  Kern  [California]. — California 
Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  16,  pp.  397-409,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  physiographic  features  of  the  region  and  considers  their  explanation. 

1528.  The  geomorphogeiiy  of  the  Tehac-hapi  Valley  system  [California]. — 
California  Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  19,  pp.  431—162,  10  i)ls.,  1906. 

Describes  physical  characters  and  drainage  of  valleys  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  the  geologic  formations  of  the  surrounding  mountains,  and  the  geologic 
history  of  the  region. 

1529.  Tehachapi  Valley. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  729, 
1907. 

1530.  Methods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  622-623,  April  19,  1907. 

Lawson,  Andrew  C.,  and  others. 

1531.  Preliminary  report  of  the  [California]  State  earthquake  investigation 
commission.  [1906],  20  pp.  Reprinted  in  Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  no.  24, 
pp.  399-401,  4 hgs.,  June  16,  1906;  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  961-967,  June  29, 
1906;  Sci.  Am.  SuppL,  vol.  61,  no.  1590,  pp.  254S2-25484,  June  23,  1906;  Nature, 
vol.  74,  pp.  285-286,  July  19,  1906;  Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  22,  pp,  423—4.30,  1906. 

Includes  various  data  relating  to  the  geologic  structure  of  the  State  of  California 
and  to  the  earthquake  of  April  18,  19(H). 

Lawson,  Publius  V[irgilius]. 

1532.  Story  of  the  rocks  and  minerals  of  Wisconsin.  Appleton,  Wisconsin, 

Press  of  the  Post  Publishing  Comi)any  [1906].  202  pp.,  illus. 

Leach,  W,  W. 

1533.  The  Telkwa  mining  district,  B.  C, — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Kept,  for  1906,  pp.  35-42,  1906;  British  Columbia,  Ann.  Kept.  Minister  of  Mines, 
for  1906,  pp.  93-100,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  coal  and 
ore  deposits. 

1534.  The  Telkwa  River  and  vicinity,  B.  C. — Canada,  (ieol.  Survey,  1907, 
23  pp.  and  addenda  8 pjt.,  1 map. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  coal. 

1535.  Some  notes  on  the  economic  geology  of  the  Skeena  River  [British 
Columbia]. — Canadian  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  28.  no.  4 (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  2).  i)]).  58- 
60,  April  1,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  coal.  gold,  and  other  mineral 
resources. 

Le  Conte,  Joseph  N. 

1536.  The  Evolution  group  of  peaks. — Sierra  Club  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no,  3,  pp. 
229-237,  3 pis.,  1905. 

Descrihe.s  the  physiographic  features  of  this  section  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  of 
California. 

1537.  The  motion  of  the  Nisqually  glacier,  Mt.  Rainier,  U,  S,  A. — Zeitschr. 
f.  Gletcherkunde,  Bd.  1,  Ileft  3,  pp.  192-199,  4 tigs.,  1906;  Sierra  Club  Bull., 
vol.  6,  no,  2,  pp.  108-114,  3 pis.,  January.  1907. 

Describes  the  location,  character,  and  rate  of  movement  of  the  glacier. 

Lee,  Harry  R. 

1538.  P.vrites  and  marcasites. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  13,  no.  1,  pp.  1-2, 
March,  1906, 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence  of  these  minerals  in  eastern  New  .lerse^  and  upon 
their  characters. 


122 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

Lee,  Willis  T. 

1539.  Gypsum  beds  and  water  storage  in  the  Pecos  Valley  of  New  Mexico. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  306,  February  23,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  region. 

1540.  Geology  and  water  resources  of  Owens  ^'alley,  California. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  181,  28  pp.,  6 pis.,  1906. 

Descril)es  the  geography,  the  stratigraphy,  geologic  structure  and  history  of  the  valley, 
and  the  underground  and  surface  water  conditions.  * 

• 1541.  Geology  of  the  lower  Colorado  River. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol. 

17,  pp.  275-284,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character  of  the  detrital  formations* in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colorado 
River,  the  physiographic  history  of  the  lower  part  of  the  Colorado  River,  and  the  recent 
geologic  history  of  the  area. 

1542.  The  Engle  coal  field,  New  Mexico. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
p.  240,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  deposits. 

1543.  The  Cove  Creek  sulphur  beds,  Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315, 
pp.  485-189,  1907. 

1544.  The  Iron  County  coal  field,  Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316, 
pp.  359-375,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1545.  Water  resources  of  the  Rio  Grande  Valley  in  New  Mexico,  and  their 
development. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irr.  Paper  no.  188,  50  pp.,  10  pis., 
2 figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geography  and  geology  of  the  valley  and  of  its  geologic 
history. 

1546.  Note  on  the  red  beds  of  the  Rio  Grande  region  in  central  New  Mexico. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  52-58,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  i-elations  of  red  beds  in  central  New  Mexico  of  two  dif- 
ferent ages,  the  earlier  of  Carboniferous  and  the  later  of  upper  Cretaceous  age. 

1547.  Afton  craters  of  southern  New  Mexico. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 

vol.  18,  pp.  211-220,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  768-769,  May  17,  1907.  ^ 

Describes  the  situation,  character,  and  geologic  relations  of  these  depressions  and  dis- 
cusses the  mode  of  their  formation. 

1548.  The  late  history  of  the  lower  Colorado  River. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  390-391,  March  8,  1907, 

Presents  the  succession  of  geologic  events  in  the  region  and  discusses  their  correlation 
with  those  of  other  regions. 

Lee,  Willis  T..  and  Nickles,  John  M. 

1549.  Classified  list  of  papers  dealing  with  coal,  coke,  lignite,  and  peat 
contained  in  the  publications  of  the  T".  S.  Geological  Survey. — V.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey. Bull.  316,  pp.  51.8-532,  1907. 

Lees,  James  II. 

1550.  Report  of  the  assistant  state  geologist. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  17, 
pp.  7-10,  1907. 

Administrative  report. 

1551.  The  skull  of  Paleorhinus,  a Wj’oming  phytosaur.-rJoiir.  Geology,  vol. 
15,  no.  2,  pp.  121-151,  8 tigs.,  1907. 

Leith,  Charles  Kenneth. 

A summary  of  Lake  Superior  geology  with  special  reference  to  recent  studies 
of  the  iron-bearing  series. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng..  Trans.,  vul.  36.  i>p.  101-153, 
4 figs.,  1*906  (Bi-.Mo.  Bull.  no.  3,  pp.  453-507,  4 figs.,  1905).— See  Leith.  14, 
page  218  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U,  S.  Geol.  Survey. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  123 


Leith,  Charles  Kenneth — Continuecl. 

1552.  Iron  ores  of  the  western  United  States  and  British  Columbia. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bulb  no*  285,  pp.  194-200,  1906. 

Gives  a summarized  account  of  the  iron-ore  deposits  of  Wyoming,  Washin|>ton,  British 
Columbia,  Colorado,  California,  and  Utah. 

1553.  Review  of  “ Cobalt  nickel  arsenides  and  silver,”  by  Willet  G.  Miller 
(13th  Report  of  the  Ontario  Bureau  of  Mines,  1904,  part  1,  and  14th  report, 
1905,  part  2). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  i>i).  29.5-298,  I)eceinber-.T;inuary, 
1905-1906. 

1554.  Iron  ore  reserves. — Econ.  Geol.,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  i>p.  360-868.  1906;  Smith- 
sonian Inst.,  Ann.  Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  207-214,  1907. 

Discusses  estimates  as  to  the  extent  of  the  world's  supply  of  iron  ore.  and  gives  a 
general  account  of  the  iron  ore  deposits  of  the  TTnited  States. 

1555.  The  university  training  of  engineers  in  economic  geology. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  479-481.  1906. 

1556.  Review  of  “The  geology  of  the  Granby  area,”  by  E.  R.  Buckley  and 
H.  A.  Buehler  (Missouri  Bureau  of  Geology  and  Mines,  2d  ser.,  vol.  4). — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  S,  pp.  811-816,  1906. 

1557.  The  geology  of  the  Cuyuna  iron  range,  Minnesota. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  14.5-152,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  formations  and  structure  of  the  region  .and  the  occurrence  and 
geologic  relations  of  the  iron  ores. 

1558.  The  metamorphic  cycle. — .Tour.  Geology,  vol,  15,  no.  4,  j)]).  .303-313 
2 figs.,  1907. 

The  i)re-Cambrian  volcanic  and  intrusive  rocks  of  the  Fox  River  Valley, 
Wisconsin. — See  Hobbs  and  Leith,  no.  1193. 

Lenher,  Victor. 

Marignacite,  a new  variety  of  pyrochlore  from  Wausau,  Wisconsin. — See 
Weidman  and  lienher,  no.  2513. 

Leonard,  Arthur  Gray. 

1559.  Geology  of  Clayton  County  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16,  pj). 
21.3-.307,  5 pis.,  19  figs.,  2 geol.  maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiography,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Cambrian,  Ordovician,  and 
Silurian  strata  and  glacial  deposits,  and  the  economic  resources. 

1560.  The  North  Dakota-Montana  lignite  area. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  316-3.30,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  of  the  lignite  region  and  the  character  and  composition 
of  the  coals. 

1561.  What  should  appear  in  the  report  of  a state  geologist? — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp.  570-571,  1906. 

Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp.  570-571,  1906. 

1562.  Administrative  rei)ort. — North  Dakota  State  Geol.  Survey,  4th  Bienn. 
Rept.,  pp.  1-7,  1906. 

1563  Stratigraphy  of  North  Dakota  clays. — North  Dakota  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, 4th  Bienn.  Rept.,  pj).  6.3-94,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  character  of  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations,  and 
the  occurrence  and  composition  of  their  shales  and  clays. 

1564.  The  coal  fields  of  parts  of  Dawson,  Rosebud,  and  (bister  counties, 
Mont. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Bull.  no.  316,  pj).  194-211,  1 pi..  1907. 

LePrieur,  Peyraud,  and  Rufz. 

Eruption  du  volcan  de  la  Montague  Pelee,  1851.  db-anslated  by  T.  A.  .laggar, 
jr. — See  no.  1280. 


124  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


LeRoy,  Osmond  Edgar. 

1565.  On  surveys  in  New  Westminster  district  and  Texada  Island,  B.  C. — 
Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Kept,  for  1906,  pp.  31-34,  1900. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  and  ore  deposits. 

1566.  The  Marble  Bay  copper  deposit. — Canadian  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  28,  no.  9 
(new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  7),  pp.  200-202,  June  15,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  origin  of  copper 
deposits  on  Texada  Island.  British  Columbia. 

Leuschner,  A.  O. 

1567.  The  [San  Francisco]  earthtiuake. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  274. 
April  28,  1906. 

Describes  the  earthquake  shocks  : time,  character,  etc. 

Leverett,  Frank. 

1568.  Drumlins  in  the  Grand  Traverse  region  of  Michigan. — Abstract:  Geol. 
Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16.  p.  577,  1906. 

1569.  Flowing- well  districts  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  northern  peninsula 
of  Michigan. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S,  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  160.  pp.  29-5.3, 

1 pi.,  1906. 

1570.  Dr.  I.  C.  Russell  [died  May  1,  19061. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  Bull., 
vol.  3,  no.  1,  pp.  1-2,  May,  1906. 

A brief  account  of  his  work. 

1571.  Geological  conditions  of  municipal  and  institutional  water  supplies  in 
Michigan. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci..  Eighth  Rept.,  pp.  99-105,  1906. 

1572.  The  glacial  deiiosits  of  Indiana. — In  Dryer's  Studies  in  Indiana  Geog- 
raphy. ])p.  29-40,  2 pis.,  1907.  See  no.  745. 

Leverett,  Frank,  and  others. 

1573.  Flowing  wells  and  municipal  water  supplies  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig. 
ITiper,  no.  182,  292  pp.,  5 pis.,  44  iigs.,  1906. 

1574.  Flowing  wells  and  municipal  water  supplies  in  the  middle  and  north- 
ern portions  of  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S, 
and  IiT.  Paper  no,  183,  393  jip.,  5 pis.,  69  figs.,  1907. 

Levy,  Louis  Edward. 

’1575.  In  memoriam : Angelo  ITeilprin. — Franklin  Inst.  Jour.,  vol.  1(54,  no.  5, 
pp.  313-326,  1 pi.  (port,),  November.  1907. 

Lewis,  J.  Yolney. 

1576.  An  Ontario  lead  deposit. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1.  no.  7,  pj).  682-687, 

2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  location  and  geology  of  a lead  vein  in  Hastings  County.  Ontario,  and 
discusses  the  origin  of  the  ore. 

1577.  The  double  crest  of  Watchung  Mountain. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  1, 
l)p.  39-15,  3 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  of  the  region,  discusses  briefly  jirevious  explana- 
tions, and  explains  more  fully  another  hypothesis  to  account  for  the  parallel  crests. 

1578.  Copper  deposits  of  the  New  Jersey  Triassic, — Ecoii.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no,  ‘>.  pj).  242-257,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1579.  Structure  and  correlation  of  Newark  trap  rocks  of  New  Jersey. — • 
Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  IS,  pj).  195-210,  2 i)ls„  1907. 

1580.  The  ori.gin  and  relations  of  the  Newark  rocks. — New  Jersey  Geol.  Sur- 
vey. Ann.  Re])t.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  j)]).  99-129,  2 pis.,  4 tigs..  lt)07. 

Discusses  tho  character  and  origin  of  the  Newark  sediments,  the  geologic  relations  and 
origin  of  the  trap  rocks,  and  subsecpient  deformation  and  erosion. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


125 


Lewis,  J.  7'oluey — Conti uiied. 

1581.  TRe  Newark  (Triassic)  copper  ores  of  New  Jersey. — New  Jersey  Geol. 
Survey,  xiiin.  Kept.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  pp.  1.31-164,  3 pis.,  4 figs.,  1907. 

1582.  Properties  of  trap  rocks  for  road  construction. — New  Jersey  Geol. 
Survey,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  for  1906,  i>p.  165-172,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1583.  Correlation  of  the  Newark  traji  rocks  of  New  Jersey. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  177-17S,  August  9,  1907. 

1584.  Glance  as  an  original  copper  ore. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  ]).  688, 
October  12,  1907. 

Liebenam,  \Y.  A. 

1585.  Der  Cripple  Creek  Golddistrikt,  seine  Entdeckung,  Entwicklung,  Geolo- 
gie,  und  Zuknnft. — Berg-und  hiittenin.  Zeituug,  Jg.  63,  pp.  2-5,  29-32,  57-60, 
89-92,  117-121,  161-164,  2 pis.,  1904. 

Describes  the  discover.v,  development,  geology,  and  future  of  the  Cripple  Creek,  Colo- 
rado, gold  district. 

Lincoln,  Francis  Cburcb. 

1586.  Magmatic  emanations. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  258-274,  1907. 
Discusses  the  kinds  aud  nature  of  emanations  from  cooling  igneous  magmas. 

1587.  The  association  of  alunite  with  gold  in  the  Goldfield  district,  Nevada. — ■ 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.*  2,  no.  8,  pp.  801-803,  1907. 

Lindeman,  Eiuar. 

1588.  Keport  on  iron-ore  deposits. — Canada,  Dept.  Interior,  Kept.  Supt. 
Mines,  1907.  pp,  32-37,  1907. 

Lindgren,  Waldemar. 

The  occurrence  of  stibnite  at  Steamboat  Sitrings,  Nevada. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng,,  Trans.,  vol.  3(>.  ])i>.  27-31,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull  no.  2,  pp.  275-278,  1905). — See 
Lindgren,  24,  page  222  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol,  Survey. 

1589.  Ore  deposition  and  deep  mining. — Min.  and  Sci.  I’ress,  vol.  92,  p.  41, 
January  20,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  ores. 

1590.  The  Hamilton  mine.  New  Mexico. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  697-698,  May  4,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  pre-Cambrian  strata. 

1591.  Metasomatic  proces.ses  in  the  gold  deposits  of  Western  Australia. — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  pj).  530-544,  1906. 

After  describing  the  gold  deposits  of  Western  Australia,  compares  their  features  with 
those  of  Colorado  and  California  deposits. 

1592.  Discussion  of  paper  by  John  A.  Keid  : Sketch  of  the  geology  ami  ore 
deposits  of  the  Cherry  Creek  district,  Arizona. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7, 
pp.  698-699,  1906. 

1593.  Kevi('w  of  “Geology  of  the  Tonopah  mining  district,”  by  J.  E.  Spurr 
(U.  S.  Geol.  vSurvey,  I’rof.  Paper  no.  42). — P]con.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no,  7.  pp.  711- 
715,  1906. 

1594.  Gold  and  pyrite. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93,  p.  22<),  August  25,  1906. 
Discusses  the  relations  between  gold  and  pyrite  in  mineral  veins. 

1595.  The  Annie  Lauric'  mine,  Piute  Count.v,  Utah. — U.  S,  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  87-90,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  occurrenc<*  and  character  of  the  ore-deposits  yielding 
gold  and  silver. 

1596.  The  gold  deposits  of  Dahlonega,  Gji. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
293,  pp.  119-128,  2 pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  mining  of  the  gold  deposits. 


126  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-190*7. 


Lindgren,  WMldemar — Continued. 

1597.  The  relation  of  ore-deposition  to  phj'sical  conditions. — Congr.  geol. 
intern.,  C.  R.  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  701-724,  1907 ; Econ,  Geology,  vol,  2, 
no.  2,  pp.  105-127,  1907. 

Discusses  the  character  of  ore  deposits  and  the  conditions  hy  which  these  were  pro- 
duced. 

1598.  [Review  of]  The  copper  deposits  of  the  Robinson  mining  district, 
Nevada,  by  A.  C.  Lawson  (California,  Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  14). — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  2,  pp.  195-.304,  1907. 

1599.  Some  gold  and  tungsten  deposits  of  Boulder  County,  Colorado. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  2,  no,  5,  pp.  453-463,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 

1600.  Present  tendencies  in  the  study  of  ore  deposits. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  8,  pp.  743-762,  1907. 

1601.  The  development  of  the  metal  mining  industries  in  the  western  states. — 
Am.  Min.  Cong.,  Rept.  of  Proc.,  9th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp,  1.56-165,  1907. 

1602.  Methods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser„  vol.  2.5, 
p.  623,  April  19,  1907. 

Production  of  gold  and  silver.  1905,  in  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  South  Dakota, 
southern  Api)alachian  States,  Texas,  and  Wyoming. — See  no.  2418. 

Lindgren,  Waldemar,  and  others. 

Production  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  United  States,  1905. — See  no.  2418. 

Idle  lu’oduction  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  gold  and  silver. — See  no.  2419. 

Lindgren,  Waldemar,  and  Graton,  Louis  Caryl. 

1603.  A reconnaissance  of  the  mineral  deposits  of  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  74-86,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  sedi- 
mentary and  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  geographic  and  geologic  dis- 
tribution of  ore  deposits  and  their  age. 

Lindgren,  Waldemar,  and  Ransome,  Frederick  Leslie. 

1604.  Geology  and  gold  deposits  of  the  Ci‘ip])le  Creek  district,  Colorado. — 
V.  S,  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  54,  516  pp..  29  pis.,  64  figs..  1906. 

Describes  the  general  features  of  the  area,  the  geological  structures,  the  occurrence  and 
character  of  the  igneous  and  metamorphic  rocks,  the  minerals,  and  the  character,  occur- 
rence, relations,  and  genesis  of  the  ore  deposits,  and  gives  detailed  descriptions  of  the 
mines.  ^ 

Lines,  Edwin  F. 

1605.  Clays  and  shales  of  Clarion  quadrangle.  Clarion  County,  Pa. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  335-343,  1907. 

1606.  Coals  of  the  Clarion  quadrangle.  Clarion  County,  Pa. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  316,  pp.  13-19,  1 pi..  1907. 

Logan,  William  N. 

1607.  Circular  on  the  underground  waters  of  Mississippi. — Mississippi  Agric. 

Exj).  Station,  1905.  16  ])p. 

1608.  Clays  of  Mississi])))!.  Part  I.  Brick  clays  and  clay  industry  of 
northern  Mississippi. — Mississippi  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  2.  255  pp..  42 
pis.,  14  figs.,  1907. 

Logan,  AV.  N.,  and  Hand,  W.  F. 

1609.  A i)reliminary  report  on  some  of  the  clays  of  Mississippi. — Mississippi, 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  3 (Bull,  Alississippi  Agric.  and  Mech.  Coll.,  vol.  2,  no,  3, 
.Inly,  1905),  88  pp.,  23  figs. 


BIBLIOGRAPPIY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  127 


Log’an,  W.  N.,  and  Perkins,  W.  R. 

1610.  The  imdergroiind  waters  of  Mississip])!. — Mississippi  Agric.  Exp.  Sta- 
tion, Bull.  no.  89,  112  pp.,  23  figs.,  .Taniiary,  1905. 

Lombard,  Warren  R.,  and  D’Ooge,  Martin  L.  ^ 

1611.  Israel  Cook  Russell. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  426-431,  October 
5,  1906 

A sketch  of  his  life. 

Loomis,  Frederic  B. 

1612.  Wasatch  and  Wind  River  primates. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21, 
])p.  277-285,  8 figs.,  April,  1906. 

Discusses  characters  and  relationships,  and  gives  descriptions  of  various  species. 

1613.  A fossil  bird  from  the  Wasatch. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22, 
pp.  481^82,  3 figs.,  December,  1906. 

1614.  Wasatch  and  Wind  River  rodents. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  123-130,  7 figs.,  February,  1907. 

Characterizes  several  new  species  of  Parainijs  and  one  new  species  of  Sciuravus. 

1615.  Origin  of  the  Wasatch  deposits. — Am.  Jour,  Sci,,  4th  ser,,  vol.  23, 
pp.  356-364,  3 figs..  May,  1907. 

From  a study  of  the  character  of  the  fauna  and  the  lithologic  characters  of  the  geo- 
logic section  concludes  that  the  Wasatch  beds  of  Wyoming  are  of  flood-plain  origin. 
Describes  two  new  species  of  vertebrates  from  these  beds. 

Lord,  Edwin  C.  E. 

1616.  Examination  and  classification  of  rocks  for  road  building,  including 
the  jiliysical  properties  of  rocks  with  reference  to  their  mineral  composition 
and  structure. — V.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  Office  of  Public  Roads.  Bull.  no.  31,  29  pp., 
10  pis.,  1907. 

Loring,  Frank  ('. 

1617.  Oobalt  fOntariol. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pi>.  814-815.  2 figs., 
December  28,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  silver  ores. 

Louderback,  George  Davis. 

1618.  Study  of  the  basin  range  structure  and  glaucoidiane  and  associated 
schists  of  California  and  Oregon. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Yearb.  no.  4, 
1905,  p.  191,  1906. 

1619.  The  relation  of  radioactivity  to  vulcanism. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14, 
no.  8,  pp.  747-757,  190(>. 

Discusses  the  bearing  of  the  radioactivity  shown  to  be  present  in  igneous  rocks  upon 
certain  problems  of  geology,  and  more  particularly  its  inadequacy  to  explain  tbe  phe- 
nomena of  volcanism. 

1620.  Benitoite,  a new  California  gem  mineral,  with  chemical  analysis  by 
Walter  C.  Bla.sdale. — California  Fniv.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.  vol.  5,  no.  9,  pp.  149- 
153,  July,  1907. 

1621.  Where  mammoths  roved.  Recent  discoveries  in  Carson,  Nevada,  State 

# 

prison — footprints  that  made  geologists  wonder — theory  of  their  human 
origin. — Sunset  Magazine,  vol.  19,  no.  3.  pp.  205-216,  illus.,  July,  1907. 

Louis,  Henry. 

1622.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  481-484,  1906. 
Low,  Alfred  Peter. 

1623.  Rei)ort  on  the  Dominion  Government  Expedition  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
the  Arctic  Islands  on  board  the  D.  G.  S.  NeiJune,  190.3-1904.  Ottawa,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Bureau,  1906.  355  pp.,  illus. 

Includes  a summary  of  the  geology  of  the  northeastern  coasts  of  America  and  reports 
by  Lambe  and  Ami  on  the  fossils  collected. 


128  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Low,  Alfred  Peter — Continued. 

1624.  Report  on  the  Chibougamau  mining  region  in  tlie  northern  part  of 

the  Province  of  Quebec. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  1906.  61  pp.  and  map.  Ab- 

stract: Quebec,  Dept,  of  Colonization,  Mines,  and  Fisheries.  Mining  Operations 
for  1905,  pp.  24-36,  1906. 

Gives  a general  description  of  the  region,  an  account  of  the  geology,  with  detailed  de- 
scription of  the  rock  exposures,  and  of  the  mineral  deposits. 

1625.  Summary  report  of  the  Geological  Survey  Department  of  Canada  for 
the  calendar  year  1906.  Ottawa,  1906.  296  pp. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  condition  and  work  of  the  survey.  Includes  short  reports  by 
various  members  of  the  staff. 

Lucas,  Frederic  A. 

1626.  The  elephants  of  the  Pleistocene. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene 
and  Ideistocene.  pp,  149-152,  2 pis.,  1906. 

1627.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistoc*ene  deposits  of  Maryland  : Mam- 
malia.— Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene,  pp,  157-169,  7 pis., 
1906. 

Ludlow,  Edwin. 

1628.  Les  gisements  carboniferes  de  Coahuila  [Mexico]. — X*"  Congr.  geol. 
intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXVIII,  17  pp.,  1 pL,  ln06. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  coal  deposits. 

Lull,  Richard  Swan. 

1629.  A new  name  for  the  dinosaurian  genus  Cenitops. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.. 
4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  p.  144,  February,  190(5. 

Proposes  the  name  Proceratops  for  Ceratops,  preoccupied  by  Rafinesque. 

1630.  Volant  adaptation  in  vertebrates. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  40,  pp.  .527- 
566,  14  tigs.,  August,  1906. 

Discusses  the  subject  of  flight  in  the  various  classes  of  fossil  and  living  vertebrates, 
and  the  modifications  of  structure  required  thereby. 

1631.  Phylogeny,  taxonomy,  distribution,  habits,  and  environment  of  the 
Ceratoi)sia. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mon.,  vol.  49,  pp.  159-198,  1907. 

1632.  The  evolution  of  the  horse  family  as  illustrated  in  the  Yale  collec- 
tions.— Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  161-182,  16  figs.,  March,  1907;  Yale 
Univ.,  Peabody  Mus,  Nat.  Hist.,  Guide  no  1,  22  pp.,  16  figs.,  1907. 

The  Ceratopsia. — See  Hatcher  and  others,  no.  1093. 

Luther,  D.  Dana. 

1633.  Geologic  map  of  the  Buffalo  quadrangle  [New  York]. — New  York 
State  Mus„  Bull.  99,  29  pp.,  geol.  map  (in  ])ocket),  1906. 

1634.  Geology  of  the  Penn  Yan-Hammondsport  (juadrangles, — New  York 
State  Mus.,  Bull.  101,  pp.  37-58,  geol.  map,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution,  character,  thickness,  and  fossil  contents  of  the  Devonian 
formations  of  this  area.  • 

Geology  of  the  AVatkins  and  Elmira  quadrangles. — See  Clarke  and  Imthei'. 
G(‘ologic  map  of  the  Tully  quadrangle. — Sa^  Clarke  and  Luther. 

Lyman,  R.  II. 

1635.  Coal  mining  at  Holden.  AA".  Yi\. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  1120- 
1122,  1170-1172,  11  figs.,  15)06. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals. 

McAdie,  Alexander  G. 

1636.  Catalogue  of  earthquakes  on  the  Pacific  coast,  1897-1906. — Smith- 
sonian Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  49,  64  i)p.,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  129 


McBeth,  William  A. 

1637.  All  esker  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Ind. — Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1001, 
pp.  45-46,  1 fig.,  1905. 

Describes  the  formation  of  the  esker. 

1638.  Notes  on  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi  Hirer. — Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
1904,  pp.  47-49,  1 fig.,  1905. 

Macbride,  Thomas  H. 

1639.  Geology  of  Sac  and  Ida  counties  LlowaJ. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16, 
pp.  509-562,  1 pL,  2 geol.  maps,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Cretaceous  and 
Pleistocene  deposits,  and  the  economic  products. 

1640.  On  certain  fossil  plant  remains  in  the  Iowa  herbarium. — Davenport 
Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  10,  pp.  153-162,  12  pis.,  1907. 

McCallie,  S.  W. 

1641.  Stretched  pebbles  from  Ocoee  conglomerate. — .Tour.  Geology,  vol.  14, 
no.  1,  pp.  55-59,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  physical  characters,  chemical  composition,  and  microscopic 
structure  of  these  pebbles  from  the  Ocoee  conglomerate  of  Georgia. 

1642.  Some  notes  on  schist-conglomerate  occurring  in  Georgia. — .Tour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  15,  no.  5,  pp.  474-^78,  4 figs.,  1907. 

1643.  A preliminary  report  on  the  marbles  of  Georgia  (second  edition,  re- 
vised and  enlarged). — Georgia,  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  1,  126  pp.,  52  pis.,  3 tigs., 
2 maps,  1907. 

McCarthy,  Gerald. 

1644.  Ground  and  deep  waters  of  North  Carolina. — North  Carolina  Board 
of  Health,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  no.  1,  pp.  1-14,  6 figs.,  April,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  arrangement  of  the  strata  and  the  underground  water  re- 
sources. 

McCaskey,  H.  D. 

The  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1906  in  the  southern  Appalachian  States; 
in  Texas;  and  in  Vermont. — See  no.  2419. 

McClung,  C.  E. 

1645.  The  University  of  Ivansas  expedition  into  the  John  Day  region  of 
Oregon. — Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  20,  pt.  1,  pp.  67-70,  1903. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  character,  occurrence,  and  age  of  the  .Tohn  Day  beds  of  Oregon. 

McClure,  W.  Frank. 

1646.  A great  mammoth’s  tooth. — Sci.  Am.,  vol.  90,  p.  60,  1 fig.,  January  23, 
1904. 

Describes  the  finding  of  a molar  of  Elephas  iJiiiiiif/enius  near  Amboy,  Ohio. 

McConnell,  R.  G. 

1647.  Report  on  recent  mineral  discoveries  on  Windy  Arm,  ’fagisli  Lake 
[Yukon]. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  12  pp.,  1905. 

1648.  [Report  on  the]  headwaters  of  White  River. — Canada,  Geol.  Surv(‘y, 
Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  19-26,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  topography,  geology,  petrology,  and  mineral  resouiees  of  the  area 
examined, 

1649.  [Report  on  the]  Windy  Arm  district,  northwestern  British  (Columbia. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  26-32,  1903. 

Gives  notes  on  the  physical  character,  the  general  geology,  the  minerals,  and  the 
mining  developments  of  the  region  examined. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


9 


130  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


McConnell,  II.  G. — Contiiiued. 

1650.  Klondike  district. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Snnim.  Kept,  for  1906,  pp. 
20-21,  1906. 

Describes  work  upon  the  gold-bearing  gravels  of  the  Klondike  district  in  Yukon  Ter- 
ritory, Canada. 

1651.  Recent  mineral  discoveries  on  Windy  Arm  of  Tagish  Lake  [British 
Columbia]. — British  Columbia,  Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Mines,  1905,  pp.  64-68, 

1906.  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  1,  pp.  15-16,  August,  1906. 

1652.  Note  on  Windy  Arm  silver-bearing  veins. — Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  vol.  9, 
pp.  49-53,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  silver  ores, 

1653.  Report  on  gold  values  in  the  Klondike  high  level  gravels. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  1907.  34  pp.,  3 pis.,  2 figs.,  1 map. 

1654.  Rapport  sur  les  teneurs  en  or  des  hauts-graviers  du  Klondike. — Canada, 

Ministere  des  Mines,  Comm,  geol,,  1907.  38  pp.,  3 pis.,  2 figs.,  1 map. 

This  is  a French  edition  of  the  preceding. 

McCormick,  E. 

1655.  Diente,  Mexico. — Min.  and  Sci.  I’re.ss.  vol.  95,  p.  648,  November  23, 

1907. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the 
lead-zinc  ores. 

McCourt,  W.  E. 

1656.  Fire  tests  of  some  New  York  building  stones. — New  York  State  Mus., 
Bull.  100,  38  pp.,  26  ])ls.,  1906. 

Includes  petrographic  descriptions  of  various  building  stones. 

1657.  The  fire-resisting  qualities  of  some  New  Jersey  building  stones. — New 
Jersey  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geologist  for  1906,  pp.  19-76,  23  pis.,  1907. 

A report  on  the  peat  deposits  of  northern  New  Jersey. — See  Parmelee  and 
McCourt,  no.  1874. 

MacDonald,  1).  F. 

1658.  Economic  features  of  northern  Idaho  and  northwestern  Montana. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  41-52,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  stratigraphy,  and  the  geologic  structure  of  the 
region,  and  various  mining  developments. 

Macdonald,  J.  A. 

1659.  The  occurrence  and  development  of  the  cobalt-ore  deposits  [of  northern 
Ontario]. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  31,  no.  3,  pp.  406-416,  5 figs.,  June.  1!)06. 

Macdougal,  Daniel  Trembly. 

1660.  The  desert  basins  of  the  Colorado  delta. — Am.  Geog.  Soc..  Bull.,  vol. 
39,  no.  12,  pp.  705-729,  11  figs.,  December,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  of  the  region. 

1661.  The  delta  of  the  Rio  (^)lorado. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  38,  no.  1,  pp. 
1-16,  6 figs.,  January,  1906.  New  York  Bot.  Garden,  (\)utr.  no.  77,  19(m;. 

Includes  data  upon  the  physiographic  character  of  the  n*gion. 

McGee,  W J 

1662.  (Raciation  in  the  Sonoran  province  [Mexico]. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  24,  pp.  177-178,  August  10,  1906. 

Holds  that  the  deposits  ascribed  by  Merrill  [see  no.  1721]  to  glacial  action  are  of 
volcanic  origin. 

1663.  River  sediment  tis  a factor  in  applied  geology. — Abstract  : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  i>.  765,  M;iy  17,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


131 


McGregor,  J.  H. 

1664.  The  Piiytosauria,  with  special  reference  to  AJ i/sfrionuch  us  and  Rli  ifti- 
dodon. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Mem.,  vol.  9,  pt.  2,  pp.  29-101,  (>  i»ls.,  2(5  fi^s.,  Feb- 
ruary, 1906. 

Gives  a full  discussion  of  the  taxonomic  history  and  relationships,  and  a classification 
of  the  Phytosauria. 

Machacek,  Fritz. 

1665.  Die  Aiipalachien. — Vierleljahrsheften  fiir  den  geogr.  Unterricht,  Wien, 
Jahrg.  2,  pp.  61-75,  1903. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  and  general  structure  of  the  Appalachians. 
Mclnnes^  William. 

1666.  I Report  on]  the  headwaters  of  the  Winisk  and  Attawai>iskat  Rivers. — 
Canada  Geol.  Survej%  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  76-80,  1906. 

Includes  data  upon  the  rock  exposures  in  the  area  examined. 

1667.  Explorations  along  the  proposed  line  of  the  Hudson  Ray  Railway. — 
Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1906,  i>p.  87-98,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  area  examined. 

McIntosh,  Kenneth. 

1668.  The  question  of  subsidence  at  Louisbourg,  Cfipe  Kreton. — Nova  Scotian 
Inst.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  264-270,  1906. 

Presents  evidence  to  show  that  there  has  been  no  recent  subsidence  of  the  coast 
of  Nova  Scotia. 

McIntyre,  Albert  W. 

1669.  Copper  deposits  of  Washington. — Am.  Min.  Congr.,  Rept.  of  Proc.,  9th 
Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  238-250,  1907. 

McKee,  Ralph  H. 

1670.  The  primeval  atmosphere. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  j»p.  271-274, 
February  16,  1906. 

McLaughlin,  R.  P. 

1671.  Geology  of  the  Rodie  district,  Cjilifornia. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
94,  pp.  795-796,  1 fig.,  June  22,  1907. 

Mallet,  J.  W. 

1672.  A stony  meteorite  from  Coon  Rutte,  Arizona. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  21,  pp.  347-355,  4 tigs..  May,  190(>. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  characters,  and  comi)osition. 

Mansfield,  George  Rogers. 

1673.  Post-Pleistocene  drainage  modifications  in  the  RIack  Hills  and  Rig- 
horn  Mountains. — Harvard  Coll.,  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  Rulk,  vol.  49  (Geol.  Ser., 
vol.  8,  no.  3),  pp.  59-87,  4 pis.  (maps),  9 tigs.,  1906. 

1674.  The  origin  and  structure  of  the  Roxbury  conglomerate. — Harvard 
Coll.,  Mus.  Comp.  Zook,  Rulk,  vol.  49  (Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  8,  no.  4),  pp.  91-271,  7 
pis.,  10  tigs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  conglomerates  in  general,  and  describes  (he  lithology,  distribu- 
tion, relations,  and  structure  of  the  Roxbury  | Massaclmsef  ts  | congiom(>rate  and  discusses 
its  origin. 

1675.  The  characteristics  of  various  types  of  conglomerates. — Jour.  Geology, 
vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  550-555,  1907. 

Manson,  Marsden. 

1676.  Climats  des  temi)S  geologi<pies,  leur  developpement  et  leurs  causes. — 
Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R.  10*^  sess.,  .Mexico,  lOOfi,  pp.  349^05,  2 pis.,  1907. 


132 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190(3-1907. 

Marsh,  Otbniel  C. 

The  Ceratopsia. — See  Hatcher  and  others,  no.  10D.‘). 

Marsters,  Vernon  Freeman. 

1677.  A preliminary  report  on  a portion  of  the  serpentine  l)elt  of  Lamoille 
and  Orleans  comities. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  liept.  State  Geol..  ];p, 
35-(31,  1906. 

The  paper,  which  appeared  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America,  vol. 
16,  pp.  419—446,  1905,  is  here  reprinted  in  part. 

1678.  The  serpentines  and  associated  asbestos  of  Belvidere  Moimtain.  ^'er- 
mont. — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  IT.  pt.  3,  pp.  073-574,  1907. 

Martin,  Daniel  S. 

1679.  The  mineralogical  and  geological  cabinets  of  South  ('arolina  ('ol- 
lege. — South  Carolina  Coll.,  Bull.,  no.  4,  pp.  11-22,  .January.  l!)()Ci. 

Describes  the  work  of  rehabilitation  and  indicates  the  scope  of  the  collections. 

Martin,  George  Curtis. 

1680.  Distribution  and  character  of  the  Bering  River  coal. — I".  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  2S4,  pp.  65-77,  1 pi.,  2 tigs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  rela- 
tions of  the  coal  seams,  and  the  physical  characters  and  composition  of  the  coals. 

1681.  Preliminary  statement  of  the  Mataiiuska  coal  field.- — F.  S.  Geol. 
Survey.  Bull,  no,  2S4,  pp.  SS-100,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  areal  distribution  and  character  of  the  coal 
seams,  and  the  qualitj’  of  the  coat. 

1682.  A reconnaissance  of  the  Matanuska  coal  field.  Alaska,  in  1905. — F.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  289,  36  pp.,  5 pis.,  4 figs..  1906. 

Describes  the  geography,  stratigraphy,  and  geologic  structure  of  the  region,  and  the 
occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals. 

1683.  The  Alaska  coal  fields. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Bull.  no.  314,  pp.  40— 1(5, 
1 pi.,  1907. 

1684.  Petroleum  at  Controller  Bay  [Alaska]. — F.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  Bull.  no. 
314,  pp.  89-103,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Martin,  H.  T. 

1685.  Some  new  features  in  rintacriiuis. — Kansas  Fniv.  Sci.  Bull.,  \n\.  4. 
no.  6,  pp.  193-196,  2 pis.,  March,  1907. 

Martin,  Lawrence. 

1686.  Observations  along  the  front  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  ^Montana. — 
Abstract:  Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  38,  no.  2,  pp,  98-99,  February,  1906. 

Describes  physiographic  features. 

1687.  Possible  oblique  minor  faulting  in  Alaska. — Econ.  Gt'ology,  vol.  2,  no.  (5. 
pp.  576-579,  1 fig..  1907. 

Rec*ent  changes  of  level  in  the  Yakiitat  P>ay  region.  Alaska. — Stv  Tarr  ami 
Martin,  no.  2356. 

Recent  change  of  level  in  Alaska. — See  Tarr  and  Martin,  no.  2357. 

Glaciers  and  glaciation  of  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. — See  Tarr  and  Martin,  no. 
2358. 

Clays  and  shales  of  southwestm  n Cambria  County.  Ihumsylvania. — Set*  Phalen 
and  Martin,  no.  1923. 

Position  of  Hubbard  glacit*r  frtmt  in  1792  and  17i>4. — Set*  I'arr  and  Martin, 
no.  2359. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1000-1907. 


133 


Marvin,  C.  F. 

1688.  The  record  of  the  great  [San  Francisco]  eartiuiuake  written  in  Wash- 
ington by  the  seismograph  of  the  V.  S.  Weather  Knrean. — Nat.  Geog.  Mag., 
vol.  17,  no.  5,  pp.  296-298,  May,  1900. 

Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1689.  [Geological]  map  of  Maryland,  prepared  by  Maryland  Geological  Sur- 
vey, Win.  Bullock  Clark,  State  Geologist.  1907.  Scale  1 : 187,500. 

Mathews,  Edward  B. 

1690.  Anticlinal  domes  in  the  Piedmont  of  Maryland, — Johns  Hopkins  T^niv. 
Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  27-34  [615-622],  2 ids.,  1907. 

Report  on  the  physical  features  of  iNIaryland. — See  Clark  and  Mathews,  no. 
488. 

Mattair,  L.  H. 

1691.  New  silver  district  in  the  Temagami  reserve  [Ontario]. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jonr.,  vol.  83,  p.  1144,  1 fig.,  June  15,  1907. 

Matthes,  F.  E. 

1692.  The  new  map  of  the  Yosemite  Yalley. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  26,  pp.  146-148,  August  2,  1907. 

Matthew,  George  F. 

1693.  A review  of  the  flora  of  the  Little  River  group. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc., 
Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  sect.  4,  pp.  99-149,  8 pis.,  1906.  Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  972-973,  June  29,  1906. 

1694.  New  species  and  a new  genus  of  Devonian  plants. — New  Brunswick 
Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  no.  XXIV  (vol.  5,  pt.  4),  pp.  393^98,  2 pis.,  1906. 

1695.  Notes  on  Cambrian  faunas : No.  9,  Ostracoda  ; 10,  Trilobita. — New 
Brunswick  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  no.  XXIV  (vol.  5,  pt.  4),  pp.  406,  475^80,  1906. 

Gives  descriptions  of  species  of  Ostracoda  and  Trilobita,  and  notes  upon  the  Cam- 
brian fauna  of  Anse  au  Loup,  Labrador. 

1696.  A new  genus  and  a new  species  of  Silurian  fish. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc., 
Proc.  and  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  7-11,  1 pi.,  1907. 

1697.  On  some  new  species  of  Silurian  and  Devonian  plants. — Canada,  Roy. 
Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  185-197,  1 ph,  4 figs.,  1907. 

1698.  Note  on  Archwozoon. — New  Brunswick  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  no.  XXV 
(vol.  5,  pt.  5),  pp.  547-552,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Matthew,  William  Diller. 

1699.  The  osteology  of  Sinopa,  a creodont  mammal  of  the  middle  Eocene. — • 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  203-233,  1 pi.  and  20  figs.,  1906. 

1700.  Hypothetical  outlines  of  the  continents  in  Tertiary  times. — Am.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  353-383,  7 figs,  (paleogeographic  maps),  1906. 

Presents  geologic,  paleontologic,  and  zoologic  data  upon  which  the  paleogeographic 
maps  representing  the  outlines  of  the  continents  at  different  periods  of  Tertiary  time 
iire  based. 

1701.  Fossil  Chrysochloridre  in  North  America. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
IM>.  786-788,  December  14,  1906. 

Notes  the  discovery  in  North  America  of  Chrysochlorid  moles,  and  discusses  the  hear- 
ing of  this  discovery  upon  questions  of  paleogeography. 

1702.  A lower  Miocene  fauna  from  South  Dakota. — Am.  INIus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  169-219,  2(5  figs.,  1907. 

Liscusses  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  mammalian  fauna  of  Ihe 
Uosehud  l)eds,  and  gives  descrij)! ions  of  new  si)ecies. 


134  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190()-1007. 


Matthew,  William  Dilier,  and  Gidley,  James  Williams. 

1703.  New  or  little-known  mammals  from  the  Miocene  of  South  Dakota. — 

Am.  ]\Ins.  Nat.  Hist.,  P>ull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  20  fisjs.,  1900. 

Mead,  Charles  S. 

1704.  Adaptive  modifications  of  occipital  condyles  in  Mammalia. — Am.  Nat- 
uralist, vol.  40,  pp.  475-483,  12  figs.,  July,  190G. 

Mead,  H.  L. 

1705.  Minerals  of  Washington. — Washington  Uuiv.,  P>iill„  ser.  2,  no.  2.5,  pp. 
40-48,  .Tannary,  190G. 

Mead,  Warren  J. 

1706.  Kedistribiition  of  elements  in  the  formation  of  sedimentary  rocks. — 
Jour.  Geology,  vol,  15,  no.  3,  pp.  238-2.5G,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Meeks,  Reginald. 

1707.  The  iron-ore  mines  of  the  Mesabi  range. — Eng.  and  Min.  .Tonr.,  vol.  84, 
pp.  193-195,  3 figs.,  August  3,  1907. 

1708.  The  Montreal  River  silver  district  [Ontario]. — Eng.  and  ]Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  544-548,  9 figs.,  September  21.  1907. 

Mercalli,  Giuseppe. 

1709.  I>e  antiche  eruzioni  della  ^Montagna  Pelee. — Soc.  italiana  di  Sci.  nat. 
in  Milano,  Atti,  vol.  41,  fasc.  3,  pp.  313-322,  November,  1902. 

I)escribe.s  eruptions  of  Mont  Pole  that  took  place  in  17G2  and  1851. 

1710.  I vulcaui  attivi  della  terra,  morfologio,  dinamismo,  prodotti,  distribu- 
zione  geografica,  cause.  Milano,  Plrico  Hoepli,  1907.  422  pp.,  25  pis..  82  figs. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  volcanoes  of  North  America. 

Merriam,  John  C. 

1711.  On  the  occurrence  of  Desmostylus  Marsh. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  151-152,  August  3,  190G. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  proper  reference  of  the  fossils  to  which  the  name 
Desmostylus  has  been  applied. 

1712.  Recent  discoveries  of  Quaternary  mammals  in  southern  California. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  248-250,  August  24,  190G. 

1713.  Carnivora  from  the  Tertiary  formations  of  the  John  Day  region, — 
California  Univ.,  Dept,  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  1,  pp.  1-G4,  6 pis.,  18  figs.,  190G. 

1714.  l‘reliminary  note  on  a new  marine  reptile  [Oniyhalosaitrus  ncvadfunis 
n.  gen  and  sp.]  from  the  middle  Triassic  of  Nevada. — California  T"niv.,  Dept. 
Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  5,  pp.  71-79,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  190G. 

1715.  Recent  cave  exploration  in  California. — Am.  Anthropologist  (ii.  s.), 
vol.  8,  no.  2,  pp.  221-228,  April-.Tune,  190G. 

Gives  notes  on  the  occurrence*  of  Quaternary  mammalian  remains  in  caves  of  California. 

1716.  The  occurrence  of  middle  Tertiary  mammal-hearing  beds  in  north- 
western Nevada. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  2G,  j)]).  380-.382.  September  20,  1907. 

Merriam,  John  C.,  and  Sinclair,  William.J. 

1717.  Tertiary  faunas  of  the  John  Day  region. — California  Univ.,  Dept, 
Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  11,  pp.  171-205,  October,  1907. 

Discusses  the  stratigraphic  succession  and  correlation  of  the  Cenozoic  formations  in 
the  .Tohn  Day  basin  of  Ore;j:on  and  their  faunas,  listing  the  vertebrate  fossils  by  forma- 
tions, and  gives  a bibliography  of  the  geology  and  paleontology  of  the  .lobn  Day  region. 

Merriam,  L.  B. 

1718.  The  development  of  a lu^w  coal  litdd  in  Colorado. — Western  Soc.  Eng,, 
.Ttmr.,  vol.  8.  no.  G,  jtp.  (517-G37,  8 figs.,  Dectunher,  1903. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  coal  beds. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  135 


Merrick,  A.  W. 

1719.  The  clay  slide  at  the  Boone  viaduct,  Boone,  Iowa. — Western  Soc.  Eng., 
Jour.,  vol.  11,  no.  3,  pi).  332-339,  June,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology. 

Merrill,  Frederick  J.  H. 

1720.  The  mercury  deposits  of  Mexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  7,  p.  244, 
February  17,  1906. 

1721.  Evidences  of  glaciation  in  southern  Arizona  and  northern  Sonora. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  116-118,  July  27,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  morainal  material  north  and  south  from 
Nogales,  Ariz. 

1722.  The  Copete  district,  central  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  82,  pp.  628-629,  2*  figs.,  October  6,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  copper  ores. 

1723.  The  mining  camps  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
635-636,  3 figs.,  October  6,  1908. 

Contains  notes  on  the  general  geology  of  the  State. 

1724.  Paleozoic  strata  in  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  .Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
p.  897,  November  10,  1906. 

A brief  note  calling  attention  to  the  occurrence  of  Paleozoic  strata  in  the  State  of 
Sonora,  Mexico. 

1725.  The  mines  of  Planchas  de  Plata.  The  interesting  geology  of  an  his- 
toric mining  district  of  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
1111-1112,  1 fig.,  December  15,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  ore  bodies. 

1726.  Shear  zones  in  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  583, 
March  23,  1907. 

1727.  Heretical  vein  types  in  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
p.  657,  April  6,  1907. 

1728.  The  mineralization  of  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  667, 
April  6,  1907. 

General  observations  on  the  occurrence  of  ore  deposits  in  Mexico. 

1729.  Santa  Cruz,  a new  copper  camp  in  Sonora  [Mexico], — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  1043,  1 fig.,  June  1,  1907. 

1730.  Copper  in  the  Sonora  quartz  veins. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  p. 
498,  September  14,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

1731.  Erosion  and  oxidation  in  Sonora  [Mexico]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
95,  p.  268,  August  31,  1907. 

Discusses  the  character  and  occurrence  of  ore  deposits  in  Sonora. 

Merrill,  George  P. 

1732.  A treatise  on  rocks,  rock-weathering,  and  soils.  New  edition.  New 
York,  The  Macmillan  Company,  1906.  400  pp.,  31  pis.,  42  figs. 

1733.  A new  meteorite  from  Scott  County,  Kansas. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
23,  pp.  391-392,  March  9,  1906. 

1734.  The  development  of  the  glacial  hypothesis  in  America. — Pop.  Sci. 
Monthly,  vol.  68,  no.  4,  pp.  300-322,  April,  1906. 

1735.  On  a new  stony  meteorite  from  Modoc,  Scott  County,  Kansas. — ^Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  356-360,  May,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  characters,  and  composition. 

1736.  Contributions  to  the  history  of  American  geology. — TJ.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
Ann.  Kept.,  1904,  pp.  189-733,  37  pis.,  141  figs.,  1906. 

Ad  historical  account  of  the  development  of  geological  science  in  America. 


136  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Merrill,  George  P. — Continued. 

1737.  Hniversity  training  of  engineers  in  economic  geology. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  387-391,  1906. 

1738.  Catalogue  of  the  type  and  figured  specimens  of  fossils,  minerals,  rocks, 
and  ores  in  the  Department  of  Geology,  United  States  National  Museum.  Part 
II.  Fossil  vertebrates ; fossil  plants ; minerals,  rocks,  and  ores. — U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  Bull.,  no.  53,  pt.  2,  370  pp.,  1907. 

1739.  On  a newly  found  meteorite  from  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Alabama. — 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  59-61,  2 pis.,  1907. 

1740.  Notes  on  the  composition  and  sh'ucture  of  the  Hendersonville,  North 
Carolina,  meteorite.  With  chemical  analyses  by  Wirt  Tassin. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  79-82,  2 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  phj’sical  characters,  structure,  and  composition. 

1741.  On  the  meteorite  from  Rich  Mountain,  Jackson  County,  North  Caro- 
lina.— U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  241-244,  1 pi.,  1907. 

1742.  On  a peculiar  form  of  metamorphism  in  siliceous  sandstone. — U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  547-550,  1 pi.,  June  15,  1907. 

1743.  A peculiar  form  of  metamorphism  in  siliceous  sandstone. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  985,  June  21,  1907. 

The  building  and  ornamental  stones  of  North  Carolina. — See  Watson  and 
Laney,  no.  2494. 

Merrill,  George  P.,  and  Tassin,  Wirt. 

1744.  Contributions  to  the  study  of  Canyon  Diablo  meteorites. — Smithsonian 
Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  50  (Quart.  Issue,  vol.  4,  pt.  2),  pp.  203-215,  4 pis.,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Merz,  Alfred. 

1745.  Beitriige  zur  Klimatologie  und  Hydrographie  Mittelamerikas.  Leip- 
zig, C.  G.  Naumann,  96  pp.  4 pis.  [1907]. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  general  geology  of  the  San  Juan  Valley  in  Nicaragua  and  . 
Costa  Rica. 

Middleton,  George. 

1746.  Notes  on  Georgia’s  geology. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  13,  pp.  101-104, 
115-118,  137-141,  1906. 

Miers^  H.  A. 

1747.  Obituary:  Samuel  Lewis  Penfield. — Mineral  Mag.,  vol.  14,  pp.  264-268, 

1 pi.  (port.),  February,  1907. 

• 

Miller,  Arthur  M. 

1748.  Classification  and  mapping  of  the  lower  Ordovician  of  Kentucky. — 
Abstract:  Ohio  Naturalist,  vol.  6,  no.  3,  pp.  447-448,  .January,  1906. 

Miller,  Benjamin  LeRoy. 

1749.  Description  of  the  Dover  quadrangle  [Delaware-Maryland-New  Jer- 
sey].— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  IT.  S.,  folio  no.  137,  10  pp.,  1 fig.,  2 
maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of 
Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  geologic  history,  and  the  economic 
geology. 

1750.  The  economic  resources  of  Calvert  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland 
Geol.  Survey,  Calvert  County,  pp.  123-134,  1 pi.,  1907. 

1751.  The  economic  resources  of  St.  Mary’s  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland 
Geol.  Survey,  St.  Mary’s  County,  pp.  113-124,  1907. 

A brief  summary  of  the  geology  of  the  Virginia  coastal  plain. — See  Clark  and 
Miller,  no.  242. 

Description  of  the  Patuxent  quadrangle. — See  Shattuck  and  others,  no.  2193. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  P)0G-1907. 


137 


Miller,  G.  W. 

1752.  Elements  of  inininj?  geology  and  metallurgy.  Second  edition.  The 

Daily  Mining  Record,  Publishers,  Denver  Colorado,  190G.  489  pp.,  2.37  figs. 

Includes  a synoptic  account  of  the  classification,  character,  and  relations  of  ore  deposits. 

1753.  The  mine  examiner  and  prospector’s  companion.  A practical  treatise 

on  mining  geology,  mine  examinations,  mineralogy,  ore-milling  practice,  etc., 
of  the  Rocky  IMonntain  and  Pacific  Coast  regions.  Denver,  Colorado,  Hall  and 
Williams,  [1907].  387  pp.,  58  figs. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  origin,  occurrence,  and  character  of  ore  deposits. 

Miller,  Willet  G. 

1754.  Pre-Cambrian  rocks  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Temiskaming,  Ontario. — 
Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp.  581-582,  1906. 

1755.  The  cobalt-nickel  deposits  of  Temiskaming,  Ontario. — Mines  and  Min- 
erals, vol.  26,  no.  12,  pp.  540-542,  2 figs.,  July,  1906.  Abstract  from  Report  of 
Ontario  Bureau  of  Mines,  1905,  part  2.  See  Miller,  13,  page  246  of  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  301. 

1756.  Minerals  and  how  they  occur.  A hook  for  secondary  schools  and 

prospectors.  Toronto,  The  Copp,  Clark  Company  [1906].  2.52  pp.,  193  figs. 

1757.  Lake  Abitihi  gold  deposits. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  16th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol. 
16,  pt.  1,  pp.  219-220,  1907. 

A brief  account  of  the  geology  and  gold  deposits. 

1758.  Mines  and  mining  of  Cobalt  [Ontario]. — Canadian  Min.  Jonr.,  vol.  28, 
no.  3 (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  1),  pp.  7-11,  3 figs.,  March  L5,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  chai’acter  of  the  ores. 

Miller,  Willet  G.,  and  Knight,  Cyril  W. 

1759.  Grenville-Hastings  unconformity  and  the  probable  identity  in  age  of 
the  Grenville  limestone  with  the  Keewatin  iron  formation  of  the  Lake  Superior 
region. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  16th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  1,  1907,  pp.  221-223. 

Discusses  the  relations  and  correlations  of  pre-Cambrian  formations  of  southeastern 
Ontario. 

Milne,  John. 

1760.  AVorld-shaking  earthquakes  in  relation  to  volcanic  eruptions  in  the 
West  Indies. — British  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Rept.  72d  meeting,  1902,  pp.  682-683, 
1903. 

1761.  Seismological  investigations.  Eleventh  report  of  the  Committee. — 
British  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Rept.  of  76th  meeting,  1906,  pp.  92-103,  1907. 

Contains  references  to  North  American  earthquakes. 

Moffit,  Fred  H. 

1762.  Gold  fields  of  the  Turnagain  Arm  region  [Alaska]. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  277,  pp.  7-52,  12  pis.,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage  of  the  region,  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
relations  of  the  sedimentary  rocks  of  Paleozoic  (?),  Mesozoic,  and  Cenozoic  age,  and  of 
igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  history,  and  th?  occurrence  and  mining  of  placer  and  lode 
gold. 

1763.  Gold  mining  on  Seward  Peninsula  [Alaska]. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  284,  pp.  132-144,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  gold-bearing  gravels. 

1764.  The  Nome  region  [Alaska]. — T".  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  .314,  pp. 
126-145,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  structure  of  Hie  veins,  and  Hie  jilacer  deposits,  and 
other  economic  resources. 


138  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Mollmann,  W. 

1765.  Der  Cripple  Creek  Golddistrict  [Colorado]. — Berg-  iind  hiittenm. 
Zeitnng,  Jahrg.  61,  no.  44,  pp.  549-551,  October  31,  1902. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Montgomery,  Thomas  H.,  Jr. 

1766.  A list  of  the  types  of  fossil  vertebrates  in  the  museum  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Texas. — Marine  Biological  Laboratory,  Woods  Holl,  Mass.,  Biol.  Bull., 
^'ol.  8,  no.  1,  pp.  56-58,  December,  1904. 

Moody,  A.  E. 

1767.  Aggradation  and  degradation  of  valleys. — Ohio  Naturalist,  vol.  8, 
no.  1,  pp.  191-197,  1 pi.,  November,  1907. 

Describes  an  experiment  made  to  show  what  a river  can  do  toward  filling  and  degrad- 
ing its  valley. 

Mooers,  Charles  A. 

1768.  The  soils  of  Tennessee,  their  chemical  composition  and  fertilizer  re- 
quirements.— University  of  Tennessee,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Bul- 
letin, vol.  19,  no.  4,  pp.  49-90,  December,  1906. 

Moore,  C.  E. 

1769.  Earthquake  effects  at  Santa  Clara,  Palo  Alto,  and  San  Jose,  Cal. — 
Eng.  News,  vol.  55,  no.  19,  pp.  526-527,  4 figs..  May  10,  1906. 

Moore,  E.  S. 

1770.  Additional  notes  on  the  iron  ranges  of  eastern  Michipicoten. — Ontario, 
Bur.  Mines,  Kept.,  1906,  vol.  15,  pt.  1,  pp.  200-206,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  fharacter  of  the  area,  and  the  occurrence,  character, 
and  relations  of  the  geologic  formations. 

1771.  Iron  ranges  east  of  Lake  Nipigon,  the  ranges  around  Lake  Winde- 
gokan. — Ontario,  Bur.  Mines,  16th  Ann.  Kept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  1,  pp.  136-148,  5 
figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  iron  ores. 

Morse,  William  Clifford. 

1772.  The  Columbus  esker. — Ohio  Naturalist,  vol.  7,  no.  4,  pp.  63-72,  6 figs., 
February,  1907. 

Discusses  the  terminology  and  general  occurrence  of  eskers,  and  describes  particularly 
an  esker  located  in  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Moseley,  E.  L. 

1773.  Change  of  level  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie. — Abstract:  Michigan 
Acad.  Sci.,  7th  Kept.,  pp.  38-39,  1905. 

Cites  evidence  to  show  that  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie  is  sinking. 

Moses,  Alfred  J. 

1774.  The  determination  of  the  geometrical  constants  of  a crystal  from  its 
interfacial  angles. — School  of  Mines  Quart.,  vol.  27,  no.  4,  pp.  432—461,  21  figs., 
July,  1906. 

Moses,  Alfred  J.,  and  Parsons,  Charles  Lathrop. 

1775.  Elements  of  mineralogy,  crystallography,  and  blowpipe  analysis  from 
a practical  standpoint,  including  a description  of  all  common  or  useful  minerals, 
the  tests  necessary  for  their  identification,  the  recognition  and  measurement 
of  their  crystals,  and  a concise  statement  of  their  uses  in  the  arts.  Third 
edition.  Part  I rewritten.  Parts  II,  III,  and  IV  extensively  revised.  New 
York,  D.  Van  Nostrand  Company,  15)06.  444  pp.,  583  figs. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  l‘)0G-iy07. 


139 


Munk,  J.  A. 

1776.  The  meteorite  mountain  riddle  solved. — Los  Angeles  Journal  of  Eclectic 
Medicine,  vol.  3,  no.  9,  pp.  187-190,  September,  1906. 

Describes  the  Coon  Butte,  Arizona,  and  presents  the  arguments  advanced  to  show 
that  the  crater  is  the  result  of  impact  of  a huge  meteorite. 

Munn,  M.  J. 

Geology  of  the  oil  and  gas  fields  in  Steubenville,  Hurgettstown,  and  Clays- 
ville  quadrangles,  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  and  Pennsylvania. — See  Griswold  and 
Munn,  no.  1048. 

Murphy,  T.  D. 

1777.  The  mines  of  El  Doctor  [Mexico]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  9.5,  pp. 
241-245,  4 figs.,  August  24,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  lead-silver  ores. 

Murgoci,  G.  M. 

1778.  Suggestion  as  to  the  origin  of  riebeckite  rocks. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp.  575-576,  1906. 

1779.  I.  Contribution  to  the  classification  of  the  ami)hil)oles.  II.  On  some 
glaucophane  schists,  syenites,  etc. — California  T"niv.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  4. 
no.  15,  pp.  359-396,  9 figs.,  1906. 

Discusses  the  properties  and  relations  of  the  amphiholes  of  the  glaucophane  schists 
and  describes  the  composition  of  the  glaucophane  schists  studied. 

Murray,  J.  C. 

1780.  Prospectng  in  Ungava. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28  (new  ser., 
vol.  1),  pp.  109-112,  148-149,  173-174,  11  figs.,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology. 

Muscovici,  Armand. 

1781.  Notes  on  a deposit  of  nickeliferous  pyrrhotite  at  ^Malachite  Point 
[Quebec]. — Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  221-222,  1906. 

Nagant,  H. 

1782.  Rare  earths  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. — Quebec,  Dept,  of  Coloniza- 
tion, Mines,  and  Fisheries.  Mining  Operations  for  1905,  pp.  39-43,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  rare  minerals  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

Naramore,  Chester. 

The  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1906  in  Colorado,  N'ew  Mexico,  South 
Dakota,  and  Wyoming. — See  no.  2419. 

Narraway,  J.  E.,  and  Raymond,  I'ercy  E. 

1783.  A new  American  Cybcle. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  3*,  no.  4,  ]>j).  599- 
604,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Nason,  Frank  L. 

1784.  Limestones  associated  with  pyrites  and  pyrrhotite  of  the  Appalachian 
system. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  170-172,  July  28,  19(K>. 

Discusses  the  relations  of  the  pyrite  ores  to  the  associated  limestones. 

Nattress,  Thomas. 

1785.  The  geological  continuity  of  Essex  and  Kent  counties,  Ontario,  and 
Monroe  and  Wayne  counties,  Michigan. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  Ninth  R(‘pt.,  pp. 
177-184,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Navarro,  D.  V. 

1786.  Le  cobalt  dans  IT^tat  de  Jalisco. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzute.”  Mem. 
y Rev.,  t.  25,  no.  2,  i>p.  51 -.57,  August,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  coltall  a(  Pilniamo,  .lalisco,  Mexico. 


140  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  lOOC-1907. 


Neill,  A.  T. 

1787.  Report  of  the  geological  section  [of  the  Hamilton  Scientific  Associa- 
tion] for  the  year  ending  May,  1907. — Hamilton  Sci.  Assoc.,  Jour,  ami  Proc.,  no. 
23,  pp.  125-127,  1907. 

Neill,  James  W. 

1788.  Secondary  enrichment. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93,  p.  380,  Septem^ 
her  29,  1900. 

Discusses  briefly  the  subject  of  secondary  enrichment  in  mineral  veins. 

Nelson,  C.  Nelson. 

1789.  The  Sahiiaripa  district,  Sonora,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
pp.  629-031,  1 fig.,  October  0,  1900. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  district. 

Newland,  David  H. 

The  mining  and  quarry  industry  of  New  York  State.  Report  of  opera- 
tions and  ])roduction  during  1904. — New  York  State  Mus.,  58th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol. 
2 (Bull.  93,  1905),  pp.  909-970,  1906.  See  Newland,  2,  on  page  251  of  Bulletin 
301,  r.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

1790.  The  mining  and  quarry  industry  of  New  York  State.  Report  of  opera- 
tions and  production  during  1905. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  102,  199  pp., 
1900. 

1791.  Recent  earthquakes  recorded  at  Albany,  N.  Y. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  851,  June  1,  1900. 

1792.  Zinc  ore  in  northern  New  York. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp. 
1094-1095,  June  9,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  zinc  ore  in  St.  Lawrence  County,  N.  Y. 

1793.  The  mining  and  quarry  industry  of  New  York  state.  Report  of  opera- 
tions and  productions  during  1906. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  112,  80  pp., 
1907. 

1794.  On  the  associations  and  origin  of  the  nontitaniferous  magnetites  in 
the  Adirondack  region. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,.  no.  8,  pp.  763-773,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1795.  The  iron  ores  of  the  Adirondack  region. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  20,  pp.  401—103,  September,  1907. 

Newland,  David  H.,  and  Hansell,  N.  Y. 

1796.  ^Magnetite  mines  at  Lyon  Mountain,  N.  Y\  The  geology  of  an  interest- 
ing district,  nature  of  the  ore,  and  methods  of  mining. — Eng.  and  !Min.  .Tour., 
vol.  82,  pp.  863-805,  916-918,  illus.,  November  10,  1900. 


Newman,  Bruno. 

1797.  The  mining  district  of  Asientos,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  IMin.  .Tour.,  vol. 
8.3,  pi>.  1044-1040,  3 figs.,  .Tune  1,  1907. 


New  Mexico. 

Rei)ort  of  the  mine  inspector  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  for  the  year  ended  .Tune  30,  1900. — See  Sheridan,  no.  2195. 

Rei)ort  of  the  mine  insi)ector  for  the  Territory  of  New  ^Mexico  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  for  the  y(‘ar  ended  .Tune  30,  1907. — See  Sheridan,  no.  2190. 


Nicholas,  Francis  C. 

1798.  Economic  g('ology  and  mimu'al  dei)osits. — Min.  WorM,  vol. 
4!)2,  ()2(),  0S9,  714-715,  777,  190(5 : vol.  20,  pp.  39,  (57,  .331,  447,  (52.5, 


25,  i)p.  203, 
751.  1907; 


vol.  27,  PI).  14.5,  192-193,  1907. 

Discusses  the  formntion  of  ore  deposits. 

1799.  3'h(‘  Fnion  coj)i)(‘r  mines  of  North  Garoliua. — Min.  \Yorld,  vol.  27,  i)p. 
S';;i-SS4,  NovemlxT  10,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1007.  141 


Nicholas,  Francis  C. — Continued. 

1800.  The  Gold  Hill  copper  mine,  and  its  development. — Min.  World,  vol.  27, 
pp.  1001-1002,  4 tigs.,  December  7,  1907. 

1801.  Recent ’developments  at  Furnace  Creek  copper  mines. — Min.  World, 
vol.  27,  pp.  1087-1088,  3 tigs.,  December  21,  1907. 

Nichols,  Henry  Windsor. 

1802.  New  forms  of  concretions. — Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  3, 
no.  3,  pp.  25-54,  9 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  appearance,  and  constitution  of  concretions  from  various 
localities,  and  discusses  the  mode  of  their  formation.  After  describing  nodules  from 
the  Challenger  and  Argus  banks  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  discusses  the  formation  of  mag- 
nesian limestone. 

1803.  Absence  of  lead  and  copper  from  certain  deep  sea  deposits. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  309-311,  1907. 

Nickles,  John  M. 

Classitied  list  of  papers  dealing  with  coal,  coke,  lignite,  and  peat  contained 
in  the  publications  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. — See  Lee  and  Nickles,  no. 
1549. 

Nicol,  John  M. 

1804.  Black  sand. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  82-84,  January  19,  1907. 
Nicolas,  F.  J. 

Catalogue  of  publications  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. — See  Canada, 
Geological  Survey,  no.  417. 

Norton,  William  Harmon. 

1805.  Geology  of  Bremer  County  [Iowa|. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16,  pp. 
319—105,  10  tigs.,  2 geol.  maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy — Ordovician,  Silurian,  Devo- 
nian, and  Pleistocene — and  the  economic  products. 

Norwood,  Charles  J. 

1806.  Clays  in  several  parts  of  Kentucky,  with  some  account  of  sands, 
marls,  and  limestones. — Kentucky  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  (J,  223  i)p.,  1905. 

Contributes  various  notes  to  the  articles  on  clays  comprising  this  bulletin. 

1807.  Report  on  the  progress  of  the  survey  for  the  years  1904  and  1905. — ■ 
Kentuckj"  Geol.  Survey,  56  pp.,  1905. 

An  administrative  report,  but  includes  various  data  pertaining  to  the  geology  of 
Kentucky. 

Obalski,  J. 

1808.  A new  mining  district  in  Quebec. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  79,  p.  513, 
March  16,  1905. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  various  ores. 

1809.  Chibogomo  mining  district. — Quebec,  Dept.  Colonization,  Mines,  and 
Fisheries.  Mining  Operations  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  for  tlu‘  year  1905,  i)p. 
23-36,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  mining  district.  Includes  part  of  a report  by  Low  [see  no. 
1624]  on  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  district. 

1810.  Rare  earths  in  pegmatite  veins. — Canadian  Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  t), 
pp.  72-73,  1906. 

1811.  Mining  operations  ii\  the  Province'  of  (luehee  for  tlu'  year  1906. — 
Quebec,  Dept,  of  Colonization,  Mines  and  Fisheries,  59  pp.,  7 pis.,  and  map,  1907. 


142  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Obalski,  J. — Coiitiiined. 

1812.  New  discoveries  in  northern  Quebec. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  88, 
p.  559,  March  23,  1907;  Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  4 (new  ser.,  vol.  1, 
no.  2),  p.  46,  April  1,  1907. 

Calls  attention  to  discoveries  of  mineral  deposits.  Includes  notes  on  the  geology. 

1813.  Rare  earths  in  pegmatite  veins. — Can.  Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp. 
72-73,  1906. 

Offret,  A. 

1814.  El  X congreso  geologico  internacional  en  Mexico. — Mexico,  Secretaria 
de  Fomento,  Boh,  2'*  epoca,  aho  7,  no.  1,  VI,  pp.  1-48,  August,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  Tenth  International  Geological  Congress,  held  in  Mexico,  lOOG. 

O’Harra,  C.  C. 

Description  of  the  Devils  Tower  (piadraugle,  Wyoming. — See  Darton  and 
O’Harra,  no.  656. 

Ogilvie,  Ida  H. 

1815.  A contribution  to  the  geology  of  southern  Maine. — New  York  Acad. 
Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  2,  pp.  519-5.58,  2 pis.,  2 tigs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features  pf  Boothbay  quadrangle,  and  the  character, 
occurrence,  and  composition  of  the  igneous  rocks  and  their  metamorphism. 

Ohern,  D.  W. 

1816.  Contributions  to  the  paleontology  of  the  Paleodevonian  of  Maryland. — 
Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  91-93  [679-681],  1907. 

Omori,  Fusakichi. 

1817.  Note  on  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906. — Publications 
of  the  [.Japan]  Earthquake  Investigation  Committee  in  Foreign  Languages,  no. 
21,  Appendix  II,  3 pi>.,  1 j)h,  Tokyo,  1906. 

1818.  On  the  great  earthquake  of  April  18th,  1906,  of  San  Francisco. — 
Jour.  Geog.  (published  by  the  Tokyo  Geog.  Soc.),  vol.  18,  no.  215,  pp.  764-777, 
November,  1906.  [In  Japanese.] 

1819.  On  the  estimation  of  the  time  of  occurrence  at  the  origin  of  a dis- 
tant earthquake  from  the  duration  of  the  first  preliminary  tremor  observed  at 
any  place. — Imperial  Earthquake  Investigation  Committee,  Tokyo,  Japan,  Bull., 
vol.  I,  no.  1,  pp.  1—1,  .Tanuary,  1907. 

Includes  time  data  regarding  the  San  Francisco  eartlupiake  of  April  IS,  190G. 

1820.  ITeliniinary  note  on  the  cause  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  of 
April  18,  1906. — Imperial  Earthquake  Investigation  Committee,  Tokyo,  Japan, 
Bull.,  vol.  1,  no.  1,  pp.  7-25,  6 pis.,  9 figs.,  January,  1907.  See  also  Jordan, 
no.  1325. 

1821.  Preliminary  note  on  the  seismographic  obsi'rvatious  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco earthquake  of  April  18,  1906. — Imperial  p]arthquake  Investigation  Commit- 
tee, Tokyo.  .Tapan,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  no.  1,  j)]).  26-43,  6 pis,,  January,  1907. 

Tabulates  seismographic  records  of  the  San  Francisco  eartluiuake  made  at  various 
eartlupiake  observation  stations  and  discusses  tlie  rate  of  transmission. 

1822.  Note  on  the  tninsit  velocities  of  the  Guatemala  eartlKpiake  of  April 
19,  1902, — Iinperitil  Eartlupiake  Investigjition  Committee,  Tokyo,  Japan,  Bull., 
vol,  1,  no.  1,  pp.  44-46,  1 pi.,  Januaiy,  1907. 

1823.  Comparison  of  the  faults  in  the  thr(‘e  earthqmikes  of  Mino-Owari, 
Formosa,  and  San  Fnincisco. — Imperial  Eartluiuake  Investigation  Committee, 
Tokyo,  Ja])an,  Bull.,  vol.  1,  no.  2,  pp.  70-72,  1 tig,,  March,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  143 


Ordonez,  Ezequiel. 

1824.  Sobre  algunos  ejemplos  probables  de  tiibos  de  erupcioii. — Soc.  cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  22,  pp.  141-150,  1905. 

Describes  probable  examples  of  volcanic  necks. 

1825.  Las  rocas  arcaicas  de  Mexico. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y 
Rev.,  t.  22,  nos.  7-8,  pp.  315-331,  1 pi.,  1905. 

1826.  Los  xalapazcos  del  Estado  de  Puebla.  Segunda  parte. — Mexico,  Inst. 
Geol.,  Parer.,  t.  1,  no.  10,  pp.  349-393,  10  pis.,  7 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  physical  features  and  geological  structure  of  volcanic  craters  in  the  State 
of  Puebia,  Mexico. 

1827.  Excursion  de  Mexico  a Jalapa  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern., 
Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  I,  11  pp.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  country  along  the  'route  traveled. 

1828.  Excursion  de  Esperanza  a Mexico. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern.,  Guide  des 
Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  Ill,  2 pp.,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  country  between  these  places. 

1829.  L’archaique  du  Canon  de  Toniellm. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern.,  Guide  des 
Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  V,  30  pp.,  1 pi.,  1906. 

1830.  Excursion  de  Mexico  a Patzcuaro  et  Uruapam. — X®  Congr.  geol.  in- 
tern., Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  VIII,  18  pp.,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  country  between  these  places. 

1831.  Le  Jorullo. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico, 
no.  XI,  55  pp.,  12  pis.,  1906. 

1832.  Les  crateres  d’explosion-  de  Valle  de  Santiago  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr. 
geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XIV,  8 pp.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

1833.  Oil  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz. — Min,  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  247- 
248,  2 figs.,  August  24,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  State. 

Analisis  quimico  de  la  chiluca  y de  la  cantera. — See  lioel  and  Ordonez,  no. 
2080. 

Oregon,  University  of. 

1834.  In  memory  of  Thomas  Condon,  Professor  of  Geology,  1876-1906. — 
Univ.  of  Oregon,  Bull.,  new  ser.,  vol.  4,  no.  8,  64  pp.,  3 pis.  (port.),  June,  1907. 

Oregon,  University  of.  Department  of  Chemistry. 

The  mineral  resources  and  mineral  industry  of  Oregon  for  1903. — See  Staf- 
ford, no.  2276. 

Orr,  Ellison. 

1835.  Exposures  of  Iowan  and  Kansan  ( ?)  drift,  east  of  the  usually  ac- 
cepted west  boundary  line  of  the  driftless  area. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol. 
14,  pp.  231-2.36,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Orton,  Edward,  jr. 

1836.  The  kaolin  deposits  of  Bollinger  County,  Missouri. — Am.  Ceramic  Soc., 
Trans.,  vol.  9,  pp.  62-94,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Orton,  Edward,  jr.,  and  Peppel,  Samuel  Vernon. 

1837.  The  limestone  resources  and  the  lime  industry  in  Ohio. — Ohio  Geol. 
Survey,  Fourth  Ser.,  Bull.  no.  4,  365  pp.,  53  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  composition  and  distribution  by  counties  of  limestones  suitable  for  cement 
manufacture  their  occurrence  and  character  by  geological  formations,  and  their  utiliza- 
tion. 


144  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Osborn,  Henry  Fairfield. 

1838.  The  present  problems  of  paleontology. — Congress  of  Arts  and  Science, 
Universal  Exposition,  St.  Lonis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  56G-5S5,  1906. 

1839.  The  skeleton  of  Brontosaurus  and  skull  of  Morosaurus. — Nature,  vol. 
73,  pp.  282-284,  4 figs.,  January  18,  1906. 

1840.  The  causes  of  extinction  of  Mammalia. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol.  40,  pp. 
767-795,  November;  pp.  829-859,  December,  1906. 

1841.  Tyj'annosaurus,  upper  Cretaceous  carnivorous  dinosaur.  (Second  com- 
munication.)— Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  P>ull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  281-296,  1 pi.,  12  figs., 

1906. 

1842.  Explorations  of  John  Bell  Hatcher  for  the  paleontological  monographs 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  together  with  a statement  of  his  con- 
tributions to  American  geology  and  paleontology. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mon., 
vol.  49,  pp.  xvii-xxvi,  1907. 

1843.  Tertiary  mammal  horizons  of  North  America. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  237-253,  3 figs.,  March  30,  1907. 

Gives  a composite  section  of  the  Eocene  and  Oligocene  deposits  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain basin  and  discusses  the  correlation  of  Tertiary  deposits  of  North  America  and  the 
character  and  relations  of  their  mammalian  faunas. 

1844.  A mounted  skeleton  of  the  Columbian  mammoth  (EJephas  columhi). — 
Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  255-257,  1 pi.,  March  30,  1907. 

1845.  A mounted  skeleton  of  Naosaurus,  a pelycosaur  from  the  Permian  of 
Texas. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  265-270,  2 pis.,  3 figs.,  March  30, 

1907. 

1846.  Evolution  as  it  appears  to  the  paleontologist. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
26,  pp.  744-749,  November  29,  1907. 

1847.  A paleontological  trip  to  northwestern  Nebraska. — Abstract : Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  871-872,  December  20,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  vertebrate  remains. 

1848.  The  reclassification  of  the  Mammalia. — Abstract:  New  York  Acad.  Sci., 
Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  611-613,  1907. 

Osburn,  Raymond  C. 

1849.  Adaptive  modifications  of  the  limb  skeleton  in  aquatic  reptiles  and 
mammals. — New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol., 16,  pt.  3,  pp.  447-482,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Discusses  modifications  in  limb  structure  by  which  mammals  and  reptiles  have  been 
adapted  to  aquatic  life.  The  discussion  is  based  in  pait  upon  fossil  forms. 

1850.  The  origin  of  vertebrate  limbs.  Recent  evidence  upon  this  problem 
from  studies  on  primitive  sharks. — New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  2, 
no.  2,  pp.  415—136,  September,  1907. 

Osgood,  Wilfred  H. 

1851.  Mastodon  remains  in  the  Yukon  Valley. — Washington  Biol.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  18,  pp.  254-255,  1905. 

O’Sullivan,  Owen. 

1852.  [Report  on]  a survey  of  the  coast  of  Hudson  Bay  from  York  Factory 
to  Severn  River. — Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Re[)t.  for  1905,  pp.  73-76,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  physical  character  of  the  country  examined. 

1853.  On  explorations  along  the  proposed  route  of  the  Canadian  Northern 
Railway,  between  Split  Lake  and  Fort  Churchill. — Canada  Geol.  Survey.  Summ. 
Rept.  for  1906,  iq).  99-102.  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  physical  features  of  the  region  examined. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  145 


Pack,  Fred  J. 

1854.  Geology  of  Pioche,  Nevada,  and  vicinity. — School  of  Mines  Quart., 
vol.  27,  no.  3,  pp.  285-312,  5 pis.,  7 figs.,  April,  1906;  no.  4,  pp.  365-386,  3 pis.,  2 
figs.,  July,  1906. 

Reviews  previous  geologic  work  upon  the  area,  and  describes  the  occurrence,  char- 
acter, and  relations  of  stratified  rocks  of  Cambrian  age,  and  of  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic 
structure  and  its  topographic  expression,  the  petrography  of  the  igneous  rocks,  and  the 
economic  geology  of  the  area,  including  an  account  of  the  character,  occurrence,  and  age 
of  the  ore  bodies. 

1855.  Cambrian  fossils  from  the  Pioche  Mountains,  Nevada, — Jour.  (Jeology, 
vol.  14,  no.  4,  pp.  290-302,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Reviews  correlations  of  the  Cambrian  section  of  the  I’ioche  Mountains  and  gives 
descriptions  of  the  fossils  collected,  including  several  new  species. 

Packard,  George  A. 

1856.  Round  Mountain  camp,  Nevada.  Its  location,  geology,  and  mining 
activities. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  150-151,  4 figs.,  January  19,  1907. 

1857.  Gold  measures  of  Tangier,  Nova  Scotia. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95, 
pp.  430-431,  4 figs.,  October  5,  1907. 

Page,  William  N. 

1858.  The  formation  of  coal  fields. — Min.  World,  vol.  25,  no.  6,  p.  158,  August 
II,  1906. 


Paige,  Sidney. 

1859.  The  Herendeen  Ray  coal  field. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Rull.  no.  284,  pp. 
101-108,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds. 


Paige,  Sidney,  and  Knopf,  Adolph. 

1860.  Stratigraphic  succession  in  the  region  northeast  of  Cook  Inlet, 
Alaska. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  325-332,  1 fig.,  1907.  Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  182,  February  1,  1907. 

1861.  Reconnaissance  in  the  Mataiiuska  a Ad  Talkeetna  basins,  with  notes 
on  the  placers  of  the  adjacent  region. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  pp. 
104-125,  1 fig.,  1907. 

1862.  Geologic  reconnaissance  in  the  Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins, 
Alaska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  327,  71  pp.,  4 pis.,  4 figs.,  1907. 

Descril)es  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  .Jurassic, 
Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  strata,  the  geologic  history  of  the  region,  and  the  character 
and  occurrence  of  coal,  gold,  and  copper  deposits. 


Palache,  Charles. 

1863.  On  octahedrite,  brookite,  and  titanite  from  Somerville,  Massachusetts, 
U.  S.  A. — Festschrift  Harry  liosenbusch,  E.  Schweizerbartsche  Verlagsbuch- 
handlung,  Stuttgart,  1906,  pp.  311-321,  8 figs. 

1864.  Mineralogical  notes. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  249-2.58, 
8 figs.,  September,  1907 ; Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  44,  Heft  1,  pp.  14- 
22,  7 figs.,  1907. 


Describes  zoisite  and  phenacite  from  Massachusetts  and  chalmersite  from  Brazil. 

1865.  Occurrence  of  olivine  in  the  serpentine  of  Chester  and  Middlefield, 
Mass. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  491-495,  December,  1907. 


Palmer,  Leroy  A. 

1866.  Modern  mining  at  Alta,  Utah. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  10,  i>p. 
438-440,  3 figs..  May,  1906. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ore  bodies. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


10 


146 


BrBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

Park,  James. 

1867.  A text-book  of  mining  geology  for  the  use  of  mining  students  and 
miners,  l.ondon,  Charles  Griffin  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  1906.  219  pp.,  3 pis..  TS  figs. 

Contains  references  to  the  occurrences  of  ore  deposits  in  North  America. 

1868.  Contact  metamorpbism  in  its  relation  to  ore  deposits. — ]SIin.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  93,  pp.  544-545,  November  3,  1906. 

Parker,  Edward  IV. 

1869.  The  known  coal  fields  of  the  United  States. — Min.  World,  vol.  22, 
no.  18,  pp,  469—171,  1 pL,  May  6,  1905. 

The  production  in  the  L'nited  States  in  1905  of  coal. — See  no.  2418, 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  coal. — See  no.  2419. 

Parker,  Edward  W.,  Holmes,  Joseph  A.,  Campbell,  Marius  E. 

1870.  Report  on  the  operations  of  the  coal-testing  plant  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1904. 
Part  I.  Field  work,  classification  of  coals,  chemical  work.  Part  II.  Boiler  tests. 
Part  III,  Producer-gas,  coking,  briquetting,  and  washing  tests. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  48.  1492  pp.,  13  pis.,  135  figs.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geologic  occurrence  of  coals  tested. 

Parks,  William  Arthur. 

1871.  [Report  on]  the  valley  of  the  Tobique  River,  N,  B. — Canada,  Geol. 
Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  115-117,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  geology  of  the  area  examined. 

1872.  The  Stromatoporoids  of  the  Guelph  formation  in  Ontario. — Univ.  of 
Toronto  Studies.  Geol.  Ser,,  no.  4,  40  pp.,  6 pis.,  1907. 

1873.  The  Cobalt  [Ontario]  mining  district,  past  and  present. — Hamilton 
Sci.  Assoc.,  Jour,  and  Proc.,  no.  23,  pp.  42-45,  1907. 

Parmelee,  C.  W.,  and  McCourt,  W.  E. 

1874.  A report  on  the  peat  dojiosits  of  northern  New  Jersey. — New  .Tersey 
Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  for  1905,  pp.  223-313,  1 pi,,  1906. 

Describes  the  origin,  occurrence,  chemical  composition,  technology,  and  uses  of  peat, 
the  testing  and  valuation  of  New  Jersey  peats,  and  their  distribution  in  northern  New 
Jersey. 

Parr,  S.  W. 

1875.  The  coals  of  Illinois. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81.  p.  86,  January 
13,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals  of  the  Stale. 

1876.  Composition  and  character  of  Illinois  coals. — Illinois  State  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  3,  pp.  27-78,  15  figs.,  1906. 

Includes  a classification  of  coals>(^ 

1877.  Chemical  analyses  of  certain  coals. — Iliinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4,  pp.  188-197,  1907. 

Parsons.  Charles  I.athrop. 

Elements  of  mineralogy. — See  Moses  and  Parsons,  no.  1775, 

Parsons,  Floyd  W. 

1878.  (^oal  mining  by  open  stripping  in  Pennsylvania. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  81.  pp.  1239-1240,  4 figs..  June  30,  1906. 

Gontains  notes  on  coal-hearing  strata  in  the  Hazleton  district. 

1879.  Mining  in  the  George's  Creek  coal  field  [Maryland]. — Eng.  and  Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  6874J91,  7 figs.,  October  l.'l.  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  geology  and  character  of  the  coal. 


BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NOBTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1U07.  147 


Parsons,  Floyd  W. — Continued. 

1880.  Coal  mining  in  the  Fairmont  field,  West  Virginia, — Kng.  and -Min. 
Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  1018-1020,  1070-1074,  7 figs.,  December,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  geology  and  character  of  the  coal. 

1881.  Coal  mining  in  soutliern  West  Virginia. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr.,  vol.  84, 
l)p.  881-885,  7 figs.,  November  9,  1907. 

1882.  The  coal  mining  situation  in  nortliern  Wyoming.— Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  930-935,  5 figs.,  November  16,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coals. 

1883.  Montana’s  great  coal  fields  and  its  collieries. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  978-981,  5 figs.,  November  23,  1907. 

Parsons,  T.  S. 

1884.  Some  unknown  American  natural  bridges. — Mimn’al  Collector,  vol.  14, 
no.  7,  PI).  103-104,  September,  1907. 

Describes  natural  bridges  in  southeastern  I'tah. 

Parsons,  W.  F.  C. 

1885.  Prospecting  for  iron  on*  in  tin*  Torbrook  iron  district,  Annapolis 
County,  Nova  Scotia. — Canadian  Min,  Inst.,  Jonr.,  vol.  9,  pp.  31-34,  1906. 

Payne,  C.  A. 

1886.  The  zinc  ores  of  N'irginia. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr..  vol.  78,  ]».  544,  Octo- 
ber 6,  1904. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  zinc  ores. 

Pearce,  Richard. 

1887.  A trachytic  bowlder  [from  Colorado]. — Cornwtill,  Roy.  Geol.  Soc., 
Trans.,  vol.  12,  pt.  9,  p.  760,  1904. 

Peck,  Frederick  R.,  and  Ashley,  George  II. 

1888.  The  Pnnxsiitawney  and  Glen  Cami)bell  coal  fields  of  Indiana  and 
Jefferson  comities,  Pa.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Rull.  no.  285,  i)p.  276-279,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds. 

Penck,  Albrecht. 

1889.  The  relations  of  physiography  to  the  other  sciences. — Congress  of  Arts 
and  Science,  Universal  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  607-625,  1906. 

Penfield,  Samuel  Tj. 

1890.  On  the  drawing  of  crystals  from  stereograi)hic  and  gnomonic  pro- 
jections.— Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  206-215,  13  figs.,  March,  1906. 
Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Kd.  43,  Heft  1,  pp.  1-11,  13  figs.,  1907. 

1891.  Tables  of  minerals,  including  the  uses  of  minerals  and  statistics  of 

the  domestic  production.  New  York,  John  Wiley  & Sons,  1907.  88  pp. 

Penfield,  Samuel  L,,  and  Ford,  W.  E,‘ 

1892.  On  stibiotantalite. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  61-77,  18  figs., 
July,  1906;  Zeitschr.  f.  Kryst.  u.  Mineral.,  Rd.  42,  Heft  4,  pp.  334-350,  18  figs., 
190(1 

Describes  the  occurrence,  crystallographic  and  other  characters,  and  chemical  com- 
position of  stibiotantalite  crystals  from  San  Diego  County,  California. 

Penfield,  S.  L.,  and  Stanley,  F.  C. 

1893.  On  the  chemical  composition  of  amphibole. — Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol,  23,  PI).  23-.51,  5 figs,  January,  1907;  Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Rd. 
43,  pp.  233-260,  5 tigs.,  1907. 


148  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Penhallow,  David  I’earce. 

1894.  Observations  upon  some  noteworthy  leaf  variations,  and  tlieir  bearing 
upon  paleontological  evidence.— Ca.nadian  Kec.  Sci.,  vol.  9,  no.  5,  pp.  279-305, 
11  figs.,  1905. 

1895.  Notes  on  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  plants. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  972,  June  29,  1900. 

1896.  A manual  of  the  North  America  gynmosperms,  exclusive  of  the  Cyca- 

dales,  blit  together  with  certain  exotic  species.  Boston,  Ginn  and  Company, 
1907.  274  pp.,  55  pis.,  48  figs. 

Includes  descriptions  of  fossil  genera  and  species. 

1897.  Contributions  to  the  Pleistocene  fiora  of  Canada. — Am.  Nat.,  vol. 
41,  pp.  443-452,  2 figs.,  July,  1907. 

Includes  descriptions  of  new  species  of  Acer  and  (ilcditfichia. 

1898.  A contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  origin  and  develoi)inent  of 
certain  marsh  lands  on  the  coast  of  New  England. — Canada,  Boy.  Soc.,  Proc. 
and  Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  13-55.  5 pis.,  1907. 

1899.  Notes  on  fossil  woods  from  Texas. — ('anada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and 
Trans.,  3d  ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  93-113,  4 pis.,  1907. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  stratigraphic  position,  relations,  and  character  of  the 
Yegua  clays. 

1900.  A report  on  fossil  plants  from  the  international  boundary  survey  for 
1903-5,  collected  by  Dr.  R.  A.  Daly. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  I’roc.  and  Trans.,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  287-351,  9 pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

1901.  A blazing  beach  [spontaneous  combustion  of  gases  from  organic 
debris]. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  70,  no.  6,  pp.  557-564,  1 fig.,  June,  1907. 

Pennsylvania,  Topographic  and  Geologic  Survey  Commission. 

1902.  Report  1899-1906.  Harrisburg,  1906.  308  pp.,  1 pi.  (index  map). 

Includes  an  account  of  the  methods  of  work  employed  and  gives  records  of  results. 

Peppel,  Samuel  Vernon. 

1903.  The  manufacture  of  artificial  sand  stone  or  sand-lime  brick. — Ohio 
Geol.  Survey,  Fourth  ser..  Bull.  no.  5,  79  pp.,  2 pis.,  6 figs.,  1905  [1906?]. 

The  limestone  resources  and  the  lime  industrj’  in  Ohio. — See  Orton  and 
Peppel,  no.  1837. 

Perisho,  Ell  wood  C. 

1904.  The  state  survey  of  South  Dakota. — Sioux  City,  Iowa,  Acad.  Sci.  and 
Letters,  Proc.,  vol.  2,  pp.  79-84,  1906. 

Presents  briefly  in  outline  the  work  already  accomplished  by  the  state  geological 
survey,  the  work  in  hand,  and  lines  of  investigation  in  view. 

1905.  What  should  appear  in  the  report  of  ti  state  geologist. — Econ.  Geology, 
vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  435^38,  June,  1907. 

Perkins,  Edwin  T. 

1906.  Mining  and  smelting  ;it  Granby,  Missouri. — Eng.  and  ^lin.  .Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  388-390,  1 fig.,  August  31,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology,  character,  and  occurrence  nf  the  zinc  and  lead  ores. 

Perkins,  George  II. 

1907.  Mineral  resources  [of  Vermont  1. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey.  Fifth  Rejd. 
State  (ieol.,  pp.  l-(52,  1(5  ])ls.,  2 tigs..  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  progress  of  the  mineral  industries  of  the  State  during  llie 
biennium  100.'>— U)0(».  Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  building  stones,  slate,  and 
other  products.  (Jives  a full  discussion  of  the  occurrence,  character,  and  origin  of 
asbestos  deposits. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  149 


Perkins,  (Jeorge  H. — Continued. 

1908.  The  lignite  or  brown  coal  of  Brandon  | Vermont  J. — Vermont  Geol. 
SiirA’ey,  Fifth  Kept.  State  Geol.,  i)p.  188-194,  3 pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character  of  the  lignite  and  of  the  plant  remains  found  in  it. 

1909.  Fossils  of  the  [Brandon]  lignite. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  Kept. 
State  Geol.,  pp.  202-230,  7 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  the  Tertiary  fruits  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  and  gives  systematic 
descriptions  and  figures  of  the  fossils. 

1910.  The  drinking  waters  of  Vermont. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  Ilept. 
State  Geol.,  pp.  254-344,  1906. 

Includes  data  upon  the  underground  waters. 

Perkins,  W.  R. 

The  underground  waters  of  Mississippi. — See  Logan  and  Perkins,  no.  1610. 
Perry,  Joseph  H. 

The  green  schists  and  associated  granites  and  porphyries  of  Rhode  Island. — 
See  Emerson  and  Perry,  no.  790. 

Peter,  Robert. 

1911.  Chemical  report  of  the  coals,  clays,  mineral  waters,  etc.,  of  Ken- 
tucky.— Kentucky  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  3,  77  pp.,  1905. 

Petereit,  A.  H. 

1912.  Crystallized  native  copper  from  Bisbee,  Arizona. — Am.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  232,  1 tig.,  March,  1907. 

Peterson,  O.  A. 

1913.  New  suilline  remains  from  the  Miocene  of  Nebraska. — Carnegie  Mus., 
Mem.,  vol.  2,  pp.  305-324,  2 pis.,  4 figs.,  1906. 

1914.  Preliminary  description  of  two  new  species  of  the  genus  Dicenitherium 
Marsh,  from  the  Agate  Spring  fossil  quarry. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp. 
281-283,  August  31,  1906. 

1915.  The  Agate  Spring  fossil  quarry  [Nebraska]. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals, 
vol.  3,  no.  4,  pp.  487-494,  1 pi.,  5 tigs,,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  vertebrate  remains  in  the  quarry  and  the  method  of  col- 
lecting, gives  a pi-ovisional  list  of  the  fauna,  and  discusses  the  origin  of  the  sediment 
forming  the  matrix. 

1916.  The  Miocene  beds  of  western  Nebraska  and  eastern  Wyoming  and  their 
vertebrate  faunae. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  4,  no.  1,  pp.  21-72,  11  pis.,  20 
figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  Miocene  formations  in  western  Nebraska 
and  eastern  Wyoming  and  gives  lists  of  the  vetebrate  fossils  of  each  and  descriptions  of 
the  new  forms. 

Phalen,  William  Clifton. 

1917.  Review  of  “The  origin  of  Clinton  red  fossil  ore  in  Lookout  Mountain, 
Alabama,’,’  by  William  M.  Bowron  (Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  587- 
604). — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  (>,  ])p.  584-588,  June,  1906, 

1918.  Origin  and  occurrence  of  certain  iron  ores  of  northeastern  Kentucky. — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  ])p.  660-673,  1 fig.,  1906. 

1919.  Copper  deposits  near  Luray,  Va. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  140-143,  1906. 

Describes  the  rocks  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  copper  ores. 

1920.  Coal  resources  of  the  Kenova  quadrtingle. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  259-2()8,  1 lig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds,  and  the 
composition  and  character  of  the  coals  in  northeastern  Kentucky  and  adjacent  parts  o£ 
Ohio. 


150  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Phalen,  William  (''lifton — Contiimed. 

1921.  Clay  resources  of  northeastern  Kentucky. — TJ.  S.  Oeol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  385,  PI).  411-116,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  coal  measures  and  recent  clay  beds,  and  the 
composition  of  the  clays. 

1922.  Coal  resources  of  Johnstown,  Pa.,  and  vicinity. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  20-41,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Phalen,  W.  C.,  and  Martin,  Lawrence. 

1923.  Clays  and  shales  of  southwestern  Cambria  County,  Pa. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  344-354,  1907. 

Philippi,  E. 

1924.  Ueber  junge  Intrusionen  in  Mexiko  und  ihre  Beziehungen  zur  Tek- 
tonik  der  durchbrochenen  Schichtgesteine,  nach  den  Forschungeii  von  E.  Bose 
und  C.  Burckardt. — Centralbl.  f.  Mineral.,  pp.  449^60,  6 tigs.,  1907. 

Discusses  phenomena  attendant  upon  intrusions  as  exemplified  in  Mexico. 

Phillips^  William  B. 

1925.  Terlingua  quicksilver  district  [Texas]. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  pp. 
259-260,  1905. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

1926.  Quicksilver  deposits  of  Terlingua  district,  Brewster  County,  Texas. — 
Am.  Min.  Cong.,  8th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  184-193,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  district  and  adjacent  regions  of  Texas. 

Pickering,  William  H. 

1927.  Lunar  and  Hawaiian  physical  features  compared. — Am.  Acad.  Arts 
and  Sciences,  Mem.,  vol.  13,  no.  4,  pp.  151-179,  16  pLs.,  1906. 

Contains  data  in  regard  to  volcanic  craters  upon  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

1928.  The  place  of  origin  of  the  moon — the  volcanic  problem. — Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  23-38,  4 tigs.,  1907. 

Piers,  Harry. 

1929.  Economic  minerals  of  Nova  Scotia.  Catalogue  and  description  of  a 
collection  at  the  Provincial  Exhibition,  Halifax.  Revised  Edition.  60  pp. — In 
Kept,  of  the  Dei>t.  of  Mines,  Nova  Scotia,  for  1906,  Halifax,  1907. 

Pilsbry,  H.  A. 

1930.  PJaiiorhis  alahamensU  and  dilatatm  in  the  Floridian  Pliocene. — 
Nautilus,  vol.  19,  no.  3,  p.  34,  July,  1905. 

Proposes  the  name  Planorhis  alahaniensifi  avns  for  a Pliocene  form  differing  from  the 
recent  form. 

Pirsson,  Louis  V. 

1931.  Samuel  Lewis  Pentield  [obituary]. — ^Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22, 
j)p.  .35.3-367,  1 pi.  (port.),  November,  1906. 

Includes  a list  of  his  papers. 

1932.  [Obituary  notice  of]  Israel  Cook  Russell. — Am.  .Tour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  21,  p.  481,  June,  190(J. 

1933.  Angelo  Heilprin. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  p.  284,  Sei)tember. 
1908. 

4'he  texture  of  igneous  rocks. — See  Cross,  Iddings,  Pirsson,  Washington, 
no.  608. 

Pirsson,  Louis  V.,  and  Washington,  Henry  S. 

1934.  Contributions  to  the  geology  of  New  Hampshire:  No.  II,  Petrography 
of  the  Belknai)  Mountains. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  ])p.  4.39-457,  49.3- 
514,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  151 


Pirsson,  Louis  V.,  and  Washington,  Henry  S, — Continued. 

1935.  Contributions  to  the  geology  of  New  Hampshire:  No.  Ill,  on  Red 
Hill,  Monltonboro. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  257-276,  April,  pp. 
433-447,  June,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  Red  Hill  in  Monltonboro,  New  Hampshire,  and 
the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  intrusive  rocks  and  their  petrographic  characters  and 
composition. 

Place,  A.  E.,  and  Elton,  H.  L, 

1936.  Mines  of  the  Taviche  district,  Oaxaca,  Mexico. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  625-626,  October  5,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  silver  ores. 

Plate,  H.  R. 

1937.  The  old  camp  at  Ward,  Nevada. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  p.  281, 
March  2,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Plotts,  William. 

1938.  Nature’s  wonderful  laboratory. — The  Humanitarian  Review,  vol.  5, 
no.  11,  pp.  408-414,  1 fig.,  November,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  coal  and  petroleum. 

Poole,  Henry  S. 

1939.  [Report  on]  the  Nanaimo-Comox  coal  field. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey, 
Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  55-59,  1906;  British  Columbia,  Aim.  Rept.  Minister 
of  Mines,  for  1906,  pp.  204-206,  1907. 

Gives  various  data  regarding  the  occurrence  of  coals  in  this  region. 

1940.  On  the  age  of  the  conglomerate  capping  the  Cambrian  rocks  of  Nova 
Scotia. — Nova  Scotian  Inst.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pi>.  236-244,  1906  . 

Describes  the  stratigraphic  position  and  relations  of  the  conglomerate  and  discusses 
its  age. 

1941.  Subsidence  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Nova  Scotia. — Nova  Scotian  Inst. 
Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  262-263,  1906. 

Discusses  the  question  whether  there  has  been  recent  subsidence  of  the  coast  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

1942.  Features  of  the  continental  shelf  off  Nova  Scotia. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc., 
Proc.  and  Trans.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  12,  sect.  4,  pp.  67-82,  1 pi.  (map),  1906.  Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  972,  June  29,  1906. 

1943.  The  barytes  deposits  of  Lake  Ainslie  and  North  Cheticamp,  N.  S.,  with 
notes  on  the  production,  manufacture,  and  use  of  barytes  in  Canada. — Geol. 
Survey  of  Canada,  Ottawa,  1907.  43  pp. 

Porter,  John  T. 

1944.  Properties  and  tests  of  fuller’s  earth. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.,  no.  315, 
pp.  268-290,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology,  origin,  and  composition. 

Pratt,  Joseph  Hyde. 

1945.  Arizona  asbestos  deposits. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  1,  p.  17,  July  8, 
1905. 

1946.  The  graphite  industry. — Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  3,  pp.  64-66,  July  22, 
1905. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  graphite  deposits. 

1947.  Corundum  and  its  occurrence  and  distribution  in  the  United  States. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  269,  175  ]>p.,  18  pis.,  26  figs.,  190(). 

A revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Bulletin  no.  180,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 


152  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA%  1906-1907. 


Pratt,  Joseph  Hyde — Continued. 

1948.  The  cement  gold  ores  of  Deadwood,  Black  Hills,  South  Dakota. — 
Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  Jour.,  vol.  22,  no.  1,  pp.  23-27,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  thickness  of  the  auriferous  cement-conglomerate  and 
the  localization  of  the  gold  values. 

1949.  The  building  and  ornamental  stones  of  North  Carolina,  a review. — 
Elisha  Mitchell  Sci.  Soc.,  vol.  22,  no.  3,  pp.  6.3-79,  5 figs.,  1906. 

1950.  The  mining  industry  in  North  Carolina  during  190.5. — North  Carolina 
Geol.  and  Ecou.  Survey,  Ecou.  Paper  no.  11,  96  pp.,  1907. 

1951.  The  mining  industry  in  North  Carolina  during  1906. — North  Carolina 
Geol.  and  Ecou.  Survey,  Ecou.  Paper  no.  14,  144  pp.,  20  pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  geologic  relations  of  various  mineral  deposits. 
The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1905  of  steel-hardening  metals,  of 
abrasive  materials,  of  monazite  and  zircon,  and  of  talc  and  soapstone. — See  no. 
2418. 

Preiswerk,  H. 

1952.  Diopsid  aus  dem  Eozoon-Kalk  von  Cote  St.  Pierre,  Canada. — Zeitschr. 
f.  Kryst.  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  40,  Heft  5,  pp.  498-500,  1 fig.,  1905. 

Describes  the  crystallographic  features  and  composition  of  diopside  from  Quebec. 

Preston,  H.  L. 

1953.  A new  method  of  etching  iron  meteorites,  with  special  adaptation 
for  photographic  or  plate  purposes. — Rochester  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  3,  pp. 
264-267,  1906. 

Price,  George  McCready. 

1954.  Illogical  geology,  the  weakest  point  in  the  evolution  theory.  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  1906.  93  pp. 

Frindle,  Louis  M. 

1955.  Yukon  placer  fields  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284, 
pp.  109-127,  1 pi.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  placer  deposits  and  the  mining  developments.  Includes  notes  on  the 
geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  of  coal. 

1956.  The  Yukou-Tanana  region,  Alaska.  Description  of  Circle  quadrangle. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  295,  pp.  7-27,  1 pi.  (map),  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  general  geology,  and  the  distribution  and  character  of 
the  gold  placers. 

1957.  The  Bonnifieid  and  Kantishna  regions  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  314,  pp.  20.5-226,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geography  and  general  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  distribution  of 
gold-bearing  placers,  and  coal  deposits. 

Prindle,  Louis  M.,  and  Hess,  Frank  Jj. 

1958.  The  Rampart  gold  placer  region,  Alaska. — T".  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  280,  54  pp.,  7 pis.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  tbe  geography,  surface  relief,  and  drainage,  the  chai-acter  and  occurrence 
of  sedimentary  formations  of  Devonian,  Carhoniferous,  Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  age, 
and  of  igneous  rocks,  and  the  gold  placers  of  the  region. 

Pritchett,  Annie  II. 

1959.  Fossil  Cephalopoda,  described  by  Hyatt  and  Cragin,  in  the  museum  of 
the  Universitj’  of  Texas. — Biol.  Btdl.  vol.  8,  no.  (“>,  pp.  36.5-366,  May,  1905. 

Giv(‘s  a list  of  the  species  with  references  to  the  report  in  which  the  description  was 
published. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  153 


Prosser,  Charles  S. 

1960.  Stratigraphic  geology. — Ohio  State  Acad.  Sci..  P?*oc.,  vol.  4,  pt.  7 
(14th  Ann.  Kept.),  pp.  340-348,  I90t>. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  progress  of  stratigraphic  geology  in  the  United  States, 
and  more  particularly  in  the  State  of  Ohio. 

1961.  Section  of  the  Manlius  limestone  at  the  northern  end  of  Helderberg 
Plateau. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  46-51,  1907. 

Describes  in  detail  the  beds  of  the  Indian  Ladder  section  .with  respect  to  lithologic 
character,  fossil  contents,  thickness,  and  other  features,  and  discusses  the  nomenclature, 
position,  and  correlation  of  the  various  beds. 

Prosser,  Mary  Wilson. 

1962.  A bibliography  of  the  publications  relating  to  the  geology  of  Ohio  other 
than  those  of  the  State  geological  survey. — Ohio  Geol.  Survey,  4th  ser..  Bull. 
6,  pp.  235-332,  1906. 

Pugh,  Griffith  Thompson. 

1963.  Pleistocene  deposits  of  South  Carolina.  With  an  especial  attempt  at 
ascertaining  what  must  have  been  the  environmental  conditions  under  which 
the  Pleistocene  Mollusca  of  the  State  lived.  A thesis  submitted  to  the  faculty 
of  Vanderbilt  University  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy.  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  1905.  74  pp. 

Reviews  previous  work,  describes  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Pleistocene  of 
the  Coastal  plain,  and  the  geographic  and  stratigraphic  relations  of  the  Pleistocene  of 
South  Carolina,  gives  tables  of  South  Carolina  IMeistocene  fossils,  and  discusses  the 
environmental  conditions  under  which  the  fauna  lived. 

Pultz,  John  Leggett. 

1964.  Mining  in  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  held. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
83,  pp.  808-810,  2 figs.,  April  27,  1907. 

/ 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 

Purdue,  A.  H. 

1965.  Structural  relations  of  the  Wisconsin  zinc  and  lead  deposits. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  391-392,  1906. 

Notes  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  zinc  in  Arkansas,  and  its  concentration  in  synclines. 

1966.  A topographic  result  of  the  alluvial  cone. — Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
1903,  pp.  109-111,  6 figs.,  1904. 

1967.  Cave  sandstone  of  the  southern  Ozarks. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  18,  pp.  251-256,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  1907.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  j). 
764,  May  17,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  mode  of  formation  of  these  sandstone  deposits,  which 
are  held  to  be  of  Ordovician  age. 

1968.  The  phosphates  of  northern  Arkansas. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
p.  1038,  June  1,  1907. 

1969.  On  the  origin  of  limestone  sink-holes. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26, 
pp.  120-122,  July  26,  1907. 

1970.  Developed  i)hosphate  deposits  of  northern  Arkansas. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  i>p.  46.3-473,  1907. 

1971.  Description  of  the  Winslow  (luadrangle  [Arkansas-Indian  Territory]. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  the  U.  S.,  folio  no.  154,  6 ])]).,  4 figs.,  2 maps 
and  columnar-section  sheet,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  ('arhoniferous 
strata,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  mineral  and  water  resources. 


154  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Purdy,  Ross  C. 

1972.  [Review  of]  Clays,  their  oceiirreiice,  i)roperties,  and  uses,  by  Heinrich 
Ries. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  5,  pp.  513-518,  1907. 

Report  of  the  committee  on  cooperation  with  federal  and  state  geological 
surveys. — See  Hice,  R.,  and  others,  no.  1142. 

Purdy,  Ross  C.,  and  DeWolf,  Frank  W. 

1973.  Preliminary  investigations  of  Illinois  fire  clays. — Illinois  State  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  4.  pp.  129-175,  1 pi.,  3 figs.,  1907. 

Purington,  Chester  W. 

1974.  Vein  mining  in  Alaska. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  310,  1 fig.. 
May  12,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  ore  deposits  in  Alaska. 

1975.  Do  the  geological  relations  of  ore  deposits  justify  the  retention  of  the 
law  of  the  apex? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp.  572-580,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Purington,  C.  W. 

1976.  The  Vulture  mine,  Arizona. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  308-310, 
3 figs.,  March  9,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  gold  in  various  geologic  formations,  and  describes  the 
geology  and  occurrence  of  gold  ores  in  Mariposa  County,  Arizona. 

1977.  Copper  in  serpentine. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94.  pp.  719-720,  June 
8,  1907. 

Discusses  an  occurrence  of  copper  in  serpentine  and  its  origin. 

Rafter,  George  W. 

Hydrology  of  the  State  of  New  York. — New  York  State  Mus.,  58th  Ann.  Rept., 
vol.  2 (Bull.  85,  1905),  pp.  1-902,  45  pis.,  74  figs.,  4 maps  (2  in  pocket),  1906. — 
See  Rafter,  1,  page  278  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  F.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

Ralph,  Edward  W. 

1978.  Mining  conditions  at  Ely,  Nevada. — Min.  and'  Sci.  Press,  a’oI.  94,  pp. 
120-121,  2 figs.,  January  26,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores. 

Rand,  J.  C. 

1979.  Some  minerals  occurring  at  Worcester,  Mass. — Mineral  Collector,  vol. 
12,  no.  11,  pp.  16.5-166,  January,  1906. 

Ransome,  Frederick  I.eslie. 

1980.  The  probable  cause  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Nat.  Geog. 
Mag.,  vol.  17,  no.  5,  pp.  280-296,  11  figs..  May,  1906;  Min.  and  Sci.  Press.,  vol. 
92,  no.  24,  i)p.  396-.397,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  of  the  region  surrounding  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

1981.  Geology  of  the  Bisbee  district,  Arizona. — Eng.  and  Min.  .Tour.,  vol.  81, 
1».  1103,  June  9,  1906. 

A short  note  calling  attention  to  a misstatement  regarding  the  author’s  work. 

1982.  Review  of  “ The  coi)per  deposits  of  the  Clifton-Morenci  district, 
Arizona,”  by  Waldemar  IJndgren. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  6,  pp.  (>12-61,5, 
June,  1906. 

1983.  The  directions  of  movement  and  the  nomenciature  of  faults. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8.  j)p.  777-787,  4 figs.,  1906. 

1984.  I’reliminary  account  of  Goldfield,  Bullfrog,  and  other  mining  districts 
in  southern  Nevada. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  303,  j)]).  7-S3,  5 pls„  15  figs., 
1!M»7. 

r)(“scril)es  the  general  geology  of  these  districts,  the  occurrence,  character,  origin,  and 
relations  of  the  ore  deposits,  yielding  principally  gold,  and  the  mining  developments. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906 -1907.  155 


Ransome,  Frederick  Leslie — Continued. 

1985.  The  association  of  alunite  vvitli  gold  in  the  Goldfield  district,  Nevada. — 
Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  7,  pp.  007-092,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Describes  the  composition  of  alunite-bearing  rocks  of  the  region,  and  discusses  the 
character  of  the  gold  ores  and  their  origin. 

Geology  and  gold  deposits  of  the  Cripple  Creek  district,  Colorado. — See  liind- 
gren  and  Ransome,  no.  1004. 

Rathbun,  J.  C. 

1986.  Marble  in  the  Northwest. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  14,  p.  441,  April  7, 
1900. 

Mr 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  marble  in  Washington  and  in  Alaska. 

Raymond,  Percy  E. 

1987.  The  Chazy  formation  and  its  fauna. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  ,S, 
no.  4,  pp.  498-598,  3 pis.,  1900. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  subdivisions  of  the  Chazy,  giving  numerous  measured 
sections  from  various  localities  in  New  York,  Vermont,  and  Canada,  with  annotated  lists 
of  fossils  from  the  various  zones  or  beds,  discusses  the  supposed  ecpiivalents  of  the  Chazy 
in  other  areas, ‘and  gives  systematic  descriptions  of  the  new  species. 

1988.  An  Ordovician  gastropod  retaining  color  markings. — Nautilus,  vol.  19, 
no.  9,  pp.  101-102,  2 figs.,  January,  lOOO, 

1989.  On  the  occurrence,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  of  an  upper  Devonic 
fauna  with  Glymenia. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  llG-122,  F^ehruary, 
1907. 

Describes  the  character  of  the  Devonian  beds  near  Three  Forks,  Montana,  giving  lists 
of  fossils  obtained  from  the  successive  beds  and  discusses  the  correlation  of  the  fauna. 

1990.  On  the  discovery  of  reptilian  remains  in  the  Pennsylvanian  near  Pitts- 
burg, Pennsylvania. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  2G,  pp.  835-83G,  December  13,  1907. 

A new  American  CyheJe. — See  Narraway  and  Raymond,  no.  1783. 


Raymond^  Rossiter  W. 

1991.  Geology  of  Jamaica  as  related  to  its  history. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  95,  pp.  145-14G,  August  3,  1907. 


Read,  Thomas  T. 

1992.  The  secondary  enrichment  of  copper-iron  sulphides. — Am.  Inst. 
Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  8,  pp.  2G1-2G7,  March.  DOG;  Trans.,  vol.  37,  j)]).  297 


Min. 

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1907. 


1993.  Gold  mining  in  the  southern  Appalachians. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  389,  March  9,  1900. 

1994.  The  secondary  enrichment  of  copper-iron  sulphides. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Bi-]Mo.  Bull.,  no.  13,  p.  145,  .Linuary,  1907. 

1995.  Oxidation  of  pyrite. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  .5,  p.  .505,  1907. 

1996.  Gold  mining  in  the  southern  Appalachians. — xVbstract ; New  York  Acad. 
Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  ]).  G25,  1907. 


Read,  Thomas  T.,  and  Knight,  C.  W. 

1997.  The  re-formation  of  soda-leucite. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp. 
294-295,  190G. 

Reagan,  Albert  B. 

1998.  Geology  of  Monroe  County,  Indiana,  north  of  the  latitude  of  Bloom- 
ington.— Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1903,  pp.  20.5-2.33,  geol.  maj),  1904. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  comprising  Mississippian  formations  and  glacial  deposits, 
and  the  physiography. 


156  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907. 


Reagan,  Albert  K. — Continued. 

1999.  What  is  the  age  of  the  Aubrey  limestone  of  the  Rocky  Monntains? — 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  l*roc.,  1903,  p.  235,  1904. 

Sets  forth  the  evidence  from  -which  it  is  concluded  that  the  Aubrey  limestone  is  of 
upper  Carboniferous  age. 

2000.  Some  fossils  from  the  lower  Aubrey  and  upper  Red  Wall  limestones  in 
the  vicinity  of  Fort  Apache,  Arizona. — Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1903,  i)p.  237- 
246,  1 pi.,  1904. 

2001.  The  fossils  of  the  Red  Wall  compared  with  those  of  the  Kansas  coal 
measures.— Indiana  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1903,  pp.  249-251,  1904;  Centralbl.  f. 
Mineral.,  pp.  609-611,  1907. 

Arranges  in  parallel  columns  lists  of  fossils  identified  from  the  upper  Red  Wall  forma- 
tion of  Arizona  and  from  the  Kansas  coal  measures  to  determine  the  age  of  the  former. 

2002.  Some  geological  studies  of  northwestern  Washington  and  adjacent 
British  territory. — Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  20,  pt.  2,  pp.  95-121,  2 pis.,  2 
maps,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  particularly  glacial  deposits,  and  fossils  from  the  sub- 
glacial till. 

Redway,  Jacques  W. 

2003.  Some  notes  on  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Geog.  Jonr.,  vol.  29, 
no.  4,  pp.  436-440,  6 figs.,  April,  1907. 

2004.  The  vagaries  of  the  Colorado  River. — Scottish  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  23. 
no  7,  pp.  360-363,  1 tig.,  July,  1907. 

Includes  physiographic  notes  on  the  region  of  the  lower  Colorado  River. 

Redwood,  Boverton. 

2005.  Petroleum:  A treatise  on  the  geographical  distribution  and  geological 

occurrence  of  petroleum  and  natural  gas;  etc.  Edition  2.  I.ondon,  Charles 
Griffin  & Company,  1906.  2 vols.,  1046  pp.,  29  pis.,  337  figs. 

Includes  an  account  of  petroleum  and  natural  gas  in  the  United  States. 

Reeds,  Chester  Albert. 

Water  resources  of  the  East  St.  Louis  district. — See  Bowman  and  Reeds,  no. 
277. 

Reid,  George  D. 

2006.  The  Seven  Devils  and  Snake  River  district  [Idaho-Oregon]. — Eng.  and 
Min.  Jonr.,  i>p.  401-402,  4 figs.,  August  31,  1907. 

Gives  notes  on  the  geology  of  this  copper-bearing  area  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Reid,  Harry  Fielding. 

2007.  Les  variations  periodi(pies  des  glaciers:  Etats-Thiis.  X""*  rapport, 
1904. — Arcli.  des  Sci.  jJiys.  et  nat.,  4'”*'  per.,  t.  20,  no.  7,  pp.  18.5-1S7,  1905. 

A short  account  of  the  variations  of  glaciers  in  the  United  States  in  1004. 

2008.  Studies  of  the  glaciers  of  Mount  Hood  and  Mount  Adams. — Zeitschr. 
f.  GUdscherkunde,  Bd.  1,  Heft  2,  pp.  113-132,  5 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  physical  features  of  these  volcanic  mountains  and  the  former  and  present 
extent  and  position  of  their  glaciers. 

2009.  The  variations  of  glaciers.  XL — .Tour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  5,  jtp.  402- 
410,  19(M). 

A summary  of  (he  tenth  annual  report  of  the  International  Committee  on  glaciers. 
Adds  a report  on  the  glaciers  of  the  United  States  for  100.">. 

2010.  Les  v.arijitions  iK'rioditpies  des  glaciers.  XP"*'  rapport.  1905.  Etats- 
Unis,-  -ZtMtsch.  f.  (Jlel scherknnde,  Bd.  1,  Heft  3,  pp.  178-lSO.  19(M;. 

Gives  brief  notes  on  the  condition  of  glaciers  in  the  United  States  in  lOO.l  and  a list 
of  the  papers  hearing  on  the  subject. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  157 


Reid,  Harry  Fielding — Continued. 

2011.  Records  of  seismographs  in  North  America  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands. — 
Terrestial  Magnetism  and  Atmos[)heric  Electricity,  vol.  11,  no.  4,  pp.  185-197, 
December,  1906. 

2012.  A proof  of  Kurowski’s  rule  for  determining  the  height  of  the  neve 
line  on  glaciers. — Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  21-23 
[609-611],  1 fig.,  1907. 

2013.  On  the  internal  and  basal  melting  of  the  ice  of  glaciers.— Johns  Hop- 
kins Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  i>p.  24-26  [612-614],  1 fig.,  1907. 

2014.  Rapport  de  la  Commission  internationale  des  glaciers. — Congr.  geol. 
intern.,  C.  R.,  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  164-170,  1907. 

Reid,  John  A. 

2015.  A detail  of  the  great  fault  zone  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. — Abstract: 
Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  p.  .593,  1906. 

2016.  Sketch  of  the  geology  and  ore  deposits  of  the  Cherry  Creek  district, 
Arizona. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  5,  pp.  417^36,  4 tigs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  area,  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  pre-Cambrian 
and  Carboniferous  rocks,  the  faulting  and  structure,  and  the  occurrence  and  character 
of  the  gold  and  copper-ore  deposits. 

2017.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  3,  pp.  298-308,  3 figs.,  1907. 

2018.  The  ore  deposits  of  Copperopolis,  Calaveras  Co.,  California. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  380-^17,  1 pL,  7 figs.,  June,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  origin  of  the  copper  ores. 

2019.  The  training  of  economic  geologists  and  the  teaching  of  economic, 
geology. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  418-427,  June,  1907. 

2020.  Secondary  changes  at  Cherry  Creek,  Arizona. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  94,  pp.  31-33,  2 figs.,  January  5,  1907. 

2021.  The  country  east  of  the  Mother  Lode  [California]. — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  279-280,  1 fig.,  March  2,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology  of  the  Shady  Run  mine  in  Placer  County,  Cali- 
fornia. 

2022.  The  meaning  of  striations. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  p.  783,  June 
22,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  ores. 

2023.  vSome  ore  deposits  in  the  Inyo  Range,  California. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  95,  pp.  80-82,  3 figs.,  July  20,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Ricco,  A. 

2024.  Terremoto  di  San  Francisco  al  18  Aprile  1906. — Accnd.  Gioenia  di  Sci. 
nat.  in  Catania,  Boll.  (n.  s.),  fasc.  90,  pp.  2-6,  May,  1906. 

Describes  the  registration  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake  by  seismometers  at  Catania, 
Italy,  and  the  rate  of  transmission. 

Rice,  Claude  T. 

2025.  Tonopah,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  jtp.  10(5-108,  4 tigs., 
July  21,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  geology,  and  of  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

2026.  Mining  at  Tonopah  [Nevada]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  p.  199, 

2 figs.,  August  4,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  ore  veins. 

2027.  The  Bullfrog  mining  district,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  INIin.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
pp.  534-536,  6 figs.,  September  22,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  ore  bodies. 


158  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Rice,  Claude  T. — Continued. 

2028.  The  Manhattan  inininjr  district,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82, 
pp.  581-584,  9 tigs.,  September  29,  190G. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

2029.  (iold  and  silver  at  Fairview,  Nev. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
729-730,  G tigs.,  October  20,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Rice,  IVilliain  North. 

2030.  The  geography  of  Connecticut  as  related  to  geological  structure  and 
history. — Connecticut  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  15-38, 
8 pis.,  1 tig.,  190G. 

Gives  a summary  of  the  geology  and  physiography  of  the  State  and  of  its  geologic 
structure  and  history. 

2031.  The  Triassic  | Of  Connecticut!. — (Onnecticut  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist 
Survey,  Hull.  no.  G,  pi).  157-222,  10  pis.,  IG  tigs.,  190G. 

Reviews  previous  work,  describes  the  distribution,  character,  conditions  of  de|»ositioti. 
fossils,  and  relations  of  the  Triassic  strata,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  the  associated  rocks,  the  deformation  to  which  the  area  has  been  subjected,  and  its 
geologic  structure. 

2032.  On  the  use  of  the  words  synclinoriuin  and  anticlinoriuni. — Abstract  : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  28G-2S7,  February  23,  190G;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci., 
Proc..  vol.  55,  pp.  375-376,  1906. 

2033.  The  contributions  of  America  to  geology. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
pp.  161-175,  February  1,  1907 ; Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  I’roc.,  vol.  5G-57,  pp.  4G1- 
484,  1907. 

Address  of  the  vice-president  and  chairman  of  Section  K — Geology  and  geography, 
.\merican  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  New  York  meeting,  December, 
lOOG. 

Rice,  William  North,  and  Gregory,  Herbert  Ernest. 

2034.  Manual  of  the  geology  of  Connecticut. — Connecticut  State  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  273  pp.,  31  pis.,  22  tigs.,  1906. 

Rich,  John  Lyon. 

2035  I.ocal  glaciation  in  the  Catskill  Mountains. — Jour,  (ieology,  vol.  14, 
no.  2,  pp.  113-121,  4 tigs.,  1906. 

Summarizes  the  literature  on  the  former  existence  of  local  glaciers  in  New  England 
and  New  York,  and  describes  various  remains  of  local  glaciation  in  the  northern  Cats- 
kills. 

Richards,  B.  H. 

Mineral  resources  of  the  Fnited  States,  11M15:  black  sands — See  ikk  241S. 
Investigation  of  black  sands  from  placer  mines. — See  Day  and  Richards, 
no.  697. 

Richards,  Ralph  W. 

2036.  Synopsis  of  mineral  characters,  alphabetically  arranged  for  laboratory 
and  field  use.  New  York,  John  Wiley  A Sons.  1907.  99  pp.,  17  tigs. 

Richardson,  C.  H. 

2037.  The  areal  and  economic  geolog.v  of  northeastern  Vermont. — Vermont 
Geol.  ,8ni-vey.  Fifth  Rei)t.  State  Geol.,  i>p.  63-115,  17  pis.,  190(1. 

Describes  the  drain.age,  topography,  and  glaciation  of  the  area,  the  occurrence,  char 
acter.  and  relations  of  pre-Cambrian,  onlovician,  Devonian,  and  metamorphic  and  irrup- 
tive  rocks,  and  the  economic  products. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  159 


Richardson,  Clifford. 

2038.  The  petroleums  of  North  America.  A comparison  of  the  character  of 
those  of  the  older  and  newer  fields. — Franklin  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  102,  pp,  57-70, 
81-128,  1906. 

Richardson,  George  B. 

2039.  The  Franklin  Mountains,  Texas. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  266-267,  February  16,  1906. 

Gives  a brief  account  of  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure. 

2040.  Occurrence  of  underground  waters  in  Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys, 
Utah. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  817,  May  25,  1906. 

2041.  Underground  water  in  the  valleys  of  Utah  Lake  and  Jordan  River, 
Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  157,  81  pp.,  9 pis.,  5 figs., 

1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence  and 
character  of  underground  water. 

2042.  Tin  in  the  Franklin  Mountains,  Texas. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
285,  pp.  146-149,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  tin  ore. 

2043.  Coal  in  Sanpete  County,  Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp. 
280-284,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds,  and  the 
composition  and  character  of  the  coals. 

2044.  Underground  waters  in  Sanpete  and  central  Sevier  valleys,  T"tah. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  199,  63  pp.,  6 pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geology. 

2045.  The  Book  Cliffs  coal  field,  between  Grand  River,  Colorado,  and  Sunny- 
side,  Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  302-320,  1 pL,  1907. 

2046.  Structure  of  the  Franklin  Mountains,  Texas. — Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  768,  May  17,  1907. 

Rickard,  Forbes. 

2047.  The  Boundary  district,  British  Columbia. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94, 
pp.  511-513,  3 figs.,  April  20,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores. 

Rickard,  T.  A. 

2048.  Geology  of  the  mines  at  El  Oro,  Mexico. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press.,  vol.  93, 
pp.  350-354,  8 figs.,  September  22,  1906. 

2049.  The  geological  distribution  of  gold. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93,  pp. 
477-480,  2 figs.,  October  20,  1906. 

2050.  Journeys  of  observation.  San  Francisco,  Dewey  Publishing  Company, 

1907.  255  pp.,  illus.  * 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  ores  of  Mexico. 

Bound  with  this  : Across  the  San  Juan  Mountains.  1.30  pp.,  illus. 

2051.  Geological  distribution  of  gold. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  6, 
pp.  256-257,  January,  1907. 

2052.  The  geological  distribution  of  gold. — Am.  Min.  Congr.,  Rept.  of  I*roc., 
9th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  226-233,  1907. 

. 2053.  Cobalt,  Ontario. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  23-2.5,  5 figs.,  Janu- 
ary 5,  1907. 

2054.  The  geology  of  the  Veta  Madre  r^foxico]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
94,  pp.  534-537,  4 figs.,  April  27,  1907. 

2055.  Lodes  in  the  Tertiary  eruptives  of  Colorado. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press, 
vol.  95,  pp.  180-182,  3 figs.,  August  10,  1907. 


160  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Rickard,  T,  A,,  and  others. 

2056.  After  earthquake  and  fire.  A reprint  of  the  articles  and  editorial  com- 
ment appearing  in  the  Mining  and  Scientific  Press  immediately  after  the  dis- 
aster at  San  Francisco,  April  18,  1906.  San  Francisco,  Mining  and  Scientific 
l‘ress,  1906.  194  pp.,  illns. 

A reprint  of  papers  appearing  in  the  Mining  and  Scientific  Press  in  the  issues  of  April 
28,  May  o,  and  June  16,  in  the  main  relating  to  the  California  earthquake. 

Ries,  Heinrich. 

2057.  Clays:  their  occurrence,  properties,  and  uses.  With  especial  reference 

to  those  of  the  United  States.  New  York,  John  Wiley  & Sons,  1906.  4t‘0  pp., 

44  pis.,  65  figs. 

2058.  The  clays  of  Texas. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  11,  pp.  767- 
805,  9 figs.,  September.  1906;  Trans.,  vol.  37,  pp.  520-558,  9 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  horizons  and  geographic  distribution  of  the  clays  of  Texas,  and 
their  composition,  classification,  and  properties. 

2059.  The  clays  of  Wisconsin  and  their  uses. — Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  15,  pp.  1-191,  19  pis.,  5 figs.,  1906. 

2060.  The  clays  of  the  Virginia  coastal  plain. — Virginia  Geol.  Survey,  Geol. 
Ser.,  Bull.  no.  2,  pp.  25-176,  15  pis.,  10  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  origin,  composition,  properties,  and  classification  of  clays,  and  gives  a 
detailed  account  of  the  Virginia  coastal  plain  localities  producing  clays. 

2061.  Economic  geology  of  the  United  States.  Second  edition.  New  York, 

The  Macmillan  Company,  1907.  451  pp.,  25  pis.,  97  figs. 

2062.  What  should  be  embraced  in  a geological  study  and  report  on  clays? — 
Am.  Ceramic  Soc.,  Trans.,  vol.  9,  pp.  480—482,  1907.. 

2063.  Notes  on  the  rational  composition  of  clav';  —Am.  Ceramic  Soc.,  Trans., 
vol.  9,  pp.  772-776,  1907. 

2064.  Clays  of  Virginia. — In  Watson,  T.  .i^.,  Mineral  resources  of  Virginia, 
pp.  167-187,  6 pis.,  1907. 

Extracted  from  Bulletin  no.  2,  Virginia  Geol.  Survey.  See  no.  2060. 

Ries,  Fleinrich,  and  Gallup,  F.  L. 

2065.  Report  on  the  molding  sands  of  Wisconsin. — Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  15,  pp.  192-247,  11  pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Riggs,  Elmer  S. 

2066.  The  carapace  and  plastron  of  BusUrmi/fi  a new  fossil  tortoise 

from  the  I.aramie  beds  of  Montana. — Field  Columbian  Mus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  2, 
no.  7,  pi>.  249-256,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Ritter,  Etienne  A. 

2067.  The  genesis  of  mineral  waters:  a discussion  of  their  relations  to  vol- 
canic action  and  the  formation  of  ore  deposits. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82. 
pp.  869-870.  November  10,  1906. 

2068.  Le  tremblement  de  terre  de  San  Francisco  du  18  avril  11M)6. — S('v. 
geol.  de  France,  Bull.,  4*"  ser.,  t.  (>,  no.  4-5,  i>p.  287-293,  1 fig,,  1906. 

2069.  Les  basins  lignitiferes  et  houillers  des  Montagues  Kocheuses. — Annales 
des  Mines,  Ur  ser.,  t.  10,  livr.  7,  pp.  .5-84,  1906. 

An  account  of  the  coal  beds  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2070.  The  origin  of  ore  deposits.  Edition  3.  Denver,  Colorado.  1907.  84  pp, 
17  figs. 

Roberts,  Milnor,  and  others. 

2071.  The  School  of  Mines  series  of  rock  specimens  from  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington, collected  and  described  by  the  School  of  Mines  of  the  University  of 
Washington. — Washington  Univ.,  Bull.,  ser.  2,  no.  25,  40  pp.,  January,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  161 


Robertson,  William  Fleet. 

2072.  Report  of  [British  Columbia]  Bureau  of  Mines. — British  Columbia, 
Ann.  Kept.  Minister  of  Mines,  for  1904,  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1905.  317  pp.,  pis.  and 
maps. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  ores  in  British  Columbia. 

2073.  Report  of  [British  Columbia]  Bureau  of  Mines. — British  Columbia, 
Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Mines,  for  1905,  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1906.  273  pp.,  pis.  and 
maps. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  ores  in  British  Columbia. 

2074.  The  northern  interior  plateau  lying  between  the  Fraser  and  Skeene 
rivers. — British  Columbia,  Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Mines,  for  1905,  pp.  89-137, 
1906. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  region,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of 
coal  beds,  and  the  quality  of  the  coals. 

2075.  Windy  Arm  mineral  locations. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  701- 
704,  2 figs.,  April  14,  1906. 

Describes  mineral  developments  in  the  northern  part  of  British  Columbia. 

2076.  Do  the  geological  relations  of  ore  deposits  justify  the  retention  of  the 
law  of  the  apex? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  8,  pp.  809-810,  1906. 

2077.  Report  of  [British  Columbia]  Bureau  of  Mines. — British  Columbia, 

Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Mines,  for  1906,  Victoria,  B.  C.,  1907.  277  pp.,  pis. 

and  maps. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  ores  in  British  Columbia. 
Robinson,  Henry  Hollister. 

2078.  The  Tertiary  peneplain  of  the  plateau  district,  and  adjacent  country, 
in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  109-129,  5 figs., 
August,  1907. 

Preliminary  geological  map  of  Connecticut. — See  Gregory  and  Robinson,  no. 
1038. 

Robles,  R. 

2079.  Etude  miuiere  de  la  “ I'eta  Colorado  ” de  Minas  Nuevas  ^ Hidalgo  del 
Parral  (Etat  de  Chihuahua). — X®  Coiigr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions, 
Mexico,  no.  XXII,  15  pp.,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character,  occurrence,  relations,  and  origin  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Etude  de  la  Sierra  de  Guanajuato. — See  Villarello,  Flores,  and  Robles,  no. 
2460. 

Roel,  F.,  and  Ordonez,  E. 

2080.  Analisis  qumiico  de  la  chiluca  y de  la  cantera. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana. 
Bol.,  t.  2,  pp.  47-50,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  composition  of  some  building  stones. 

Rogers,  Austin  Flint. 

2081.  Minerals  of  the  Galena-Joplin  lead  and  zinc  district. — Kansas  Univ. 
Geol.  Survey,  vol.  8,  pp.  445-509,  14  pis.,  1 fig.,  1904. 

Gives  descriptions  of  the  minerals  with  bibliography  of  publications  relating  to  them, 
and  discusses  their  paragenesis. 

2082.  The  determination  of  minerals  in  crushed  fragments  by  means  of  the 
polarizing  microscope. — School  of  Mines  (^lart.,  vol.  27,  no.  3,  j)]).  340-359,  1 pi., 
3 figs.,  April,  1906. 

Includes  an  alphabetic  list  of  minerals  with  their  microscopic  and  optical  characters 
as  observed  with  the  polarizing  microscope. 

2083.  Some  points  in  teaching  crystallography. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  620-621,  November  16,  1906. 

66836— Bull.  372—09 11 


162  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Rog-ers,  Austin  Flint — Continued. 

2084.  Stober's  method  of  making  crystal  drawings. — School  of  Mines  Quart., 
vol.  38,  no.  2,  pp.  222-225,  1 pi.,  1 fig.,  January,  1907. 

2085.  The  gnomonic  projection  from  a graphical  standpoint.— School  of  Mines 
Quart.,  vol.  29,  no.  1,  pp.  24-33,  7 figs.,  1907. 

2086.  Aegirite  and  riebeckite  rocks  from  Oklahoina. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15, 
no.  3,  pp.  283-287,  1907. 

Coal  measures  faunal  studies,  IV.  Upper  coal  measures,  Neosho  River  sec- 
tion.— See  Beede  and  Rogers,  no.  101. 

Rosenbusch,  H. 

2087.  Remarques  sur  la  roca  verde  et  les  intercalations  argileuses  dans 
celle-ci. — X*"  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XVI,  pp. 
17-20,  1906.  (See  Burckhardt  and  Scalia,  no.  363.) 

2088.  Remarques  sur  quelques  roches  eruptives  de  la  region  de  la  Sierra 
de  Concepcion  del  Oro  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excur- 
sions, Mexico,  no.  XXIV,  pp.  13-15,  1906. 

2089.  Remarques  sur  les  roches  eruptives  de  la  region  de  la  Sierra  de  INIazapil 
et  Santa  Rosa  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico, 
no.  XXVI,  pp.  25-28,  1906. 

Ross,  J.  G. 

A peridotite  dike  in  the  coal  measures  of  southwestern  Pennsylvania. — See 
Kemp  and  Ross,  no.  1373. 

Rowe,  Jesse  Perry. 

2090.  Montana  coal  and  lignite  deposits. — Montana  Univ.,  Bull.  no.  37  (Geol. 
Ser.  no.  2),  82  pp.,  26  pis.,  9 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  location,  extent,  and  geology  of  the  various  coal  and  lignite  fields  of  the 
State,  the  character  and  mining  of  the  coals,  and  the  coal  and  lignite  resources  of  the 
various  counties. 

2091.  Montana  coal  and  lignite  deposits. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  pp.  62-65, 
7 figs.,  January  19,  1907. 

2092.  Montana  coal  mines. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  11,  pp.  481-484, 
2 figs.,  June,  1907. 

2093.  Montana  g3q)sum  deposits. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  28,  no.  2,  pp. 
59-60,  3 figs.,  September,  1907. 

Rowley,  R.  R. 

2094.  [Descriptions  of  fossils.] — Contributions  to  Indiana  I’aleontology. 
[Greene,  New  Albany,  Indiana],  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  pp.  7-11,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  systematic  descriptions  of  Devonian  and  Mississippian  crinoids. 

2095.  [Descrii)tions  of  fossils.] — Contributions  to  Indiana  Paleontology. 
[Greene,  New  Albany,  Indiana],  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  pp.  21GH,  1906. 

Gives  descriptions  of  various  species  of  trilol)ites  and  crinoids. 

Rubio,  Pascnal  Ortiz. 

2096.  El  Axalapazco  de  Tacambaro. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana,  Boh,  t.  2,  pp. 
65-69,  1906. 

Describes  a crater  lake  and  discusses  its  origin.  Includes  notes  on  the  rocks  in  the 
vicinitj'. 

Ruedemann,  Rudolf. 

2097.  Cephalopoda  of  the  Beekmantown  and  Chazy  formations  of  the  Cham- 
plain basin. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  90,  and  .58th  Ann.  Rept.,  vol.  3,  pp. 
389-611,  .38  pis.,  57  figs.,  1906. 

2098.  The  Lower  Siluric  paleogeography  of  the  Champlain  basin. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  399-100,  September  27,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


163 


Riihl,  Alfred. 

2099.  tiberblick  iiber  die  geographischen  nnd  geologiscben  Verbaltnisse 
Alaskas. — Petermann’s  Mitteilimgun,  Band  53,  Heft  1,  pp.  1-16,  1907. 

Gives  a general  account  of  the  physiography  and  geology  of  Alaska. 

Ruhm,  H.  D. 

2100.  Phosphate  mining  in  Tennessee. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.  vol.  83,  pp. 
522-526,  5 figs.,  March  16,  1907. 

Describes  briefly  the  origin  and  distribution  of  the  Tennessee  phosphate  deposits. 
Russell,  Israel  G. 

2101.  Drnmlin  areas  in  northern  Michigan. — Michigan  Acad.  Sci.,  7th  Kept., 
pp.  36-37,  1905.  Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp.  577-578,  190(5. 

2102.  Physiographic  problems  of  to-day. — Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Uni- 
A^ersal  Exposition,  St,  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  627-649,  1906. 

2103.  Memoir  of  William  Henry  Pettee. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16, 
pp.  558-560,  1906. 

2104.  The  surface  geology  of  portions  of  Menominee,  Dickinson,  and  Iron 
counties,  Michigan. — Michigan,  State  Board  of  Geol.  Survey,  Kept,  for  1906, 
pp.  7-91,  12  pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  drainage,  and  glacial  geology  of  the  region. 

2105.  Concentration  as  a geological  principle. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  18,  pp.  1-28,  1907. 

Discusses  the  various  methods  by  which  concentration  is  effected. 

2106.  Drumlins  of  Michigan. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p. 
707,  1907. 

Ruthven,  A.  G. 

2107.  An  ecological  survey  in  the  Porcupine  Mountains  and  Isle  Royale, 
Michigan. — Michigan  State  Board  of  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Kept,  for  1905,  pp. 
17-47,  14  figs.,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  of  the  region. 

Rutledge,  J.  J. 

2108.  Davis  pyrites  mine,  Massachusetts:  a unique  deposit  and  some  unusual 
methods  of  mining. — Eiig.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  673-676,  724-728,  772- 
775,  illus.,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  account  of  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

Sachs,  A. 

2109.  Der  Kleinit,  ein  hexagonales  Quecksilberoxychlorid  von  Terlingua  in 
Texas. — K.  preussischen  Akad.  d.  Wiss.,  Sitzb.,  no.  .52,  pp.  1091-1094,  1905. 

Describes  the  characters  and  composition  of  kleinite  from  Terlingua,  Texas. 

2110.  Notiz  zu  der  chemischen  ZusammenSetzuiig  des  Kleinits. — Centralbl. 
f.  Mineral.,  pp.  200-202,  1906. 

Describes  the  chemical  composition  of  kleinite  from  Terlingua,  Texas. 

2111.  Zinnoberkj’istalle  aus  Sonoma  County  in  Kalifornien;  Gips-  und  Kalk- 
spatkristalle  von  Terlingua  in  Texas. — Centralbl.  f.  Mineral.,  pp.  17-19,  1907. 

Describes  the  crystallographic  characters  of  minerals  from  California  and  Texas. 

Sadtler,  Benjamin. 

2112.  Gold  and  tin  in  northwestern  Black  Hills. — Min.  AVorld,  vol.  24,  no.  17, 
pp.  520-522,  5 figs.,  April  28,  1906. 


164  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOKTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Salisbury,  Rolliii  D. 

2113.  Tbe  Illinois  geological  survey. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  1,  pp.  65-67, 
1906. 

Reviews  the  history  of  the  state  geological  surveys  in  Illinois  and  describes  the 
organization  of  the  survey  recently  inaugurated. 

2114.  Glacial  geology  of  the  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quadrangles,  Wyo- 
ming.— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  141  pp.  9-12,  1906. 

2115.  Glacial  geologj'  of  the  Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney  quadrangles, 
IVyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  142,  pp.  9-12, 
1906. 

2116.  Glacial  geology  of  the  Bighorn  Mountains. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof. 
Paper  no.  51,  pp.  71-90,  11  pis.,  9 figs.,  1906. 

2117.  Physiography.  New  York,  Henry  Holt  and  Company,  1907.  770  pp., 

26  pis.,  707  figs. 

A general  treatise  intended  for  students  of  early  college  or  normal  school  grade. 
Geology. — See  Chamberlin  and  Salisbury,  no.  463. 

Sample,  Clarence  C. 

2118.  Amber  in  Santo  Domingo. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  SO,  pp.  2.50-251, 
August  12,  1905. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  island,  and  describes  the  amber-bearing  strata, 
and  the  occurrence  and  utilization  of  the  amber. 

Sanford,  Samuel. 

2119.  Record  of  deep-well  drilling  for  1905:  well  records. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  298,  pp.  15-296,  1906. 

Sapper,  .Karl. 

2120.  Erdbebenserie  von  Masaya  (Nicaragua)  1.  bis  5.  Januar,  1906. — Cen- 
tralbl.  f.  Mineral.,  Geol.,  u.  Pahiont.,  1906,  no.  9,  pp.  257-259,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  a series  of  earthquakes  at  Masaya,  Nicaragua,  in  January,  1906. 

Sardeson,  Frederick  W. 

2121.  The  folding  of  subjacent  strata  by  glacial  action. — Jour.  Geology,  vol. 
14,  no.  3,  pp.  226-232,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  upthrust  folds  in  stratified  rocks  under  glacial  deposits  and  explains  how 
they  were  produced  by  the  movement  of  glacial  ice. 

2122.  Galena  series. — Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  179-194,  2 figs.,  1907. 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  771,  May  17,  1907. 

Discusses  the  distribution,  relations,  and  nomenclature  of  Ordovician  formations  of 
the  upper  Mississippi  Valley  included  in  the  Galena  series. 

Sarle,  Clifton  J. 

2123.  Ai'thropJnjcu.s  and  DadahiH  of  burrow  origin. — Rochester  Acad.  Sci., 
Proc.,  vol.  4,  pp.  203-210,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Concludes  that  Arthrophycus  aru\' Dwdalufi  were  burrows,  prohablj'  of  sedentary  Poly- 
chaeta,  and  explains  how  they  were  produced. 

2124.  Preliminary  note  on  the  nature  of  Taonurus. — Rochester  Acad.  Sci., 
Proc.,  vol.  4,  PI).  211-214,  1906. 

Savage,  T.  E. 

2125.  A preliminary  report  on  the  peat  resources  of  Iowa. — Iowa  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  2,  pp.  5-21,  l‘.)05. 

2126.  Report  on  tests  of  Iowa  coals  made  at  the  Government  coal-testing 
ing  i)lant  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1904. — Iowa 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  2,  pp.  22-38,  1905, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190()-190I. 


165 


Savag-e,  T.  E. — Continued. 

2127.  Report  of  the  assistant  state  geologist  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey, 
vol.  16,  pp.  13-15,  1906. 

A brief  report  of  work  done  in  1905. 

2128.  Geology  of  Jackson  County  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16,  pp. 
563-648,  15  figs.,  2 geol.  maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Ordovician,  Silu- 
rian, Devonian,  and  Carboniferous  strata,  and  glacial  deposits,  and  the  economic  products. 

2129.  Water  resources  of  the  Springfield  cpiadrangle  [Illinois]. — Illinois  State 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  pp.  235-244,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  physiography,  geology,  and  underground  waters. 

2130.  Geological  map  of  Iowa. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  1907.  Scale  8 miles  to 
1 inch. 

Pike  County  [Illinois]  gas  field. — See  Blatchley,  no.  245. 

Scalia,  S. 

Geologie  des  environs  de  Zacatecas. — See  Burckhardt  and  Scalia,  no.  363. 
Schaeberle,  J.  M. 

2131.  An  ignored  theory  of  the  ice  age. — Science,  ne^v  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  439- 
440,  October  5,  1906 ; p.  695,  November  30,  1906. 

Schaaf-Regelman,  E. 

2132.  Rare  metals  and  minerals  and  their  uses. — Eng.  Mag.,  vol.  33,  no.  1, 
pp.  91-98,  April,  1907. 

2133.  Asbestos:  its  mining,  preparation,  markets,  and  uses. — Eng.  Mag., 
vol.  34,  no.  1,  pp.  68-80,  11  figs.,  October,  1907. 

Schaller,  Waldemar  T. 

2134.  Siderite  and  barite  from  Maryland. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21, 
pp.  364-370,  3 figs.,  May,  1906 ; Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  42,  Heft  4, 
pp.  321-326,  pi.  iv,  1906. 

Describes  the  chemical  and  crystallographic  properties. 

2135.  The  chemical  composition  of  molybdic  ocher. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  23,  pp.  297-303,  April,  1907 ; Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  43,  Heft 
4,  pp.  331-337,  1907. 

2136.  Mineralogical  notes. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  152-158, 
August,  1907 ; Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  44,  Heft  1,  pp.  1-8,  1 fig., 
1907. 

Describes  purpurite  from  South  Dakota  and  Connecticut,  manganotantalite  from  Maine, 
evansite  from  Idaho  and  Alabama,  tourmaline  from  the  Island  of  Elba,  and  zinnwaldite 
from  Alaska. 

2137.  Notiz  fiber  Powellit  und  Molybdit. — Zeitschr.  f.  Krystal,  u.  Mineral., 
Bd.  44,  Heft  1,  pp.  9-13,  1907. 

The  mercury  minerals  from  Terlingua,  Texas ; kleinite,  terlinguaite,  egle- 
stonite,  montroydite,  calomel,  mercury. — See  Hillebraud  and  Schaller,  no.  1161. 

Scheffel,  Earl  R. 

2138.  The  origin  of  Spring  Valley  gorge. — Denison  Univ.,  Sci.  Lab.,  Bull., 
vol.  13,  art.  6,  pp.  154-166,  3 figs.,  September,  1907. 

Schneider,  Philip  F. 

2139.  The  paleobotany  of  Onondaga. — Abstract:  Onondaga  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  1,  pp.  31-32,  1903. 

Includes  notes  upon  the  fucoids  of  the  Medina,  Clinton,  and  Niagara  formations. 


166  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Schneider,  Philip  F. — Continued. 

2140.  A preliminary  report  on  the  Arkansas  diamond  field. — Arkansas,  Bureau 
of  Mines,  Manufactures,  and  Agriculture,  16  pp.,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  local  geology  and  the  character  of  the  rock  in  which  the 
diamonds  occur  in  Pike  County,  Arkansas. 

Scholl,  George  P.,  and  Herrick,  R.  L. 

2141.  The  Gold  Prince  mine  and  mill  [at  Animas  Forks,  Colorado]. — Mines 
and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  8,  pp.  337-345,  14  fig.s.,  March,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  gold  ores. 

Schrader,  Frank  Charles. 

2142.  The  Durango-Gallup  coal  field  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  241-258,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  field,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  beds,  and 
the  composition  and  character  of  the  coals. 

2143.  Copper  deposits  of  the  Zuiii  Mountains,  New  Mexico. — Abstract; 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  916,  June  15,  1906. 

Schrader,  Frank  C.,  and  Haworth,  Erasmus. 

2144.  Economic  geology  of  the  Independence  quadrangle,  Kansas. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  296,  74  pp.,  6 pis.,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
utilization  of  petroleum,  natural  gas,  coal,  and  other  mineral  resources. 

Schuchert,  Charles. 

2145.  Memoir  of  Charles  Emerson  Beecher. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol. 
16,  pp.  541-548,  1 pi.  (port.),  1906. 

Includes  a list  of  his  writings. 

2146.  A new  American  pentremite. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  759- 
760,  3 figs.,  1906. 

2147.  The  Russian  Carboniferous  and  Permian  compared  with  those  of  India 
and  America.  A review  and  discussion. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp. 
29-46,  July,  pp.  143-158,  August,  1906. 

2148.  The  Tenth  International  Geological  Congress  at  Mexico  City. — ^Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  463-465,  November,  1906. 

Schultz,  Alfred  Reginald. 

2149.  Some  observations  on  the  movements  of  underground  water  in  confined 
basins. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  2,  pp.  170-181,  2 figs.,  1907. 

2150.  Gold  development  in  central  Uinta  County,  Wyo.,  and  at  other  points 
on  Snake  River. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  71-88,  2 pis.,  1907. 

2151.  Coal  fields  in  a portion  of  central  Uinta  County,  Wyo. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  212-241,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Schwarz,  Ernst  H.  L. 

2152.  The  thickness  of  the  ice  cap  in  the  various  glacial  periods. — Geol. 
Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  3,  no.  3,  pp.  120-124,  March,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  thickness  of  the  Greenland  ice  cap. 

Schwarz,  T.  E. 

Features  of  the  occurrence  of  ore  at  Red  Mountain,  Ouray  County,  Colo. — 
Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  31-39,  3 figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  2, 
pp.  267-274,  3 figs.,  1905). — See  Schwarz,  2,  page  300  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey. 

Scott,  I.  I). 

Ueber  intere.«!sante  amerikanische  ryritkrjstalle. — Set'  Kraus  and  Scott,  no. 
1428. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1007.  167 


Scott,  William  B. 

2153.  Memoir  of  John  B.  Hatcher. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp. 
548-555,  1 pi.  (port.),  1906. 

Includes  a list  of  his  writings. 

2154.  An  introduction  to  geology.  Second  edition  revised  throughout.  New 
York,  The  MacMillan  Company,  1907.  816  pp.,  17  pis.,  811  figs. 

Seaman,  A.  E. 

Notes  on  the  geological  section  of  Michigan.  Paid  I.  The  i»re-Ordovician. — • 
See  Lane  and  Seaman,  no.  1518. 

Seamon,  W.  H. 

2155.  Observations  in  southwestern  Chihuahua  [Mexico], — Min.  World,  vol. 
25,  no.  11,  pp.  306-308,  5 figs.,  September  15,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

Seddon,  William. 

2156.  Workable  coal  seams  of  western  Pennsylvania. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  549-550,  September  21,  1907. 

See,  T.  J.  J. 

2157.  The  San  Francisco  earthquake  of  April  18. — Nature,  vol.  74,  p.  30, 
May  10,  1906. 

2158.  The  cause  of  earthquakes,  mountain  formation,  and  kindred  phenomena 
connected  with  the  physics  of  the  earth. — Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  45,  pp. 
274-414,  17  figs.,  1906. 

2159.  The  nature  and  origin  of  volcanic  heat. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  301-303,  September  7,  1906. 

2160.  The  rigidity  of  the  earth. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  558-559, 
November  2,  1906. 

2161.  On  the  temperature,  secular  cooling,  and  contraction  of  the  earth,  and 
on  the  theory  of  earthquakes  held  by  the  ancients. — Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  46,  pp.  191-299,  4 figs.,  1907. 

2162.  The  new  theory  of  earthquakes  and  mountain  formation,  as  illustrated 
by  processes  now  at  work  in  the  depths  of  the  sea. — Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  Proc., 
vol.  46,  pp.  369-415,  3 pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Seely,  Henry  M. 

2163.  Cryptozoa  of  the  early  Champlain  sea. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth 
Kept.  State  Geol.,  pp.  156-173,  5 pis.,  1906. 

Reviews  the  history  of  the  genus,  discusses  its  structure,  occurrence,  relationships, 
and  classification,  proposes  a new  order  and  family,  and  describes  new  species  from 
Vermont  and  New  York  deposits. 

2164.  Beekmantowm  and  Chazy  formations  in  the  Champlain  Valley.  Contri- 
butions to  their  geology  and  paleontology. — Vermont  Geol.  Survey,  Fifth  Kept. 
State  Geol.,  pp.  174-187,  7 pis.,  1906. 

Sellards,  E.  H. 

2165.  Some  sink-hole  lakes  of  north  central  Florida. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  289-290,  February  23,  1906;  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  55, 
pp.  378-379,  1906. 

2166.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland : 
Tnsecta. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene,  pp.  170-172,  pi.  40, 
fig.  3,  1906. 

2167.  Geological  history  of  cockroaches. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  68,  no.  3, 
pp.  244-250,  8 figs.,  March,  1906 


168  BIBL10GRA.PHY  OF  NOETH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Sellards,  E.  H. — Continued. 

2168.  Types  of  Permian  insects. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  249- 
258,  8 figs.,  September,  1906. 

Discusses  the  characters  and  classification  of  the  Odonata,  describing  particularly  Tupus 
permianns  new  genus  and  species. 

2169.  Types  of  Permian  insects.  Part  II. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  345-355,  13  figs..  May,  1907. 

2170.  Occurrence  and  use  of  artesian  and  other  underground  water. — Florida 
Agric.  Exp.  Station,  Bull.  no.  89,  p.  87-113,  3 figs.,  March,  1907. 

2171.  Florida  State  Geological  Survey,  organization  and  plans,  1907.  11  pp. 

2172.  Venation  of  the  wings  of  Paleozoic  dragon-fiies. — Abstract:  Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  731-732,  May  10,  1907. 

2173.  Origin  of  sink-holes. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  p.  417,  September  27, 
1907. 

2174.  Notes  on  the  spore-bearing  organ  (Jodonotheca  and  its  relationship 
with  the  Cycadofilices. — New  Phytologist,  vol.  6,  pp.  175-178,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Shaler,  Millard  K. 

2175.  Gypsum  in  northwestern  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
315,  pp.  260-265,  1 fig.,  1907. 

2176.  A reconnaissance  survey  of  the  western  part  of  the  Durango-Gallup 
coal  field  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp. 
376-426,  2 pis.,  1907. 

Shaler,  Millard  K.,  and  Gardner,  James  H. 

2177.  Clay  deposits  of  the  western  part  of  the  Durango-Gallup  coal  field 
of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  296-302, 
1907. 

Shamel,  Charles  H. 

2178.  Do  the  geological  relations  of  ore  deposits  justify  the  retention  of  the  law 
of  the  apex? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  pp.  62-77,  4 figs.,  1907. 

2179.  Mining,  mineral,  and  geological  law.  New  York,  Hill  Publishing  Com- 
pany, 1907.  627  pp.,  101  figs. 

Shannon,  Charles  W. 

2180.  The  drainage  area  of  the  east  fork  of  White  River  [Indiana]. — In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  1906,  pp.  53-70,  1 pi.,  20  figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  geology  of  the  area. 

2181.  The  iron-ore  deposits  of  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res., 
31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  299-428,  18  pis.,  7 figs.,  1907. 

Iron  ores  of  Martin  County,  Indiana. — See  Beede  and  Shannon,  no.  182. 

Sharwood,  W.  J. 

2182.  Some  associations  of  gold  with  pyrite  and  tellurides. — Min.  and  Sci. 
Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  117-119,  11  figs.,  January  26,  1907. 

2183.  Gold  tellurides. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94,  pp.  731-732,  4 figs., 
June  8,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  gold  ores  at  Goldfield,  Nevada. 

Shattuck,  George  Burbank. 

2184.  The  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland. — Maryland  Geol. 
Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene,  pp.  21-137,  31  pis.,  9 figs.,  1906. 

Reviews  previous  work  bearing  upon  the  subject,  with  a bibliography,  describes  the 
general  stratigraphic  relations  and  physiography,  the  character,  distribution,  and  rela- 
tions of  I’iiocene  and  I’leistocene  formations,  and  the  geologic  history  of  the  region. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  169 


Shattuck,  George  Burbank — ^Coiitinned. 

2185.  Description  of  the  St.  Marys  quadrangle  [Maryland-Virginia]. — U.  S. 
Geol,  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  136,  7 pp.,  1 fig.,  2 maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Tertiary  and 
Quaternary  formations,  the  geologic  history,  and  the  economic  resources. 

2186.  Development  of  knowledge  concerning  the  principal  features  of  Cal- 
vert County,  with  bibliography. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Calvert  County,  pp. 
25-53,  1 pi.,  1907. 

2187.  The  physiography  of  Calvert  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol. 
Survey,  Calvert  County,  pp.  55-65,  2 pis.,  1907. 

2188.  The  geology  of  Calvert  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey, 
Calvert  County,  pp.  67-121,  6 pis.,  7 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  structure,  and  areal  distribution  of  Eocene,  Miocene,  and 
Pleistocene  formations. 

2189.  Development  of  knowledge  concerning  the  physical  features  of  St. 
Mary’s  County  [Maryland],  with  bibliography. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  St. 
Mary’s  County,  pp.  25-53,  1 pi.,  1907. 

2190.  The  physiography  of  St.  Mary’s  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol. 
Survey,  St.  Mary’s  County,  pp.  55-66,  1 pi.,  3 figs.,  1907. 

2191.  The  geology  of  St.  Mary’s  County  [Maryland]. — Maryland  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, St.  Mary’s  County,  pp.  67-112,  10  pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  structure,  and  areal  distribution  of  Tertiary  and  Quater- 
nary deposits. 

2192.  Some  geological  rambles,  near  Yassar  College,  Poughkeepsie  [New 
York.]  Poughkeepsie,  The  Yassar  College  Press,  1907.  108  pp.,  illus. 

Shattuck,  George  Burbank,  Miller,  Benjamin  LeRoy,  and  Bibbins,  Arthur. 

2193.  Description  of  the  Patuxent  quadrangle  [Maryland-District  of  Colum- 
bia].— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  152,  12  pp.,  2 figs.,  3 
maps,  and  columnar-section  sheet,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  .Turassic  (?), 
Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  deposits,  the  geologic  history,  and  the  mineral  and 
water  resources. 

Shepard,  Edward  M. 

2194.  Underground  waters  of  Missouri,  their  geology  and  utilization. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  195,  224  pp.,  6 pis.,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  history. 

Shepherd,  E.  S. 

The  lime-silica  series  of  minerals. — See  Day  and  Shepherd,  nos.  691,  692. 
Discussion  of  paper  by  T.  T.  Read : The  phase  rule  and  conceptions  of  igneous 
magmas. — See  Day  and  Shepherd,  no.  693. 

Die  Kalkkieselreihe  der  Minerale. — See  Day  and  others,  no.  690. 

Sheridan,  Jo  E. 

2195.  Report  of  the  mine  inspector  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  to  the 

Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  year  ended  June  30,  1906.  Washington,  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Office,  1906.  87  pp. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  character  of  coal  seams  and  chemical  analyses 
of  coals. 

2196.  Report  of  the  mine  inspector  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  fiscal  year  ended -June  30,  1907.  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  1907.  48  pp. 


170  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Sherzer,  William  H. 

2197.  Glacial  notes  from  the  Canadian  Rockies  and  Selkirks.^ — Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  351-354,  March  2,  1906. 

Describes  the  condition  of  various  glaciers. 

2197a.  Glaciers  of  the  Canadian  Rockies  and  Selkirks.— Smithsonian  Contr. 
to  Knowledge,  vol.  34,  xii,  135  pp.,  42  pis.,  1907. 

2198.  The  Lefroy,  a parasitic  glacier. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bnll., 
vol.  17,  pp.  707-708,  1907. 

2199.  Origin  of  the  massive  block  moraines  in  the  Canadian  Rockies  and 
Selkirks. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  708,  1907. 

Shimek,  B. 

2200.  The  loess  and  associated  interglacial  deposits. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  p.  589,  1906. 

2201.  The  loess  of  the  Missouri  River. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14, 
pp.  237-256,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  loess,  particularly  the  shells  of  the  terrestrial  mollusks  in 
the  loess. 

Shimer,  Hervey  Woodbnrn. 

2202.  Old  age  in  Brachiopoda,  a preliminary  study. — Am.  Naturalist,  vol. 
40,  pp.  95-121,  30  figs.,  February,  1906.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
p.  290,  February  23,  1906 ; Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  55,  p.  379,  1906. 

Describes  and  illustrates  the  characters  which  mark  old  age  in  brachiopods. 

2203.  An  almost  complete  specimen  of  Strenuella  strenua  (Billings). — Am. 
Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  199-201,  3 figs.,  March,  1907. 

Describes  a specimen  of  the  trilobite  Strenuella  strenua  from  the  lower  Cambrian 
slates  of  Massachusetts. 

2204.  A lower-middle  Cambrian  transition  fauna  from  Braintree,  Mass. — 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  176-178,  1 fig.,  August,  1907. 

2205.  The  broader  features  of  the  geologic  history  of  North  America  in 
diagram. — Tech.  Quart.,  vol.  20,  no.  3,  pp.  287-291,  1 fig.,  September,  1907. 

North  American  index  fossils. — See  Grabau  and  Shimer,  nos.  1005,  1006. 

Siebenthal,  C.  E. 

2206.  Alluvial  slopes. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  748-749,  May  11,  1906. 

2207.  Gypsum  of  the  ITncompahgre  region,  Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bnll.  no.  285,  pp.  401-H03,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  gypsum  beds. 

2208.  Gypsum  deposits  of  the  Laramie  district,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  404-405,  1906. 

Describes  tlie  occurrence  and  character  of  deposits  of  rock  gypsum  and  gypsite. 

2209.  Bentonite  of  the  Laramie  basin,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  445-447,  1906. 

Describes  the  physical  characters,  composition,  and  uses  of  the  clay  and  the  geologic 
occurrence  and  distribution  of  the  deposits. 

2210.  Notes  on  glaciation  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  Colorado. — Jour. 
Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  1,  pp.  15-22,  6 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  various  evidence  of  glaciation  in  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range  and  shows 
that  the  morainic  remains  indicate  two  periods  of  glaciation. 

2211.  Coal  of  Laramie  basin,  Wyoming. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316, 
pp.  261-26.3,  1907. 

Description  of  the  .Joplin  district. — See  Smitii  and  Siebenthal,  no.  2251. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  171 


Silver,  L.  P. 

2212.  The  Animikie  iron  range. — Ontario,  Rnr.  Mines,  Kept.,  1906,  vol.  15, 
pt.  1,  pp.  156-172,  6 figs.,  1 map,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  the  pre-Camhrian  rocks,  and  the 
character  and  composition  of  the  iron  ores,  and  discusses  their  origin. 

Sinclair,  William  J. 

2213.  Some  Edentate-like  remains  from  the  Mascall  beds  of  Oregon. — Ouli- 
fornia  Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  2,  pp.  65-66,  3 figs.,  1906. 

2214.  Volcanic  ash  in  the  Bridger  beds  of  Wyoming. — Am.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist., 
Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  273-280,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  features  of  the  geology,  the  lithologic  and  stratigraphic  classifi- 
cation of  the  Bridger  group,  and  the  mode  of  accumulation  of  the  Bridger  beds. 

Tertiary  faunas  of  the  John  Day  region. — See  Merriam  and  Sinclair,  no.  1717. 
Slichter,  Charles  S. 

2215.  The  underflow  in  Arkansas  Valley  in  western  Kansas. — V.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  153,  90  pp.,  3 pis.,  24  figs.,  1906. 

Slichter,  Charles  S.,  and  Wolff,  H.  C. 

2216.  The  underflow  of  the  South  Platte  Valley. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S. 
and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  184,  42  pp.,  13  figs.,  1906. 

Sloan,  Earle. 

2217.  A preliminary 'report  on  the  clays  of  South  Carolina. — South  Carolina 
Geol.  Survey,  ser.  4,  Bull.  no.  1,  175  pp.,  8 pis.,  1904. 

2218.  Geology  and  mineral  resources  [of  South  Carolina]. — Handbook  of 
South  Carolina,  chapter  5,  pp.  77-145,  illus..  South  Carolina,  State  Dept,  of 
Agriculture,  Commerce,  and  Immigration,  1907. 

Slocom,  Arthur  W. 

2219.  A list  of  Devonian  fossils  collected  in  western  New  York,  with  notes 
on  their  stratigraphic  distribution. — Field  Columbian  Mns.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  2, 
no.  8,  pp.  257-265,  2 pis.,  1906. 

2220.  New  processes  of  taking  impressions  of  natural  molds  of  fossils. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  591-592,  April  12,  1907. 

2221.  New  crinoids  from  the  Chicago  area. — Field  Columbian  Mns.,  Geol. 
Ser.,  vol.  2,  no.  10,  pp.  273-306,  6 pis.,  11  figs.,  1907  [issued  Jan.  3,  1908]. 

Hypsocrinus,  a new  genus  of  crinoids  from  the  Devonian. — See  Springer  and 
Slocom,  no.  2268. 

Smith,  Carl  D. 

Ozokerite  deposits  in  Utah. — See  Taff  and  Smith,  no.  2338. 

Smith,  Essie  Alma. 

2222.  Development  and  variation  of  Pentremites  conoideus. — Indiana,  Dept. 
Geol.  and  Nat.  Res.,  30th  Ann.  Kept.,  pp.  1219-1242,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  dwarfing  of  the  fauna  of  the  Salem  limestone. 

Smith,  Eugene  A. 

2223.  Memoir  of  Henry  McCalley.— Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  pp. 
555-558,  1906. 

Includes  a list  of  his  writings. 

2224.  The  overlap  of  the  St.  Stephens  limestone  on  the  lower  Tertiary  for- 
mations in  Crenshaw  and  Pike  counties,  Ala. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  pp.  287-288,  February  23,  1906. 

2225.  On  the  Jackson  anticlinal  in  Clarke  County,  Ala. — Abstract:  Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  288,  February  23,  1906, 


172  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Smith,  Eugene  A. — Continued. 

2226.  On  some  post-Eocene  and  other  formations  of  the  Gulf  region  of  the 
United  States. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  481^91,  March  30,  1906. 

Describes  the  progress  of  geologic  investigation  of  the  Gulf  coastal  region  since  1881, 
and  particularly  the  stratigraphic  position,  relations,  and  genesis  of  the  Grand  Gulf 
formation. 

2227.  Sketch  of  the  mineral  resources  of  Alabama. — In  “ The  Alabama  Op- 
Iiortunity,”  published  by  the  [Alabama]  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Indus- 
tries, pp.  169-184  [1906]. 

2228.  On  some  post-Eocene  and  other  formations  of  the  Gulf  region  of  the 
United  States. — Am.  .Assoc.  Adv.  Science,  Proc.,  vol.  55,  pp.  357-374,  1906. 

Discusses  particularly  the  stratigraphic  position,  character,  and  genesis  of  the  Grand 
Gulf  formation. 

2229.  The  underground  water  resources  of  Alabama. — Alabama  Geol.  Sur- 
vey [Bull.  no.  9 (?)],  388  pp.,  30  pis.,  23  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  physical  geography,  geology,  and  climate  of  the  State,  the  occurrence, 
character,  and  geologic  horizon  of  the  underground  waters  of  each  county,  and  dis- 
cusses the  classification  and  composition  of  the  waters. 

Smith,  George  Otis. 

2230.  Two  occurrences  of  graphite  [in  Maine]. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  pp.  915-916,  June  15',  1906. 

2231.  Graphite  in  Maine. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  480-483, 
1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  two  deposits  of  graphite  in  western  Maine, 
and  discusses  their  origin  and  economic  value. 

2232.  Review  of  “ Economic  Geology  of  the  United  States,”  by  H.  Hies. — 
Econ.  Geol.,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp.  719-725,  1906. 

2233.  The  occurrence  of  granite  in  Maine. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
313,  pp.  7-12,  1907. 

2234.  Note  on  a mineral  deposit  in  Maine. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
315,  pp.  118-119,  1907. 

2235.  Twenty-eighth  annual  report  of  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  for  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  30,  1907.  Washington,  1907.  80  pp.,  1 pi. 

An  administrative  report  outlining  the  operations  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
during  the  fiscal  year  ended  .Tune  30,  1907. 

2236.  Methods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  023,  April  19,  1907. 

2237.  Relations  of  Geological  Survey  to  mining  industry. — ^lin.  World,  vol.  27, 
])p.  924-920,  November  23,  1907. 

2238.  The  possibilities  and  limitations  of  Geological  Survey  work  as  ap- 
plied to  mining  industry. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  6.52-054,  November 
23,  1907. 

2239.  The  work  of  the  V.  S.  Geological  Survey. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
84,  ])p.  1019-1020,  November  30,  1907. 

The  i)roduction  in  the  United  States,  in  1905,  of  asbestos,  of  graphite,  and  of 
mica. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  grai>hite. — See  no.  2419. 

Smith.,  George  Otis,  and  Calkins,  Frank  Cathcart. 

2240.  Descri])tion  of  the  Snoqualmie  quadrangle  [Washington]. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  139,  14  pp.,  3 maps,  1 columnar-sections 
sheet,  1906, 

Describes  the  geographic  and  pliysical  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  pre-Tertiary  and  Tertiary  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and 
history,  and  the  economic  resources,  cbiefly  coal. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  100(3-1907.  173 


Smith,  George  Otis,  Bastin,  Edsoii  S.,  and  Brown,  Charles  W. 

2241.  Description  of  the  Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle  1 Maine]. — IT.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no,  149,  14  pp.,  2 maps  and  structure-section 
sheet,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  (’aml)rian  and 
Silurian  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  economic  resources. 

Smith,  James  Perrin. 

2242.  The  paragenesis  of  the  minerals  in  the  glaucophane-bearing  rocks  of 
California. — Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  l*roc.,  vol.  45,  pp.  188-242,  190(3. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  glaucophane-bearing  rocks  in  California,  their  mineral 
constituents  and  the  alteration  which  they  have  undergone  in  the  process  of  metamor- 
phism, and  the  petrographic  characters  and  derivation  of  the  glaucophane-bearing  rocks. 

2243.  The  stratigraphy  of  the  western  American  Trias.— Festschrift,  Adolf 
V.  Koenen,  E,  Schweizerbartsche  Verlagsbuchhandlung,  Stuttgart,  pp.  877—484, 
1 pL,  1907. 

Discusses  principles  of  stratigraphic  correlation  and  the  correlation  of  Triassic  strata 
based  upon  paleontologic  data,  and  gives  a summary  of  the  later  stratigraphy  of  western 
North  America. 

Smith,  Leonard  S. 

2244.  Water  powers  of  northern  Wisconsin. — V.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and 
Irrig.  Paper  no.  156,  145  pp.,  5 pis.,  5 tigs.,  1906. 

Includes  a brief  general  account  of  the  geology  of  Wisconsin. 

Smith,  Philip  S. 

2245.  Gold  fields  of  the  Solomon  and  Niukluk  River  basins  [Alaska]. — IT.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  ])p.  146-156,  1907. 

2246.  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  Iron  Creek  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  pp.  157-163,  1 fig.,  1907. 

2247.  The  gray  iron  ores  of  Talladega  County,  Ala. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  161-184,  1907. 

Smith,  T.  Elliott. 

2248.  El  Oro,  the  premier  gold  canq)  of  Mexico. — Min.  World,  vol.  24,  no.  13, 
pp.  412-413,  March  31,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  gold  ores. 

Smith,  W.  S.  Tangier. 

2249.  Igneous  rocks  of  the  northwestern  Black  Hills. — Abstract : Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  729,  1907. 

2250.  The  administration  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  26,  pp.  286-287,  August  30,  1907. 

Smith,  W.  S.  Tangier,  and  Siebenthal,  C.  E. 

2251.  Description  of  the  Joplin  district  [Missouri-Kansas]. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  148,  20  pp.,  13  figs.,  3 maps,  mine  maps 
and  illustration  sheets,  1907. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  Carboniferous  strata  and 
Quaternary  deposits,  the  geologic  structure  and  histoiy,  and  the  occurrence  and  genesis 
of  the  lead  and  zinc  ores. 

Smith,  Warren  D. 

2252.  Discussion  of  paper  by  Marius  It.  Campbell:  Hypothesis  to  account  for 
the  transformation  of  vegetable  matter  into  different  grades  of  coal. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  I,  no.  6,  pp.  581-583,  190(). 

Smith,  William  S. 

2253.  Mineral  resources  of  Uintah  Reservation  [Utah]. — Min.  World,  vol. 
23,  no.  18,  pp.  491-492,  1 fig.,  November  4,  1905. 


174  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Smyth,  Henry  Lloyd. 

2254.  The  relations  between  gold  and  pyrite. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  93, 
pp.  58-59,  4 figs.,  July  14,  1906. 

Discusses  the  relations  between  pyrite  and  gold  in  ore-bearing  veins. 

2255.  Magnetic  observations  in  geological  and  economic  work.  I. — Econ. 
Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  367-379,  5 figs.,  June,  1907. 

Snedaker,  J.  A. 

2256.  Copper  mines  in  Colorado. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  817-818, 
April  27,  1907. 

Solorzano,  M.  M.,  and  Hobson,  Bernard. 

2257.  Plant  remains  in  basalt,  Mexico. — Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  4,  no.  5, 
pp.  217-219,  1 pi..  May,  1907. 

Sovereign,  L.  Douglas. 

2258.  Valuable  crystals  and  rare  minerals  of  San  Diego  County,  California. — 
Min.  World,  vol.  23,  no.  19,  pp.  521-522,  November  11,  1905. 

Spandel,  Erich. 

2259.  Die  Foraminiferen  des  Permo-Carbon  von  Hooser,  Kansas,  Nord 
Amerika. — Saecular-Feier  der  Naturliistorischen  Gesellschaft  in  Nlirnberg,  1801- 
1901,  Festschrift,  pp.  175-194,  10  figs.,  [1901]. 

Spencer^  Arthur  Coe. 

The  magmatic  origin  of  vein-forming  waters  in  southeastern  Alaska. — Am. 
Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  364-371,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  5,  pp.  971- 
978,  1905). — See  Spencer,  17,  page  315  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

The  origin  of  vein-filled  openings  in  southeastern  Alaska. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  581-586,  3 figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  6,  pp.  1211-1216, 
3 figs.,  1905). — See  Spencer,  18,  page  315  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

2260.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  p.  286,  December- 
January,  1905-1906. 

2261.  The  Juneau  gold  belt,  Alaska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  287,  pp. 
1-137,  34  pis.  (inch  maps),  37  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geography,  the  general  geology  and  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence, 
character,  relations,  and  origin  of  the  ore  deposits,  the  associated  minerals,  and  the 
economic  developments. 

2262.  Magnetite  deposits  of  the  Cornwall  t5qie  in  Berks  and  Lebanon 
counties.  Pa. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  185-189,  1907. 

Discusses  more  particularly  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  iron  ores. 

Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop. 

2263.  [Report  on]  Niagara  Falls  and  Niagara  district. — Canada  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Summ.  Kept,  for  1905,  pj).  87-91,  1906. 

Gives  various  data  in  regard  to  Niagara  Falls. 

2264.  The  Jamaica  earthquake. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp. 
966-967,  June  21,  1907. 

2265.  Recession  of  the  Niagara  Falls. — Geol.  Mag.  dec.  5,  vol.  4,  no.  10, 
pp.  440-441,  October,  1907. 

2266.  The  Falls  of  Niagara,  their  evolution  and  varying  relations  to  the 

Great  Lakes;  characteristics  of  the  power  and  the  effect  of  its  diversion. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  1907.  400  pp.,  43  pis.,  30  figs.,  1 map. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  175 


Spring-er,  Frank. 

2267.  Discovery  of  the  disk  of  Onychocrinns,  and  further  remarks  on  the 
Crinoidea  Flexibilia. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  6,  pp.  467-523,  4 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  ventral  structure  of  Onychocrinns  and  discusses  the  relation  of  various 
members  of  the  Flexibilia  and  the  evolution  of  certain  structural  features.  Gives  a 
synoptic  arrangement  of  the  genera. 

Springer,  Frank,  and  Slocom,  Arthur  Ware. 

2268.  Hypsocrinus,  a new  genus  of  crinoids  from  the  Devonian. — Field 
Columbian  Mus.,  Geol.  Ser.,  vol.  2,  no.  9,  pp.  267-271,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Spurr,  Josiah  Edward. 

Genetic  relations  of  the  western  Nevada  ores. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans., 
vol.  36,  pp.  372-402,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.  no.  5,  pp.  939-969,  1905). — See  Spurr,  31, 
page  319  of  Bulletin  no.  301,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 

2269.  What  is  a fissure  vein? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp.  282-285, 
December-January,  1905-1906. 

2270.  The  southern  Klondike  district,  Esmeralda  County,  Nev.  A study 
in  metalliferous  quartz  veins  of  magmatic  origin. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4, 
pp.  369-382,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  character  of  the  Igneous  rocks,  and  the  occurrence 
and  origin  of  the  gold  and  silver  ores. 

2271.  Ore  deposits  of  the  Silver  Peak  quadrangle,  Nevada. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Prof.  Paper  no.  55,  174  pp.,  24  pis.,  40  figs.,  1906.  • 

Describes  the  character,  occurrence,  and  relations  of  Cambro-Ordovician,  Tertiary,  and 
Quaternary  sediments,  of  pre-Tertiary  igneous  rocks,  of  Tertiary  and  Quaternai-y  lavas, 
and  of  the  gold  and  silver  ores  and  other  economic  minerals,  and  the  mining  operations, 
and  discusses  the  genetic  relations  of  ore  deposits  and  the  theory  of  metalliferous  veins 
of  magmatic  quartz. 

2272.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  2,  pp.  182-184,  no.  6,  pp.  601-602,  1907. 

2273.  A theory  of  ore  deposition. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  8,  pp.  781-795, 
1907. 

2274.  The  Goldfields  district,  Nevada. — Abstract:  Franklin  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol. 
164,  no.  2,  pp.  155-160,  August,  1907. 

Describes  the  geology  and  the  character,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the  ores. 

Spurr,  Josiah  Edward,  and  Garrey,  George  H. 

2275.  The  Idaho  Springs  mining  district,  Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  35-40,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  placer  deposits,  the  character  and  occurrence  of 
the  ores,  and  the  types  of  veins. 

Stafford,  O.  F. 

2276.  The  mineral  resources  and  mineral  industry  of  Oregon  for  1903. — 
Oregon  Univ.,  Bull.,  new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  112,  viii  pp.,  5 pis.,  1904. 

Stanley,  F.  C. 

On  the  chemical  composition  of  amphibole. — See  Penfield  and  Stanley,  no. 
1893. 

Stauffer,  Clinton  li. 

2277.  The  Hamilton  in  Ohio. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  590-596,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  various  Devonian  formations 
of  the  State  of  Ohio,  more  particularly  those  considered  to  be  of  Hamilton  age. 

2278.  The  Devonian  limestones  of  central  Ohio  and  southern  Indiana. — Ohio 
Naturalist,  vol.  7,  no.  8,  pp.  184-186,  June,  1907. 

Discusses  the  correlation  of  Devonian  formations  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  Cincin- 
nati anticline, 


176  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Stead,  Geoffrey. 

2279.  Notes  on  a grindstone  quarry  at  Stonehaven,  Gloucester  Co.,  N.  B. — 
New  Brunswick  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  no.  XXIV  (vol.  5,  pt.  4),  pp.  407-408, 1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  position  of  the  rock  and  the  strain  found  in  it,  when  quarried. 

Stearns,  Robert  E.  C. 

2280.  Fossil  Mollusca  from  the  John  Day  and  Mascall  beds  of  Oregon. — 
California  Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  3,  pp.  67-70,  4 figs,  1906. 

Stephenson,  L.  W. 

2281.  Some  facts  relating  to  the  Mesozoic  deposits  of  the  coastal  plain  of 
North  Carolina. — Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  93-99 
[681-687],  1907. 

Sterki,  V. 

2282.  Fossil  land  and  fresh  water  Mollusca  collected  in  Defiance  County, 
Ohio. — Ohio  Naturalist,  vol.  7,  no.  5,  pp.  110-111,  March,  1907. 

Gives  a list  of  the  species  identified  from  deposits  supposed  to  be  loess. 

Sternberg,  Charles  H. 

2283.  The  Loup  Fork  Miocene  of  western  Kansas. — Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans., 
vol.  20,  pt.  1,  pp.  71-74,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  physical  character  of  and  the  occurrence  of  vertebrate  fossils 
in  these  beds. 

2284.  Portheus  molossus,  Cope,  and  other  fishes  from  the  Kansas  chalk. — 
Abstract : Science  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  295,  February  22,  1907. 

2285.  The  great  inferior  tusked  mastodon  of  the  Loup  Fork  Miocene. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  971-972,  June  21,  1907. 

2286.  Some  animals  discovered  in  the  Ipssil  beds  of  Kansas. — Kansas  Acad. 
Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  20,  pt.  2,  pp.  122-124,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  vertebrate  fossils  from  western  Kansas  and  states  in  what  museums 
they  are  now  preserved. 

Sterrett,  Douglas  B. 

2287.  ^lica  deposits  of  western  North  Carolina. — North  Carolina  Geol.  and 
Econ.  Survey,  Econ.  Paper  no.  14,  pp.  82-107,  5 figs.,  1907. 

2288.  Mica  deposits  of  western  North  Carolina. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  315,  pp.  400-422,  5 figs.,  1907. 

2289.  Monazite  in  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  ]\Iineral  Resources  for  1906,  pp.  1196-1204,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  occurrence  and  relations  of  monazite  deposits. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  mica ; of  monazite  and  zircon ; 
and  of  precious  stones. — See  no.  2419. 

Stevens,  Horace  J. 

2290.  The  copper  handbook.  A manual  of  the  copper  industry  of  the  world. 
Compiled  and  published  by  Horace  J.  Stevens,  Houghton,  Mich.,  1906. 

Contains  a chapter  on  the  geology  of  copper,  pp.  21-2G. 

2291.  Mines  of  the  Lake  Superior  copper  district. — Lake  Superior  Min.  Inst., 
I’roc.,  vol.  12,  pp.  8-24,  8 figs.,  1907. 

Contains  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  copper  district  of  Michigan. 

Stevenson,  .Tohn  .1. 

2293.  A bit  of  Quaternary  geology  [Vermont]. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  388,  March  9,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPPIY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  177 


Stevenson,  John  J. — Continued. 

2294.  Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian  basin. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  17,  pp.  65-228,  1906. 

Discusses  the  distribution,  character,  nomenclature,  and  correlation  of  Carboniferous 
formations  in  the  Appalachian  region. 

2295.  Carboniferous  of  the  Appalachian  basin. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  18,  pp.  29-178,  1907. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  correlation  of  the  members  of  the  Monongahela  and 
Dunkard  formations  in  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia,  and  Ohio. 

2296.  A bit  of  Quaternary  geology. — Abstract : New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals, 
vol.  17,  pt.  3,  p.  609,  1907. 

Des(h’ibes  a small  area  in  northwestern  Vermont. 

Stewart,  John  L. 

2297.  Ore  deposits  and  industrial  suiiremacy. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3, 
pp.  257-264,  December-Januaiy,  1905-1906. 

Stieglitz,  J. 

2298.  On  the  relations  of  equilibrium  between  the  carbon  dioxide  of  the 
atmosphere  and  calcium  sulphate  and  calcium  carbonate  and  bicarbonate  in 
solutions  in  water  in  contact  with  it. — Abstract : Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington, 
Yearb.  no.  5,  pp.  171-172,  1907. 

Stines,  Norman  S. 

2299.  The  geology  of  the  Coffee  Creek  mining  district  [California]. — Min. 
and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  25-26,  July  6,  1907. 

Stokes,  H.  N. 

2300.  Experiments  on  the  solution,  transportation,  and  deposition  of  copper, 
silver,  and  gold. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp.  644-650,  1906. 

Describes  chemical  experiments  made  to  determine  conditions  and  modes  of  ore 
deposition. 

I 2301.  Experiments  on  the  action  of  various  solutions  on  pyrite  and  marca- 

site. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  pp.  14-23,  1907. 

■r 

Stokes,  Ralph. 

f-  2302.  Mining  in  the  Boundary  copper  field. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp.  179- 
182,  5 figs.,  August  3,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

2303.  The  Cobalt  silver  field  as  an  industry. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp.  306- 
309,  346-349,  427^29,  17  figs.,  1907. 

! Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

I 2304.  The  Sudbuiy  nickel-copper  field,  Ontario. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp. 
507-510,  553-555,  8 figs.,  1907. 

t 2305.  The  asbestos  industry  of  Quebec. — Min.  World,  vol.  27,  pp.  637-639, 
799-801,  9 figs.,  1907. 

' 2306.  The  St.  Eugene  silver-lead  mine,  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol. 

27,  pp.  967-968,  1 fig.,  November  30,  1907. 

2307.  Mining  in  the  Rossland  district,  British  Columbia. — Min.  World,  vol. 
27,  pp.  1083-1084,  1123-1125,  4 figs.,  1907. 

Stone,  Ralph  W. 

2308.  Coal  fields  of  the  Kachemak  Bay  region  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  277,  pp.  55-73,  5 pis.,  1 fig.,  1906. 

Gives  a history  of  the  coal  mining  in  the  region,  and  describes  the  general  geology 
and  in  detail  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  coal  deposits  and  the  composition  and 
fuel  value  of  the  coals. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


12 


178  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Stone,  Ralph  W. — Coiitiniiecl. 

2309.  Reconnaissance  from  Circle  to  Fort  Hamlin  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  2S4,  pp.  128-131,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geography  and  geology  of  the  region  traversed. 

2310.  The  Elkhoru  coal  field,  Kentucky. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316, 
pp.  42-54,  1 pi.,  1907. 

2311.  The  Russell  Fork  coal  field,  Virginia. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
316,  pp.  55-67,  1 pL,  1907. 

2312.  Coal  mining  in  Dante,  Va. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  pp. 
68-75,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  composition,  and  mining 
of  the  coals. 

2313.  The  Pine  Mountain  fault. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  620, 
April  19,  1907. 

Stone,  Ralph  W.,  and  Clapp,  Frederick  G. 

2314.  Oil  and  gas  fields  of  Greene  County,  Pa. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  304,  110  pp.,  3 pis.,  7 figs.,  1907. 

Storms,  W.  H. 

2315.  Earthquake  lines. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  289,  2 figs..  May  5, 
1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure  to  which  the  California  earthquake  of  April  18,  1906, 
was  due. 

2316.  Gold  veins  in  granite  in  California. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  92,  p.  348, 
May  26,  1906. 

2317.  The  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota. — Min«  World,  vol.  24,  pp.  242,  272- 
273,  303-304,  1906. 

Gives  a description  of  the  geology  of  the  Black  Hills  region  and  of  its  ore  deposits. 
Stose,  George  W. 

2318.  The  sedimentary  rocks  of  South  Mountain,  Pennsylvania. — Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp.  201-220,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography,  stratigraphy,  and  geologic  structure  of  the  region.  Gives 
a table  of  the  geologic  formations,  showing  their  thickness,  character,  and  relations. 

2319.  The  glass-sand  industry  in  eastern  West  Virginia. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  473-475,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  relations,  chai-acter,  and  occurrence  of  the  sand  rock  of  eastern 
West  Virginia  and  the  economic  development. 

’•  2320.  White  clays  of  South  Mountain,  Pennsylvania. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  322-334,  1 fig.,  1907. 

2321.  Phosphorus  ore  at  Mount  Holly  Springs,  Pa. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  315,  pp.  474-483,  1907. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  phosphorus. — See  no.  2419. 
Stotesbury,  Harold  W. 

The  Yak  mining,  milling,  and  tunnelling  company,  Leadville.  Colorado. — 
See  Armington  and  Stotesbury,  no.  55. 

Stout,  W.  H. 

2322.  Report  of  the  geologist. — Pennsylvania,  Dept.  Agric.,  11th  Ann.  Rept., 
I)p,  455—157,  1906. 

Gives  notes  iipon  the  geology  of  T’ennsylvania. 

2323.  Geology  as  related  to  agriculture. — Pennsylvania,  Dept.  Agric.,  12th 
Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  470-471,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1U07. 


179 


Sullivan,  E.  C. 

2324.  Tile  secondary  enrichment  of  copper-iron  suiphides. — Am.  Inst.  Min. 
Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Buii.  no.  13,  pp.  143-145,  January,  1907. 

2325.  The  interaction  between  minerals  and  water  solutions  with  special 
reference  to  geologic  phenomena. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  312,  69  pp.,  1907. 

Surface,  G.  T. 

2326.  Physiography  of  Virginia. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  38,  no.  12,  pp. 
741-753,  December,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  history  and  the  physiographic  evolution  of  the  State  of  Virginia. 

2327.  Geography  of  Virginia. — Philadelphia,  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  4, 
pp.  1-60,  1 pi.,  October,  1907. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  topographic  features  and  of  the  mineral  resources. 

Swartz,  Charles  K. 

2328.  The  Ithaca  fauna  of  Maryland. — Johns  Hopkins  tJniv.  Circ.,  new  ser., 
1907,  no.  7,  pp.  50-55  [638-643],  1907. 

2329.  The  relation  of  the  Columbus  and  Sandusky  formations  of  Ohio. — ■ 
Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  new  ser.,  1907,  no.  7,  pp.  56-65  [644-653],  1907. 

Taber,  C.  A.  M. 

2330.  The  cause  of  geologic  periods.  Boston,  Geo.  H.  Ellis  Co.,  1907.  68  pp. 
Taber,  Stephen. 

2331.  Some  local  effects  of  the  San  Francisco  earthquake. — Jour.  Geology, 
vol.  14,  no.  4,  pp.  303-315,  9 figs.,  1906.  See  also  Jordan,  no.  1325. 

Describes  the  faulting  which  produced  the  earthquake  and  its  movements,  as  shown 
by  various  local  displacements. 

Taff,  Joseph  A. 

2332.  Description  of  the  Muscogee  quadrangle  [Indian  Territory]. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Geol.  Atlas  of  U.  S.,  folio  no.  132,  7 pp.,  1 fig.,  3 maps,  1 columnar 
section  sheet,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiographic  features,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  pre- 
Cambrian,  pre-Carhoniferous,  and  Carboniferous  formations,  the  geologic  structure  and 
history,  and  the  economic  resources. 

2333.  Natural  coke  in  the  Wasatch  Plateau. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  23,  p.  696,  May  4,  1906. 

2334.  Notes  on  the  Weber  River  coal  field,  Utah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  285-288,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  stnicture  of  the  field,  and  the  occurrence,  character, 
and  composition  of  the  coals. 

2335.  Book  Cliffs  coal  field,  Utah,  west  of  Green  River. — II.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  289-302,  1 pi.  (map),  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  field,  and  the  occurrence,  character, 
and  composition  of  the  coals. 

2336.  The  Durango  coal  district,  Colorado. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316, 
pp.  321-337,  1 pi.,  1907. 

2337.  The  Pleasant  Valley  coal  district,  Carbon  and  Emery  counties,  Utah. — • 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no,  316,  pp.  338-358,  1 pL,  1907. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  asphalt  and  bituminous  rock. — 
See  no,  2419. 

Tatf,  Joseph  A.,  and  Smith,  Carl  D, 

2338.  Ozokerite  deposits  in  Titah. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  369- 
372,  1906: 

Describes  the  geologic  relations  of  the  deposits,  the  character  of  the  mineral,  and  the 
economic  developments. 


180  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  XOETH  AMERICAX  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Taft,  H.  H. 

2339.  Goldfield  and  Touopali. — Eng.  and  Mill.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  55T-55-S, 
March  24,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  gold  ores. 

2340.  Notes  on  Inyo  County,  California. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp. 
704-705,  April  14,  1906. 

Contains  notes  on  the  geology  and  physiography  of  the  area  and  on  the  occurrence 
of  borax  deposits. 

2341.  Mining  in  southern  Nevada.  A region  that  includes  the  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Goldfield,  Bullfrog,  Tonopah,  Death  Valley,  etc. — Mines  and  Minerals, 
vol.  26,  no.  11,  pp.  515-518,  2 figs.,  June,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 

2342.  Notes  on  southern  Nevada  and  Inyo  County,  California. — Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  37,  pp.  178-197,  1907. 

Talmage,  J.  E. 

2343.  Seismographs  in  Utah. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  556-558.  October 
25,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  in  the  vicinity  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

Tarr,  R.  P. 

2344.  The  Washington  coal  situation. — Eng.  and  Mill.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  4010, 
May  25,  1907. 

2345.  The  Montana  coal  situation. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84,  pp.  550- 
551,  September  21,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence,  character,  and  composition  of  coals. 

Tarr,  Ralph  S. 

2346.  The  Yakutat  Bay  region  [Alaska]. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  284, 
pp.  61-64,  1906. 

Describes  the  geography,  stratigraphy,  and  the  economic  resources — petroleum,  coal, 
and  gold. 

2347.  Glacial  erosion  in  the  Finger  Lake  region  of  central  New  York. — Jour. 
Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  1,  pp.  18-21.  1906. 

Presents  further  evidence  that  the  Finger  Lake  valleys  are  due  to  glacial  erosion. 

2348.  Watkins  Glen  and  other  gorges  of  the  Finger  Lake  region  of  central 
New  York. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  68,  no.  5,  pp.  387-397,  8 figs..  May,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  of  the  region  and  explains  the  formation  of  the  gorges. 

2349.  The  advancing  Malaspina  Glacier. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  34-37, 
January  4,  1907. 

Describes  changes  in  the  condition  of  the  glacier  due  to  its  advance. 

2350.  Second  exi>edition  to  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. — Philadelphia  Geog.  Soc., 
Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  1,  pp.  1-14,  4 pis.,  1 fig.,  January,  1907. 

Describes  the  glaciers  in  this  region. 

2351.  Glacial  erosion  in  Alaska. — Pop.  Sci.  Monthly,  vol.  70,  no.  2,  pp.  99- 
110,  14  figs.,  February,  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  various  physiographic  features. 

2352.  Recent  advance  of  glaciers  in  the  Yakutat  Bay  region,  Alaska. — Geol. 
Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  257-286,  17  pis.,  1907. 

2353.  The  Malaspina  Glacier. — Am.  Geog.  Soc..  Bull.,  vol.  .39,  no.  5.  pp.  273- 
285,  5 figs.,  3Iay,  1907. 

2354.  Recent  changes  in  the  ^lalaspina  and  other  glaciers  of  the  Yakutat 
Bay  region,  Alaska. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser..  vol.  25.  p.  770,  May  17,  ltH)7. 

2355.  Earthcpiakes  and  their  causes.  In  San  Francisco's  Great  Disaster, 
by  Sydney  Tyler,  pp.  17-43,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  181 


Tarr,  Ralph  S.,  and  Martin,  Lawrence. 

2356.  Recent  changes  of  level  in  the  Yakiitat  Bay  region,  Alaska. — Geol.  Soc. 
America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  29-64,  12  pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

Presents  physiographic,  hiological,  and  other  evidences  of  changes  of  level  in  the 
vicinity  of  Yakutat  Bay,  'Alaska,  produced  by  an  eartl’'iiiako  in  1899. 

2357.  Recent  change  of  level  in  Alaska. — Geog.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  I,  pi).  .80-4.‘>. 
9 figs.,  July,  1906. 

2358.  Glaciers  and  glaciation  of  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. — Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull., 
vol.  38,  no.  3,  pp.  145-167,  25  figs.,  March,  1906.  Abstract:  ibid.,  vol.  38,  no.  2, 
pp.  99-101,  February,  1906. 

2359.  Position  of  Hubbard  Glacier  front  in  1792  and  1794. — Am.  Geog.  Soc., 
Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.  3,  pp.  129-136,  3 figs.,  March,  1907. 

Tassin,  Wirt. 

2360.  Note  on  an  occurrence  of  graphitic  iron  in  a meteorite. — U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  31,  pp.  573-574,  1-fig.,  1906. 

Contributions  to  the  study  of  the  Canyon  Diablo  meteorites. — S(‘e  Merrill  and 
Tassin,  no.  1744. 

Taylor,  Arthur  E. 

2361.  On  the  peat  deposits  of  northern  Indiana. — Indiana,  Dept.  Geol.  and 
Nat.  Res.,  31st  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  73-298,  10  pis.,  44  figs.,  1907. 

Taylor,  Frank  Bursley. 

2362.  Relation  of  Lake  Whittlesey  to  the  Arkona  beaches. — ^Michigan  Acad. 
Sci.,  7th  Rept.,  pp.  29-36,  1 fig.,  1905.  Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol. 
16,  pp.  587-589,  1906. 

Describes  the  glacial  lakes  antecedent  to  Lake  Michigan  and  the  occurrence  and  rela- 
tions of  the  beaches  by  which  their  existence  has  been  determined. 

2363.  A short  history  of  the  Great  Lakes. — In  Dryer's  Studies  in  Indiana 
Geography,  pp.  90-111,  4 figs.,  1907.  See  no,  745. 

2364.  Distribution  of  drumlins  and  its  bearing  upon  their  origin. — Al)- 
stract : Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  p.  726,  1907. 

Taylor,  Thomas  U. 

2365.  Underground  waters  of  the  coastal  ])lain  of  Texas. — TJ.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  190,  73  pp.,  3 pis.,  1907. 

Teller,  Edgar  E. 

2366.  Notes  on  the  fossil  fish-spine,  Phlijctmiacanthufi  felleri  (Eastman). — 
Wisconsin  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  Bull.,  new  ser.,  vol.  4,  pp.  162-167,  5 pis.,  October, 
1906. 

Tertsch,  H. 

2367.  Optische  IJntersuchung  von  Hornblenden  und  Titanit  aus  Essexit  von 
Montreal  [Canada]. — Tscherihaks  Mineral,  u.  Petrog.  Mitt.,  Bd.  25,  Heft  6, 
pp.  458-482,  8 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  optical  characters  of  hornblende  and  titanite  in  essexite  from  Montreal, 
Quebec. 

Thevenin,  A. 

Types  du  Prodrome  de  Paleontologie  stratigraphique  universelle  de  D’Or- 
bigny. — See  Boule  and  Thevenin,  no.  270. 

Thomas,  Kirby. 

2368.  Mexican  coal  deposits. — Min.  World,  vol.  22,  no.  18,  p.  472,  May  6,  1905. 


182  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Thompson,  Phillips. 

2369.  Iron  ore  in  Ontario. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr.,  vol.  81,  pp.  719-720,  April  14, 
1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  iron  ores. 

2370.  The  Sndbnry  nickel  region. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jonr.,  vol.  82,  pp.  3-A, 
2 figs.,  .Tilly  7,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  and  occurrence  of  the  nickel  ores  of  the  Sudbury  region,  Ontario. 

2371.  Coal  in  Alberta. — Eng.  and  Min.  ,Tonr.,  vol.  82,  ]>.  924,  November  17, 
1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  coal  beds  in  Alberta,  Canada. 

Thomson,  Elilui. 

2372.  The  nature  and  origin  of  volcanic  heat. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24, 
pp.  161-166,  August  10,  1906. 

Tiffany,  J.  E. 

2373.  Virginia  anthracite  field.  A region  showing  coal  formations,  the  values 
of  which  have  not  yet  been  thoroughly  proved  by  prospecting. — Mines  and 
Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  8,  pp.  349-350,  March,  1906. 

Tight,  W.  G. 

2374.  Pleistocene  phenomena  in  the  Mississippi  basin  ; a working  hypothesis. — 
Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America.  P>nll.,  vol.  17,  p.  7.30,  1907. 

2375.  Preglacial  drainage  in  the  Mississippi  ATilley ; a working  hypothesis. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  772-773,  May  17,  1907. 

Tilghman,  Benjamin  Chew. 

2376.  Coon  Butte,  Arizona. — Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  57,  pt.  3, 
pp.  887-914,  1906. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  “ crater  ” at  this  locality. 

The  geology  of  Coon  Butte,  Arizona. — See  Barringer  and  Tilghman,  no.  153. 
Todd,  James  E. 

2377.  Some  variant  conclusions  in  Iowa  geology. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  13,  pp.  183-186,  1906. 

Discusses  certain  geologic  features  in  Iowa  upon  which  the  writer  has  reached  different 
conclusions  from  those  previously  recorded  by  others. 

2378.  More  light  on  the  origin  of  the  Missouri  River  loess. — Iowa  Acad. 
Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  13,  pp.  187-194,  1906. 

Describes  a deposit  in  South  Dakota  formed  in  Lake  Dakota  in  late  glacial  time  and 
discusses  the  hearing  of  the  evidence  it  offers  and  that  of  similar  deposits  upon  the  origin 
of  the  loess. 

2379.  Recent  alluvial  changes  in  southwestern  Iowa. — Iowa  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  14,  pp.  257-266,  3 figs.,  1907. 

2380.  Effects  of  certain  characteristics  of  rocks  on  their  erosion. — Iowa  Acad. 
Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  14,  pp.  267-270,  1907. 

Tolman,  Cyrus  F.,  jr. 

2381.  Methods  of  investigating  iiroblems  in  faulting. — Min.  Mag.,  vol.  13,  no. 
2,  pp.  99-108.  6 figs.,  February,  1906. 

2382.  How  should  faults  be  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  5,  pp.  506-511,  1907. 

Tomlinson,  AV.  II. 

2383.  Determination  of  minerals  by  petrogra pineal  methods. — Mineral  Col- 
lector, vol.  13,  no.  6,  pp.  89-90,  August,  190(). 


1B3 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  ADliTFl  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1900-1907. 

Tovote,  W. 

2384.  Das  Pechbleiide-Vorkommeii  in  (iilpiii  County,  Colorado. — Oestor- 
reicliische  Zeitsclir.  f.  Berg-  und  Hiitteiiw.,  Jg.  54,  no  18,  pp.  223-224,  May  5, 
1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  pitchblende  in  Gilpin  County, 
Colorado. 

2385.  Ein  Ausflng  durcli  Boulder  County,  Colorado. — Oesterreicbisehe  Zeit- 
scbr.  f.  Berg-  und  Hiittenw.,  Jg.  54,  no.  22,  pp.  281-283,  2 figs.,  June  2,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  on  the  occurrence  of  the  wolfram  ores. 

2386.  Gold  Road,  die  bedeutendste  Goldgrube  Arizonas. — Oesterreicbisebe 
Zeitscbr.  f.  Berg-  und  Hiittenw.,  Jg.  54,  no.  42,  ))p.  549-5.50,  October  20,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  gold  and  the  mining  operations  at  Gold  Road,  Arizona. 

Tower,  Walter  Sbeldon. 

2387.  Regional  and  economic  geography  of  Pennsylvania.  I,  Physiography. — 
Philadelphia  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  4,  no.  2,  pp.  9-28,  1 pi.;  no.  3,  pp.  1-24  (11.3- 
136),  1 pi.;  no.  4,  pp.  12-36  (19.3-217),  2 figs.;  no.  .5,  pp.  2.5-35  (271-281),  1906. 

2388.  Regional  and  economic  geography  of  Pennsylvania.  Part  2.  Coal 
mining  and  iron  and  steel  industry. — Philadelphia  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no. 
2,  pp.  21-35,  April,  1907. 

Describes  the  structure  of  the  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  fields. 

2389.  Petroleum  and  minor  mineral  products  in  Pennsylvania. — Philadelphia, 
Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  3,  pp  24-41,  July,  1907. 

Travis,  Charles. 

2390.  Pyrite  from  Cornwall,  Lebanon  County,  Pennsylvania. — Am.  Philos. 
Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  45,  pp.  131-148,  10  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  crystallographic  features  of  two  varieties  of  Cornwall  pyrite. 

True,  Frederick  W. 

2391.  New  name  for  Pontoleon, — Washington  Biol.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  18,  p.  253, 
1905. 

Proposes  the  name  PontoUs  in  place  of  Pontoleon,  preoccupied,  given  to  a fossil  sea 
lion  from  Oregon. 

2392.  Description  of  a new  genus  and  species  of  fossil  seal  from  the  Miocene 
of  Maryland. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  835-840,  2 pis.,  1906. 

2393.  Remarks  on  the  type  of  the  fossil  cetacean  Agarophius  pygmwus 

(Muller). — City  of  Washington,  Smithsonian  Inst.,  Publ.  no.  1694,  1907.  8 

pp.,  1 pi. 

2394.  Observations  on  the  type  specimen  of  the  fossil  cetacean  Anoplonassa 
forcipata  Cope. — Harvard  Coll.,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Bull.,  vol.  51,  no.  4,  pp. 
97-106,  3 pis.,  1907. 

Trumbull,  L.  W. 

2395.  Sulphur  mining  and  refining  in  Wyoming. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol. 
27,  no.  7,  pp.  314-316,  5 figs.,  February,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  sulphur. 

2396.  Cement  plaster  industry  in  Wyoming. — Min.  World,  vol.  26,  p.  387, 
4 figs.,  March  23,  1907. 

Turner,  H.  H. 

2397.  The  times  and  places  of  earthquakes. — Pop.  Sci.  ^Monthly,  vol.  68, 
no.  6,  pp.  537-542,  June,  1906. 


184  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Turner,  H.  W. 

2398.  The  Terlingim  quicksilver  deposits. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp. 
265-281,  3 figs.,  December-January,  1905-1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  geologic  occurrence  of  the  oi-e  deposits,  the  char- 
acter and  extent  of  the  lodes,  the  origin  of  the  ores,  and  the  associated  minerals. 

2399.  The  ore  deposits  of  Copperopolis,  California. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  8,  pp.  797-799,  1907. 

2400.  The  sodium  nitrate  deposits  of  the  Colorado. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 
94,  pp.  634-635,  4 figs.,  May  18,  1907. 

2401.  Faulting  in  the  Red  Cloud  mine  [Idaho]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95, 
pp.  747-748,  3 figs.,  December  14,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  lead-silver  ores. 

Turner,  Scott. 

2402.  A simple  classification  of  igneous  rocks. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94, 
pp.  404-405,  March  30,  1907. 

Tyler,  Sydney. 

2403.  San  Francisco’s  great  disaster. — Philadelphia,  P.  W.  Ziegler  Co.,  1906. 
424  pp.,  illus.  . 

Includes  a chapter  by  R.  S.  Tarr  on  earthquakes  and  their  causes.  See  no.  2355. 
Tyrrell,  J.  Burr. 

2404.  A Canadian  Department  of  Mines  or  Geological  Survey. — Canadian 
Min.  Inst.,  Jour.,  vol.  9,  pp.  107-111,  1906. 

2405.  Vein  formation  at  Cobalt,  Ontario. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28, 
no.  12  (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  10),  pp.  301-303,  3 figs.,  August  1,  1907. 

2406.  Concentration  of  gold  in  the  Klondike. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  4, 
pp.  343-349,  2 figs.,  June,  1907 ; Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  15  (new  ser., 
vol.  1,  no.  13),  pp.  403-405,  4 figs.,  September  15,  1907. 

Udden,  Johan  August. 

2407.  The  origin  of  the  small  sand  mounds  in  the  Gulf  coast  country. — 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  849-851,  June  1,  1906. 

Describes  occurrence  and  character  of  these  mounds  and  suggests  hypotheses  for  their 
explanation. 

2408.  Report  on  a geological  survey  of  the  lands  belonging  to  the  New  York 
and  Texas  Land  Company  (Ltd.),  in  the  upper  Rio  Grande  emhayment  in 
Texas. — Augustana  Library  Publications,  Rock  Island,  111.,  no.  6,  pp.  51-107, 
7 pis.,  1 map,  1907. 

2409.  A sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  Chisos  country,  Brewster  County, 
Texas. — ITiiv.  of  Texas,  Bull.  no.  93  (Sci.  ser.  no.  11),  101  pp.,  April  15,  1907. 

Describes  the  physiography  of  the  region,  the  occurrence,  character,  relations,  and 
economic  value  of  Ordovician,  Carboniferous.  Cretaceous,  and  Tertiary  strata,  and  of 
igneous  rocks,  the  geologic  structure  and  history,  and  the  mineral  resources,  particularly 
quicksilver  and  coal. 

Udden,  Jon  A. 

2410.  The  Delafield  drill  core  [ Illinois]. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4,  pp.  203-211,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  strata  (coal  measures)  passed  through  in  the  drilling. 

Ulrich,  Edward  Oscar. 

2411.  Systematic  paleontology  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Maryland: 
Molluscoidea. — Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Pliocene  and  Pleistocene,  pp.  210-212, 
2 ligs.,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  185 


Ulrich,  Edward  Oscar,  and  Bassler,  Ray  S. 

2412.  New  American  Paleozoic  Ostracoda.  Notes  and  descriptions  of  upper 
Carboniferous  genera  and  species. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  30,  pp.  149-164,  1 
pi.,  1906. 

Underhill,  B.  M. 

2413.  The  evolution  of  the  horse. — Delaware  County  Institute  of  Science, 
vol.  2,  no.  4,  pp.  115-127,  2 figs.,  July,  1907  ; Sci.  Am.  Suppl.,  vol.  64,  pp.  412-414, 
5 figs.,  December  28,  1907. 

Underhill,  James. 

2414.  Areal  geology  of  the  lower  Clear  Creek  (Colorado). — Colorado  ITniv., 
Studies,  vol.  3,  no.  4,  pp.  263-376,  5 figs.,  1906;  Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8, 
pp.  103-122,  5 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography,  the  general  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  characters,  and 
relations  of  the  metamorphosed  igneous  rocks  occupying  the  area. 

Upham,  Warren.  ' 

2415.  Quaternary  history  of  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley. — Abstract:  Geol. 
Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  725-726,  1907. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Soils. 

2416.  Soil  survey  field  book.  Field  season,  1906.  319  pp. 

Contains  a classification  of  soils. 

Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils. — See  Whitney,  nos.  2570,  2571. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

2417.  The  San  PT’ancisco  earthquake  and  fire  of  April  18,  1906,  and  their 
effects  on  structures  and  structural  materials. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
324,  170  pp.,  57  pis.,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Contains  the  following  papers  : 

Preface,  by  Joseph  A.  Holmes,  pp.  xi-xii. 

The  earthquake  as  a natural  phenomenon,  by  G.  K.  Gilbert,  pp.  1-1.3. 

The  effects  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  on  various  structures  and  structural  materials,  by 
Richard  L.  Humphrey,  pp.  14-61. 

The  effects  of  the  earthquake  and  fire  on  buildings,  engineering  structures,  and  structural 
materials,  by  John  S.  Sewell,  pp.  62-130. 

The  earthquake  and  fire  and  their  effects  on  structural  steel  and  steel-frame  buildings, 
by  Frank  Soule,  pp.  131-158. 

List  of  papers  relating  to  the  earthquake  and  fire,  pp.  159-161. 

2418.  Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States,  calendar  year  1905,  1403  pp., 
1906. 

Contains  the  following  papers,  largely  statistical  in  character,  relating  to  the  produc- 
tion, condition  of  the  industry,  etc.,  but  also  in  some  cases  containing  notes  on  the 
geology  and  occurrence  of  the  products  treated  : 

Mineral  products  of  the  United  States  in  1904  and  1905,  pp.  23-41. 

Value,  by  States,  of  mineral  products  in  1905,  by  Wm.  Taylor  Thom,  pp.  42-52. 

(Metals.) 

Antimony,  by  C.  C.  Schnatterbeck,  pp.  435-439. 

Bismuth,  by  C.  C.  Schnatterbeck,  pp.  441-443. 

Copper,  by  Charles  Kirchhoff,  pp.  34.3-302. 

Gold  and  silver,  by  Y^aldemar  Lindgren  and  others,  pp.  11.3-341. 

Production  in  the  United  States,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  11.3-127. 

Alaska,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks,  j)p.  127-134, 

Arizona,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  134-162. 

California,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  162-185. 

Colorado,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  .pp.  185-214. 

Idaho,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  214-242. 

Montana,  by  Alexander  N.  Winched,  pp.  242-259. 

Nevada,  by  Charles  G.  Y'ale,  pp.  259-275. 


186  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  YOETH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey — Continued. 

Gold  and  silver — Continued. 

New  Mexico,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  275-284. 

Oregon,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  284—293. 

South  Dakota,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  293-297. 

Southern  Appalachian  States,  including  Alabama.  Georgia.  Maryland,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  and  Tennessee,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  297-304. 

Texas,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  304-305. 

Utah,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  305—331. 

Washington,  by  Charles  G.  Yale.  pp.  331-337. 

Wyoming,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren.  pp.  337-341. 

Iron  ores,  by  .John  Birkinbine,  pp.  53-87. 

Lead,  by  Charles  Kirchhoff,  pp.  363-370. 

Manganese  ores,  by  .John  Birkinbine.  pp.  87-111. 

Platinum,  by  F.  W.  Horton,  pp.  423-434. 

Quicksilver,  by  F.  W.  Horton,  pp.  393-404. 

Silver.  See  Gold  and  silver. 

Steel-hardening  metals,  by  Joseph  Hyde  I’ratt.  pp.  405-421. 

Tin,  by  Frank  L.  Hess.  pp.  44.5-451. 

Zinc,  by  Charles  Kirchhoff,  pp.  371-377. 

Zinc  and  lead  ores,  by  H.  Foster  Bain,  pp.  379-392. 

(Fuels.) 

Coal,  by  Edward  W.  Parker,  pp.  453-714. 

Coke,  by  Edward  W.  Parker,  pp.  715—766. 

Gas.  coke,  tar,  and  ammonia  at  gas  works  and  in  retort  coke  ovens,  by  Edward  W. 
Parker,  pp.  767-797. 

Natural  gas,  by  W.  T.  Griswold,  pp.  799-812. 

Petroleum,  by  W.  T.  Griswold,  pp.  81.3-920. 


(Structural  materials.) 

Cement : 

Advance  in  cement  technology,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  921-923. 
Statistics  of  cement  industry,  by  L.  L.  Kimball,  pp.  924-944. 
Clay-working  industries,  by  Jefferson  Middleton,  pp.  945-1002. 
Lime  and  sand-lime  brick,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  1003—1006. 

Sand  and  gravel,  by  A.  T.  Coons,  pp.  1007—1010. 

Slate,  pp.  1011-1020. 

Stone  industry,  by  A.  T.  Coons,  pp.  1021-1067. 

(Abrasive  materials.) 

Abrasive  materials,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  pp.  1069-1085. 

(Chemical  materials.) 

Arsenious  oxide,  by  C.  C.  Schnatterbeck,  pp.  1087-1089. 

Borax,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  1091-1096. 

Bromine,  by  Frederick  .1.  H.  Merrill,  pp,  1097-1098. 

Fluorspar  and  cryolite,  by  Edmund  Otis  Hovey,  pp.  1099-1103. 
Gypsum  and  gypsum  products,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  1105-1115. 
I’hosphate  rock,  by  Edmund  Otis  Hovey,  pp.  1117-1126. 

Salt,  by  Edmund  Otis  Hovey,  pp.  1127-1135. 

Sulphur  and  pyrite.  pp.  1137-1143. 

Barytes,  pp.  1145-1146. 

Mineral  paints,  pp.  1147-1154. 

(Miscellaneous.) 


Asbestos,  by  George  Otis  Smith,  pp.  115,5-1159. 

Asphaltum  and  bituminous  rock,  by  Edmund  Otis  Hovey,  pp.  1161-1169. 
Bauxite  and  'aluminum,  pp.  1171-1174. 

Black  sands,  by  David  T.  Day  and  B.  H.  Richards,  pp.  1175-1258. 
Carbon  dioxide,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  1259—1263. 

Graphite,  by  George  Otis  Smith,  pp.  1265-1269. 

Lithium  minerals,  by  Edmund  Otis  Hovey.  pp.  1271-1272. 

Magnesite,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  1273-1278. 

Mica,  by  George  Otis  Smith,  pp.  1279-1283. 

Mineral  waters,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  128,5-1308. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-190L  187 


U.  S.  Geological  Survey — Continued. 

Monazite  and  zircon,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  pp.  1313-1.317. 

Peat,  by  .Marius  R.  Campbell,  pp.  1319-1322. 

Precious  stones,  by  George  Frederick  Kunz,  pp.  1323-1358. 

Quartz  (flint)  and  feldspar,  by  Heinrich  Ries,  pp.  1359-1360. 

Talc  and  soapstone,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  pp.  1361-1368. 

2419.  Mineral  resources  of  the  United  States.  Calendar  year,  1906.  1307 

pp.,  2 figs.,  1907. 

Contains  the  following  papers,  largely  statistical  in  character,  relating  to  the  produc- 
tion, condition  of  the  industry,  etc.,  but  also  in  some  cases  containing  notes  on  the 
geology  and  occurrence  of  the  products  treated  : 

Introduction,  by  David  T.  Day  and  E.  W.  Parker,  pp.  9-12. 

Summary  of  mineral  production  of  the  United  States  in  1906,  compiled  by  \Vm.  Taylor 
Thom,  pp.  13-65. 

(Metals.) 

Antimony,  by  Frank  L.  Hess,  pp.  511-516. 

Bauxite  and  aluminum,  by  Ernest  F.  Burcbard,  pp.  501-510. 

Bismuth,  by  Frank  L.  Hess,  p.  517. 

Chromite  or  chromic  iron  ore,  by  Arthur  .7.  Collier,  pp.  541-542. 

Copper,  by  L.  G.  Graton,  pp.  373-438. 

Gold  and  silver,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren  and  others,  pp.  111-371. 

Production  in  the  United  States,  by  Waldemar  Lindgren,  pp.  111-134. 

Alaska,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks,  pp.  134-146. 

Arizona,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  147-177. 

California,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  178-198. 

Colorado,  by  Chester  Naramore,  pp.  199-240. 

Idaho,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  240-267. 

Montana,  by  Alexander  N.  Winchell,  pp.  267-287. 

Nevada,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  287-300. 

New  Mexico,  by  Chester  Naramore,  pp.  300-312. 

Oregon,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  312-318. 

South  Dakota,  by  Chester  Naramore,  pp.  319-323. 

Southern  Appalachian  States,  including  Alabama,  Georgia,  Maryland,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Virginia,  by  H.  D.  McCaskey,  pp.  323-333. 

Texas,  by  H.  D.  McCaskey,  pp.  333-334. 

Utah,  by  V.  C.  Heikes,  pp.  334-362. 

Vermont,  by  H.  D.  McCaskey,  p.  362. 

Washington,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  362-368. 

Wyoming,  by  Chester  Naramore,  pp.  368-371. 

Iron  ores,  pig  iron,  and  steel,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  67-102. 

Lead,  by  J.  M.  Boutwell,  pp.  439-457. 

Manganese  ores,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  103-109. 

Nickel,  cobalt,  tungsten,  vanadium,  molybdenum,  titanium,  uranium,  and  tantalum,  by 
Frank  L.  Hess,  pp.  519-540. 

Platinum,  by  David  T.  Day,  pp.  551-562. 

Quicksilver,  by  J.  M.  Boutwell,  pp.  491-499. 

Silver.  See  Gold  and  silver. 

Tin,  by  Frank  L.  Hess,  pp.  543-549. 

Zinc,  by  J.  M.  Boutwell,  pp.  459-489. 

(Fuels.) 

Coal,  by  E.  W.,  Parker,  pp.  56.3-753. 

Coke,  by  E.  W.  Parker,  pp.  755-809. 

Natural  gas,  by  B.  Hill,  pp.  811-826. 

Petroleum,  by  W.  T.  Griswold,  pp.  827-896. 

(Structural  materials.) 

Cement : 

Advances  in  cement  technology,  1906,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  897-905. 

Statistics  of  cement  industry  in  1906,  by  L.  L.  Kimball,  pj).  906-931. 

Clay-working  industries,  by  Jefferson  Middleton,  pp.  933-983. 

Glass  sand,  sand,  and  gravel,  by  Ernest  F.  Burchard,  pp.  993-1000. 

Lime  and  sand-lime  brick,  by  Edwin  C.  Eckel,  pp.  985-991. 

Slate,  by  A.  T.  Coons,  pp.  1001-1005. 

Stone,  by  A.  T.  Coons,  pp.  1007-1041. 


188  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907 


U.  S.  Geological  Survey — Contiuiied. 

(Abrasive  materials.) 

Abrasive  materials,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett.  pp.  1043-1054. 

(Chemical  materials.) 

Arsenic,  by  Fr.ank  L.  Hess,  pp.  1055-10.58. 

Barytes,  with  a note  on  strontium,  by  Ernest  F,  Burcharcl,  pp.  1109-1114. 

Borax,  by  Charles  O.  Yale.  pp.  1059-1062. 

Fluorspar  and  cryolite,  by  Ernest  F.  Burchard.  pp.  106.3-1067. 

Gypsum  and  gypsum  products,  by  Ernest  F.  Burchard,  pp.  1069-1078. 

Mineral  paints,  pp.  111.5—1122. 

Phosphate  rock  and  phosphorus : 

Phosphate  rock,  by  Myron  L.  Fuller,  pp.  1079-1084. 

Phosphorus,  by  George  W.  Stose,  pp.  1084-1O90. 

Salt  and  bromide,  by  A.  T.  Coons,  pp.  1091-1101. 

Sulphur  and  pyrite,  pp.  1108-1108. 

(Miscellaneous.) 

Asbestos,  by  .1.  S.  Diller,  pp.  112.3-1129. 

Asphalt  and  bituminous  rock,  by  .Joseph  A.  TafE.  pp.  11.31-1137. 

Graphite,  by  George  Otis  Smith,  pp.  1139-1143. 

Magnesite,  by  Charles  G.  Yale,  pp.  1145-1147. 

Mica,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett,  pp.  1149-1163. 

Mineral  waters,  by  Samuel  Sanford,  pp.  116.5-1194. 

Monazite  and  zircon,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett.  1195-1209. 

Peat,  by  Marius  R.  Campbell,  pp.  1211—1212. 

Precious  stones,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett.  pp.  121.3-1252. 

Quartz  (flint)  and  feldspar,  by  Edson  S.  Bastin,  pp.  1253-1270. 

Selenium,  by  Frank  L.  Hess.  p.  1271. 

Talc  and  soapstone,  by  Arthur  J.  Collier,  pp.  1273-1275. 

Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1005. — T.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  2S5, 
506  pp.,  13  pis.,  16  figs.,  1906. 

The  papers  in  this  bulletin  have  been  listed  under  the  individual  authors. 
Contributions  to  economic  geology.  1906.  Part  I.  Metals  and  nonmetals,  ex- 
cept fuels. — V,  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  31.5,  .505  pp.,  4 pis.,  20  figs.,  1907. 

The  papers  in  this  bulletin  have  been  listed  under  the  individual  authors. 
Contributions  to  economic  geology,  1906.  Part  II.  Coal,  lignite,  and  peat. — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316,  -543  pp.,  23  pis.,  6 figs.,  1907. 

The  papers  in  this  bulletin  have  been  listed  under  the  individual  authors. 

Report  on  progress  of  investigations  of  mineral  resources  of  Alaska  in  1906. — 
See  Brooks,  A.  H.,  and  others. 

Vallat,  B.  W. 

2420.  The  iron  ores  and  system  of  mining  at  Sunrise  mine,  Wyoming. — 
Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  S,  pp.  315-322,  6 pis.,  1907. 

Van  Hise,  Charles  Richard. 

2421.  The  problems  of  geology. — Congress  of  Arts  and  Science.  Fniversal 
Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  52.5-548,  1906. 

2422.  The  geology  of  the  Cobalt  district  [Ontario], — Abstract:  Canadian 
5Iin.  .lour.,  vol.  28,  no.  4 (new  ser..  vol.  1,  no.  2),  pp.  44—15,  April  1.  1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  the  silver-cobalt  ores,  and  their  geologic  relations. 

Report  of  a special  committee  on  the  correlation  of  the  pre-Cambrian  rocks 
of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  “original  Laurentian  area”  of  Canada,  and 
eastern  Ontario, — See  Adams  and  others,  no.  13. 

Van  Horn,  F.  B. 

2423.  The  mineral  production  of  Illinois  in  1905. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, 14  pjb  1906. 

2424.  Limestones  available  for  fertilizers. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  4.  i>p.  177-183,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  189 


Van  Wagenen,  H,  R. 

2425.  Tungsten  in  Colorado. — Colorado  School  of  Mines,  Bull.,  vol.  3,  no.  2, 
pp.  138-169,  2 figs.,  January,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  In  Colorado  of  ores  containing  tungsten. 

Vaux,  George,  and  Vaux,  William  S. 

2426.  Les  variations  periodiques  des  glaciers,  1905.  British  Columbia  and 
Alberta. — Zeitschr  f.  Gletscherkunde,  Bd.  1,  Heft  3,  p.  180,  1906. 

Gives  a short  account  of  the  condition  in  1905  of  the  glaciers  of  British  Columbia 
and  Alberta. 

2427.  Observations  made  in  1906  on  glaciers  in  Alberta  and  British  Colum- 
bia.— Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  58,  pp.  568-579,  5 pis.,  1907. 

2428.  Observations  made  in  1907  on  glaciers  in  Alberta  and  British  Colum- 
bia.— Philadelphia,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  59,  pt.  3,  pp.  560-563,  1907. 

Vaux,  William  S. 

2429.  Modern  glaciers : their  movements  and  the  methods  of  observing 
them. — Philadelphia,  Eng.  Club,  Proc.,  vol.  24,  no,  3,  pp.  259-283,  13  figs.,  July, 
1907. 

Veatch,  Arthur  C. 

2430.  On  the  human  origin  of  the  small  mounds  of  the  lower  Mississippi 
Valley  and  Texas. — Science  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  34-36,  January  5,  1906. 

Describes  character  and  occurrence  of  these  mounds  and  states  objections  to  con- 
sidering them  of  human  origin. 

2431.  Long  Island  water  resources. — Supplement  to  the  Taxpayer  [Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.j,  April  21,  1906.  15  pp.,  6 figs. 

An  account  of  the  geologic  structure  and  history  of  Long  Island  and  its  underground 
water  resources. 

2432.  Age  and  type  localities  of  the  supposed  Jurassic  fossils  collected  north 
of  Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming,  by  Fremont  in  1843. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol. 
21,  pp.  457-460,  June,  1906. 

2433.  Fluctuations  of  the  water  level  in  wells,  with  special  reference  to  Long 
Island,  New  York. — IT.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  W.-S.  and  Irrig.  Paper  no.  155,  83  pp., 
9 pis.,  17  figs.,  1906. 

2434.  Outlines  of  the  geology  of  Long  Island  [New  York]. — U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  44,  pp.  15-52,  10  pis.,  20  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations  of  Creta- 
ceous, Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  deposits  and  the  geologic  history  of  Long  Island. 

2435.  Underground  water  conditions  of  Long  Island. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Prof.  Paper  no.  44,  pp.  53-85,  9 pis.,  16  figs.,  1906. 

2436.  Geology  and  underground  water  resources  of  northern  Louisiana  and 
southern  Arkansas. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  46,  422  pp.,  51  pis., 
33  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  geologic  history  and  structure,  the  occurrence,  character,  and  relations 
of  Cretaceous,  Tertiary,  and  Quaternary  formations,  the  general  underground  water 
conditions  and  principal  water-bearing  horizons,  and  the  underground  water  prospects 
by  counties. 

2437.  Coal  and  oil  in  southern  Uinta  County,  AYyo. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  285,  pp.  331-353,  3 pis.  (maps  and  sections),  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  area  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and 
geologic  relations  of  coal  beds  and  of  petroleum. 

2438.  Geology  and  underground  water  resources  of  northern  Louisiana  with 
notes  on  adjoining  districts. — Louisiana,  Geol. , Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  209  pp.,  26 
pis.,  18  figs.,  1906. 

This  paper  is  made  up  of  excerpts  from  Professional  Paper  no.  46  of  the  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical Survey.  See  no.  24.36. 


190  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Veatch,  Artliur  C. — Continued. 

2439.  On  the  origin  and  definition  of  the  geologic  term  “ Laramie.” — Jour. 
Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  526-549,  1907.  Abstract : Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser., 
vol.  24,  pp.  18-22,  July,  1907. 

2440.  Coal  fields  of  east-central  Carbon  County,  Wyo. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  316,  pp.  244-260,  1 pL,  1907. 

Veatch,  Arthur  C.,  and  Bowman,  Isaiah. 

2441.  Well  records  on  Long  Island. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  44, 
pp.  116-337,  11  pis.,  7 figs.,  1906. 

Veatch,  Otto. 

2442.  The  term  “ colluvial  *’  as  applied  to  clay  deposits. — Science,  new  ser., 
vol.  24,  p.  782,  December  14,  1906. 

Defines  the  term  and  explains  the  origin  of  the  material  to  which  it  is  applied. 

2443.  Kaolins  and  fire  clays  of  central  Georgia. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  315,  pp.  303-314,  1 fig.,  1907. 

Verri,  A. 

2444.  Le  eruzioni  della  Montagna  Pelee  e del  vulcano  Laziale. — Soc.  geol. 
italiana.  Boll.,  vol,  24,  pp.  84-88,  1905. 

Describes  phenomena  attending  the  eruption  of  Mont  Pele  in  1902. 

Verrill,  Addison  E. 

2445.  The  Bermuda  Islands.  Part  IV,  Geology  and  paleontology,  and  Part 
A’,  An  account  of  the  coral  reefs. — Connecticut  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol. 
12,  pp.  45-348,  25  pis.,  180  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  geologic  structure,  the  occurrence  and  relation  of  the  Tertiary  and  later 
deposits,  the  geologic  history  of  the  islands,  and  invertebrate  fossils. 

Vicaire,  A. 

2446.  Les  gisements  petroliferes  des  Etats  Unis. — Soc.  de  ITnd.  min.,  St. 
Etienne,  Bull.,  4®  ser.,  t.  4,  pp.  681-849,  5 pis.,  11  figs.,  1905 ; t.  7,  pp.  433^88, 
3 pis.,  5 figs.,  1907. 

An  extended  account  of  the  petroleum  industry  and  petroleum  deposits  of  the  United 
States. 

Vigier,  ATctor  von. 

Sobre  la  aplicacion  de  la  potasa  caustica  a la  preparacion  de  fosiles. — See 
Bose  and  Vigier,  no.  269. 

Villafana,  Andres. 

2447.  El  volcau  Jorullo. — Mexico,  Inst.  Geol.,  Parergoues,  t.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  73- 
130,  8 pis.,  1907. 

Describes  situation,  topography,  geologic  structure,  and  petrography  of  the  volcano 
Jorullo,  in  Mexico. 

Villarello,  Juan  D. 

2448.  Descripcion  de  las  minus  “ Santiago  y anexas  ” de  Estado  de  Michoacan 
[Mexico]. — Soc.  cient.  ‘Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  j’  Rev.,  t.  22,  pp.  125-140,  3 
pis.,  1 fig.,  1905. 

Describes  the  geology,  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the  gold  and  silver  ores. 

2449.  Reseiia  del  mineral  de  Arzate  (Estado  de  Durango). — Soc.  cient. 
“Antonio  Alzate.”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  23,  pp.  211-240,  1905. 

Describes  the  geology,  the  mines,  and  the  occurrence  and  origin  of  the  ore  deposits, 

2450.  Descripcion  de  algunas  minas  de  Zacualpan  (Estado  de  Alexico). — 
Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  23,  pp,  2.51-266.  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  origin  of  the  ore 
deposits. 


BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NOETH  AMEEICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  191 


Villarello,  Juan  D. — Coiitiiiuecl. 

2451.  Description  des  mines  “ La  Bella  Union,”  (Etat  de  Guerrero).  Genese 
des  gisements  de  mercure. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y.  Rev.,  t.  23, 
pp.  395-411,  1905, 

Describes  the  local  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  origin  of  the  mercury 
ores. 

2452.  Aplicacion  de  la  flnoresceina  a cuestiones  de  salnbridad  ptiblica. — 
Soc.  cient,  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  24,  no.  2,  pp.  51-62,  August,  1906. 

Discusses  the  use  of  fluorescein  in  the  study  of  underground  waters. 

2453.  Un  nuevo  fluoroscopio. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev., 
t.  24,  no.  2,  pp.  63-72,  1 fig.,  August,  1906. 

Describes  a new  fluoroscope  for  use  in  the  study  of  underground  waters. 

2454.  Hidrologia  subterranea  de  las  cercanias  de  Jiutepec  (Estado  de  More- 
los) [Mexico]. — Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y Rev.,  t.  24,  no.  4,  pp. 
159-171,  October,  1906. 

Discusses  underground  waters  in  the  environs  of  Jiutepec,  State  of  Morelos,  Mexico. 

2455.  Le  mineral  de  Mapinn  [Mexico]. — X*"  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des 
Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XVIIl,  18  pp.,  2 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  character,  occurrence,  relations,  and  genesis  of  the  ore  deposits. 

2456.  Le  mineral  d’Aranzazu  (Etat  de  Zacatecas). — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern., 
Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXV,  29  pp.,  3 pis.,  1906. 

Describes  the  local  geology,  and  the  occurrence,  character,  and  origin  of  the  copper 
ores,  and  the  mines. 

2457.  Sur  le  remplissage  de  quelques  gisements  metalliferes. — Congr.  geol. 
intern.,  C.  R.,  10®  sess.,  Mexico,  1906,  pp.  533-553,  1907. 

2458.  Hidrologia  subterranea  de  los  alrededores  de  Queretaro  [Mexico]. — 
Mexico,  Secretaria  de  Fomento,  Bol.,  2^  epoca,  ano  7,  no.  4,  IV,  pp.  65-81 ; no.  5, 
IV,  pp.  84-96,  3 pis.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  underground  water  resources  of  Queretaro. 

2459.  Geologie  chimique  des  gisements  de  soufre  de  MapimI,  Etat  de  Du- 
rango.— Soc.  cient.  “Antonio  Alzate,”  Mem.  y.  Rev.,  t.  26,  no.  4,  pp.  115-145, 1907. 

Discusses  the  origin  of  sulphur  deposits. 

Villarello,  .1.  D.,  Flores,  T.,  and  Robles,  R. 

2460.  Etude,  de  la  Sierra  de  Guanajuato  [Mexico]. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern., 
Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XV,  33  pp.,  2 pis.  (geol.  map  and  sections), 

1906. 

Includes  an  account  of  the  ore  deposits. 

Vogdes,  Anthony  Wayne. 

2461.  Bibliographical  sketch  of  Dr.  *John  B.  Trask,  first  state  geologist 
of  California. — San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  1,  no.  2,  pp.  27-30,  1 pi.  (port.), 

1907. 

Gives  a sketch  of  his  life  (1824-1879)  and  a list  of  his  geological  and  paleontological 
publications. 

2462.  The  genus  Encrinurus : its  history,  its  species,  its  proper  division  in 
the  family  of  trilobites. — San  Diego  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Trans.,  vol.  1,  no.  2,  pp. 
61-82,  3 pis.,  1907. 

Wade,  William  Rogers. 

2463.  Burro  Mountain  copper  district  [New  Mexico]. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  355-356,  5 figs.,  August  24,  1907. 

Waitz,  Paul. 

2464.  Phenonienes  postparoxysmiques  du  San  Andres,  Michoacan. — X®  Congr. 
geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  X,  29  pp.,  1906. 


192  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Waitz,  Paul — Continued. 

2465.  Les  geysers  d’lxtlan,  Michoacan. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern.,  Guide  des 
Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XII,  22  pp.,  4 pis.,  1906. 

2466.  Le  volcaii  de  Colima. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions, 
Mexico,  no.  XIII,  28  pp.,  4 pis.,  1 tig.,  1906. 

2467.  Esquisse  geologique  et  petrograpliique  des  environs  de  Hidalgo  del 
Parral. — X®  Congr.  geol.  intern..  Guide  des  Excursions,  Mexico,  no.  XXI,  21 
pp.,  5 pis.  (incl.  geol.  map  and  sections),  1906. 

2468.  Algunos  experimentos  en  geyseres  artificiales. — Soc.  Geol.  Mexicana, 
BoL,  t.  2,  pp.  71-85,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Describes  experiments  with  artificial  geysers. 

Walcott,  Charles  D. 

2469.  Cooperation  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  state  mining 
bureaus. — Am.  Min.  Cong.,  8th  Ann.  Sess.,  pp.  82-98,  1906 ; Min.  World,  vol.  23, 
no.  21,  pp.  577-579,  November  25,  1905. 

2470.  Algonkian  formations  of  northwestern  Montana. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  1-28,  11  pis.,  1906. 

Describes  and  correlates  Algonkian  sections  in  Montana. 

2471.  Twenty-seventh  annual  report  of  the  Director  of  the  United  States 

Geological  Survey  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  1905-6.  AVashington,  Gov- 
ernment I*rinting  Office,  1906.  104  pp.,  24  pis.  (maps). 

Outlines  the  work  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 
1906. 

2472.  Principles  which  govern  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  in  its 
relations  with  other  geological  surveys  and  working  geologists. — Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  692-693,  Noveml)er  30,  1906. 

2473.  Louis  Agassiz. — Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  50  (Quart.  Issue,  vol.  4, 
pt.  2),  pp.  216-218,  1 pi.  (port.),  1907. 

Correspondence  relating  to  the  survey  of  the  coal  fields  of  Arkansas. — See 
Brainier,  no.  287. 

The  policy  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  its  bearing  upon  science  and 
education. — See  Branner,  no.  288. 

Walker,  T.  L. 

2474.  [Report  on]  the  Muskoka  district. — Canada,  Geol.  Sprvey,  Summ., 
Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  84-86,  1906. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  geology  of  the  region  examined. 

Walsh,  George  E. 

2475.  Prospecting  for  rare  metals  and  earths. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  94, 

pp.  218-219,  February  16,  1907.  # 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  rare  earths. 

Walter,  Paul  A.  E. 

[Physiography  and  geology  of  New  Mexico]. — See  Frost  and  Walter,  no.  902. 
Ward,  Henry  Baldwin. 

2476.  Peculiarities  of  the  “ Nebraska  man.” — Putnam’s  Alonthly,  pp.  410- 
41.3,  3 figs.,  January,  1907. 

Preliminary  report  on  the  primitive  man  of  Nebraska. — See  Barbour  and 
Ward,  no.  142. 

Warner,  ,T.  II. 

2477.  The  Waterloo  quartzite. — Min.  AVorld,  vol.  22,  no.  16,  pp.  420-422, 
2 figs.,  A])ril  22,  1JM)5. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  pre-Cambrian  strata  in  southern  Wisconsin. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  l'.)0G-1907. 


193 


Warren,  Charles  H. 

2478.  The  minera logical  examination  of  sands. — Tech.  Quart.,  vol.  19,  no.  4, 
pp.  317-338,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  methods  employed  to  examine  sands  for  minerals  and  of  the 
characters  of  .the  minerals  found. 

On  yttrocrasite,  a new  yttrium-thorium-uranium  titanate. — See  Hidden  and 
Warren,  no.  1143. 

Warwick,  A.  W. 

2479.  Notes  on  mining  conditions  in  and  a section  across  the  Sierra  Madre 
Mountains  in  Mexico. — Colorado  Sci.  Soc.,  Proc.,  vol.  8,  pp.  123-156,  5 pis.,  1906. 

Includes  data  upon  the  geologic  structure  of  the  Sierra  Madre  and  the  occurrence  and 
character  of  the  rocks,  mainly  of  volcanic  origin. 

2480.  Topographical  and  other  notes  on  the  Choix-Guadalupe  y Calvo  mining 
districts  [Mexico]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  686-688,  2 figs.,  November 
30,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology. 

Washburne,  Chester  W. 

2481.  Thomas  Condon. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  3,  pp.  280-282,  1907. 
Gives  a brief  account  of  his  life  (1822-1907)  and  a list  of  his  writings. 

Washington,  Henry  S. 

2482.  The  formation  of  leucite  in  igneous  rocks. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15, 
pp.  257-279,  357-395,  3 pis.,  1 fig.,  1907. 

The  texture  of  igneous  rocks. — See  Cross,  Iddings,  Pirsson,  Washington, 
no.  608. 

Contributions  to  the  geology  of  New  Hampshire : no.  II,  Petrography  of  the 
Belknap  Mountains. — See  Pirsson  and  Washington,  no.  1934. 

Occurrence  of  diamonds  in  Arkansas. — See  Kunz  and  Washington,  no.  1444. 
Note  on  the  forms  of  Arkansas  diamonds. — See  Kunz  and  Washington,  no. 
1445. 

Washington,  University  of. 

The  School  of  Mines  series  of  rock  specimens  from  the  State  of  Washington. — 
See  Roberts,  Milnor,  and  others,  no.  2071. 

Watson,  Thomas  Leonard. 

2483.  A preliminary  report  on  the  ocher  deposits  of  Georgia. — Georgia  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  1.3,  81  pp.,  11  pis.,  2 figs.,  5 maps,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy  and  geologic  structure  of  the  Cartersville  district,  the  geo- 
graphic distribution,  geologic  position,  and  genesis  of  the  ocher  deposits,  the  composition 
and  physical  properties  of  the  ocher,  and  the  economic  developments. 

2484.  Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  the  Virginia-Tennessee  region. — Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  36,  pp.  681-737,  29  figs.,  1906  (Bi-Mo.  Bull.,  no.  8,  pp. 
139-195,  29  figs.,  March,  1906).  Abstract:  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  pp. 
17-19,  63-65,  3 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  of  the  region,  the  distribution  of  the  ore  deposits,  and  the 
alteration,  mode  of  occurrence,  and  origin  of  the  ores.  Adds  a bibliography. 

2485.  Lithological  characters  of  the  Virginia  granites. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  17,  pp.  52.3-540,  4 pis.,  7 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  and  lithologic  characters  of  various  types  of  granite  occurring 
in  the  Piedmont  region  of  Virginia. 

2486.  Occurrence  of  unakite  in  a new  locality  in  Virginia. — xVm.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  p.  248,  September,  1906. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 13 


194  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Watson,  Thomas  Leonard — Continued. 

2487.  The  copper  deposits  of  Virginia. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp. 
824-825,  2 figs.,  November  3,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  copper  ores  in  various  parts  of  the  State. 

The  Virginia  copper  deposits. — See  Weed  and  AVatson,  no.  2504. 

2488.  Fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo.  Bull., 
no.  13,  p.  77,  January,  1907 ; Trans.,  vol.  37,  p.  890,  1907. 

A brief  note  in  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  fluorite  and  barite  in  Tennessee. 

2489.  On  a dike  of  diabase  in  the  Potsdam  sandstone  in  the  A'alley  of  \ir- 
ginia. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  89-90,  February,  1907. 

Refers  briefly  to  recorded  occurrences  of  dikes  penetrating  Paleozoic  rocks  of  ATrginia 
and  describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  an  igneous  rock  in  Cambrian  sandstone  in 
Augusta  County,  Virginia. 

2490.  The  occurrence  of  nickel  in  A'irginia. — Am.  Inst.  ^lin.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo. 
Bull.,  no.  17,  pp.  829-843,  8 figs.,  September,  1907. 

2491.  Geology  of  the  ATrginia  barite  deposits. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Bi-Mo. 
Bull.,  no.  18,  pp.  953-976,  9 figs.,  November,  1907. 

2492.  Occurrence  of  rutile  in  A'irginia. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  5,  pp. 
493-504,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  rutile  deposits  near 
Roseland,  Nelson  County,  ATrginia. 

2493.  Mineral  resources  of  A'irginia. — The  A'irginia  Jamestown  Exposition 

Commission,  Lynchburg,  1907.  618  pp.,  83  pis.  (inch  maps),  101  figs. 

The  section  on  cement  and  cement  nriaterials  is  by  R.  S.  Bassler  (pp.  SG-16T),  on 
clays  by  Heinrich  Ries  (pp.  167-187),  and  on  iron  bj’^  R.  J.  Holden  (pp.  402-491). 

Watson,  Thomas  Leonard,  and  Laney,  Francis  B.,  with  the  collaboration  of 
George  P.  Merrill. 

2494.  The  building  and  ornamental  stones  of  North  Carolina. — North  Carolina 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  2,  283  pp.,  32  pis.,  11  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  varieties,  distribution,  geologic  relations,  character,  microscopic  struc- 
ture, and  weathering  qualities  of  the  building  stones. 

Weatherbe,  D’Arcy. 

2495.  Boring  machines. — Nova  Scotia,  Dept,  of  Mines,  Kept,  for  1904,  pp. 
82-93,  1905. 

Contains  records  of  strata  passed  through  in  borings  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Webster,  Clement  L. 

2496.  Description  of  a new  genus  [^Vesten^a^  of  gastropod  from  the  Hack- 
berry  group  of  Iowa. — Iowa  Naturalist,  vol.  1,  no.  3,  pp.  54-55,  July,  1905. 

2497.  Description  of  new  species  of  gastropods  from  the  lower  and  middle 
beds  of  the  Hackberry  group  of  Iowa. — Iowa  Naturalist,  vol.  2,  no.  1,  pp.  2—4, 
January,  1906. 

Weed,  AValter  Harvey. 

2498.  Shifting  of  the  continental  divide  at  Butte,  Montana. — Abstract:  Geol. 
.Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  p.  587,  1906. 

2499.  The  copper  mines  ^f  the  Fnited  States  in  1905. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  285,  pp.  93-124.  2 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  condition  of  the  copper  indusiry  in  the  T'nited  States,  and  the 
geology,  character,  occurrence,  and  other  features  of  the  copper  ores  of  the  several  States. 

2500.  Ore  shoots. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  p.  196,  3 figs.,  August  1, 
190(>. 

Discusses  the  localization  of  pay  ore  in  ore  shoots. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  lU0G-it)O7. 


U)5 


Weed,  Walter  Harvey — Continued. 

2501.  The  copper  mines  of  the  United  States. — Min.  and  Sci.  I’ress,  vol.  93, 
pp.  484-485,  1 fig.,  October  20,  1900. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geologic  occurrence  of  copper  ores. 

2502.  The  copper  mines  of  the  world. — New  York,  Hill  Publishing  Company, 
1907.  375  pp.,  159  tigs. 

Includes  accounts  of  the  copper  districts  of  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico. 

2503.  Mutual  displacement  by  intersecting  veins. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol. 
83,  pp.  1145-1146,  4 figs.,  June  15,  1907. 

Weed,  Walter  Harvey,  and  Watson,  Thomas  Leonard. 

2504.  The  Virginia  copper  deposits. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  4,  pp.  309- 
330,  10  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  distribution  of  copper  deposits  in  Virginia,  the  character  of  the  deposits 
and  associated  rocks,  and  the  origin  of  the  ores. 

Weeks,  Fred  Boughton. 

2505.  Bibliography  and  index  of  North  American  geology,  paleontology, 
petrology,  and  mineralogy  for  the  years  1901-1905,  inclusive. — U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  301,  770  pp.,  1906. 

2506.  Stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  Uinta  Range. — Geol.  Soc.  America, 
Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  427-448,  6 pis.,  3 figs.,  November,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  pre-Cambrian,  Paleozoic,  Mesozoic,  and 
Tertiary  formations,  and  the  geologic  structure  of  the  region. 

Weeks,  F.  B.,  and  Terrier,  W.  F. 

2507.  Phosphate  deposits  in  western  United  States. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull, 
no.  315,  pp.  449M:62,  1 pL,  3 figs.,  1907.  Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp. 
620-621,  April  19,  1907. 

Wegener,  Georg. 

2508.  Eiiiige  neue  Aufuahmen  vom  Mont  Pele. — Gesell.  f.  Erdk.  zu  Berlin, 
Zeitschr.,  1903,  no.  6,  pp.  431-M33,  4 pis.,  1903. 

Describes  observations  made  upon  Mont  Pele  in  March,  1903. 

2509.  Am  Mont  Pele  ini  Miirz,  1903. — Geog.  Zeitschr.,  Jg.  9,  Heft.  10,  pp.  545- 
559,  October,  1903. 

Describes  observations  on  Mont  Pele  in  March,  1903. 

2510.  Reisen  im  Westindischen  Mittelmeer.  Fahrten  und  Studien  in  den 
Antilleii,  Colombia,  Panama,  and  Costarica  im  Jahre  1903.  Zweite  Auflage. 
Berlin,  Allgemeiner  Verein  fiir  Deutsche  Literatur,  1904.  302  pp.,  45  figs. 

An  account  of  travels  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  Includes  notes  on  the 
physiography  of  the  regions  visited  and  a description  of  Mont  Pele  on  the  Island  of 
Martinique. 

Weidman,  Samuel. 

2511.  Irvingite,  a new  variety  of  lithia-mica. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  voi. 
23,  pp.  451-454,  June,  1907. 

2512.  The  geology  of  north  central  Wisconsin. — Wisconsin  Geol.  and  Nat. 
Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  16,  697'pPv  76  pis.  (inch  maps),  38  figs.,  1907. 

Describes  in  detail  the  distribution,  relations,  and  petrographic  characters  of  pre- 
Cambrian  sedimentary  and  igneous  intrusive  rocks  and  of  Cambrian  strata,  the  glacial 
geology,  and  the  physiography  of  the  area, 

Weidman,  Samuel,  and  Lenher,  Victor. 

2513.  Marignacite,  a new  variety  of  pyrochlore  from  Wausau,  Wisconsin. — 
Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  287-292,  3 figs.,  April,  1907. 

Describes  the  characters  and  composition  of  this  mineral  occurring  in  a quartz-bear- 
ing  pegmatite  from  northern  Wisconsin, 


196  BIBLIOGKA*L»HY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  11)06-1907. 


Weller,  Chas.  A. 

2514.  Barytes  mines  of  the  Commercial  Mining  and  Milling  Company  [Ten- 
nessee].— Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  p.  851,  2 tigs.,  May  4,  1907. 

Weller,  Stuart. 

2515.  Classification  of  the  upper  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey. — 
Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  16,  p.  579,  1906. 

2516.  Fauna  of  the  Cliffwood  clays. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc.  .America  Bull., 
vol.  16,  p.  580,  1906. 

2517.  The  geological  map  of  Illinois. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  1, 
26  pp.  and  geol.  map,  1906. 

The  letterpress  accompanying  the  map  gives  a general  account  of  the  stratigraphy  of 
the  State  and  of  the  materials  used  in  compiling  the  map. 

2518.  Geologic  structure  of  the  State  [of  Illinois]. — Illinois  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Bull.  no.  2,  pp.  21-22,  1 pL,  1906. 

Discusses  more  particularly  the  axes  of  deformation  of  the  State  and  briefly  describes 
the  principal  geological  formations. 

2519.  Kinderhook  faunal  studies.  IV.  The  fauna  of  the  Glen  Park  lime- 
stone.— St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  16,  no.  7,  pp.  435-471,  2 pis.,  1906. 

A description  of  the  geologic  section  near  Glen  Park  station,  Missouri,  from  which  the 
fossils  were  obtained,  precedes  their  systematic  descriptions  and  a discussion  of  the 
time  relations  of  the  fauna  and  of  the  distribution  of  Kinderhook  faunas. 

2520.  A report  on  the  Cretaceous  paleontology  of  New  Jersey,  based  upon 
the  stratigraphic  studies  of  George  N.  Knapp. — -New  Jersey  Geol.  Survey, 
Paleontology  series,  vol.  4,  Text,  871  pp..  Plates,  pp.  875-1106,  111  pis.,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  correlation  of  New  .Jersey  Cretaceous  formations,  with 
an  analysis  of  their  faunas,  including  lists  of  species,  and  the  classification  and  corre- 
lation of  the  faunas,  and  gives  descriptions  of  the  invertebrate  fossils. 

2521.  The  paleontology  of  the  Niagaran  limestone  in  the  Chicago  area  : The 
Trilobita.— Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  Nat.  Hist.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  pt.  2,  pp.  161-281, 
10  pis.,  1907. 

2522.  The  pre-Richmond  unconformity  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. — Jour.  Geol- 
ogy, vol.  15,  no.  6,  pp.  519-525,  1 fig.,  1907. 

2523.  Notes  on  the  geology  of  southern  Calhoun  County  [Illinois]. — Illinois 
State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  pp.  219-233,  1907. 

2524.  The  geological  map  of  Illinois  (second  edition). — Illinois  State  Geol. 
Survey,  Bull.  no.  6,  34  pp.  and  geol.  map  (in  pocket),  1907. 

Wells,  Horace  L. 

2525.  Samuel  Lewis  Penfield  [died  August  12,  1906]. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
24,  pp.  252-253,  August  24,  1906. 

Wemple,  Edna  M. 

2526.  New  cestraciont  teeth  from  the  west-American  Triassic. — California 
Univ.,  Dept.  Geol.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  4.,  pp.  71-73,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Wendebom,  B.  A. 

2527.  I)er  Ducktown-Kupfergrubendistrict  in  den  Vereinigten  Staaten  von 
Nordanierika. — Berg-  und  hiittenm.  Zeitung,  Jg.  62,  no.  7,  pp.  86-88,  February 
13,  1903. 

Describes  the  geological  relations,  characters,  and  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores  of 
the  Ducktown,  Tenn.,  copper  district. 

Westgate,  Lewis  G. 

2528.  Abrasion  by  glaciers,  rivers,  and  waves. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  2, 
pp.  113-120,  3 figs.,  1907. 


BTBLTOGEAPIIY  OF  NOKTH  AMEKICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  197 


Wheeler,  Arthur  O. 

2529.  Nakimii  caves  [British  Coliiiiibia ]. — ('aiiada.  Dept,  of  the  Interior, 
Kept.  Surveyor-General  for  1906,  pp.  103-117,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Wheeler,  H.  A. 

2530.  The  fire-clays  of  Missouri. — Am.  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  Trans.,  vol.  35,  pp. 
720-734,  1905.  Abstract : Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  78,  pp.  834-835,  November 
24,  1904. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  composition  of  fire-clays  of  Missouri. 

2531.  The  Wisconsin  zinc  district:  an  old  lead  and  zinc  producing  district 
which  modern  machinery  and  methods  have  rendered  profitable. — Mines  and 
Minerals,  vol.  26,  no.  8,  pp.  368-372,  1 fig.,  March,  1906. 

Describes  the  geology  of  the  district,  and  the  occurrence  and  character  of  the  deposits. 

2532.  Is  the  drilling  sufficiently  deep  in  the  Wisconsin  zinc  region? — Eng. 
and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  167-168,  July  28,  1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  of  zinc  ores  below  the  Galena  horizon. 

Wheeler,  W.  M. 

2533.  The  expedition  to  Colorado  for  fossil  insects. — Am.  Mus.  Jour.,  vol. 
6,  no.  4,  pp.  199-203,  5 figs.,  October,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  fossils  at  Florissant  and  the  deposits 
in  which  they  occur. 

Wheeler,  Ward  H. 

Dolomite  and  magnesite  with  reference  to  the  separation  of  calcium  and 
magnesium. — See  Knight  and  Wheeler,  no.  1414. 

Wherry,  Edgar  T. 

2534.  Note  on  luminescent  spodumene. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  14,  no.  2, 
pp.  31-32,  April,  1907. 

2535.  A new  occurrence  of  scapolite. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  14,  no.  3,  pp. 
37-39,  May,  1907. 

Describes  scapolite  from  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

2536.  How  quartz  crystals  form. — Mineral  Collector,  vol..  14,  no.  10,  pp.  145- 
151,  December,  1907. 

Directory  of  mineral  localities  in  and  around  Philadelphia. — See  Benge  and 
Wherry,  no.  203. 

White,  Americus  Frederic. 

2537.  Composition  of  the  waters  of  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia,  and  their 
relation  to  the  geological  formations.  Thesis  presented  to  Washington  and  Lee 
University.  Winchester,  Ya.,  George  F.  Norton  Publishing  Co.,  1906.  38  pp.,  1 pi. 
White,  Charles  A. 

2538.  Die  Mutationstheorie  und  die  Palaontologie. — Natnr  und  Schule, 
Leipzig,  Jahrg.  3,  pp.  248-253,  1901  [not  seen]. 

2539.  Memoir  of  Fielding  Bradford  Meek,  1817-1876. — Nat.  Acad.  Sci.,  Biog. 
Memoirs,  vol.  4,  pp.  7.5-91,  1902. 

Includes  a list  of  his  writings. 

2540.  Biographical  memoir  of  John  Strong  Newberry,  1822-1892.  (Read 
before  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  April  17,  1902.)  Washington,  1906. — 
[Nat.  Acad.  Sci.,  Biog.  Mem.,  vol.  6]  pp.  1-24,  1 pi.  (port.). 

Includes  a list  of  his  published  papers. 

White,  David. 

2541.  A source  of  hydrocarbons  in  the  Ordovician. — Abstract : Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  814-816,  May  25,  1906. 


198  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^  190G-1C07. 


White,  David — Continued. 

2542.  Geological  i-'ositiou  of  the  principal  insect-bearing  localiti(‘S  of  the 
American  I’aleozoic. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  29,  pp.  664-668,  1906. 

2543.  Report  on  fossil  plants  [from  the  Cape  Lisbnrne  region,  Alaska). — 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  27S,  p.  22,  1 pi.,  1906. 

Gives  a list  of  the  plants  identified  and  considers  them  to  indicate  a lower  Mississip- 
pian  age. 

2544.  A remarkable  fossil  tree  trunk  from  the  middle  Devonic  of  New 
York. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  327-360,  11  pis.,  1907. 

2545.  Report  on  the  field  work  in  the  coal  districts  of  the  State. — Illinois 
State  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  4,  pp.  201-203,  1907. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  stratigraphy  of  the  coal  measures  of  Illinois,  based  upon  the 
study  of  fossil  plants. 

2546.  Report  on  fossil  plants  from  the  coal  measures  of  Arkansas. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  326,  pp.  24-31,  1907. 

Gives  lists  of  plants  identified  from  various  localities. 

2547.  A composite  Lycopod  type  from  the  Devonian. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  269,  February  15,  1907. 

2548.  Some  problems  concerning  the  formation  of  coal. — Abstract : Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  965-966,  June  21,  1907. 

White,  David,  and  Ashley,  George  H. 

2549.  Correlation  of  coals. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Prof.  Paper  no.  49,  pp.  206- 
212,  1906.  ' 

Discusses  the  correlation  of  coal  seams  in  the  Appalachian  region  with  special  refer- 
ence to  the  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field  of  eastern  Kentucky. 

White,  I.  C. 

2550.  Introduction  [to  the  Report  on  the  geology  of  the  Pan  Handle  counties 
of  West  Virginia]. — West  Virginia  Geol.  Survey,  County  Reports  and  Maps  • 
Ohio,  Brooke,  and  Hancock  counties,  pp.  vii-xxi,  1 fig.  [1907]. 

Includes  a discussion  of  the  occurrence  of  certain  coal  beds. 

White,  W.  P. 

On  wollastonite  and  pseudo-wollastonite,  polymorphic  forms  of  calcium  meta- 
silicate.— See  Allen  and  White,  no.  27. 

Die  Kalkkieselreihe  der  Minerale. — See  Day  and  others,  no.  690. 

Whiteaves,  J.  F. 

2551.  [Report  on]  paleontology  and  zoology. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  131-134,  1906. 

Gives  a short  account  of  the  work  done  in  paleontology  and  zoology  during  the  year 
by  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada. 

2552.  [Report  on]  paleontology"  and  zoology. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ. 
Rept.  for  1906,  pp.  170-174,  1906. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  work  of  the  year  in  this  section  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada. 

2553.  The  fossils  of  the  Silurian  (Upper  Silurian)  rocks  of  Keewatin,  Mani- 
toba, the  northeastern  shore  of  Lake  Winnipegosis,  and  the  lower  Saskatchewan 
River. — Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Paleozoic  Fossils,  vol.  3,  pt.  4,  pp.  24.3-298,  14  pis., 
1906. 

Gives  critical  notes  upon  the  fossils  from  these  places  and  systematic  descriptions  of 
some  of  them. 

2554.  Idle  Canadian  species  of  Plcctoceras  and  Barrandroccras. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Paleozoic  Fossils,  vol.  3,  pt.  4,  pp.  299-312,  6 pis.,  1906. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^  1906-1907.  199 


Whiteaves,  J.  F. — Continued. 

2555.  Hlnstrations  of  f-evon  species  of  fossils  from  the  Cambrian,  Camhro- 
Silnrian,  and  Devonian  rocks  of  Canada. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Paleozoic  Fos- 
sils, vol.  3,  pt.  4,  pp.  313-325,  1 pi.,  8 figs.,  1900. 

2556.  Revised  list  of  the  fossils  of  the  Guelph  formation  of  Ontario. — Canada, 
Geol.  Survey,  Paleozoic  Fossils,  vol.  3,  pt.  4,  pp.  327-340,  1906. 

Includes  critical  notes  on  some  of  the  fossils. 

2557.  Paleozoic  fossils.  Appendix : Errata  et  corrigenda. — Canada,  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Paleozoic  Fossils,  vol.  3,  pt.  4,  pp.  341-345,  1906. 

2558.  Notes  on  Cyrtoccras  cuncatum. — Ottawa  Nat.,  vol.  20,  no.  7,  pp.  133- 
134,  2 figs.,  October,  1906. 

2559.  Illustrations  of  the  fossil  fishes  of  the  Devonian  rocks  of  Canada. 
Part  III.  Supplementary  notes. — Canada,  Roy.  Soc.,  Proc.  and  Trans.,  3d  ser., 
vol.  1,  sect.  4,  pp.  245-275,  4 pis.,  1907. 

2560.  Description  of  a Canadian  species  of  Peltoceras. — Ottawa  Naturalist, 
vol.  21,  no.  5,  I’p.  80-82,  1 fig.,  August,  1907. 

Describes  Peltoceras  occidentale  n.  sp.  from  rocks  of  presumably  Jurassic  age  on  Red 
Deer  River,  Alberta. 

Whitfield,  R.  P. 

2561.  Notice  of  an  American  species  of  the  genus  Iloploparia  McCoy,  from 
the  Cretaceous  of  Montana. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  459-461, 
1 pi.,  1907. 

2562.  Remarks  on  and  descriptions  of  new  fossil  Unionidte  from  the  Laramie 
clays  of  Montana. — Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  23,  pp.  623-628,  5 pis.,  1907. 

Whitfield,  R.  P.,  and  Hovey,  E.  O. 

2563.  Remarks  on  and  descriptions  of  [invertebrate]  Jurassic  fossils  of  the 
Black  Hills. — ^Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bull.,  vol.  22,  pp.  389-402,  21  pis.,  1906. 

Whitlock,  Herbert  P. 

2564.  Books  of  reference  on  geology  and  paleontology. — Congress  of  Arts 
and  Science,  Thiiversal  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  757-759,  1906. 

2565.  Minerals  from  Lyon  INIountain,  Clinton  County  [New  York]. — New  York 
State  Mus.,  Bull.  107,  pp.  55-96,  11  pis.,  1907. 

2566.  Kalkspat  von  Lyon  Mountain,  Clinton  County,  N.  Y. — Zeitsch.  f. 
Krystal,  u.  Mineral.,  Bd.  43,  Heft  4,  pp.  321-330,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  crystallographic  characters  of  calcite  from  Lyon  Moun- 
tain, New  York. 

2567.  Some  new  crystallographic  combinations  of  calcite  from  West  Pater- 
son, N.  J. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser,,  vol.  24,  j)]).  426^28,  3 figs.,  November,  1907. 

Whitman,  A.  R. 

2568.  A tin  deposit  near  Spokane  [Washington]. — ]\Iin.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 

94,  pp.  697-698,  June  1,  1907. 

2569.  A tin  deposit  near  Spokane  [Washington]. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol. 

95,  p.  49,  1 fig.,  June  13,  1907. 

Whitney,  Milton,  and  others. 

2570.  Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1904. — U.  S.  Dept.  Agric., 

Bureau  of  Soils,  Sixth  Report,  Washington,  1905.  1151  pp.,  1 pL,  45  figs.,  53 

maps  (in  separate  case). 

Contains  soil  surveys  of  the  following  areas  : 

.Alabama,  Macon  County,  by  Henry  ,T.  Wilder  and  Hugh  H.  Bennett,  pp.  291-316. 
Alabama.  Sumter  County,  by  William  G.  Smith,  pp.  317-342. 

Arizona-California,  Yuma  area,  by  .1.  Garnett  Holmes  and  others,  pi).  102.5-1048. 
California,  Bakersfield  area,  by  Macy  11.  Lapham  and  Charles  A.  Jensen,  pp.  1089-1114. 


200  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOG i,  190G-1D07. 


Whitney,  Milton,  and  others — Continued. 

California,  Sacramento  area,  I)y  Macy  H.  Lapham,  pp.  1049-1088. 

California,  San  Bernardino  area,  by  .1.  Garnett  Holmes  and  others,  pp.  111.5-1151. 
Colorado,  Greely  area,  by  J.  Garnett  Holmes  and  N.  R.  Neill,  pp.  951-994. 

Florida,  Gainesville  area,  by  Thomas  D.  Rice  and  W.  .1.  Geib,  pp.  269-290. 

Georgia,  Bainbridge  area,  by  Elmer  O.  Fippin  and  .1.  A.  Drake,  pp.  247-268. 

Georgia,  Dodge  County,  by  Charles  W.  Ely  and  A.  M.  Griffen,  pp.  231-246. 

Indiana,  Boonville  area,  by  A.  W.  Mangum  and  N.  R.  Neill,  pp.  727-750. 

Indiana,  Marshall  County,  by  Frank  Bennett  and  Charles  W.  Ely,  pp.  689-706. 

Indiana,  Scott  County,  by  A.  W.  Mangum  and  N.  R.  Neill,  pp.  707-726. 

Iowa,  Tama  County,  by  Charles  W.  Ely  and  others,  pp.  769-790. 

Kansas,  Allen  County,  by  J.  A.  Drake  and  W.  E.  Tharp,  pp.  875-894. 

Kansas,  Garden  City  area,  by  James  L.  Burgess  and  George  N.  Coffey,  pp.  895-934. 
Kentucky,  Warren  County,  by  Thomas  D.  Rice  and  W.  J.  Geib,  pp.  527-542. 

Louisiana,  De  Soto  Parish,  by  Grove  B.  Jones  and  La  Mott  Ruhlen,  pp.  375-396. 
Michigan,  Alma  area,  by  W.  Edward  Hearn  and  A.  M.  Griffen,  pp.  639-664. 

Michigan,  Munising  area,  by  Thomas  D.  Rice  and  W.  J.  Geib,  pp.  565-580. 

Michigan,  Owosso  area,  by  A.  W.  Mangum  and  Charles  J.  Mann,  pp.  665-688. 

Michigan,  Saginaw  area,  by  W.  E.  McLendon  and  M.  Earl  Carr,  pp.  603-638. 

Mississippi,  Biloxi  area,  by  W.  Edward  Hearn  and  M.  E.  Carr,  pp.  353-374. 

Mississippi,  Jackson  area,  by  J.  O.  Martin  and  O.  L.  Ayrs,  pp.  343-352. 
Missouri-Illinois,  O’Fallon  area,  by  Elmer  C.  Fippin  and  J.  A.  Drake,  pp.  815-844. 
Missouri,  Saline  County,  bj'  M.  Earl  Carr  and  H.  L.  Belden,  pp.  791-814. 

Missouri,  Webster  County,  by  J.  A.  Drake  and  A.  T.  Strahorn,  pp.  845-858. 

Nebraska,  Kearney  area,  by  J.  O.  Martin  and  A.  T.  Sweet,  pp.  859-874. 

New  York,  Auburn  area,  by  J.  E.  Lapham  and  Hugh  H.  Bennett,  pp.  95-118. 

North  Dakota,  Cando  area,  by  Elmer  O.  Fippin  and  James  L.  Burgess,  pp.  925-950. 
Ohio,  Coshocton  area,  by  Thomas  D.  Rice  and  W.  J.  Geib,  pp.  565-580. 

Ohio,  Wooster  area,  by  Thomas  A.  Caine  and  W.  S.  Lyman,  pp.  543-564. 

Pennsylvania,  Adams  County,  by  Henry  J.  Wilder  and  H.  L.  Belden,  pp.  119-150. 

Rhode  Island,  by  F.  E.  Bonsteel  and  E.  P.  Carr,  pp.  47-72. 

South  Carolina,  Charlestown  area,  by  F.  E.  Bonsteel  and  E.  P.  Carr,  pp.  207-230. 

South  Carolina,  Lancaster  County,  by  Aldert  S.  Root  and  L.  A.  Hurst,  pp.  169-184. 

South  Carolina,  Orangeburg  area,  by  Frank  Bennett  and  A.  M.  Griffen,  pp.  185-206. 
Tennessee-North  Carolina,  Greeneville  area,  by  Charles  N.  Mooney  and  O.  L.  Ayrs,  pp. 
493-526. 

Tennessee,  Lawrence  County,  by  Charles  N.  Mooney  and  O.  L.  Ayrs,  pp.  475-492. 

Texas,  Anderson  County,  by  William  T.  Carter,  jr.,  and  A.  E.  Kocher,  pp.  397-420. 

Texas,  Austin  area,  by  A.  W.  Mangum  and  H.  L.  Belden,  pp.  421-446. 

Texas,  San  Antonio  area,  by  Thomas  A.  Caine  and  W.  S.  Lyman,  pp.  447-474. 

Utah,  Bear  River  area,  by  Charles  A.  Jensen  and  A.  T'.  Strahorn,  pp.  995-1024. 
Vermont-New  York,  Vergennes  area,  by  Henry  J.  Wilder  and  H.  L.  Belden,  pp.  73-94. 
Virginia,  Appomattox  County,  by  Thomas  A.  Caine  and  Hugh  H.  Bennett,  pp.  151-168. 
Wisconsin-Minnesota,  Superior  area,  by  Thomas  A.  Caine  and  W.  S.  Lyman,  pp.  751-768. 

2571.  Field  operations  of  the  Bureau  of  Soils,  1905. — T".  S.  Dept.  Agric., 
Bureau  of  Soils,  Seventh  Report,  Washington,  1907.  1089  pp.,  2 pis.,  45  figs., 

and  47  soil  maps  (in  separate  case). 

Contains  soil  surveys  of  the  following  areas  : 

Alabama,  Blount  County,  by  William  G.  Smith  and  F.  N.  Meeker,  pp.  407-424. 

Alabama,  Dallas  County,  by  E.  P.  Carr  and  others,  pp,  453-472. 

Alabama,  Lauderdale  County,  by  F.  E.  Bonsteel  and  others,  pp.  389-405. 

Alabama,  Montgomery  County,  by  W.  E.  IMcLendon  and  Charles  J.  iSIann,  pp.  425-452. 
California,  Stockton  area,  by  Macy  H.  Lapham  and  W.  W.  Mackie,  pp.  997-1031. 
Colorado,  Grand  Junction  area,  by  J.  Garnett  Holmes  and  Thomas  D.  Rice,  p|).  949-974, 
Florida,  Leon  County,  by  Henry  .1.  Wilder  and  others,  pp.  363-388. 

Georgia,  Spalding  County,  by  J.  E.  Lapham  and  others,  pp.  351-361. 

Indiana,  Newton  Count3%  by  N.  P.  Neill  and  W.  E.  Tharp,  pp.  747—779. 

Indiana,  Tippecanoe  County,  by  N.  P.  Neill  and  W.  E.  Tharp,  pp.  781-813. 

Kansas,  Brown  County,  by  James  L.  Burgess  and  others,  pp.  911-926. 

Kentuckj%  McCracken  County,  by  Thomas  D.  Rice.  pp.  679-694. 

Kentucky,  Madison  County,  by  A.  M.  Griffen  and  Orla  L.  Ayrs,  pp.  659-678. 

Louisiana,  East  Baton  Rouge  I’arish,  by  Charles  W.  Ely  and  others,  pp.  517-535. 
Ixiuisiana,  Tangipahoa  Parish,  by  A.  M.  Griffen  and  Thomas  A.  Caine,  pp.  493-515. 
Michigan,  Oxford  area,  by  Grove  B.  Jones  and  M.  Earl  Carr,  pp.  731-745. 

Minnesota,  Carlton  area,  by  W.  ,T.  Geib  and  Grove  B.  Jones,  pp.  815-835. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907.  201 


Whitney,  Milton,  and  others — Continued. 

Missis.sippi,  Crystal  Springs  area,  by  James  L.  Burgess  and  W.  E.  Tharp,  pp.  473-401. 
Missouri,  Crawford  County,  by  W.  Edward  Hearn  and  Charles  J.  Mann,  pp.  865-878. 
Missouri,  Scotland  County,  by  W.  Edward  Hearn  and  Charles  .1.  Mann,  pp.  870-802. 
Montana,  Gallatin  Valley,  by  Macy  11.  Lapham  and  Charles  W.  Ely,  pp.  075-006. 
Nebraska,  Sarpy  County,  by  A.  E.  Kocher  and  Lewis  A.  Hurst,  pp.  803-000. 

New  York,  Binghamton  area,  by  Elmer  O.  Fippin  and  William  T.  Carter,  jr.,  pp.  71-06. 
New  York,  Tompkins  County,  by  Jay  A.  Bonsteel  and  others,  pp.  30—70. 

North  Carolina,  Duplin  County,  by  Aldert  S.  Root  and  Lewis  A.  Hurst,  pp.  280-307. 
North  Carolina,  1‘erquimans  and  Pasquotank  counties,  by  J.  E.  Lapham  and  W.  S.  Ly- 
man, pp.  271-288. 

North  Dakota,  Carrington  area,  by  A.  E.  Kocher  and  Lewis  A.  Hurst,  pp.  027-048. 

Ohio,  Cleveland  area,  by  J.  E.  Lapham  and  Charles  N.  Mooney,  pp.  605-714. 

Ohio,  Westerville  area,  by  J.  E.  Lapham  and  Charles  N.  Mooney,  pp.  715-720. 
Pennsylvania,  Chester  County,  by  Henry  J.  Wilder  and  others,  pp.  135-174. 

Pennsylvania,  Montgomery  County,  by  Henry  J.  Wilder  and  others,  pp.  07—133. 

South  Carolina,  Cherokee  County,  by  .J.  A.  Drake  and  II.  L.  Belden,  pp.  333-340. 

South  Carolina,  York  County,  by  .1  A.  Drake  and  II.  L.  Belden,  pp.  300-332. 

Tennessee,  Henderson  County,  by  M.  Earl  Carr  and  Frank  Bennett,  pp.  643-657. 

Texas,  Houston  County,  by  William  T.  Carter,  jr.,  and  A.  E.  Kocher,  pp.  537-565. 

Texas,  Lavaca  County,  by  Charles  N.  Mooney  and  others,  pp.  623-642. 

Texas,  Lee  County,  by  James  L.  Burgess  and  W.  S.  Lyman,  pp.  601-621. 

Texas,  Waco  area,  by  A.  W.  Mangum  and  M.  Earl  Carr,  pp.  567-500. 

Virginia,  Hanover  County,  by  Hugh  H.  Bennett  and  W.  E.  McLendon,  pp.  213-245. 
Virginia,  Louisa  County,  by  Hugh  H.  Bennett  and  W.  E.  McLendon,  pp.  101-212. 
Virginia,  Yorktown  area,  by  R.  T.  Avon  Burke  and  Aldert  S.  Root,  pp.  247-270. 
Washington,  Everett  area,  by  E.  P.  Carr  and  A.  W.  Mangum,  pp.  1053—1070. 

Washington,  Island  County,  by  E.  P.  Carr  and  A.  W.  Mangum,  pp.  1033-1051. 

West  Virginia,  Upshur  County,  by  A.  M.  Griffen  and  Orla  L.  Ayrs,  pp.  175-100. 

Wisconsin,  Carlton  area,  by  W.  J.  Geib  and  Grove  B.  Jones,  pp.  815—835. 

Wisconsin,  Portage  County,  by  P.  N.  Meeker  and  R.  T.  Avon  Burke,  pp.  837-864. 

Wieland,  G.  R. 

2572.  The  osteology  of  Protostega. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Mem.,  vol.  2,  no.  7,  pp. 
279-304,  3 pis.,  8 figs.,  1906. 

2573.  Plastron  of  the  Protosteginse. — Carnegie  Mus.,  Annals,  vol.  4,  no.  1, 
pp.  8-14,  5 pis.,  2 figs.,  1906. 

2574.  American  fossil  cycads. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Washington,  Publ.  no.  34, 
196  pp.,  .50  pis.,  138  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence  of  fossil  cycads,  their  preservation  and  external  characters, 
the  methods  of  study  employed,  and  their  structure  and  relationships. 

2575.  Dinosaiiriau  gastroliths. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  819-821,  May 
25, 1906. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  characters  of  the  pebbles  so  named. 

2576.  Gastroliths. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  i)p.  66-67,  .January  11,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  distinguishing  features  of  gastroliths  associated  with 
dinosaurian  remains. 

Wilder,  Frank  Alonzo. 

2577.  The  lignite  coals  of  North  Dakota. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  1,  no.  7,  pp. 
674-681, 1906. 

Describes  the  extent  and  geologic  horizon  of  the  lignite  deposits  of  North  Dakota  and 
the  character  and  fuel  efficiency  of  the  lignite  coals  of  North  Dakota. 

2578.  Fourteenth  annual  report  of  the  state  geologist  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol. 
Survey,  vol.  16,  pp.  1-12,  1 pi.,  1906. 

An  administrative  report  outlining  the  work  done  and  indicating  future  work  and  its 
needs. 

2579.  Memoir  of  Albert  Allen  Wright  [1846-1905]. — Geol.  Soc.  America,  Bull., 
vol.  17,  pp.  687-690,  1907. 

Gives  also  a list  of  his  publications. 


202  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  190()-1907. 


Willcox,  Oswiii  W. 

2580.  The  viscous  vs.  the  granular  theory  of  glacial  motion.  Imng  Branch, 

N.  J.  I'uhlished  by  the  author,  190(1.  23  p]). 

2581.  The  iron  concretions  of  the  Kecibank  sands. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14, 
no.  3,  pp.  243-252,  8 figs.,  1900. 

Describes  the  occurrence  and  character  of  these  concretions  and  discusses  the  mode  of 
their  formation. 

Williams,  H.  J.  Carnegie. 

2582.  The  Bruce  Mines,  Ontario,  1846-1906. — Canadian  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  28, 
no.  4 (new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  2),  pp.  47-51,  4 figs.,  April  1,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence  of  the  copper  ores. 

Williams,  Henry  Shaler. 

2583.  The  Devonian  section  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  7, 
pp.  579-598, 1906. 

Discusses  rules  of  correlation  and  nomenclature  and  their  application  to  this  section. 

2584.  Revision  of  the  geological  section  passing  through  Ithaca,  N.  Y. — 
Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  365-367,  September  21,  1906. 

2585.  A new  brachiopod,  Rensselaeria  mainensis,  from  the  Devonian  of 
Maine. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  267-269,  2 figs.,  1907. 

2586.  The  Devonian  section  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  Part  II.  The  discrimination  of 
the  Xunda-Chemung  boundary. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  15,  no.  2,  pp.  93-112,  1907. 

2587.  Revision  of  the  geological  section  passing  through  Ithaca,  N.  Y. — 
Abstract : Am.  Assoc.  Adv,  Sci.,  Proc.,  vol.  56-57,  pp.  265-267,  1907. 

Williams,  Ira  A. 

2588.  Geology  of  Franklin  County  [Iowa]. — Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16,  pp. 
453-507,  geol.  maps,  10  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  topography  and  drainage,  the  stratigraphy,  including  Devonian  and  Car- 
boniferous stratified  rocks  and  glacial  deposits,  and  the  economic  products. 

The  materials  and  manufacture  of  Portland  cement. — See  Beyer  and  Williams, 
no.  233. 

The  geology  of  Iowa  quarry  products. — See  Beyer  and  Williams,  no.  234. 
Willimott,  C.  W. 

2589.  The  mineral  pigments  of  Canada. — Canada  Geol.  Survey,  39  i>p.,  1906. 
Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  in  Canada  of  various  minerals  which  may  he  used  for 

pigments. 

Willis,  Bailey. 

2590.  Geologic  research  in  continental  histories. — Carnegie  Inst,  of  Wash- 
ington, Year!),  no.  4,  1905,  pp.  204-214,  190(5. 

2591.  Carte  geologique  de  FAmerique  du  Nord.  1906.  Scale  1 : 5,000,000.  Pre- 
pared for  the  Congres  giiologique  interv.ational,  X"*  session,  Mexico,  1906. 

2592.  Geographic  history  of  Potomac  River. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  W.-S.  and 
Irr.  Paper  no.  192,  pp.  7-22,  1 pi.,  1907. 

2593.  How  should  faults  Ik*  named  and  classified? — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  3,  pp.  295-298,  1907. 

2594.  Carte  geologicjue  de  FAmerique  du  Nord. — Congr.  geol.  intern.,  C.  R. 
1(P  sess.,  IMexico,  1906,  pp.  211-225,  1907. 

Describes  the  construction,  nomenclature,  classification,  and  coloring  of  the  geological 
map  of  North  America  prepared  for  the  International  Geological  Congress,  held  in  Mexico, 
190G. 

2595.  The  Aiipalachian  revolution. — Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  2.5, 
p.  867.  May  31.  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907.  203 


Willis,  Bailey — Continued. 

2596.  Current  theories  of  slaty  cleavage. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol. 
25,  i>.  908,  June  21,  1907. 

2597.  Thrusts  and  recumbent  folds,  a suggestion  bearing  on  Alpine  struc- 
ture.— Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  1010-1011,  1 fig.,  June  28,  1907. 

2598.  A theory  of  continental  structure  applied  to  North  America. — Geol. 
Soc.  America,  Bull.,  vol.  18,  pp.  389-412,  October,  190'7. 

Williston,  Samuel  W. 

2599.  American  amphicoelian  crocodiles. — Jour.  Geology,  vol.  14,  no.  1,  pp. 
1-17,  12  figs.,  1900. 

Reviews  the  literature  relating  to  American  amphicoelian  crocodiles,  discusses  their 
characters  and  relationships,  and  describes  Ccclosuchua  reedii  new  genus  and  species. 

2600.  North  American  plesiosaurs:  Elasmosaurus,  Cimoliasaurus,  and  Poly- 
cotylus. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  221-230,  4 pis.,  5 figs.,  March,  1900. 

Discusses  characters  and  relationships  and  gives  descriptions  of  various  species. 

2601.  The  skull  of  Bracliauclienius,  with  observations  on  the  relationships  of 
the  Plesiosaurs. — U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Proc.,  vol.  32,  pp.  477-489,  4 pis.,  June  15, 
1907. 

Willmott,  A.  B. 

2602.  Michipicoten  Island  [Ontario]. — Canadian  Min,  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  15 
(new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  13),  pp.  398-400,  1 fig.,  September  15,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  geology  and  occurrence  of  the  ores. 

2603.  The  origin  of  deposits  of  pyrites. — Canadian  IMin.  Jour.,  vol.  28,  no.  18 
(new  ser.,  vol.  1,  no.  16),  pp.  500-503,  November  1,  1907. 

Wilson,  Alfred  W.  G. 

2604.  James  Bay  exploration,  1905,  Report  of  the  geologist. — Temiskaming 
and  Northern  Ontario  Railway  Commission,  4th  Ann.  Rept.,  pp.  57-65,  Toronto, 
1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  economic  geology  and  physical  features  of  the  region  examined. 

2605.  On  the  glaciation  of  Orford  and  Sutton  mountains,  Quebec. — Am.  Jour. 
Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  196-205,  5 figs.,  March,  1906. 

Describes  the  physiography  and  evidences  of  glaciation. 

Wilson,  E.  B. 

2606.  Cape  Nome  placers. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  82,  pp.  680-681,  2 figs., 
October  13,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  rocks  of  the  region  and  the  origin  of  the  placers. 

Wilson,  Guy  West. 

2607.  A travertine  deposit  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana. — Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.,  Proc.,.  1905,  pp.  183-184,  1906. 

Wilson,  J.  Howard. 

2608.  Notes  on  the  glacial  geology  of  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod. — Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  389,  March  9,  1906. 

2609.  Deposit  of  Venus  shells  in  New  York  City. — Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23, 
pp.  821-822,  May  25,  1906. 

2610.  The  glacial  history  of  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod.  With  an  argument 
for  a fourth  center  of  glacial  dispersion  in  North  America.  New  York,  1906, 
90  pp.,  .38  pis.,  13  figs. 

Describes  the  preglacial  and  glacial  formations  of  Nantucket  Island  and  presents 
the  evidence  in  favor  of  a Newfoundland  center  of  ice  dispersion  in  explanation  of  the 
glaciai  phenomena  described. 


204  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA%  1906-1907. 


Wilson,  J.  Howard — Continued. 

2611.  The  Pleistocene  beds  of  Sankaty  Head,  Nantucket. — Abstract:  New 
York  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  17,  pt.  3,  pp.  594-.505,  1907. 

2612.  Glacial  history  of  Nantucket  and  Cape  Cod. — Abstract:  Geol.  Soc. 
Am.,  Bull.,  vol.  17  pp.  710-711,  1907 ; New  York  Acad.  Sci.,  Annals,  vol.  17,  pt. 
3,  pp.  624-025,  1907. 

Wilson,  M.  Estelle. 

2613.  Shore  topography  near  Davenport,  Santa  Cruz  County  [California]. — 
California  Phys.  Geog.  Club,  vol.  1,  no.  2,  pp.  11-17,  2 pis.,  October,  1907. 

Wilson,  W.  J. 

2614.  [Report  on]  the  region  between  Lake  Temagami  and  Spanish  River. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  82-84,  1906. 

Gives  an  outline  of  the  work  done  in  making  a survey  of  the  area. 

2615.  On  explorations  along  the  proposed  line  of  the  Transcontinental  Rail- 
way from  Lake  Abitibi  eastward. — Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1906, 
pp.  119-123,  1906. 

Gives  notes  on  the  physical  features  and  geology  of  the  region  and  the  occurrence  of 
molybdenite. 

Report  of  the  geological  branch  of  the  Ottawa  Field-Naturalists’  Club  for 
1905-6.  See  Ami  and  Wilson,  no.  44. 

Winchell,  Alexander  N. 

2616.  '^he  oxidation  of  pyrite. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  3,  pp.  290-294,  1 fig., 
no.  8,  pp.  799-800,  1907.  Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  28,  no.  2,  p.  61,  September, 
1907. 

Production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1905  in  Montana. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  Montana  in  1906  of  gold  and  silver. — See  no.  2419. 

Winchell,  Horace  V. 

2617.  The  genesis  of  ores. — Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  vol.  95,  pp.  55-58,  July  13. 
1907. 

2618.  Genesis  of  ores  in  the  light  of  modern  theory. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  84,  pp.  1067-1070,  December  7,  1907. 

Winchell,  Newton  H. 

2619.  The  Keweenawan  at  Lake  of  the  Woods  in  Minnesota. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  23,  p.  289,  February  23,  1906 ; Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Proc., 
vol.  55,  p.  378,  1906. 

2620.  The  Cuyuna  iron  range. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2,  no.  6,  pp.  565-571,  1 
fig.,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  iron  ores. 
Wisconsin. 

2621.  Fifth  biennial  report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey,  covering  the  period  from  July  1,  1904,  to  June  .30,  1906, 
45  pp.,  1906. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  work  of  the  survey  for  the  period  stated. 

Wolff,  H.  C. 

The  underflow  of  the  South  Platte  Valley. — See  Slichter  and  Wolff,  no.  2216. 
Woodhridge,  Dwight  E. 

2622.  Arizona  and  Sonora. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  81,  pp.  896-897,  990- 
992,  1134-11.35,  1180-1182,  1229-1232,  illus.,  1906. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  and  geological  relations  of  the  copper  ores. 

2623.  Iron  ore  in  Crow  Wing  County,  Minn. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  84, 
pp.  775-776,  October  26,  1907. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907.  205 


Woodman,  J.  Edmund. 

2624.  Distribution  of  bedded  leads  iu  relation  to  mining  policy. — Nova 
Scotian  Inst.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  163-178,  1906;  Nova  Scotia  Min.  Soc. 
Jour.,  vol.  10,  pp.  79-94,  1907. 

Discusses  the  occurrence  and  relations  of  the  gold-bearing  veins  of  Nova  Scotia. 

2625.  The  earthquake  of  March  21,  1904,  in  Nova  Scotia. — Nova  Scotian 
Inst.  Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  227-235,  1906. 

2626.  The  Cumberland  coal  basin,  Nova  Scotia. — Abstract:  Science,  new 
ser.,  vol.  25,  pp.  296-297,  February  22,  1907. 

2627.  Preliminary  report  on  iron-ore  dei)osits  of  parts  of  Nova  Scotia. — • 
Canada,  Dept.  Interior,  Kept.  Supt.  Mines,  1907,  pp.  18-32,  1907. 

Woodruff,  Elmer  Grant. 

2628.  The  geology  of  Cass  County,  Nebraska. — Nebraska  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  2, 
pt.  2,  pp.  171-302,  20  pis.,  33  tigs.,  1906. 

2629.  The  Lander  coal  field,  Wyoming. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  316, 
pp.  242-243,  1907. 

Woodward,  Arthur  Smith. 

2630.  The  relations  of  paleontology  to  other  branches  of  science. — Congress 
of  Arts  and  Science,  Universal  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  551-565, 
1906. 

Woodworth,  Jay  B. 

2631.  Postglacial  faults  of  eastern  New  York. — New  York  State  Mus.,  Bull. 
107,  pp.  5-28,  5 pis.,  8 figs.,  1907. 

2632.  Abandoned  shore  lines. — ^Abstract : Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  397- 
398,  September  27,  1907. 

Discusses  successive  water  levels  in  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  valleys  during 
the  retreat  of  glacial  ice. 

Woolsey,  Lester  H. 

2633.  Volcanic  ash  near  Durango,  Colo. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  285, 
pp.  476-479, 1906. 

Describes  the  distribution,  geologic  relations,  and  character  of  the  deposits,  and  gives  a 
bibliography. 

2634.  Economic  geology  of  the  Beaver  quadrangle,  Pennsylvania  (southern 
Beaver  and  northwestern  Allegheny  counties).— U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  286, 
132  pp.,  8 pis.,  35  figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  stratigraphy,  and  the  occurrence,  relations,  and  economic  value  of  the 
mineral  resources  : coal,  clay,  petroleum,  natural  gas,  and  building  stone. 

2635.  Lake  Fork  extension  of  the  Silverton  mining  area,  Colorado. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  315,  pp.  26-30,  1907. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  occurrence  of  the  gold  and  silver  ores,  and  the 
mining  developments. 

Wooster^  Lyman  C. 

2636.  Additional  observations  on  the  geology  of  Kansas. — Kansas  Acad. 
Sci.,  Trans.,  vol.  20,  pt.  1,  pp.  75-82,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  etc.,  of  various  subdivisions  of  the  Carboniferous 
strata  of  Kansas. 

Wornester,  Leonard,  jr. 

2637.  Zinc  in  Chihuahua  [Mexico]. — Mineral  Collector,  vol.  1.3,  no.  11,  pp. 
169-171,  .January,  1907. 

Wortman,  J.  Ti. 

2638.  A new  fossil  seal  from  the  marine  Miocene  of  the  Oregon  coast  re- 
gion.— Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  24,  pp.  89-92,  July  20,  1906. 


206 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1900-1907. 
Wrig-ht,  Charles  Will. 

2639.  Noiimetallic  products  of  southeastern  Alaska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
Bull.  no.  2S4,  pp.  55-00,  1900. 

Gives  notes  upon  the  occurrence,  character,  production,  etc.,  of  marble,  limestone, 
granite,  gypsum,  coal,  and  mineral  and  thermal  springs. 

2640.  A reconnaissance  of  Admiralty  Island. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
287,  pp.  138-101,  3 pis.,  4 figs.,  1900. 

Describes  the  general  geology,  the  geologic  structure  and  stratigraphy,  and  the  occur 
rence  and  character  of  deposits  of  gold  and  coal. 

2641.  Lode  mining  in  southeastern  Alaska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no. 
314,  pp.  47-72,  1 pi.,  1907. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  geology,  the  occurrence  and  character  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper  ores,  and  the . mining  conditions  of  the  various  mining  districts  of  southeastern 
Alaska. 

2642.  Nonmetalliferous  mineral  resources  of  southeastern  Alaska. — U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  Bull.  no.  314,  pp.  73-81,  1907. 

Gives  a brief  description  of  the  known  workable  deposits  of  granite,  marble,  and 
gypsum. 

2643.  Recent  changes  in  the  ice  fields  of  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska. — Abstract: 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  26,  pp.  148-149,  August  2,  1907. 

Lode  mining  in  southeastern  Alaska. — See  Wright  and  Wright,  no.  2654. 
Recent  changes  in  the  glaciers  of  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska. — See  Wright  and 
AVright,  no.  2655. 

AVright,  Fred  Eugene. 

2644.  [Report  on]  the  Unuk  River  mining  region  of  British  Columbia. — 
Canada,  Geol.  Survey,  Summ.  Rept.  for  1905,  pp.  46-53,  1906 ; British  Columbia, 
Ann.  Rept.  Minister  of  Alines,  for  1906,  p]).  68-74,  1907. 

Describes  briefly  the  geography,  geology,  and  mineral  deposits  of  the  area. 

2645.  Artificial  wollastonite  and  pseudo-wollastonite. — Abstract:  Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  23,  pp.  32-33,  January  5,  1906. 

2646.  The  determination  of  the  feldspars  by  means  of  their  refractive  in- 
dices.— Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  21,  pp.  361-363,  May,  1906. 

2647.  A modification  of  the  Lasaulx  method  for  observing  interference  figures 
under  the  microscope. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  19-20,  2 figs.,  July, 

1906. 

2648.  Schistosity  by  crystallization.  A qualitative  proof. — Ain.  Jour.  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  pp.  224-230,  3 figs.,  September,  1906. 

2649.  Optical  study  of  the  lime-silica  series  of  minerals. — Am.  Jour,  Sci., 
4th  ser.,  vol.  22,  ])p.  293-302,  October,  1906. 

2650.  Artificial  m:ignesian-i)yroxenes  and  amphiboles. — Abstract:  Science, 
new  ser.,  vol.  25,  pj).  389-.390,  March  8,  1907. 

2651.  Alethods  of  igneous  intrusion. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25, 
p.  623,  April  19,  1907. 

2652.  Artificial  production  of  giieissic  structures  by  crystallization  under 
stress. — Abstract:  Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  768,  May  17,  11K)7. 

2653.  The  measurement  of  the  optic  axial  angle  of  minerals  in  the  thin 
section. — Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  41  h ser.,  vol.  24,  ]>p.  317-369,  2 pis.,  29  figs.,  October, 

1907. 

On  wollastonit(‘  and  ])S(Mido-wollastonite,  poIymor])hic  forms  of  calcium  meta- 
silicate: oidical  study. — See  Allen  and  AAdiite,  no.  27. 

Aliiierals  of  the  conii)osition  AIgSiOs:  a case  of  tetramorphism. — See  Allen, 
AA'right,  and  Clement,  no.  28. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTFI  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907  . 2 0 7 


Wright,  Fred  Eugene — Coutiiiued. 

The  lime-silica  series  of  minerals.  Optical  study. — See  Day  and  Shepherd, 
no.  692. 

Die  Kalkkieselreihe  der  Minerale. — See  Day  and  others,  no.  690. 

Wright,  Fred  Eugene,  and  Wright,  Charles  Will. 

2654.  Lode  mining  in  southeastern  Alaska. — U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Bull,  no.  284, 
pp.  30-54,  1 pi.,  1 hg.,  1906. 

Describes  briefly  the  .general  geology  and  in  detail  the  mining  developments,  with  notes 
on  the  occurrence  of  gold  and  copper  ores. 

2655.  Recent  changes  in  the  glaciers  of  Glacier  Bay,  Alaska. — Abstract : 
Science,  new  ser.,  vol.  25,  p.  770,  May  17,  1907. 

Wuestner,  Herman. 

2656.  Pisolitic  barite  [from  Texas]. — Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Jour., 
vol.  20,  no.  6,  pp.  245-250,  4 figs.,  1906. 

Describes  the  occurrence,  character,  and  probable  origin  of  pellets  from  a gas  well  in 
Texas. 

Wyoming,  Department  of  Immigration. 

2657.  The  State  of  Wyoming.  A book  of  reliable  information  published 
by  authority  of  the  Ninth  Legislature,  Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  1907.  141  i)p.  Min- 
eral resources,  pp.  57-88,  7 pis. 

Yale,  Charles  G. 

2658.  General  index  to  publications  of  the  California  State  Mining  Bureau. — 
California  State  Min.  Bur.,  Bull.  no.  46,  pp.  7-42,  June,  1907. 

IT'oduction  of  gold  and  silver  in  1905  in  California,  Nevada,  Oregon,  and 
Washington. — See  no.  2418. 

The  production  in  the  United  States  in  1906  of  borax ; and  of  magnesite. — See 
no.  2419. 

The  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  1906,  in  California,  Nevada,  Oregon,  and 
Washington. — See  no.  2419. 

Young,  C.  M. 

2659.  The  Atchison  mine  at  Atchison,  Kansas,  the  deepest  bituminous  coal 
mine  in  the  United  States. — Mines  and  Minerals,  vol.  27,  no.  12,  pp.  537-538,  2 
figs.,  July,  1907. 

Includes  notes  on  the  occurrence  of  the  coal. 

Young,  George  A. 

2660.  The  geology  and  petrography  of  Mount  Yamaska,  Province  of  Que- 
bec.— Canada  Geol.  Survey,  Ann.  Kept.,  vol.  16,  pt.  H,  43  pp.,  geol.  map,  1906. 

Describes  the  general  geology  and  the  character  and  occurrence  of  the  igneous  rocks. 

Zalinski,  Edward  R. 

2661.  Some  notes  on  Greenwater.  The  new  copper  district  of  California — 
its  development  and  prospects. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83,  pp.  77-82,  9 figs., 
.January  12, 1907. 

2662.  The  mines  of  the  Fairview  district,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour., 
vol.  83,  pp.  699-703,  6 figs.,  April  13,  1907. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  geology  of  the  region. 

2663.  INIining  in  the  Wonder  district,  Nevada. — Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  vol.  83, 
pp.  76.3-76.5,  4 figs.,  April  20,  1907. 

Includes  a short  account  of  the  local  geology  and  occurrence  and  character  of  the  ores. 

2664.  Turquoise  in  the  Burro  Mountains,  New  Mexico. — Econ.  Geology,  vol.  2, 
no.  5,  pp.  464-492,  5 figs.,  1907. 

Describes  the  local  geology  and  the  occurrence,  geologic  relations,  and  origin  of  the 
turquoise. 


208  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Zirkel,  Ferdinand. 

2665.  The  relations  existing  between  petrography  and  its  related  sciences. — 
Congress  of  Arts  and  Science,  Universal  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp. 
591-608, 1906. 

2666.  Works  of  reference  on  petrology  and  mineralogy. — Congress  of  Arts 
and  Science,  Universal  Exposition,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  4,  pp.  760-761,  1906. 

Anonymous. 

2667.  The  Californian  earthquake  of  April  18. — Nature,  vol.  74,  pp.  178-179,  . 
2 figs.,  June  21,  1906. 

2668.  Joseph  Frederick  Whiteaves. — Geol.  Mag.,  dec.  5,  vol.  3,  no.  10,  pp. 
433-442,  1 pi.  (port.),  October,  1906. 

Gives  a sketch  of  his  life  and  a list  of  his  v.'ritings. 

2669.  Mining  for  fossils. — Sci.  Am.  Suppl.,  vol.  61,  p.  25246,  March  17,  1906. 

2670.  Angelo  Heilprin. — Philadelphia,  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  5,  no.  4,  pp.  67-68, 
October,  1907. 

2671.  Angelo  Heilprin. — ^Am.  Geog.  Soc.,  Bull.,  vol.  39,  no.  11,  pp.  666-668, 
November,  1907. 

2672.  Bibliography  of  C.  L.  Herrick. — Denison  Univ.,  Sci.  Lab.,  Bull.,  vol. 
13,  art.  1,  pp.  28-33,  1905. 


% 


I 


INDEX. 

[The  numbers  refer  to  entries  in  the  bibliography.] 


Abrasive  materials. 

United  States : * Arnold,  65 ; 2418, 

2419. 

Addresses. 

Concentration  as  a geological  prin- 
ciple : Russell,  2105. 

Contributions  of  America  to  geology  : 
Rice,  2033. 

Early  surroundings  of  life  : Lane,  1515. 

Evolution  as  it  appears  to  the  paleon- 
tologist ; Osborn,  1846. 

Methods  of  the  earth  sciences  : Cham- 
berlin, 452. 

I’resent  problems  of  geophysics  : Becker, 
171. 

I’roblems  of  geology:  Van  Ilise,  2421. 

Relation  of  the  Federal  Government  to 
the  mining  industry  : Hayes, 

1108. 

Stratigraphic  geology  ; Prosser,  1960. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  the  min- 
ing industry  : Smith,  2238. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  work  of : 
Smith,  2239. 

Alabama. 

General. 

.Jackson  anticlinal  in  Clarke  county : 
Smith,  2225. 

Economic. 

Bauxite  industry  : .Judd,  1330. 

Birmingham  district,  clay  : Butts,  372. 
coal  : Butts,  369. 

Iron  : Burchard,  351. 

limestone  and  dolomite  : Butts,  370. 

sand-lime  brickmaking:  Butts,  371. 

Cahaba  coal  field  : Butts,  373. 

Clinton  ores : Burchard,  351  ; Eckel, 
764. 

Glass  sands  : Burchard,  355. 

Iron  ores,  Clinton : Burchard,  351  ; 

Eckel,  764. 

Russellville  district  : Burchard,  352. 
Talladega  County  : Smith,  2247. 

Limestone  and  dolomite,  Birmingham 
district : Butts,  370. 

Mineral  resources : Smith,  2227. 

Sand-lime  brickmaking  : Butts,  371. 

Warrior  coal  basin  : Butts,  369. 

Stratigraphic. 

I’ost-Eocene  formations : Smith,  2226, 
2228. 

St.  Stephens  limestone  overlap  : Smith, 
2224. 


Alabama — Continued. 

Paleontology. 

Alabamornis  gigantea  : Abel,  4. 

Eocene  fossils  : Aldrich,  25. 

Ifieistocene  plants  : Berry,  223. 

Mineralogy. 

Evansite  : Schaller,  2136. 

Selma  meteorite : Ilovey,  1232 ; Mer- 
rill, 1739. 

* 

Underground  icater. 

Smith,  2229. 

Alaska. 

General. 

Climatic  conditions  at  Nome  during 
the  Pliocene : Dali,  628. 

Geologic  survey,  progress  of : Brooks, 
310. 

Geology  and  geography  : Brooks,  313  ; 
Riihl,  2099. 

Physiography  and  geology:  Duflield, 
749. 

Publications,  recent,  relating  to : 
Brooks,  312. 

Reconnaissance,  Circle  to  Fort  Ham- 
lin : Stone,  2309. 

Pacific  coast : Blackwelder,  240. 

Economic. 

Admiralty  Island  : Wright,  2640. 

Bering  River,  coal : Martin,  1680. 

Bonnifield  and  Kantishna  regions : 
Prindle,  1957. 

Cape  Lisburne,  coal  : Collier,  552. 

Cape  Nome  region  : Motfit,  1764. 

beach  gravels  : Halla,  1066  ; Hutch- 
ins, 1263. 

placers  : Wilson,  2606. 

Cape  I’rince  of  Wales,  tin  : Fay,  856. 

Circle  precinct : Brooks,  319  ; Prindle, 
1956. 

Controller  Bay,  petroleum : Martin, 
1684. 

Coal  fields  : Martin,  1683  ; Ritter,  2009. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Ilerendeen  coal  field : Paige,  1859. 

Iron  Creek  : Smith,  2246. 

.Tuneau  gold  belt : Spencer,  2261. 

Kachemak  Bay  coal  field  : Stone,  2308. 

Klondike  region  : Everette,  831. 

Kougarok  region  : Brooks,  318. 

Lode  mining : Wright,  2641  ; Wright 
and  Wright,  2654. 

Marble  : Rathbun,  1986. 

Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
Paige  and  Knopf,  1861,  1862. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


14 


209 


210  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Alaska — Continued. 

Econ  0 m ic — Continued. 

Matanuska  coal  field ; Griffith,  1042 ; 
Martin,  1681,  1682. 

Mineral  resources:  Brooks,  311,  316; 
Cornforth,  580. 

nonnietalliferous  : Wright,  2642. 

Mining  industry  : Brooks,  315,  317. 

Mining,  vein  : Purington,  1794. 

Nonmetallic  products  ; Wright,  2630. 

I’rince  William  Sound  : Grant,  1020. 

Rampart  gold  placer  region  : Prindle  | 
and  Hess,  1958.  t 

Seward  l*eninsula,  gold  mining : Moffit,  ; 
1763. 

Solomon  and  Niukluk  River  basins : 
Smith,  2245. 

Talkeetna  basin  ; I’aige  and  Knopf,  | 
1861,  1862.  i 

Turnagain  Arm  gold  fields : Moffit,  | 
1762. 

Vein  mining  : I’urington,  1974. 

Yakutat  Bay  region  : Tarr,  2346. 

York  tin  region  : Hess,  1134,  1140. 

YTikon  placers : Prindle,  1955. 

Dynamic  and  stnictural. 

Faulting,  ohli(iue  minor  : Martin,  1687. 

Folded  slates  of  glacial  origin  : Black- 
welder,  238.  ! 

Glacial  erosion  ; Tarr,  2351. 

Glacial  features  of  Alaskan  coast : j 
Blackwelder,  239.  i 

Glacier  Bay  ice  field,  recent  changes  I 
in  : Wright,  2643,  Wright  and  ! 
Wright,  2655. 

Glaciers,  recession  of  : Klotz,  1405. 

Hubbard  glacier  front  in  1792  and 
1794  : Tarr  and  Martin,  2359. 

Malaspina  glacier  : Tarr,  2349,  2353. 

Volcanic  activity  : Crosby,  1602. 

Y'akutat  Bay  region  : Tarr,  2352,  2354. 

changes  of  level  : Tarr  and  Martin, 
2356,  2357. 

glaciers  : Tarr  and  Martin,  2358. 

Physiographic. 

Alaskan  coast,  glacial  features  : Black- 
welder,  239. 

Stratigraphic. 

Cape  Lisburne  region  : Collier,  552. 

Cape  Nome  region  ; Moffit,  1764. 

Circle  quadrangle  : I’rindle,  1956. 

Cook  Inlet  region  : I’aige  and  Knopf, 
1860. 

Kachemak  Bay  region  : Stone,  2308. 

Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
I’aige  and  Knopf,  1861,  1862. 

Matanuska  coal  field  : Martin,  1682. 

Rampart  gold  placer  region  : Prindle 
and  Hess,  1958. 

Reconnaissance  map  : Brooks,  320. 

Southeastern  Alaska  : Kindle,  1400. 

Talkeetna  basin  : I’aige  and  Knopf, 

1861,  18(52. 

Tertiary  basin:  Kindle.  1399. 

Turnagain  Arm  region  : Moffit,  1762. 

Yakutat  Bay  region  : P.lackwelder,  238. 

Yukon,  upper.  Paleozoic  section  of : 
Brooks  and  Kindle,  1399. 


Alaska — Continued. 

Paleontology. 

Cape  Lisburne  region,  invertebrates : 
Girty,  966. 

plants : Knowlton,  1417 ; White, 

2543. 

Paleozoic  faunas : Kindle,  1400. 

Pecten,  new  species  : Dali,  628. 

Mineralogy. 

Zinnwaldite  : Scballer,  2136. 

Alberta. 

General. 

Field  work  along  international  bound- 
ary : Daly,  637. 

Economic. 

Cascade  coal  basin  : Dowling,  736. 

Coal : Dowling,  734,  737 ; Gwillim, 

1059  ; Thompson,  2371. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes,  381. 

Petroleum,  along  international  bound- 
ary : Daly,  635. 

Rocky  Mountain  area,  coal ; Dowling, 
734. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Glaciers  : Vaux  and  Vaux,  2427,  2428. 

in  Rockies  and  Selkirks : Sberzer, 
2197,  2197a. 

variations  in  1905  : Vaux  and  Vaux, 
2426. 

Rock  slide  at  Frank  : Ashworth,  78. 

Stratigraphic. 

Cascade  coal  basin  : Dowling,  736. 

International  boundary  survey  : Daly, 
635. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes,  381 ; 
Dowling,  735. 

Surface  geology  : Chalmers,  449. 

Paleon  tology. 

Boremys,  Cretaceous  cbelonian  : Lambe, 
1488. 

Crocodilian  genus  and  species,  new : 
Lambe,  1492. 

Peltoceras  : Whiteaves,  2560. 

Petrology. 

Analcite-tracbyte  tuffs  and  breccias : 
Knight,  1409. 

Algonkian.  See  Pre-Cambrian. 

AJum. 

Nevada,  Silver  Peak  quadrangle : 
Spurr,  2271. 

New  Mexico,  Gila  River  deposits : 
Hayes,  1111. 

Aluminum. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Amber. 

Santo  Domingo:  Sample,  2118. 

Amphibia. 

Zatracbys  Cope  : Case.  444. 

Analyses,  chemical.  See  list,  p.  282. 

Anthozoa  (corals). 

Arctic  islands ; Lambe.  1486. 

Devonian:  Greene,  1029,  1031,  1032. 

D’Orbigny's  types  figured : Boule  and 
Tbevenin,  270. 

Indiana.  Salem  limestone:  Beede,  174, 
179. 


INDEX 


211 


Antiiozoa  (corals) — Continued. 

Kentucky,  Silurian  ; Focrste,  884. 

Madreporaria,  morphology : Duerden, 

747. 

Maryland,  I’leistocene  : Clark,  482. 

Morphology,  physiology,  and  develop- 
ment ; Duerden,  748. 

1‘aleozoic  corals,  development : Ander- 
son, 45,  40. 

early  stages : Brown,  334 ; Gordon, 
976,  978. 

Septa  in  rugose  corals  : Duerden,  740  ; 
Gordon,  977. 

Silurian,  Kentucky  : Foerste,  884. 

Streptelasma  rectum  Hall,  develop- 
mental stages  : Brown,  334. 

Antigua. 

Paleontology. 

Zebrasoma  deani : Ilussakof,  1259. 

Antimony. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Apatite. 

Virginia  ; Watson,  2493. 

Ar^chnida. 

Tertiary,  from  Florissant,  Colo.  : Cock- 
erell, 530. 

Archean.  Sec  Pre-Cambrian. 

Arizona. 

General. 

Bisbee  district ; Ransome,  1981. 

Coon  Butte  : Barringer,  152  ; Barringer 
and  Tilghman,  153  ; Fairchild, 
841,  843  ; Guild,  1054  ; Munk, 
1776;  Tilghman,  2376. 

Red  Mountain  : Atwood,  80. 

Eeonomic. 

Anthracite  coal  : Griffith,  1041. 

Asbestos  : I*ratt,  1945. 

Bisbee  district : Brinsmade,  299  ; Ran- 
some, 1981. 

Cherry  Creek  district : Lindgren,  1592  ; 
Reid,  2016,  2020. 

Clifton-Morenci  copper  deposits : Ran- 
some, 1982. 

Cochise  mining  district  : Kellogg,  1358. 

Colorado  River  region,  copper  : Hately, 
1094. 

Copper  : Brinsmade,  299  ; Graichen, 
1009 ; Hately,  1094 ; Merrill, 
1730 ; Ransome,  1982 ; Wood- 
bridge,  2622. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Globe  copper-gold  deposits : Graichen, 
1009. 

Gold  Road  : Tovote,  2386. 

Mowry,  lead-silver  : Brinsmade,  298. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Southern  Arizona,  copper : Merrill, 
1730. 

Tombstone  : Brinsmade,  300. 

Vulture  mine  : Purington,  1296. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Colorado  canyon,  example  of  erosion  : 
Davis,  667. 


Arizona — Continued. 

Dynamic  and  structural — Continued. 

Coon  Butte,  origin  of  crater : Bar- 
ringer, 152;  Tilghman,  2376. 

Detrital  slopes  ; Blake,  242. 

Fractured  bowlders  in  conglomerate  : 
Campbell,  394. 

Metamorphism  in  siliceous  sandstone : 
Merrill,  1742. 

Volcano,  recent,  in  San  Francisco  Moun- 
tain region  : .Tohnson,  1305. 

Physiographic. 

(The)  desert,  its  resources,  water-sup- 
ply, and  development : Bailey, 
96. 

Grand  (^anyon  of  the  Colorado  : Crook, 
600. 

Montezuma’s  Well,  origin  ; Blake,  241. 

Peneplain,  Grand  Canyon  district : 
.Tohnson,  1308. 

Tertiary,  plateau  district : Robinson, 
2078. 

Physiographic  features  : .Johnson,  1302. 

San  Francisco  ^Mountain  region  : John- 
son, 1305. 

Stratigraphic. 

Bisbee  district : Ransome,  1981. 

Colorado  River  region  : Lee,  1548. 

Glaciation,  evidences  of  : Merrill,  1721. 

Paleontology. 

Aubrey  and  Red  Wall  fossils  : Reagan, 
2000. 

Red  Wall  fossils  : Reagan,  2000,  2001. 

Snails  : Cockerell,  515.  • 

Mineralogy. 

Coon  Butte  meteorite : Farrington, 

852;  Mallet,  1672. 

Copper  crystals  from  Bisbee  : I’etereit, 
1912. 

Iron  shale,  analysis  of : Farrington, 
852. 

Molybdenite,  Wallapi  Mountains  : Gar- 
rison, 933. 

Molybdite  : Guild,  1053. 

Vanadinite  : Bowman,  274. 

Arkansas. 

General. 

Correspondence  relating  to  survey  of 
coal  fields  : Branner,  287. 

Economic. 

Anthracite  coal  : Griffith,  1041. 

Coal  field  : Collier,  555,  556. 

Diamond  field  : Kunz  and  Washington, 
1444  ; Schneider,  2140. 

Garland  County,  clays  : Eckel,  767. 

Glass-sand  deposits : Burchard,  350, 

355. 

Phosphates:  Purdue,  1968,  1970. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Winslow  quadrangle:  I’urdue,  1971. 

Zinc  oi’es,  occurrence:  Purdue,  1966. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

(’ave-sandstone  deposits  : Purdue,  1967. 

Fracfure  s.vstems  : Hobbs,  1176. 

Rock  folds  due  lo  weathering  : Camp- 
bell, 396. 


212  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Arkansas — Continued. 

Physiographic. 

Alluvial  cone  topography : Purdue, 

1905. 

Southern  Arkansas  : Davis,  680. 
Stratigraphic. 

Coal  fields  : Collier,  556. 

Southern  Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 
Winslow  quadrangle  : Purdue,  1971. 
Paleontology. 

Carboniferous  fossils  from  coal  fields  : 
Girty,  967. 

Plants  from  coal  fields  : White,  2546. 
Mineralogy. 

Diamond  : Kunz  and  Washington, 

1444,  1445. 

Underground  water. 

Drainage  of  wet  lands  by  wells ; 
Crider,  597. 

Southern  Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 
Arsenic. 

Ontario,  Cohalt : Rickard,  2053. 

United  States : 2419. 

Arsenious  oxide. 

United  States  : 2418. 

Arsenopyrite. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Arthropoda. 

Tertiary,  from  Florissant,  Colo.  : Cock- 
erell, 529. 

Asbestos. 

General:  Schaaf-Regelmann,  2133. 
Arizona  : Pratt.  1945. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

Oregon  : Stafford.  2276. 

Quebec  ; Stokes,  2305. 

Chibougamau  region  : Low,  1624. 
United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Vermont  : Perkins,  1907. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Asphalt. 

Formation  of  veins  : Eldridge,  778. 
Oregon  : Stafford.  2076. 

Trinidad  : Ells,  786,  787. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Assiniboia. 

Paleontology. 

Horses,  fossil  : Lambe,  1490. 
riyracodon  : Lambe,  1489. 

Testudo  and  Baena  : Lambe,  1487. 
Associations,  meetings. 

American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science,  Section  E : 
Gulliver,  1057  ; Hovey,  1226, 
1227,  1234. 

Geological  Society  of  America  ; Hovey. 
1237. 

International  Geological  Congress. 

Tenth  : 572  ; Offret,  1814. 
International  Zoological  Congress, 
Seventh,  Section  of  Paleo- 
zoology  : Grabau,  1003. 

Aves. 

Alabamornis  giganlea  : Abel.  4 
Gallinuloides  prentici,  from  Wyoming 
Eocene  : Loomis,  1613. 


Barbados. 

General. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources : Ells, 
786,  787. 

Barite.  See  also  Barytes. 

Tennessee  : Watson,  2488. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2491,  2493. 

Barytes.  See  also  Barite. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

North  Carolina  : .Tudd,  1331. 

Nova  Scotia,  Five  Islands : Hutchin- 

son, 1265. 

Lake  Ainslie  and  North  Cheticamp  : 
Poole,  1943. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Soi’thern  States  : Judd,  1331. 

Tennessee,  Cocke  County  : Judd,  1331 ; 
Weller,  2514. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Virginia : Judd,  1331. 

Bauxite. 

Alabama  : Judd.  1330  ; Smith,  2227. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

Georgia  : Judd,  1330. 

United  States : 2418,  2419. 

Beaches.  See  Shore-lines  ; Terraces. 

Bentonite. 

Wyoming.  Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872, 
873. 

Laramie  basin  : Siebenthal,  2209. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 

Bermuda  Islands. 

Geology  and  paleontology : Verrill, 

2445. 

Bibliography. 

Alaska,  economic  geology : Brooks, 

311,  316. 

geology  and  geography  : Brooks,  313. 

tin  : Fay,  856. 

Aquatic  life,  limb  modifications  for : 
Osburn,  1849. 

Arkansas,  geology : Veatch,  2436. 

Arthrodira  : Hussakof,  1227. 

Barytes  : 2419. 

Bauxite  : 2419. 

Beecher,  C.  E.,  writings : Dali,  626 ; 
Schuchert,  2145. 

Bermuda  Islands  : Verrill,  2445. 

Black  sands:  2418. 

Brachiopoda.  old  age  characters : 
Shimer,  2202. 

Bryozoa,  Niagara  : Bassler,  157. 

California,  glaucophane-bearing  rocks  : 
Smith.  2242. 

State  mining  bureau  publications, 
index  to  : Yale.  2658. 

Tertiary  and  Pleistocene : Arnold, 
57. 

Canada,  Geological  survey,  . publica- 
tions : 417. 

Canadian  geology  and  paleontology, 
1904,  1905,  1906:  Ami,  36,  38, 
42. 

Ceratopsia  : Lull,  1631. 

Champsosaurus  : Brown,  322. 

Chazy  : Raymond,  1987. 


INDEX 


213 


Biblioerraphy— Continued. 

Clays  and  the  ceramic  arts : Branner, 
283, 

Coal,  2419, 

and  lignite  of  Montana  : Rowe,  2090. 

papers  on,  published  by  U.  S.  Geo- 
logical survey  : Lee  and  Nickles, 
1549. 

Colorado,  Cripple  Creek  district : Lind- 
gren  and  Ransome,  1604. 

Florissant  Tertiary  lake  basin  : Hen- 
derson, 1127. 

Connecticut : Gregory,  1037. 

Condon,  T.,  writings : Washburne, 

2481. 

Continental  shelf  off  Nova  Scotia : 
Poole,  1942. 

Corals : Duerden,  748. 

Paleozoic,  early  stages  of : Gordon, 
976. 

Cycads,  American  fossil : Wieland, 

2574. 

Dinosaurs,  Triassic  : Huene,  1256. 

Eldridge,  G.  H.,  writings  : Cross,  605  ; 
Emmons,  792. 

Flight  in  vertebrates  : Lull,  1630. 

Fluorspar  : 2419. 

Folios  of  U.  S.  Geologic  atlas  : Hayes, 

1110. 

Geology  and  paleontology,  reference 
books  : Whitlock,  2564. 

Georgia,  Altamaha  grit  region ; Har- 
per, 1077. 

Glacial  lakes  Chicago,  Algonquin,  and 
Nipissing  : Goldthwait,  975. 

Glaciers  of  United  States  in  1905 : 
Reid,  2010. 

Glaucophane-bearing  rocks  of  Cali- 
fornia : Smith,  2242. 

Granite,  economic  geology  of : Dale, 
623. 

Gypsum  2419. 

Hatcher,  ,T.  B.,  writings : Osborn, 

1842;  Scott,  2153. 

Herrick,  C.  L.,  writings ; 2672. 

Iron,  Hartville  iron-ore  range : Ball, 

122. 

Virginia  : Eckel,  765. 

John  Day  region  : Merriam  and  Sin- 

clair, 1717. 

Jorullo,  volcano:  Villafana :,  2447. 

King,  C.,  writings  : Emmons,  802. 

Lead,  upper  Mississippi  Valley : Bain, 
99;  Grant,  1017. 

Virginia-Tennessee  : Watson,  2484. 

Lignite,  Mississippi : Brown,  326. 

Montana  : Rowe,  2090. 

Jnmbs,  modifications  for  aquatic  life : 
Osburn,  1849. 

Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

McCalley,  II.,  writings  : Smith,  2223. 

Mammalia,  modifications  of  occipital 
condyles:  Mead,  1704. 

Marshes;  I'enhallow,  1898. 

Maryland,  Calvert  County : Shattuck, 
2186. 

Geological  survey  publications : 
Clark,  484. 


Bibliography — Continued. 

Maryland,  I’liocene  and  Pleistocene : 
Shattuck,  2184. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Shattuck,  2189. 
Massachusetts,  Nantucket,  glacial  geol- 
ogy : Wilson,  2610. 

Meek,  F.  B.,  writings  ; White,  2539. 
Mica  : 2419. 

Mineral  waters  : 2418. 

Mineralogy,  reference  books : Zirkel, 
2666. 

Minerals,  Galena-Joplin  district : Rog- 
ers, 2081. 

Montana,  coal  and  lignite  : Rowe,  2090. 
Mounds,  natural,  origin  ; Campbell,  395. 
Newberry,  J.  S.,  writings  : White,  2540. 
New  York,  Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434. 

Schoharie  Valley  : Grabau,  991. 
Niagara  Bryozoa  : Bassler,  157. 

North  American  geology,  1901-1905  : 
Weeks,  2505. 

Ohio:  Derby,  712;  Prosser,  1962. 

Peat : Holmes  et  ah,  1214 ; I’armelee 
and  McCourt,  1874. 

Pectens,  Tertiary  and  Pleistocene : 
Arnold,  57. 

Penfield,  S.  L.,  writings  : Pirs.son,  1931. 
Petroleum  ; Rc'dwood,  2005. 

southern  California  : Eldridge  and 

Arnold.  779. 

Petrology,  reference  books ; Zirkel, 
2666. 

Placodermata,  Arthrodira ; Hussakof, 
1258. 

Phytosauria  : McGregor,  1664. 

Platinum  : 2418. 

Pleistocene,  California  ; Arnold,  57. 
Maryland  : Shattuck,  2184. 

South  Carolina  : Pugh,  1963. 
Pliocene,  ^Maryland  : Shattuck,  2184. 
Precious  stones  : 24 lb. 

Quicksilver  : 2418. 

Reptilia  : Lees,  1551. 

Champsosaurus  : Brown,  322. 
Permian  : Case,  441. 

Phytosauria  : McGregor,  1664. 

Salt:  2418. 

Slate : Dale  and  Eckel.  625. 

South  Carolina,  Ifieistocene ; Pugh, 
1963.  ' 

Tennessee,  lead  and  zinc : Watson, 

2484. 

Terracing,  river  : Fisher,  875. 

Tertiary,  California  : Arnold,  57. 
Thorium  minerals  : 2419. 

Tin,  Alaska  : Fay,  856. 

Trask,  .T.  B.,  writings ; Vogdes,  2461. 
Trilobita,  Silurian  of  North  America ; 
Weller,  2521. 

Tungsten  ; Van  Wagenen,  2425. 
Turquoise  : Zalinski,  2664. 

Underground  waters,  publications  by 
IT.  S.  Geological  survey  : Fuller, 
903. 

Vermont : Richardson.  2037. 

Vertebrate  limbs,  origin  ; Osburn,  1850. 
Vertebrates,  flight  of : Lull,  1630, 


214  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


BibliograDhy — Continued. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 
iron  : Eckel,  705. 
lead  and  zinc  : Watson,  2484. 
Volcanic  asli : Woolse5^  2633. 

Volcano  .Toriillo  : Villafaiia,  2447. 
Whiteaves,  J.  F.,  writings  : 2668. 
Wright,  A.  A.,  writings  : Wilder,  2579. 
Xinantecatl  : Flores,  881. 

Zinc:  2419. 

Upper  Mississippi  Valley  : Bain.  99  ; 
Grant,  1017. 

Virginia-Tenuessee  : Watson,  2484. 
Biography. 

Agassiz,  Louis  : Walcott,  2473. 
Beecher,  Charles  Emerson : Bather, 
165  ; Dali,  026  ; Schuchert,  2145. 
Condon,  Thomas : 1834 ; Washburne, 
2481. 

Eldridge,  George  Homans  : Cross,  605  ; 
Emmons.  792. 

Hatcher,  John  Bell : Osborn,  1842 ; 
Scott,  2153. 

Heilprin,  Angelo  : Levy,  1575  ; Pirsson, 
1933;  2670,  2oh. 

Herrick,  Clarence  Luther : Bawden, 
170  ; Cole,  537. 

King,  Clarence  : Emmons,  802. 
McCalley,  Henry  : Smith,  2223. 

Meek,  Fielding  Bradford  : White,  2539. 
Newberry,  John  Strong : White,  2540. 
I’enfield,  Samuel  Lewis : Miers,  1747 ; 

Pirsson,  1931  ; Wells,  2525. 
Pettee,  AVilliam  Henry  ; Russell,  2103. 
Rominger,  Carl  Ludwig:  Lane,  1517. 
Russell,  Israel  Cook  : Davis,  661  ; Gil- 
bert, 954  ; Leverett,  1570  ; Lom- 
bard and  D’Ooge,  1611  ; Pirsson, 
1932. 

Selwyn,  Alfred  R.  C.  : Ami,  43. 

Shaler,  Nathaniel  Southgate : Davis, 
670,  671  ; 1088  ; HoW)s,  1188. 
Trask,  John  B.  : Vogdes,  2461. 

Ward,  Henry  A.  : Farrington,  851. 
Whiteaves,  Joseph  Frederick  : 2668. 
Wright,  All)ert  Allen  : Wilder,  2579. 

Bismuth. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Black  sands. 

General:  Nicol,  1804. 

California:  Day,  695;  Edman,  772. 
Oregon  : Day,  694. 

Pacific  coast:  Day.  696. 

United  States:  Day,  694  > Day  and 
Richards,  697  ; 2418. 

Blastoidea. 

P.lastoidocrinus  Billings;  Hudson. 
1254,  1255. 

Pelmatozoa  from  Chazy  of  New  York  : 
Hudson,  125.3. 

Pentremite,  new  American  : Schuchert, 
2146. 

Pentremites  conoideus  : Smith,  222. 


Borax. 

California  : Bailey,  95,  96. 

Inyo  County  ; Taft,  2340. 

Nevada,  Silver  Peak  quadrangle : 
Spun-,  2271. 

Oregon  ; Stafford,  2276. 

Ignited  States  : 2418,  2419. 
Brachiopoda. 

Devonian  : Clarke,  497. 

Devonic  spirifers,  evolution : Grabau, 
1004. 

Eodevonaria.  new  subgenus  of  Cho- 
netes  : Breger,  291. 

Index  fossils : Grabau  and  Shimer, 
1006. 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone  : Beede,  177. 
Kentucky,  Silurian : Foerste,  884. 
Nomenclature  of  certain  genera : 
Buckman,  347. 

Old  age  characters : Shimer,  2202. 
Rensselaeria  mainensis  from  Devonian 
of  Maine : Williams,  2585. 
Reticularia  Isevis : Kindle,  1396. 
British  Columbia. 

Genera  1. 

Cascade  region  ; Evans,  821. 
Deutschman’s  cave,  near  Banff  ; Ayres, 
88-90. 

Highland  A'alley ; Evans,  816. 

Interior  plateau  : Evans,  819. 
International  boundary,  field  opera- 
tions : Daly,  637. 

Kamloops  ; Evans,  818. 

Nakimu  caves  ; AA’heeler,  2529. 

Rocky  Mountains,  foothills ; Cairnes, 
379. 

Similkameen  : Evans,  823. 

Stewart  River  region  ; Keele,  1346. 
Telkwa  River  region  : Leach,  1534. 
Tulameen  : Evans,  820. 

West  Fork  of  Kettle  River : Evans, 
827. 

Econoniie. 

Atlin  district,  placers  : Carmichael,  426. 
Boundary  district  : Rickard.  2047. 
copper:  Keffer,  1.348-1350;  Stokes, 
2302. 

Emma  mine:  Keffer,  1350. 

Bureau  of  mines,  report : Robertson, 
2072,  2073,  2077. 

Cassiar  coal  fields  ; Bell,  188. 

Coal,  Gwillim.  1059  ; Ritter,  2069. 
Cassiar  fields  : Bell.  188. 

('row’s  Nest  : Ashworth.  78. 

Elk  River  : Dowling,  73.’’>. 

Graham  Island  : Ells,  781,  783. 
Nanaimo-C'omox  ; Poole.  1939. 
Nicola-Coldwater  : Evans,  81,3. 
Princeton  ficdd  : Lakes.  1480. 

Rocky  Mountains:  Dowling,  734. 
Coppcw.  Eschelon  Mountain  : Evans, 
822. 

3'exada  Island  : LeRoy,  1566. 
VancouvM'r  Island  : Brewer,  2J)2. 
Eschelon  Mountain.  copper : Evans, 
822, 


INDEX. 


215 


Britishi  Columbia— Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Franklin  Camp  : Broek,  .300. 

Gold,  Barkerville : Atkin,  79. 

Fraser  River  : Evans,  814. 

Interior  plateau:  Robertson,  2074. 

Iron  ores  : Leith,  1552. 

Kootenay  district,  zinc : Argali,  54. 

Mining  operations,  1904  : Robertson, 
2072. 

Molybdenite  : Evans,  817. 

New  Westminster  Island  and  Texada 
Island  : LeRoy,  1565. 

Placers  : Evans,  825. 

I'rinceton  coal  field  : Lakes,  1480. 

Rossland  district : Brock,  306,  307  ; 

Stokes,  2307. 

St.  Eugene  silver-lead  mine : Stokes, 
2306. 

Similkameen  district  : Camsell,  413  ; 
Evans,  824  ; Lakes,  1481. 

Skeena  River  : Leach,  1535. 

Striped  jMoimtain,  Nickel  Plate  mines  ; 
Evans,  829. 

Telkwa  district  : Leach,  1533,  1534. 

Texada  Island  : LeRoy.  1565. 

Marble  Bay,  copper  : LeRoy,  1566. 

I'nuk  River  region  : Wright,  2644. 

Vancouver  Island,  copper  : Brewer,  292. 

Windy  Arm  district:  McConnell,  1647. 
1649,  1654  ; Robertson,  2075. 

Zinc  : 416  ; Barlow,  144. 

Kootenay  district  : Argali,  54. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Glaciers,  variation  : Vaux  and  Vaux, 
2426-2428. 

in  Rockies  and  Selkirks  : Sherzer, 
2197,  2197a. 

Stratif/raphic. 

Cretaceous,  Ashcroft : Evans,  815. 

Graham  Island  : Ells,  783. 

Horsefly,  Similkameen,  and  Tranciuille 
beds  : Lambe,  1484. 

International  boundary  : Daly,  635. 

Selkirk  Range  : Dawson,  686. 

Southwestern  : Reagan,  2002. 

Surface  geology  : Chalmers,  450. 

Vancouver  Island  : Hall,  1064. 

Paleontology. 

.\myzon  brevipinne  : Lambe,  1491. 

Ovibos,  tooth  of,  from  IMeistocene  near 
Midway  : Lambe,  1493. 

Plants  from  international  boundary 
survey  : Penhallow,  1900. 

Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  plants  : Pen- 
hallow, 1895. 

Pel  rology. 

Dkanagan  composite  I)atholith  : Daly, 
632. 

Bromine. 

T’nited  States:  2418,  2419. 

Bryozoa. 

California,  Summorland  district.  Ter- 
tiary : Arnold,  63. 

D’Orbigny’s  types  figured  : Boule  and 
Thevenin,  270. 


Bryozoa — Continued . 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone : Cumings, 

610. 

James’s  types  : Bassler,  156. 

Rochester  shale  : Bassler,  157. 
Maryland,  Pleistocene  : Ulrich,  2411. 
BxiJirstone. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Building  stone.  See  also  Granite,  Limestone,  and 
Sandstone. 

California  : liubury,  87. 

Iowa,  Black  Hawk  County  : Arey,  53. 
Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 
Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 
Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 
Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 
Quarry  products : Beyer  and  Wil- 
liams, 234. 

Winneshiek  County : Calvin,  388. 
Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Mexico  : Roel  and  Ordonez,  2080. 

New  Jersey  : McCourt,  1657. 

New  York  : McCourt,  1656. 

North  Carolina  : Pratt.  1949  ; Watson 
and  Laney,  2494. 

Oregon:  Stafford,  2276. 

I’ennsylvania,  Beaver  quadrangle : 

Woolsey,  2634. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Vermont : Perkins,  1907. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

West  Virginia,  Pan  Handle  counties : 
Grimsley,  1046. 

Wisconsin,  Milwaukee  quadrangle : 

Alden,  23. 

California. 

General. 

Geologic  structure:  Ransome,  1980. 
Geological  notes  : Comstock,  563. 

Index  to  publications  of  State  min- 
ing bureau  : Yale,  2658. 

Inyo  County  : Taft,  2342. 

Owens  Valley  : Lee,  1540. 
Reconnaissance  in  eastern  California  : 
Ball,  120. 

River  channels,  ancient : Kimble,  1395. 
State  mineralogist’s  reports:  Anbury, 
82-84. 

Taylorsville  region,  drainage  during  au- 
riferous gravel  period : Diller, 

722. 

Tehachapi  Valley : Lawson,  1529. 
Economic. 

Auriferous  black  sands : Day,  695 ; 

Edman,  772. 

Bodie  district,  gold  : McLaughlin,  1671. 
Standard  mine  vein  system  : Brown, 
330. 

Borax  : Bailey,  97. 

Building  stone  : Auhury,  87. 

Coal  : Ritter,  2069. 

Mt.  Diablo  Range:  Arnold,  58; 

Cami)bell,  405. 

Coal  fields,  new  : Edwards,  777. 


216  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


California — Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Coffee  Creek  district,  gold : Stines, 

2299. 

Colorado  Desert  mining  district : Bow- 
ers, 273. 

Colorado  River  region,  copper  ; Hately, 
1094. 

nitrate  deposits  : Turner,  2400. 

Copper  belt  of  Sierra  Nevada  : Knopf, 
1415. 

Copper  mining  in  1£05  : Weed,  2499. 

Copper  resources : Aubury,  85. 

Copperopolis,  copper  : Reid,  2018  ; 

Turner,  2401. 

Eldorado  County,  copper : Knight, 

1412. 

gold : Kimble,  1394. 

Gems,  jeweler’s  materials,  and  orna- 
mental stones  : Kunz,  1437. 

Gold  : Amador,  33. 

Bodie  district : McLaughlin,  1671. 

Gold  dredging : Doolittle,  728. 

Gold  mines  : Bordeaux,  256. 

Gold  veins  in  granite  : Storms,  2316. 

Greenwater  district : Boyle,  279. 

copper  : Nicholas,  1801  ; Zalinski, 
2661. 

Inyo  County  : Taft,  2340. 

Inyo  Range : Reid,  2023. 

Iron  ores  : Leith,  1552. 

Shasta  County  : Campbell,  391. 

Magnesite:  Hess,  1135,  1138. 

Mines  and  minerals,  register  of : 385. 

Mojave  district : Bateson,  164. 

Exposed  Treasure  lode : DeKalh, 
702. 

Monterey  County,  Stone  Canyon,  coal  : 
Campbell,  405. 

Mother  Lode  district : Lindgren,  1591  ; 
Reid,  2021. 

Mt.  Diablo  Range,  coal : Arnold,  58. 

Oil  wells,  Los  Angeles  County  : 386. 

Ore  deposits  of  eastern  California  : 
Ball,  119. 

Quicksilver  : Aubury,  86. 

Redding  quadrangle : Diller,  721. 

Saline  deposits : Bailej’,  95. 

Salt  Lake  oil  field ; Arnold,  59. 

Santa  Barbara  County,  diatomaceous 
earth : Arnold  and  Anderson, 
65. 

Santa  Maria  district,  petroleum  : 
Arnold  and  Anderson,  66,  67. 

Summerland  district : Arnold,  63. 

Santa  Clara  Valley,  Puente  Hills,  and 
Los  Angeles  oil  districts : Eld- 
ridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Shasta  County,  copper  : Campbell,  392  ; 
Eorstner,  889. 

Sierra  Nevada,  copper : Lang,  1519. 

Siskiyou  County,  copper  in  serpentine  : 
Purington,  1977. 

Slate : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Structural  and  industrial  materials : 
Aubury,  87, 

Coast  erosion  : Wilson,  2613. 


California — Continued. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Dome  structure  in  conglomerate : 
Arnold,  61. 

Drainage  changes,  Santa  Clara  Valley  : 
Branner,  289. 

Earthquake  lines : Storms,  2315. 

Earthquake  rift  of  1906  : .Iordan,  1323. 

Earthquakes,  on  Pacific  coast,  catalog 
of:  McAdie,  1636. 

See  also  San  Francisco  earthquake 
below. 

Fault  lines  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Moun- 
tains : Branner,  284. 

Gravitational  assemblage  in  Sierra  Ne- 
vada granite  : Gilbert,  953. 

Metamorphism  in  oil-bearing  shale : 
Arnold  and  Anderson,  68. 

Sand-calcite  concretions  from  Salton : 
Nichols,  1802. 

San  Jacinto  earthquake  : Danes,  640. 

San  Francisco  earthquake  : Carey,  424  ; 
Crafts,  587 ; Crandall,  591 ; 
Davidson,  658,  659 ; Davison, 
683,  810;  Fairbanks,  833,  Gil- 
bert, 956 ; Haehl  et  ah,  1062 ; 
Himmelwright,  1162  ; Jordan, 
1325  ; Lapparent,  1522  ; Leusch- 
ner,  1567;  Omoi’i,  1818-1820; 
Rickard  et  ah,  2056;  Ritter, 
2068;  See,  2157;  Tyler,  2403; 
2417;  2667. 
cause  : Ransome,  1980. 
destructive  extent : Derleth,  714. 
earth  movements : Branner,  285 ; 

Hayford  and  Baldwin,  1114. 
effects : Derleth,  713 ; Inkersley, 

1275  ; Moore,  1769  ; Taber,  2331. 
faulting  : Omori,  1823. 
geological  prelude  : Ashley,  73. 
history  : Aitken  and  Hilton,  21. 
intensity,  compared  with  New  Ma- 
drid and  Charleston  earth- 
quakes ; Fuller,  909. 
investigation  : Gilbert,  950  ; Lawson 
et  ah,  1531. 

magnetograph  records : Bauer,  167, 
168. 

movement  along  the  Santa  Cruz  fault 
line  : Branner,  285. 
seismographs : Bauer,  168 ; Bauer 

and  Burbank,  169. 

Catania,  Italy  : Ricco,  2024. 

Japan : Omori,  1817,  1821. 

Washington  : Marvin,  1688. 

Sierra  Nevada  fault  blocks ; Davis, 
674. 

Physioyraphic. 

Blue  Lakes,  history  : Holway,  1215. 

Colorado  delta,  desert  basins  of:  Mac- 
Dougal,  1660. 

Death  Valley:  Chapman,  464. 

Desert,  the.  its  resources,  water-sup- 
ply, and  development : Bailey, 
96. 

Drainage  changes:  Branner,  286;  Hol- 
way, 1216, 


INDEX 


217 


California— Continued. 

Physiographic — Continued. 

Evolution  group  of  peaks : Le  Conte, 
1536. 

Geomorphic  features  of  middle  Kern  : 
Lawson,  1527. 

Geomorphogeny  of  the  Tehachapi  Val- 
ley system  : Lawson,  1528. 

River  channels,  ancient : Kimble,  1395. 

Salton  sea:  Byers,  374;  Koch,  1420; 
Redway,  2004. 

Santa  Clara  Valley,  drainage  changes  : 
Branner,  286,  289. 

Santa  Cruz  County,  shore  topography  : 
Wilson,  2613. 

Sierra  Nevada  fault  blocks  : Davis,  674. 

Yosemite  Valley,  topographic  map  of : 
Matthes,  1692. 

Stratigraphic. 

Auriferous  gravels,  age  of : Diller, 
723. 

Cambrian  rocks  in  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia : Darton,  651. 

Glaucophane  schists ; Louderback, 
1618. 

Klamath  region  : Hershey,  1133. 

Mojave  district : Bateson,  164. 

Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 

Santa  Clara  Valley : Crandall,  590 ; 
Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Maria  oil  district : Arnold,  64  ; 
Arnold  and  Anderson,  66,  67. 

Summerland  oil  district : Arnold,  63. 

Tertiary  and  Pleistocene  formations : 
Arnold,  57. 

Triassic  of  western  America : Smith, 
2243. 

Paleontology. 

Cestraciont  teeth  from  the  Triassic : 
Wemple,  2526. 

Fishes  : Jordan,  1324. 

Fossils  from  oil-bearing  formations ; 
Arnold,  60,  62. 

Mammalia,  Quaternary : Furlong,  920, 
921  ; Merriam,  1712,  1715. 

Pectens,  Tertiary  and  Pleistocene  : Ar- 
nold, 57. 

Quaternary  cave  fauna  : Furlong,  921. 

Quaternary  Felidae : Bovard,  272. 

Raccoon,  Pleistocene  : Gidley,  944. 

Tertiary  Mollusca : Arnold,  60. 

Petrology. 

Glaucophane-bearing  rocks : Smith,, 

2242. 

Glaucophane  schists : Louderback, 

1618. 

Mojave  district : Bateson,  164. 

Oak  Hill  crystalline  rocks  : Carey  and 
Miller,  425. 

Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 

San  Francisco  peninsula : Crandall, 
591. 

Serpentine,  alteration  of : Knopf, 

1416. 

Mineralogy. 

Amphiboles,  classification ; Murgoci, 
1779. 


California — Continued. 

Mineralogy — Continued. 

Aragotite  : Hanks,  1072. 

Bakerite  and  howlite  : Giles,  958. 

Benitoite  : Louderback,  1620. 

Cinnabar,  Sonoma  County : Sachs, 
2111. 

Lawsonite,  columbite,  beryl,  calcite, 
notes  on  : Eakle,  753. 

Paragenesis  in  glaucophane-bearing 
rocks  : Smith,  2242. 

Phosphorescent  zinc  blende  : Headden, 
1115. 

San  Diego  County  : Sovereign,  2258. 

stibiotantalite : Penfield  and  Ford, 
1892. 

Underground  water. 

Owens  Valley  ; Lee,  1540. 

Cambrian. 

Stratigraphy. 

British  Columbia,  Vancouver  Island : 
Hall,  1064. 

California  : Ball,  120  ; Darton,  651. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 
648. 

Connecticut : Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Georgia  : Watson,  2483. 

Illinois  : Weller,  2519. 

Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234  ; Cal- 
vin, 387. 

Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Missouri  : Shepard,  2194. 

Montana  : Walcott,  2470. 

Philipsburg  quadrangle : Emmons, 
806. 

Nevada  : Ball,  120. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle  : Spurr,  2271. 

New  Brunswick  : Ells,  782. 

New  Mexico  : Gordon  and  Graton,  983. 

New  York,  Highlands  : Berkey,  207. 

North  Carolina,  Nantahala  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1352.  • 

Pisgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 

Pennsylvania,  South  Mountain  : Stose, 
2318. 

Quebec,  Mount  Yamaska  : Young,  2660. 

Rhode  Island : Emerson  and  Perry, 
790. 

South  Carolina,  Pisgah  quadrangle : 
Keith,  1353. 

Tennessee,  Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1354, 

Utah,  Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 

Vermont  : Edson,  773,  774. 

Virginia:  Bassler,  158. 

West  Virginia:  Grimsley,  1044. 

Wisconsin,  north  central  : Weidman, 
2512. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647. 


218  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  XORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Cambriap — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Wyoming,  Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKin-  | 
ney  quadrangles  : Barton,  646. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Barton,  642.  | 

Paleontology. 

Canada  : Whiteaves,  2555. 

Massachusetts,  fauna  from  Braintree  : 
Shimer,  2203,  2204. 

Nevada.  Pioche  Mountains  : Pack,  1855. 

New  Brunswick,  Ostracoda  and  Trilo- 
bita  : Matthew,  1695. 

Vermont,  St.  Albans  : Edson,  774. 

Canada  (general).  See  also  the  various  provinces. 

Gen  eral. 

Bibliography  Canadian  geology  and 
paleontology : Ami,  36,  38,  42. 

Chemistry  and  mineralogy,  report  on  : • 
Hoffmann,  1197,  1198. 

Geological  survey,  summary  report : 
Bell,  190;  Low,  1625. 

catalogue  of  publications  : 417. 

Economic. 

Copper  mines  : Weed,  2502. 

Graphite  : Brumell,  338. 

Mineral  fuel  supply  : Ells.  785. 

Mineral  industries  : Ingall.  1267-1270. 

Mineral  pigments  : Willimott,  2589. 

Mines  branch,  report : Haanel.  1060. 

Oil.  gas,  and  coal  fields  : Benis,  710. 

Resources  of  northland  : 415. 

Summary  report.  Geological  survey : 
Bell,  190 ; Low,  1625. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Block  remains  in  Rockies  and  Selkirks  : 
Sherzer,  2199. 

Stratigraphic. 

Interglacial  periods  ; Coleman,  547. 

Lower  Huronian  ice  age : Coleman,  i 

544. 

Pre-Cambrian  nomenclature  : Coleman, 
540. 

Paleontology. 

Cambrian,  Cambro-Silurian.  and  Be- 
voniari  fossils  ; Whiteaves.  2555. 

Bevonian  fishes : Whiteaves.  2559. 

Fruits,  fossil,  in  the  Geological  sur- 
vey museum  : Ami.  37. 

Plectoceras  and  Barrandeoceras  : Whit- 
eaves. 2554. 

Report  ; Whiteaves.  2551.  2552. 

Vertebrate  fossils,  report  on : Lambe, 
1483.  1485. 

Cannel  coal. 

United  States  : Ashley,  69. 

Carbon  dioxide. 

United  States : 2418. 

Carboniferous. 

Stratigraphy. 

General. 

Appalachian  and  eastern  interior 
coal  fields:  Ashley.  76. 

Appalachian  basin  : Stevenson.  2294. 

Aubrey  limestone,  age  of : Reagan, 
1999. 


i Carboniferovis — Continued. 

Stra  tigra  ph  y — Continued. 

General — Continued. 

Carboniferous  and  Permian  of  Amer- 
ica, Russia,  and  India  com- 
pared : Schuchert,  2147. 
Classification  of  American  Carbonif- 
erous : Keyes,  1376. 

Permian  in  American  geology : 
Keyes.  1381. 

Pottsville  formation,  character  and 
origin  : Grabau,  995. 

Alabama,  Birmingham  district : Butts, 
370. 

Cahaba  coal  field : Butts,  373. 
Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Cape  Lisburne  region : Collier,  552. 
Rampart  region : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

southeastern : Kindle,  1400. 
upper  Yukon  : Brooks  and  Kindle,  321. 
Alberta,  Cascade  coal  basin : Bowling, 
736. 

Arizona,  Red  Wall  formation : Reagan, 
2001. 

Arkansas : Collier,  555,  556. 
northern  : Purdue,  1970. 

Winslow  quadrangle  : Purdue,  1971. 
California,  eastern  : Ball.  120. 

Klamath  region  : Hershey,  1133. 
Redding  quadrangle  : Biller,  721. 
Colorado  : Finlay,  868. 

Arkansas  Valley  : Barton,  648. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  ah,  607. 
western  : Cross.  604. 

Franklin  : Low,  1623. 

Illinois  : Blatchley,  245  ; Weller,  2517  ; 
White,  2545. 

Calhoun  County  : Weller.  2523. 
Belafield  drill  core  : Udden,  2410. 
East  St.  Louis  area  : Fenneman,  860. 
Saline-Gallatin  field  : Be  Wolf,  717. 
Indiana.  Monroe  County ; Reagan, 
1998. 

Salem  limestone : Cumings  and 

Beede.  612. 

Indian  Territory,  Muscogee  quadran- 
gle: Taff.  2332. 

Iowa : Beyer.  230 ; Beyer  and  Wil- 
liams. 234  ; Calvin,  387. 
Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 
Jackson  County : Savage,  2128. 
Kdnsas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Independence  quadrangle : Schrader 
and  Haworth,  2144. 

Joplin  district : Smith  and  Sleben- 
thal,  2251. 

Neosho  River  section : Beede  and 
Rogers,  181. 

Kentucky,  Cumberland  Gap ; Ashley 
and  Glenn,  77. 

Elkhorn  field:  Stone,  2310. 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews.  488. 
Massachusetts.  Roxbury  conglomerate  : 
Mansfield,  1674. 


INDEX 


219 


Carboniferous — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Michigan,  Bay  County  : Cooper,  575. 

Mississippi : Crider,  505,  598 ; Crider 
and  .Tolmson,  599  ; Logan,  IGOS. 

Missouri ; Shepard,  2194. 

Granby  area  : Buckley  and  Buehler, 
346. 

Joplin  district  : Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal,  2251. 

Kinderhook  at  Glen  Park ; Weller, 
2519. 

Montana,  Bighorn  Mountains  : Barton, 
647. 

Philipshurg  quadrangle : Emmons, 

806. 

Nebraska,  Cass  County  : Woodruff, 

2628. 

Republican  River  Valley  : Condra, 

570. 

Nevada,  Robinson  district  : Lawson, 

1526. 

southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Brunswick  ; Ells,  784. 

New  Mexico  : Gordon  and  Graton,  983  ; 
Keyes,  1377. 

Carboniferous  coal  measures  in  the 
Sierra  Ladrones : Keyes,  1382. 

Rio  Grande  Valley ; Gordon,  981, 
982  ; Lee,  1546. 

Roswell  area  : Fisher,  870. 

Nova  Scotia  : Be  Wolfe,  718. 

Cumberland  basin  : Woodman,  2626. 

Ohio ; Stevenson,  2294,  2295. 

Licking  County  : Carney,  427. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1948. 

Pennsylvania  ; Althouse,  32  ; Steven- 
son, 2294,  2295. 

Amity  quadrangle  : Clapp,  475,  477. 

Beaver  quadrangle  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Clarion  quadrangle  ; Lines,  1606. 

Greene  County : Stone  and  Clai)p, 

2314. 

Johnstown  : Phalen,  1922. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Mauch  Chunk  shale  : Barrel!,  150. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

Rhode  Island : Emerson,  789 ; Emer- 

son and  Perry,  790. 

Texas,  Chisos  country ; Udden,  2409. 

Panhandle  : Gould,  986,  987. 

Permian  Red  Beds  ; Case,  443. 

Utah,  eastern  ; Cross,  604, 

Iron  County:  Lee,  1544. 

Ontario  mineral  belt : .Tenney,  1293. 

Park  City  district : Boutwell,  271. 

Uinta  Range  : Emmons,  798  ; Weeks, 
2506. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044  ; Stev- 
enson, 2294,  2295. 

I‘anhandle  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Raleigh  and  Wyoming  counties  : Alt- 
house,  30. 

Steubenville  quadrangle  : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 


Carboniferous — Conti  nued . 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Virginia,  Dante:  Stone.  2312. 

Russell  Fork  coal  field  : Stone,  2311. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Barton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Barton,  647. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Barton,  646. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Barton,  642. 

Paleontology. 

Alaska,  Cape  Lisburne  region : Girty, 
966. 

southeastern  : Kindle,  1400. 

Alternation  of  fossil  faunas : Keyes, 
1385. 

Arizona,  Aubrey  and  Red  Wall  lime- 
stones : Reagan,  2000,  2001. 

Aubrey  limestone  : Reagan,  2000. 

Bolosaurus  striatus  Cope  : Case,  442. 

Colorado  and  Utah  : Cross,  604. 

Crinoids  : Rowley,  2094. 

Foraminifera  : Spandel,  2259. 

Illinois,  Hamburg  : Weller,  2519. 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone : Cumings 
and  Beede,  612. 

Insecta,  from  Permian  : Sellards,  2169. 

Invertebrates,  from  Permian  Red  Beds 
of  Oklahoma  and  Texas  : Beede, 
180. 

Kansas,  Ilooser : Spandel,  2259. 

Neosho  River  section : Beede  and 
Rogers,  181. 

Kinderhook  fauna  : Weller,  2519. 

Marine  fossils  from  Arkansas  coal 
fields  : Girty,  967. 

Missouri,  Glen  Park  : Weller,  2519. 

Naosaurus,  from  Permian  of  Texas : 
Osborn,  1845. 

Nebraska,  Cass  County  : Woodruff,  2628. 

Ostracoda,  American  Paleozoic  : Ulrich 
and  Bassler,  2412. 

I’elycosauria  : Case,  441. 

Permian  insects  : Sellards,  2184. 

I’lants,  from  Arkansas  coal  measures  : 
White,  2546. 

from  Illinois  coal  measures  : White, 
2545. 

from  Iowa : Macbride,  1640. 

Red  Wall  limestone : Reagan,  2000, 

2001. 

Reptilian  remains  in  Pennsylvanian 
near  Pittsburg  : Raymond,  1990. 

Salem  limestone  : Cumings  and  Beede, 
612. 

Shark  related  to  Edestus : May,  1105. 

Zatrachys  Cope  : Case,  444. 

Carnotite  ores. 

Colorado  : Fleck  and  Haldane,  878. 

Rio  Blanco  County  : Gale,  923. 

Cartography. 

Geological  map  of  North  America : 
Hobson,  1194. 

Caves. 

Beutschman,  British  Columbia  : Ayres, 
88-90. 


220  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  XORTH  AMEEICAX  GEOLOGA^  1906-1907 


Caves — Continued.  , 

Nakimu.  British  Columhia  :*  Wheeler,  I 
2520. 

Iowa,  Winneshiek  County : Calvin, 

388. 

New  York  : Clarke,  500. 

Schoharie  Valley  : Grabau,  991.  ; 

Cement  and  cement  materials.  i 

California  ; Anbury,  82,  87. 

Iowa : Beyer.  230 ; Beyer  and  Wil-  | 
liams,  233. 

Dubuque  : Burchard,  353. 

Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144.  i 
Mississippi  ; Crider.  598  ; Eckel,  762.  | 

Oregon  : Stafford.  2276.  j 

Tennessee,  Cumberland  Gap  district : 
Eckel,  766. 

Texas  : Deussen,  716. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Bassler,  158. 

Cumberland  Gap  district : Eckel, 

766. 

Washington  : Landes,  1495. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1045. 
Wyoming,  eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Central  America. 

Geology:  Merz.  174.5. 

Masaya  earthquake  : Sapper.  2120.  | 

Physiographic  notes  : Wegener.  2510.  j 
Seismic  disturbances,  recent,  effects 
of  : .Tones.  1322.  I 

Cephalopoda.  See  also  Mollusca.  i 

Barrandeoceras  : Whiteaves,  2554.  > 

Beekmantown  and  Chazy  formations : ] 
Ruedemann,  2097. 

Cyrtoceras  cuneatum  : Whiteaves,  2558’. 
Devonian  : Clarke.  497. 

restored : Cleland.  504. 

Jurassic  from  Mazapil  ; Burckhardt, 
359. 

I’eltoceras  from  .Jurassic  of  Alberta : 
Whiteaves.  2559. 
riectoceras  : Whiteaves.  2554. 

Salem  limestone,  Indiana  : Cumings, 

611. 

Changes  of  level. 

Alaska.  Yakutat  Bay  region  : Tarr  and 
Martin.  2356.  2357. 

Bermuda  Islands  : Verrill,  244.5. 
California  : Comstock.  563. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  : Branner,  289. 
Cause  of:  Fisher.  876. 

Isostasy,  geodetic  evidence  for : Ilay- 
ford,  1112. 

Great  Lakes  region  : Spencer.  2266. 
Labrador:  Fuller.  914. 

Lake  Erie.  sul)sidence  at  west  end  : 
Moseley.  1773. 

North  .Vmerica  : Shinier.  2205. 

Nova  Scotia.  Atlantic  coast,  subsid- 
ence : Poole.  1941. 

Louisbourg.  subsidence  : McIntosh. 

1668. 

(‘'hemical  analyses.  See  list,  p.  282. 

Chrome. 

Quebec  : Edwards,  776. 


Chromite. 

California  : Anbury.  87. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Clay.  See  also  Fire  clay. 

General:  Geijsbeek,  935  ; Purdy,  1972. 
Bibliography  : Branner,  283. 
Composition,  rational : Ries,  2063. 
Report  of  committee  on  cooperation  : 
Hice  et  al.,  1142. 

Report  on,  what  it  should  embrace  : 
Hice,  1141  ; Ries,  2062. 

Term  ‘ colluvial  ’ : Veatch,  2442. 
Alabama,  Birmingham  district : Butts, 
372. 

Arkansas,  Garland  County:  Eckel,  767. 
California  : Aubury,  87. 

Canada  : Chalmers,  449. 

Colorado,  Durango-Gallup  field  : Shaler 
and  Gardner,  2177. 

Illinois  : Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973. 
Iowa  : Beyer,  229. 

Blackhawk  County  : Arey,  53. 
Clayton  County : Leonard,  1559. 
Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 
Ida  County  : Macbride,  1639. 

Sac  County  : Macbride,  1639. 

Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 
Kentucky  : Gardner,  929. 

Crittenden  and  Livingston  counties  : 
Fobs.  885. 

east-central : Foerste,  884. 

Jackson's  Ihirchase  region  : Gardner, 
928. 

northeastern  : Greaves-Walker,  1027  ; 
Phalen,  1921. 

Red  River  Valley  : Gardner,  927. 
Silurian  : Foerste.  883. 
western  : Crider,  596  ; Gardner,  926. 
Maine,  Penobscot  Bay  region  : Bastin, 
161. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Calvert  County  : Miller,  1750. 

St.  Marys  County  : Miller,  1751. 
Massachusetts,  Cape  Cod:  Fuller,  912. 
Mississippi : Crider,  595  ; Logan,  1608  ; 

Logan  and  Hand,  1609. 
Missouri  : Wheeler.  2530. 

Bollinger  County  : Orton.  1836. 

St.  Louis  district : Fenneman.  861. 
North  Dakota:  Babcock.  91;  Babcock 
and  Clapp.  92 ; Clapp,  470 ; 
Clapp  and  Babcock,  471 ; Leon- 
ard, 1563. 

Ontario:  Baker.  116. 

Oregon  : Stafford.  2276. 

Pennsylvania.  Beaver  quadrangle : 
Woolsey,  2634. 

Cambria  County : I’halen  and  Mar- 
tin, 1923. 

central  : Ashley,  72. 

Clarion  quadrangle:  Lines.  1605. 
Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles: Butts.  368. 

South  Mountain  : Stose.  2320. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2217,  2218. 
Tennessee,  western  : Crider,  596. 

Texas  : Ries,  2058. 


INDEX 


221 


Clay — Continued. 

United  States  : Ries,  2057  ; 2418,  2419. 

Vermont  : Richardson,  2037. 

Virjjinia  : Ries,  2060,  2064. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsiey,  1044. 

Pan  Handle  counties ; Grimsiey, 
1046. 

Wisconsin  ; Ries,  2059. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  ; Alden,  23. 

Wyoming,  Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872. 

Laramie  basin  : Siebenthal,  2209. 

Cleavage. 

Theories  of  : Barrell,  149  ; Becker,  173  ; 
Willis,  2596. 

Coal. 

General. 

Appalachian  and  eastern  interior 
coal  fields,  relations  : Ashley,  76. 

Classification  : Frazer,  899. 

Coal  fields,  formation  of  : Ford,  887  ; 
Page,  1858. 

Coal-testing : Holmes  et  al.,  1214  ; 
Parker  et  al.,  1870. 

Composition:  Grout,  .1049. 

Correlation  of  coals : White  and 
Ashley,  2549. 

Deposition,  rate  of  : Ashley,  75. 
maximum,  in  Appalachian  field : 
Ashley,  74. 

Formation  of : Plotts,  1938 ; White, 
2548. 

Origin  of  different  grades  : Campbell, 
397  ; Smith,  2252. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Cahaba  field  : Butts,  373. 

Warrior  basin  : Butts,  369. 

Alaska ; Brooks,  311  ; Ritter,  2069. 

Admiralty  Island : Wright,  2640. 

Bering  River  field  : Martin,  1680. 

Bonnifield  and  Kantishna  region : 
Prindle,  1957. 

Cape  Lisburne  region : Collier,  552. 

Circle  Precinct : Brooks,  319. 

Herendeen  Bay  field  : Paige,  1859. 

Kachemak  Bay  region  : Stone,  2308. 

Matanuska  field  : Griflith,  1042  ; 

Martin,  1681,  1682 ; Paige  and 
Knopf,  1861,  1862. 

southeastern  : Wright,  2369. 

Talkeetna  basin  : Paige  and  Knopf, 
1861,  1862. 

Yakutat  Bay  region : Tarr,  2346. 

Yukon  region : Prindle,  1955. 

Alberta : Denis,  710  ; Dowling,  734, 
737  ; Gwillim,  1059  ; Thompson, 
2371. 

Cascade  coal  basin  : Dowling,  736. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes, 
381. 

Arizona : Griffith,  1041. 

Arkansas : Collier,  555,  556 ; Griffith, 
1041. 

British  Columbia:  Denis,  710;  Ritter, 
2069  : Robertson,  2074. 

Cassiar  field  : Bell,  188. 

Crow’s  Nest  field  : Ashworth,  78. 

Elk  River  basin : Dowling,  733. 


Coal — Continued. 

British  Columbia,  Graham  Island : 
Ellis,  781,  783. 

Nanaimo-Comox  field : Poole,  1939. 

Nicola-Coldwater  beds : Evans,  813. 

Princeton  field  : Lakes,  1480. 

Skeena  River ; Leach,  1535. 

Telkwa  district : Leach,  1533,  1534. 

California  : Edwords,  777  ; Ritter, 

2069. 

Monterey  County : Arnold,  58 ; 

Campbell,  405. 

Canada  : Ells,  785  ; Ingall,  1267. 

Colorado:  562;  Headden,  1117,  1118; 
Lakes,  1464,  1466,  1470 ; Mer- 
riam,  1718  ; Ritter,  2069. 

Book  Cliffs  field  : Richardson,  2045. 

Danforth  Hills  and  Grand  Hogback  ; 
Gale,  924. 

Durango  district : Taff,  2336. 

Durango-Gallup  field : Shaler,  2176. 

northwestern  : Gale,  924. 

Quray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  ah,  607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
862,  863  ; Lakes,  1469. 

Yampa  field : Campbell,  400 ; Fen- 
neman and  Gale,  862,  863. 

Idaho  : Ritter,  2069. 

Illinois  : Bain,  100,  112  ; Bement,  201  ; 
1‘arr,  1875-1877. 

cannel  coal  in  northern  Illinois : 
Grout,  1050. 

Sahine-Gallatin  field : DeW’^olf,  717. 

Indian  Territory  : Crane,  592. 

Iowa  ; Beyer,  229  ; Savage,  2126. 

Kansas,  Atchison  : Young,  2659. 

Independence  quadrangle : Schrader 
and  Haworth,  2144. 

Kentucky,  Big  Sandy  Valley  : Crandall, 
589. 

Cumberland  Gap  field : Ashley  and 
Glenn,  77  ; Pultz,  1964. 

Elkhorn  field  : Stone,  2310. 

Kenova  quadrangle  : Phalen,  1920. 

Manitoba  : Dowling,  737. 

Maryland  ; Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

George’s  Creek  field  : Parsons,  1879. 

Mexico  : Guerra,  1051  ; Ritter,  2069  ; 
Thomas,  2368. 

Coahuila  : Ludlow.  1628. 

Michigan  : Fraser,  896,  897. 

Bay  County  ; Cooper,  575. 

Montana  : Leonard.  1560 ; Parsons, 

1883  ; Ritter.  2069  ; Rowe,  2090- 
2092  ; Tarr,  2345. 

Bear  Creek  field  : Fisher,  871. 

Carbon  County  : Darton,  652. 

Dawson,  Rosebud,  and  Custer  coun- 
ties : Leonard,  1564. 

Great  Falls  field  : Fisher,  874. 

Nebraska.  Honey  Creek  mine  : Barbour, 
132. 

Peru  ; Barbour,  137. 

Nevada,  Silver  Peak  quadrangle  ; Spurr, 
2271. 

New  IMexico ; Griffith,  1041  ; Ritter, 
2069  ; Sheridan,  2195. 


222  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Coal — Continued- 

Xew  Mexico,  Durango-Gallup  field  : 
Shalei-,  1*176  ; Schrader,  2142. 
Engle  field  : Lee.  1542. 

Fort  Stanton  Reservation : Camp- 

bell, 404. 

Ifincoln  County  : Campbell,  404. 
INlescal  Canyon  field  : Keyes,  1386. 
northern  : Judd,  1333. 

Raton  field  : Judd,  1332. 

Sandoval  County ; Campbell,  403. 

Fna  del  Gato  field : Campbell,  403. 
North  Dakota : Leonard,  1560 ; 

Wilder,  2577. 

Nova  Scotia  : Fletcher,  880. 

Ohio,  Kenova  quadrangle : Phalen, 

1020. 

Oregon  : Ritter.  2060  ; Stafford,  2276. 
I’ennsylvania  : Griffith,  1041. 

Amit,y  quadrangle  ; Clapp,  475,  477. 
Anthracite,  new  supplies  : Althouse, 
32  ; Joyce,  1327. 

Beaver  quadrangle  : Woolsey,  26.‘>4.  j 
Buck  Mountain  : Althouse,  .■>1.  j 

Clarion  quadrangle  : Lines,  1606. 
Clearfield  field  : Ashley,  71. 

Greene  County  : Boileau,  253. 
Hazleton  district  : Parsons,  1878. 
Johnstown  : Phalen,  1022. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Map  of  bituminous  fields ; Halber- 
stadt,  1063. 

Punxsutawney  and  Glen  Campbell 
fields ; Peck  and  Ashley,  1888. 
Rogersville  quadrangle:  Clapp,  476. 
Washington  County  : Boileau,  253  ; 
Clapp,  477. 

western  : Seddon,  2156. 

Rhode  Island  : Griffith,  1041. 
Saskatchewan  : Dowling,  737. 

Texas,  Chisos  country  : Udden,  2400. 
United  States  (general):  Ashley,  60; 
Bement,  202  ; Campbell,  300 ; 
Griffith,  1041;  Parker.  1860; 
Ritter,  2060;  2418,  2410. 

Utah  : Ritter,  2060. 

Book  Cliffs  field  : Richardson,  2045  ; 
Taff,  2335. 

Iron  Count.v  field  : Lee,  1544. 

I’leasant  Valley  district  : Taff,  2337. 
Sanpete  County  : Richardson,  2043. 
Wasatch  : Lakes,  1471. 

Weber  River  field  : Taff,  2334. 

Virginia  : Griffith,  1041  ; Watson, 

2403. 

Anthracite  field  : Tiffany,  2373. 
Dante:  Stone,  2312. 

Russell  Fork  field  : Stone.  2311. 
Washington  : Ritter,  2060  ; Smith  and 
Calkins,  2240 ; Tarr,  2344. 

West  Virginia,  Fairmont  field : Par- 
sons, 1880. 

Holden  : Lyman,  1635. 

Kenova  quadrangle : I’halen,  1020. 
Pan  Handle  counties : Grimsley, 

1046  ; White,  2550. 


Coal — Continued. 

West  Virginia,  Raleigh  and  Wyoming 
counties  : Althouse,  30. 
southern  : I*arsons,  1881. 
Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold, 

1047. 

Wyoming : Ritter,  2060. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quadran- 
gles : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872,  873. 
Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647, 

640. 

Carbon  County : Veatch,  2440. 
Lander  field  : Woodruff,  2620. 
Laramie  basin:  Siebenthal,  2211. 
northeastern  : Kennedy,  1374. 
northern  : Parsons,  1882. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 
Uinta  County : Schultz,  2151 ; 

Veatch,  2437. 

Yukon,  southern : Cairnes,  382. 

Cobalt. 

^Mexico,  Jalisco : Navarro,  1786. 

Ontario  : Corkill.  578  ; Ingall,  1267  ; 
MacDonald,  1650. 

Cobalt : Bell,  102,  104  ; 418  : Courtis, 
584  : George,  030  ; Miller,  1758  ; 
Rickard.  2053  ; Tyrrell,  2405  ; 
Van  Hise,  2422. 

T'nited  States  : 2418,  2419, 

Coke. 

United  States : 2418,  2410. 

Coke,  natural. 

Utah  : Taff,  2333. 

Colorado. 

General. 

Leadville,  Downtown  district,  map  and 
cross-sections  : Emmons,  704. 

San  Juan  region  : Lakes,  1473. 

Trachytic  boulder  : Pearce,  1887. 

Economic. 

Animas  Forks,  Gold  Princd  mine : 
Scholl  and  Herrick,  2141. 

Anthracite : Lakes.  1464,  1470. 

Routt  County : Lakes,  1462. 

Bear  Creek  ore  deposits  : Emmons,  804. 

Book  Cliffs  coal  field  : Richardson, 

2045. 

Boulder  Count.v  : Tovote,  2385. 

tungsten:  Greenawalt,  1028;  Lind- 
gren,  1500. 

Bureau  of  mines,  report  : 562. 

Cashin  mine  : Emmons,  703. 

Coal:  Headden,  1118;  Ritter,  2060. 

Coal  field,  new:  Merriam.  1718. 

Coal  resources  along  the  Moffat  road  : 
Lakes,  1466. 

Copper  : Snednker,  2256. 

mining  in  1005  : Weed,  2400. 

Cripple  Creek  gold  district : IJebenara, 
1585 ; Lindgren,  1501  ; IJnd- 
gren  and  Ransome,  1604  ; MOll- 
mann,  1765. 

Custer  County.  cerussite  deposit : 
Brinsmade,  297. 


INDEX 


223 


Colorado— Continued. 

Economic- — Continued. 

Danfoi'th  Hills  and  Grand  Hogback 
coal  fields  : Gale,  924. 

Durango  district,  coal : Taff,  23.36. 

Durango-Gallup  field,  coal : Slialer, 

2176. 

clay  deposits  : Shaler  and  Gardner, 

2177. 

Georgetown  quadrangle;  Ball,  118. 

Gilpin  County,  pitchblende : Tovote, 

2384. 

Gunnison  gold  belt  : Lakes,  1472. 

Gypsum  of  Uncompahgre  region  : Sie- 
benthal,  2207. 

Hahns  I’eak  gold  field  : Gale,  922. 

Idaho  Springs  mining  district : Spurr 
and  Garrey,  2275. 

Iron  ores : Leith,  1552. 

Lake  Fork  extension  of  Silverton  min- 
ing ai-ea  : Woolsey,  2635. 

Leadville  : Barker,  143. 

Downtown  district:  Emmons  and 

Irving,  803. 

Yak  mine : Armington  and  Stotes- 

bury,  55. 

Lodes  in  Tertiary  eruptives  : Rickard, 
2055. 

Maple  Leaf  mine  : Lakes,  1475. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  : Fisher,  869. 

Oil  fields  : Lakes,  1478. 

Ordovician  rocks  : Darton,  644. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  aJ.,  607. 

Pre-Cambrian,  Georgetown  quadrangle  ; 
Ball,  118. 

Rio  Blanco  County,  carnotite : Gale, 
923. 

Routt  County : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
862. 

coals;  Headden,  117;  Lakes,  1479. 

San  .luan  Mountains  : Howe  and  Cross, 
1247. 

Uranium  and  vanadium  belts : Fleck 
and  Haldane,  878. 

White  River  region,  natural  gas : 
Lakes,  1476. 

Physiographic. 

Chalk  Bluffs  and  Pawnee  Buttes,  topo- 
graphic development  of:  Hen- 
derson, 1128. 

Mesa  de  Maya,  physiographic  signifi- 
cance of  : Keyes,  1389. 

Ifiiysiographic  features  : Koenigsberger, 
1422. 

Stratigraphic. 

Arkansas  Valley  : Darton,  648. 

Clear  Creek,  lower  ; Underhill,  2414. 

Cripple  Creek  district  : Lindgren  and 
Ransome,  1 605. 

Denver  basin  : Lakes,  1460. 

Florissant  T'ertiary  lake  basin  : Hen- 
derson, 1127. 

Georgetown  quadrangle,  pre-Cambrian 
rocks  : Ball,  118. 


Colorado — Continued. 

Stratigraphic — Continued. 

Glacial  phenomena  in  San  .luan  Moun- 
tains : Howe,  1243  ; Howe  and 
Cross,  1247. 

Gleneyrie  formation  : Finlay,  868. 
‘Hahns  IVak  region  : Gale,  922. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  ; Fisher,  869. 
Ordovician  rocks:  Dai-ton,  644. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : ('ross  ct  ah,  607. 
Pre-Cambrian  rocks  of  Georgetown 
quadrangle  : Ball,  118. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
862. 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  glaciation  in  : 
Siebenthal,  2210. 

San  .Tuan  Mountains,  glacial  phe- 
nomena : Howe  and  Cross,  1247. 
Western  : Cross,  604. 

PaJconiology. 

Ant  from  Florissant  : Cockerell,  516. 
Cicada  from  Florissant  : Cockerell,  522. 
Florissant  basin,  fauna  and  fiora  r 
Brues,  337  : (‘ockerell,  516-524; 
Wheeler,  2533. 

fossil  localities  ; Cockerell,  527. 
Flower  from  Miocene  of  Florissant : 
Ilollick,  1211. 

Hymenoptera  from  Florissant ; Brues, 
337;  Cockerell,  521. 

Insecta  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
521,  526,  528-535. 

Mollusca  from  Florissant ; Cockerell, 

523,  536. 

Mosses  : Britton  and  Ilollick,  304. 
Planorbis  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
519. 

I’lants  from  Florissant : Cockerell,  520. 
Sauropodan  gastroliths  : Cannon,  420. 
Saw-flies  from  Florissant ; Cockerell, 

524. 

Vertebrate  fossils  from  near  Denver ; 
Cannon,  420. 

Water-bug  from  B^lorissant : Cockerell, 
519. 

Zonitoid  shell  from  Florissant ; Cock- 
erell, 536. 

Petrology. 

Clear  Creek  region  ; Underhill,  2414. 
Corundum  and  dumortierite  in  peg- 
matite : Finlay,  867. 

Cripple  Creek  district : Graton,  1026 ; 

Lindgren  and  Ransome,  1604. 
Georgetown  quadrangle : Ball,  118. 
Prowersose  from  Two  Buttes : Cross, 
603. 

.Mineralogy. 

Cripple  Creek  district,  minerals  ; Lind- 
gren and  Ransome,  1604. 
Molybdite  : Schaller,  2137. 
Phosphorescent  calcites : Headden, 

1116. 

Pyrite  ; Kraus  and  Scott,  1428. 


224  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Colorado — Continued. 

Underground  water. 

Arkansas  Valley  : Darton,  648.  | 

Mineral  and  hot  springs  : Lakes,  1465.  j 
South  I'latte  Valley,  underflow  : Slich-  | 
ter  and  Wolff,  2216.  I 

Concretions.  | 

Iron  concretions  from  Redbank  sands  i 
of  New  .lersey : Willcox,  2581.  | 
New  forms  : Nichols,  1802. 

Quartz  nodule  with  radiate  structure  : 
DaA’ison,  685. 

Cone  in  cone:  Broadhead,  305. 

Congresses.  Sec  Associations.  * 

Connecticut. 

General. 

Bibliography  of  geology  of : Gregory, 
1037. 

Commissioners’  second  biennial  report : | 
573. 

Geography,  geological  structure  and 
history  : Rice,  2030.  - j 

Manual  of  geology  of  : Rice  and  Greg 
ory,  2034. 

Economic.  , 

Salisbury  di^rict,  iron  ores : Hobbs, 
1185. 

Phgsiographic.  \ 

Brewsters  Neck : Gulliver,  1058. 
Stratigraphic.  ! 

Brewsters  Neck,  a glacial  deposit ; j 
Gulliver,  1055. 

Glacial  geology  : Gregory.  1035. 

Glacial  terraces : Gulliver.  1056. 

Map,  geological  ; Gregory,  1036  ; Greg- 
ory and  Robinson,  1038. 

Triassic  : Rice,  2031. 

Paleontology. 

Triassic  fauna  : Rice,  2031. 

Petrology. 

Cortlandt  series : Hobbs,  1178. 
Mineralogy. 

Purpurite : Schaller,  2136. 

Underground  water. 

Water  in  crystalline  rocks  : Ellis,  780, 
Water  supply ; Gregory,  1033. 

Contact  phenomena:  Calderon,  383. 

Copper. 

General:  Kemp,  1367  ; Lewis,  1584 ; 
Weed,  2502. 

Genesis  ; Fernekes,  865. 

Handbook : Stevens,  2290. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  311  ; Weed,  2499. 
Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  Imsins : 
I’aige  and  Knopf,  1861,  1862. 
Prince  William  Sound:  Grant.  1020. 
southeastern  : Wright.  2641  ; Wright 
and  Wright,  2654. 

Arizona : Weed,  2499 ; Woodl)ridge, 

2622. 

Bisbee : Brinsmade,  299. 

Cherry  Creek  district  : Reid.  2016. 
Cochise  district  : Kellogg,  1358. 
Colorado  River  region  : Hately,  1094. 
Globe  distfict : Graichen,  1009. 


Copper — Continued. 

British  Columbia,  Boundary  district : 
Keffer,  1348-1350 ; Rickard, 
2047  ; Stokes,  2302. 

Eschelon  Mountain  : Evans,  822. 

New  Westminster  and  Texada  Is- 
lands : LeRoy,  1565. 

Rossland  district : Brock,  306,  307  ; 
Stokes,  2307. 

Similkameen  district : Camsell,  413. 
Telkwa  district : Leach,  1533. 

Texada  Island,  Marble  Bay  ; LeRoy, 
1565,  1566. 

Vancouver  Island  : Brewer,  292. 
California  : Anbury,  85  ; Weed,  2499. 
Colorado  River  region  : Hately,  1094. 
Copperopolis  : Reid,  2018  ; Turner, 
2.399. 

Eldorado  County  : Knight,  1412. 
Greenwater  district : Boyle,  279 ; 

Nicholas,  1801  ; Zalinski,  2661. 
Shasta  County : Campbell,  392 ; 

Forstner,  889. 

Sierra  Nevada,  western : Knopf, 

1415;  Lang,  1519. 

Siskiyou  County  : Purington,  1977. 
Canada  (general)  : Ingall,  1267  ; Weed, 
2502.. 

Colorado  : Snedakei*,  2256  ; Weed,  2499. 
Montrose  County,  Cashin  mine  : Em- 
mons. 805. 

Cuba : Lawrence,  1525. 

Georgia  : Weed,  2499. 

Idaho  : Weed,  2499. 

Lost  Packer  lode  : .lennings,  1297. 
northern  : MacDonald,  1658. 

Priest  Lake  district : Courtis.  585. 

St.  Joe  River  basin  ; Collier,  553. 
Seven  Devils  and  Snake  River  dis- 
tricts : Reid,  2006. 

White  Knob : Kemp  and  Gunther, 
1372. 

Mexico  : Weed,  2502. 

Asientos  : Newman,  1797. 

Cananea  : Brinsmade,  301. 

Nacozari,  I.os  I’ilares  mine : Em- 

mons, 796. 

Sonora  : Merrill.  1730. 

Copete  district:  Merrill,  1722. 
Sahuaripa  district:  Nelson,  1789. 
Santa  Cruz:  Merrill,  1729. 
Zacatecas.  Aranzazfi : Villarello, 

2456. 

Michigan  : Corey,  577 ; Giroux.  965  : 
Weed,  2499. 

Lake  Superior  region;  Lane.  1509, 
1510,  1512:  Stevens.  2291. 
Montana  : Weed.  2499. 

Belt  formation  : Collen,  550. 
Philipsburg  quadrangle : Emmons, 

806. 

Nevada  : 2499. 

Ely  : Bullock.  348  ; Ingalls.  1273  ; 
Ralph,  1978. 

Giroux  mines:  Giroux.  501. 

Pioche  : .Vbbott,  3. 

Robinson  district : Lawson,  1526. 


INDEX 


225 


Copper— Continued. 

Nevada,  Ward  : Plate,  1937. 

Yerington,  Jennings,  1298. 

New  Jersey : Keith,  1356 ; Kiimmel, 
1432. 

Newark  ores  : Lewis,  1578,  1581. 
Schuyler  mine:  Cranberry,  1011, 

1012. 

New  Mexico : Lindgren  and  Graton, 
1603;  Weed,  1299. 

Burro  Mountain  district ; Lang, 
1520;  Wade,  2463. 

Cooney  district : Graham,  1007. 
Lordsbury  region  : Jones,  1321. 
Magdalena  district : Haddon,  1061. 
Zuni  Mountains  : Schrader,  2143. 
North  Carolina : Eames,  755 ; Pratt, 
1951;  Weed,  1299. 

Gold  Hill  mine : Nicholas,  1800. 
Union  mines : Nicholas,  1799. 
Ontario : Corkill,  578 ; De  Kalb,  700. 
Bruce  mines  : Williams,  2582. 
Eldorado  mine  : Burrows,  364. 
Sudbury  district : Barlow,  146 ; 

Browne,  336  ; Stokes,  2304.  * 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276 ; Weed,  2499. 
Seven  Devils  and  Snake  River  dis- 
tricts : Reid,  2006. 

Quebec  : Dresser,  741. 

Chibougamau  region : Ix)w,  1624. 
Santo  Domingo  ; Garrison,  932. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 
Tennessee  : Weed,  2499. 

Ducktown  district : Wendeborn,  2527. 
United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419; 

Weed,  2501,  2502. 

Utah  : Weed,  2499. 

Alta  : Palmer,  1866. 

Bingham  : Brinsmade,  302  ; Ingalls, 
1272. 

Virginia : Watson,  2487,  2493 ; Weed 
and  Watson,  2504. 

Luray  : Phalen,  1919. 

Virgilina  : Judd,  1328. 

Washington  : McIntyre,  1669  ; Weed, 
2499. 

Wyoming  : Weed,  2499. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  649. 
Grand  Encampment  district : Beeler, 
185. 

Hartville  uplift:  Ball,  121. 

Laramie  Peak  district : Beeler,  183. 
Yukon,  White  River  region  : Cairnes, 
380;  McConnell,  1648,  1652. 
Corals.  See  Anthozoa. 

Correlation.  See  Stratigraphic. 

Corundum. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578. 

South  Carolina : Sloan,  2218. 

United  States : Pratt,  1947 ; 2418, 

2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 


Costa  Rica. 

General. 

San  Juan  Valley  : Merz,  1745. 

Economic. 

Aguacate  mines  : Crespi,  594. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Earthquakes  and  volcanoes : Jones, 
1322. 

Cretaceous. 

Stratigraphy. 

General. 

Climate  : Bibbins,  235. 

Laramie,  origin  and  definition  of 
term  : Veatch,  2439. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2226,  2228. 

Alaska,  Cook  Inlet  region  : Paige  and 
Knopf,  1860. 

Herendeen  Bay  field  : Paige,  1859. 

Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
Paige  and  Knopf,  1862. 

Rampart  region  : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

Alberta,  Cascade  basin  : Dowling,  736. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes, 
381  ; Dowling,  735. 

Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

British  Columbia,  !\shcroft : Evans, 
815. 

Graham  Island  : Ells,  783. 

California,  Redding,  quadrangle  : Diller, 
721. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  : Crandall,  590. 

Santa  Maria  district : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  66,  67. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 
648. 

Book  Cliffs  region  : Richardson,  2045. 

Durango  district:  Shaler,  2176; 

Taff,  2336. 

Hahns  Peak  region  : Gale,  922. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  : Fisher,  869. 

northwestern  : Gale,  924. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  ct  ah,  607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
863. 

western  : Cross,  604. 

Delaware  : Clark,  483, 

Dover  quadrangle  : 1749. 

Georgia,  central : Veatch,  2443. 

Illinois : Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973 ; 
Weller,  2517. 

Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234 ; Cal- 
vin, 387. 

Sac  and  Ida  counties : Macbride, 
1639. 

Kentucky  : Glenn,  971. 

liouisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Winnfield  sheet : Harris,  1079. 

Maryland : Clark,  483 ; Clark  and 

Mathews,  488. 

Dover  quadrangle : Miller,  1749. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  et 
ah,  2193. 


66836— Bull,  372—09 15 


226  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Cretaceous — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Massachusetts  : Clapp,  474. 

Mexico,  Coahuila  : Aguilera,  17. 

Colima  : Angermann,  52. 

Durango  : Angermann,  50,  51. 

San  Luis  Potosi  a Tampico ; Bose, 
264. 

Sierra  de  Mazapil  et  Santa  Rosa  : 
Burckhardt,  358. 

Mississippi ; Crider,  595 ; Crider  and 
Johnson,  599. 

Montana : Leonard,  1564. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 
Carbon  County  : Darton,  652. 

Great  Falls  field  ; Fisher,  874. 

Hell  Creek  beds  : Brown,  325. 
lignite  area  ; Leonard,  1560. 
Nebraska,  Cass  County : Woodrufif, 

2628. 

Republican  River  Valley : Condra, 

570. 

New  .Jersey  ; Weller,  2515,  2520. 

New  Mexico,  Dakotan  series : Keyes, 
1379. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee,  1546. 

New  York  : Hollick,  1203. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434  ; Veatch 
and  Bowman,  2441. 

North  Carolina  : Stephenson,  2281. 
North  Dakota : Leonard,  1563. 

lignite  area  ; Leonard,  1560. 

Oregon,  southwestern  : Diller,  724. 
South  Carolina  ; Sloan,  2217,  2218. 
Tennessee : Glenn,  971. 

Texas,  Chisos  country ; Udden,  2409. 
Panhandle  : Gould,  987. 

Rio  Grande  embayment : Udden, 

2408. 

Terlingua  district : Phillips,  1926. 
Utah,  eastern : Cross,  604. 

Pleasant  Valley  district ; Taff,  2337. 
Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys : Rich- 
ardson, 2044. 

Uinta  Range ; Weeks,  2506. 
Virginia : Clark,  483. 

coastal  plain  ; Clark  and  Miller,  489. 
Washington,  Olympic  Peninsula : Ar- 
nold, 56. 

Wyoming  : Veatch,  2439. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quad- 
rangles : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin : Fisher,  873. 
Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647. 
Carbon  County  : Veatch,  2440. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles ; Darton,  646. 
Devils  Tower  quadrangle : Darton 
and  O’Harra,  656. 

Lander  field  : Woodruff.  2629. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 
Uinta  County : Schultz,  2151  ; 

Veatch,  2437. 

Paleontoiogy. 

Age  and  localities  of  supposed  Jurassic 
fossils  : Veatch,  2432. 


Cretaceous — Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Alberta,  Chelonian,  new  ; Lambe,  1488. 
Crocodilian  from  Judith  River  for- 
mation : Lambe,  1492. 

Amber  from  coastal  plain  : Berry,  219. 
Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

Baena  : Lambe,  1487. 

Boremys : Lambe,  1488. 

Blattoid : Handlirsch,  1068. 

California,  Santa  Clara  Valley  : Cran- 
dall, 590. 

Cliffwood  clays,  fauna : Weller,  2516. 
fiora  : Berry,  214. 

Crocodilian  from  Judith  River  forma- 
tion of  Alberta : Lambe,  1492. 
Fiora  of  southern  New  York  and  New 
England  ; Hollick,  1203. 

Floras  of  North  and  South  Carolina : 
Berry,  221,  224. 

Gymnosperms  from  Kreisherville,  New 
York  : Hollick  and  .Jeffrey,  121.3. 
Hell  Creek  beds  of  Montana  : Brown, 
325. 

* Hoploparia  from  Montana : Whitfield, 
2561. 

Kootanie  plants  from  Great  Falls  coal 
field  of  Montana : Knowlton, 

1418. 

Laramie  beds,  Montana  : Riggs,  2066. 
Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436. 

Mexico,  Cardenas  ; Bose,  258. 

Mazapil : Burckhardt,  359. 

Mollusca,  Senonian  : Bose,  258. 
Montana,  blattoid  : Handlirsch,  1068. 

tortoise  : Riggs,  2066. 

New  Jersey  : Weller,  2520. 

Cliffwood  clays  : Berry,  214  ; Weller, 
2516. 

New  York,  flora  : Hollick,  1203. 
Pityoxyla  : Jeffrey  and  Chrysler,  1292. 
Plant  remains : Hollick  and  .Jeffrey, 
1212;  Penhallow,  1895. 
from  Magothy  formation  : Berry,  225. 
Porocystis  Cragin : Jarvis,  1285. 
Senonian  Mollusca  : Bose,  258. 

Testudo  : I.iambe,  1487. 

Tortoise  : Riggs,  2066. 

Unionidae  from  Laramie  clays  of  Mon- 
tana : Whitfield,  2562. 

Volutidae  : Dali,  630. 

Crinoidea.  See  also  Echinodermata. 
Botryocrinus  : Bather,  166. 

Descriptions  of : Rowley,  2094,  2095. 
Hypsocrinus : Springer  and  Slocom, 

2268. 

Onychocrinus  ; Springer,  2267. 

Silurian  from  Chicago  area : Slocom, 
2221. 

Uintacrinus  : Martin,  1685. 

Crustacea. 

Cambrian.  New  Brunswick : Matthew, 
1695. 

Cybele  : Narraway  and  Raymond,  1783. 
Devonian  ; Clarke,  497. 


INDEX 


227 


Crustacea— Continued. 

Encriniirus  : Vogdes,  2462. 

Eurypterus  fauna  of  Shawangunk  grit : 
Clarke,  499,  501. 

Hoploparia  from  Cretaceous  of  Mon- 
tana : Whitfield,  2561. 
Ostracoda,  American  Paleozoic  : Ulrich 
and  Bassler,  2412. 

Pleistocene,  of  Maryland  : Clark,  482. 
Strenuella  strenua  from  Cambrian  of 
Braintree,  Mass.  : Shimer,  2208, 
2204. 

Trilobita  : Rowley,  2095. 

from  Cambrian  of  New  Brunswick  : 
Matthew,  1695. 

from  Niagara  of  Chicago  area  : Wel- 
ler, 2521. 

from  Salem  limestone  of  Indiana : 
Cumings,  611. 

Cryolite. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Cuba.  See  also  West  Indies. 

Economic. 

Copper  ores  : Lawrence,  1525. 

Mineral  resources  : Brown,  329, 

Deformation. 

Lithosphere  : Chamberlin,  457. 
Delaware. 

Economic. 

Dover  quadrangle  : Miller,  1749. 
Stratigraphic. 

Cretaceous  deposits  : Clark,  483. 

Dover  quarangle  : Miller,  1749. 
Paleontology. 

Plants  : Berry,  212. 

from  Magothy  formation : Berry, 

225. 

Deltas. 

Mississippi:  Hilgard,  1148. 

Connecticut,  Brewsters  Neck  : Gulliver, 
1058. 

Deposition.  See  Sedimentation. 

Deposition  of  ores.  See  Ore  deposits,  origin. 

Devonian. 

Stra  tigraphy. 

General. 

Chattanooga  black  shale : Grabau, 

1000. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  173. 

Cape  Lisburne  region  : Collier,  552. 
Rampart  region  : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

southeastern  : Kindle,  1400. 

Yukon,  upper : Brooks  and  Kindle, 
321. 

California,  eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Klamath  region:  Ilershey,  1133. 
Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 
Colorado,  Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et 
al.,  GOT. 

Franklin  : Low,  1623. 

Illinois  : Weller,  2517. 

Calhoun  County  : Weller.  2523. 
Indiana,  southern  : Stauffer,  2278. 


Devonian — Continued . 

S tra  tigra  p h y — Continued. 

Indian  Territory,  Muscogee  quadran- 
gle: Taff,  2.332. 

Iowa  : Beyer,  230  ; Beyer  and  Williams, 
234;  Calvin,  387. 

Black  Hawk  County  : Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 

Franklin  County:  Williams,  2588. 

.Tackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 

Kentucky,  east-central  : Foerste,  884. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Matthews,  488. 

Michigan  : Grabau,  997. 

Bay  County  : Cooper,  575. 

Sylvania  sandstone : Grabau,  1002. 

Mississippi : Crider.  595,  598 ; Crider 
and  Johnson,  599. 

Montana,  Philipsburg  quadrangle  : Em- 
mons, 806. 

Three  Forks  : Raymond,  1989. 

Nevada,  Robinson  district : Lawson, 

1526. 

southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Brunswick : Ells,  782,  784. 

New  Mexico  : Gordon  and  Graton,  983. 

New  York : Brown,  333. 

Buffalo  quadrangle:  Luther,  1633. 

Ithaca  section  : Williams,  2583,  2584, 
2586,  2587. 

Penn  Yan-Hammondsport  quadran- 
gle : Luther,  1634. 

Schoharie  Valley : Grabau,  991. 

Skunnemunk  Mountain  region  : Hart- 
nagel,  1084. 

Ohio:  Stauffer,  2277,  2278;  Swartz, 
2329. 

Pennsylvania,  Altoona  section  : Butts, 
367. 

Amity  quadrangle  : Clapp.  475. 

Rogersville  quadrangle ; Clapp,  476. 

Vermont : Richardson,  2037. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Wisconsin,  Milwaukee  quadrangle ; Al- 
den,  23. 

Paleontology. 

Alaska,  southeastern  : Kindle,  1400. 

Brachiopod  from  Maine : Williams, 

2585. 

Canada  : Whiteaves,  2555. 

Cephalopoda  : Cleland,  504. 

Coblenzian  invasion  : Clarke,  496. 

Corals : Greene,  1029,  1031,  1032. 

Crinoids  : Rowley,  2094  ; Springer  and 
Slocum,  2268. 

Fishes  : Whiteaves,  2559. 

from  New  York  : Eastman,  760. 

Flora  of  Little  River  group  : Matthew, 
1693. 

Hackherry  group,  Westerna ; Webster, 
2496. 

Hypsocrinus : Springer  and  Slocom, 
2268. 

Invertebrates  from  Maine,  New 
Brunswick,  and  Quebec  : Clarke, 
497, 


228  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Devonian — Continued. 

Pa/'eontoZofiTi/— Continued. 

Ithaca  fauna  of  Maryland : Swartz, 
2328. 

Ithaca  section,  New  York : Williams, 
2583,  2586. 

Kentucky,  east-central : Foerste,  884. 
Lime  Creek  fauna  : Keyes,  1384. 

Little  River  group  : Matthew,  1693. 
Lycopod,  composite : White,  2547. 
Maryland,  Paleodevonian  : Ohern,  1816. 
Montana,  Three  Forks  : Raymond,  1989. 
New  Mexico,  Lime  Creek  fauna  : Keyes, 
1384. 

New  York  : Slocom,  2219. 

Ithaca  section  : Williams,  2583,  2586. 
Schoharie  Valley  : Grabau,  991. 
Pennsylvania,  Altoona  : Kindle,  1397. 
Plants  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia  : Matthew,  1696. 
Reticularia  laevis  : Kindle,  1396. 
Spirifers,  evolution  of : Grabau,  1004. 
Tree  trunk  : White,  2544. 

Westerna : Webster,  2496. 

Diamonds.  • 

General:  Kunz,  1442. 

Arkansas  : Schneider,  2140. 
in  drift : Bell,  193. 

Diatomaceous  earth. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Santa  Barbara  County  : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  65. 

Maryland,  Calvert  County : Miller, 

1750. 

St.  Marys  County  : Miller,  1751. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Diatoms. 

California,  Santa  Maria  district : Ar- 
nold and  Anderson,  67. 

Dislocations.  See  Faulting. 

District  of  Columbia. 

General. 

Patuxent  quadrangle  : Shattuck  et  al., 
2193. 

Dolomite. 

Alabama,  Birmingham  quadrangle : 
Butts,  370. 

Dome  structure:  Arnold,  61. 

Dominica,  boiling  lake  of : Hovey,  1222. 
Drainage  changes. 

Black  Hills  and  Bighorn  Mountains, 
post-lMeistocene  drainage  modi- 
fications : Mansfield,  1673. 
California,  Russian  and  Sacramento 
Rivers  : Ilolway,  1216. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  : Branner,  289. 
Taylorsville  region  during  the  aurif- 
erous gravel  period:  Diller,  722. 
Georgia,  Tallulah  district:  Johnson, 
1303,  1307. 

Michigan  : Cooper,  576. 

Mississippi  River,  between  Lansing  and 
Dubuque  : Calvin,  389. 
Mississippi  Valley  : Light,  2375. 


Drainage  changes — Continued. 

New  Y’’ork,  Genesee  River  : Grabau,  999. 
Iroquois  extinction  : Fairchild,  842. 

Ohio,  Spring  Valley  gorge,  origin : 
Schefifel,  2138. 

South  Carolina,  Tallulah  district : 
Johnson,  1303,  1307. 

Drumlins. 

Distribution  and  origin  : Taylor,  2364. 

Michigan  : Russell,  2101,  2106. 

Grand  Traverse  region : Leverett, 

1568. 

New  York,  central  western  : Fairchild, 

837. 

Structure  and  origin : Fairchild,  839. 

Dunes. 

North  Carolina  coast : Cobb,  511. 

Origin  : Baker,  114. 

DyTiamic  and  structural  (general).  For  regional 
see  under  the  various  States. 
See  also  Caves,  Changes  of  level. 
Concretions,  Deformation,  Del- 
tas, Domes,  Drumlins,  Dunes, 
Earth,  genesis  of.  Earthquakes, 
Erosion,  Eskers,  Faulting,  Fold- 
ing, Geysers,  Glaciers,  Isostasy, 
Karsts,  Landslides,  Magmas  and 
intrusions.  Marshes,  Metamor- 
phism, Mounds,  natural.  Nat- 
ural bridges.  Orogeny,  Pebbles, 
Sedimentation,  Shore-lines,  Sink 
holes.  Temperature,  Terraces, 
Thermal  waters,  Uncomformity, 
Valleys,  Volcanoes,  Weathering. 

Coal,  formation  of : White,  2548. 

Concentration  as  a geological  principle  : 
Russell,  2105. 

Continental  structure,  theory  of : 
Willis,  2598. 

Cone  in  cone  structure ; Broadhead, 
305. 

Dome  structure  in  conglomerate : Ar- 
nold, 61. 

Earth,  interior  of  : Lane,  1503. 

rigidity  of : Hoskins,  1217 ; See, 

2160. 

Earth  a failing  structure : Hayford, 
1113. 

Earth’s  crust,  average  composition  : 
Clarke,  490. 

Fundamental  problems  of  geology : 
Chamberlin,  454. 

Fusion  of  minerals  under  high  tem- 
perature : Day,  687. 

Garnet  zones,  formation  of : Kemp, 
1363. 

Geologic  periods,  cause  of : Taber, 
2330. 

Gneissic  structure,  artificial  production 
of:  Wright,  2652. 

Hydrocarbons  in  the  Ordovician, 
source  of  : White,  2541. 

Metamorphic  cycle:  Leith.  155*^. 

Moon,  place  of  origin  : Pickering,  1928. 

Oolites,  formation  of  : Cayeux,  447. 

Polished  pebbles  : George,  940. 


INDEX 


229 


Dynamic  and  structural  (general) — Continued. 

Rainfall  affected  by  uplift  and  de- 
nudation ; Jefferson,  1289. 

Redistribution  of  elements  in  forma- 
tion of  sedimentary  rocks : 
Mead,  1706. 

Shore  ice,  peculiar  formation  of  : Case, 
435. 

Synclinorium  and  anticlinorium  : Rice, 
2032. 

Earth,  genesis  of.  See  also  Dynamic  and  struc 
tural  (general). 

Atmosphere,  primeval  : McKee,  1670. 

Carbon  dioxide  in  atmosphere ; Stieg- 
litz,  2298. 

Deep-sea  circulation  : Chamberlin,  453. 

Earth,  interior  of  : Lane,  1503. 

rigidity  of : Hoskins,  1217 ; See, 

2160. 

temperature,  cooling,  and  contrac- 
tion ; See,  2161. 

Earth  a failing  structure : Hayford, 
1113. 

Earth’s  rotation,  former  rates  of : 
Chamberlin,  458. 

Equilibrium  between  carbon  dioxide  of 
atmosphere  and  calcium  com- 
pounds in  water : Stieglitz, 

2298. 

Fundamental  problems  of  geology : 
Chamberlin,  454. 

Geologic  periods,  cause  : Taber,  2330. 

Growth  by  accretion  : Chamberlin,  456. 

Hydrosphere  and  atmosphere : Cham- 
berlin, 459. 

Moon,  place  of  origin  : Pickering,  1928. 

Ocean,  chemical  evolution  of : Lane, 
1504,  1511. 

Ocean  basins,  origin:  Hobbs,  1187, 

1190. 

Rotation  of  earth  : Chamberlin,  458. 

Earthquakes. 

General:  Flammarion,  877 ; Heilprin, 
1125;  Hobbs,  1182-1184,  1186, 
1192;  Klotz,  1404,  1406;  Milne, 
1761  ; See,  2161,  2162 ; Tarr, 
2355. 

California.  See  San  Francisco  below. 
San  Jacinto  of  1899  ; Danes,  640. 

Cause  of  : Gilbert,  949  ; Hixon,  1169  ; 
Ingalls,  1271  ; See,  2158. 

Charleston:  Fuller,  909;  Hobbs,  1189; 
Kemp,  1359. 

Connection  with  volcanism  : Heilprin, 
1124  ; Kemp,  1359. 

Costa  Rica;  Jones,  1322. 

Guatemala  : .Tones,  1322. 

of  April  19,  1902  : Omori,  1822. 

Jamaica : Brown,  327  ; Carden  and 

Goldney,  423 ; Davison,  683 ; 
Fuller,  915  ; Spencer,  2264. 

Lines,  earthquake  : Storms,  2315. 

Masaya  : Sapper,  2120. 

New  Madrid  : Fuller,  909,  910. 

New  York,  records  at  Albany  : Clarke, 
500;  Newlaud,  1791. 


Earthquakes — Continued. 

Nicaragua  : Jones,  1322. 

Nova  Scotia  ; Woodman,  2625. 

Pacific  coast : McAdie,  1636. 

Quebec  : Lafiamme,  1457. 

San  Francisco  : Aitken  and  Hilton,  21 ; 
Carey,  424  ; Crafts,  587  ; Cran- 
dall, 591  ; Davidson,  658,  659  ; 
Davison,  683 ; Derleth,  713, 
714  ; 810  ; Fuller,  909  ; Gilbert, 
950,  956;  Haehl  et  al„  1062; 
Hlmmelwright,  1162  ; Inkersley, 
1275  ; Jordan,  1325  ; Lapparent, 
1522 ; Lawson  et  al.,  1531  ; 
Leuschner,  1567;  Moore,  1769; 
Omori,  1818-1821 ; Redway, 
2003  ; Rickard  et  al.,  2056 ; 
Ritter,  2068  ; See,  2157  ; Taber, 
2331  ; Tyler,  2403  ; 2417  ; 2667. 

cause : Branner,  284,  285 ; Jordan, 
1323  ; Ransome,  1980  ; Storms, 
2315. 

earth  movements  ; Fairbanks,  833  ; 
Hayford  and  Baldwin,  1114; 
Omori,  1823. 

magnetograph  records : Bauer,  167, 
168. 

seismographs : Bauer,  168 ; Bauer 

and  Burbank,  169. 

Italy,  Catania  : Ricco,  2024. 

Japan  : Omori,  1817. 

Washington  : Marvin,  1688. 

Seismic  geography  of  eastern  United 
States  : Hobbs,  1181. 

Seismographs,  North  America  and  Ha- 
waiian Islands  : Reid,  2011. 

Times  and  places  ; Turner,  2397. 

Utah,  seismographs  : Talmage,  2343. 

Echinodermata.  See  also  Blastoidea,  Crinoidea. 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone  : Beede,  175. 

Economic  (general).  For  regional,  see 
under  the  various  States.  See  also  Ore 
deposits,  origin,  and  the  particular 
products. 

Applied  geology,  scope  : Johnson,  1300. 

Contributions  to  economic  geology : 
Hayes,  1107. 

Definitions  of  terms  : Emmons,  795. 

Economic  geology  and  mineral  de- 
posits : Nicholas,  1798. 

Economic  geology  of  the  ITnited 
States  : Ries,  2061  ; Smith,  2232. 

Evolution  of  a mineral  vein ; Lakes, 
1468. 

Fault  breccia  veins  in  the  Sierra 
Madre  : Bagg,  94. 

Field  observations  of  ore  deposits : 
Emmons,  801. 

Field  test  for  magnesia  : Catlett,  446. 

Field  work,  need  of,  in  study  of  ore 
deposits  : Coleman,  545. 

Fissure  veins : Emmons,  793 ; Hess, 
1137  ; Kelley,  1357  ; Louis, 
1622 ; Spencer,  2260 ; Spurr, 
2269. 

Fissure  veins  and  ore  deposits  a.s 
waterways  ; I^akes,  1458. 


230  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  KORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907 


Economic  (general) — Continued. 

Garnet  zones,  formation  of : Kemp,  I 

1363. 

Gold  and  pyrite : Lindgren,  1594  ; ! 

Smyth,  2254. 

Gold  associated  with  pyrite  and  tel-  j 
lurides  ; Sharwood,  2182. 

Iron  ores,  investigations  of ; Eckel  ; 
763,  768. 

Law  of  the  apex  ; De  Kalb,  701  ; Pu-  I 
rington,  1975  ; Robertson.  2076.  j 
Magnetic  observations  : Smyth,  2255.  | 

Metal  mining  industry  in  western  i 
States  : Lindgren,  1601.  i 

Metalliferous  ores,  investigations  of : 
Emmons,  797,  800. 

Metalliferous  veins  : Kemp,  1360. 
Microscopic  examination  of  ore 
bodies  : Campbell,  407. 

Mine  examiner  and  prospector's  com- 
panion : Miller,  1753.  I 

Mineral  resources  of  the  Ignited  | 
States;  2418,  2419. 

Mining  geology,  text-book  : Miller,  | 

1752;  Park,  1867. 

Nonmetalliierous  minerals,  investiga-  i 
tions  of  : Eckel,  763. 

Ore  deposits  and  industrial  supremacy  : | 
Stewart,  2297.  j 

Ore  deposits  and  the  law  of  the  apex  : 
Shamel,  2178; 

Ore  shoots  ; Weed,  2500.  . I 

Ores  in  the  Archean  of  North  America  : ' 
rieneage,  1130. 

Phase  rule  : Day  and  Shepherd,  693. 
Placer  investigations  : Hutchins,  1261, 
1262. 

Rare  metals  and  minerals : Schaaf- 

Regelmann,  2132  ; Walsh,  2475. 
Secondary  enrichment  : Neill,  1788. 
Sedi-genetic  and  igneo-genetic  ores : 
Bain,  104. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  re- 
lations to  mining  industry  : 
Smith.  2238. 

University  training  of  engineers  in 
economic  geology ; Branner,  , 
282 : Glenn.  970 ; Leith,  1555 ; I 
Merrill,  1737.  ! 

Weathered  pyrite : Eakle,  754. 

Educational.  See  also  Text-books. 

Applied  geology,  in  the  technical 
school  : Johnson,  1300.  ' 

Training  of  engineers  in  economic 
geology  : Branner,  282  ; Glenn, 
970 ; Leith.  1555  ; Merrill, 
1737;  Reid,  2019. 

Elevation  and  subsidence.  See  Changes  of 
level. 

Emery- 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Erosion.  See  also  Sedimentation. 

Abrasion  by  glaciers.  rivers,  and 
waves  : Westgate.  2528. 

Bermuda  Islands  : Verrill,  2445. 


Erosion — Continued. 

Coast  changes.  New  Jersey ; Haupt, 
1060. 

Colorado  Canyon  : Davis,  667. 

Detrital  slopes  on  mountains  of  the 
Southwest : Blake,  242. 

Ducktown,  Tenn.  : Glenn,  968. 

Experiments  : Jaggar,  1283. 

Glacial  erosion  in  Alaska  : Tarr,  2351. 

Glacial  period  in  nonglaciated  regions  : 
Huntington,  1257. 

Gorges  of  Finger  Lake  region.  New 
York  : Tarr,  2348. 

Gouges,  crescentic,  formed  by  glacial 
action  : Gilbert,  951. 

Grand  Canyon  of  Colorado : Crook, 
600. 

Karst  region  of  Jamaica  : Danes,  639. 

Lateral  erosion  on  some  Michigan 
rivers  : Jefferson,  1287. 

Meandering,  factors  controlling  : 
Griggs,  1043. 

Moulin  work  under  glaciers ; Gilbert, 
952. 

Niagara  Falls,  recession : Adams,  5 ; 
Gilbert,  955  ; Hall,  1065  ; Spen- 
cer, 2263,  2265.  2266. 

Rocks,  characteristics  affecting  erosion  ; 
Todd,  2380. 

Scaurs  on  the  River  Rouge  : .Tefferson, 
1286. 

Sculpture  of  mountains  by  glaciers  : 
Davis,  668. 

Shore  topography  near  Davenport, 
Cal.  : Wilson,  2613. 

Solifluction  : Anderson,  49. 

Stream  movement  of  load  : Brown,  332. 

Valleys,  incised  meandering : Davis, 
669. 

Eskers. 

Indiana,  Tippecanoe  County  : McBeth, 
1637. 

Ohio,  Columbus  : Morse,  1772. 

Essays.  See  Addresses. 

Excursions. 

Intercollegiate  geological  excursion : 
Johnson,  1301. 

International  Geological  Congress,  ex- 
cux’sions  in  Mexico  : Hovey, 

1231. 

Morrill  geological  excursion  : Barbour, 
134,  139. 

New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  I’tah  : John- 
son, 1302. 

Faulting. 

Block  faulting  and  ore  genesis : .Ten- 
ney, 1295. 

California  ; ('randall,  591. 

Klamath  region:  Hershey,  1133. 

Owari  and  Formosa  compared  : 
Omori,  1823. 

Santa  Cruz  fault  line : Ashley.  73 ; 
Branner.  284,  285  ; Carey,  424  ; 
Derleth,  714  ; Gilbert,  950. 

Sierra  Nevada  ; Reid,  2015. 

Classification  of  faults  and  fractures; 
Fobs,  886. 


INDEX 


231 


Faulting— Continued. 

Connecticut,  Triassic  area  : Rice,  2031. 

Displacement,  mutual,  by  intersecting 
veins  : Weed,  2503. 

Eastern  United  States,  seismic  ; Ilobbs, 
1181. 

Fracture  systems,  correlation  : Hobbs, 
1176. 

Idaho,  Red  Cloud  mine  : Turner,  2401. 

Mexico,  Santa  Eulalia : Knapp,  1408. 

Montana,  Marysville  district ; Barrell, 
149. 

Nevada,  Berlin  mine : Daggett,  619. 

Bullfrog  district ; Emmons,  807. 

Robinson  district : Lawson,  1526. 

New  England  ; Hobbs,  1180. 

Nomenclature  and  classification : 
Chamberlin,  462  ; Cushing,  615  ; 
Evans,  830  ; Fairchild,  838  ; 
Jaggar,  1281  ; Ransome,  1983 ; 
Reid,  2017  ; Spun-,  2272  ; Tol- 
man,  2382  ; Willis,  2593. 

Nova  Scotia,  Battery  Point : Fulton, 
919. 

Oblique  faulting  in  Alaska : Martin, 
1687. 

Pennsylvania : Ashley,  70. 

Pine  Mountain  fault : Stone,  2313. 

Postglacial  faults  in  eastern  New 
York  ; Woodworth,  2631. 

Problems,  methods  of  investigating ; 
Tolman,  2881. 

Sierra  Nevada  fault  blocks ; Davis, 
674. 

Texas,  Franklin  Mountains ; Richard- 
son, 2039. 

Wisconsin,  joint  system : Harder, 

1073. 

Wyoming,  Bighorn  Mountains : Dar- 
ton,  647. 

Feldspar. 

Maine  : Bastin,  162. 

New  York,  southeastern : Bastin,  163. 

Ontario  ; Corkill,  578. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Field  work. 

Geologic  mensuration  : Harris,  1078. 

Magnesia,  field  test  for : Catlett,  446. 

Magnetic  observations : Smyth,  2255. 

Mine  examiner  and  prospector’s  com- 
panion : Miller,  1753. 

Ore  deposits,  field  observation  of  : Em- 
mons, 801. 

Fire  clay. 

Georgia  : Yeatch,  2443. 

Illinois : Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973. 

Missouri : Wheeler,  2530. 

St.  Louis  district : Fenneman,  861. 

North  Dakota  : Babcock  91. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  *2218. 

Florida. 

General. 

State  geological  survey,  organization, 
and  plans  : Sellards,  2171. 


Florida— Continued. 

Eeonomic. 

Glass-sand  deposits  : Burchard,  355. 
I’hosphate  : .Tumeau,  1344. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Sink-hole  lakes,  origin  of : Sellards, 
2165. 

P li  ys  ioyraphic. 

Sink-hole  lakes  : Sellards,  2165. 
UtratUjrapliic. 

Post-Eocene  formations : Smith,  2226. 
Paleontology. 

Busycon  (Fulgur)  from  Oligocene : 
Aldrich,  24. 

Planorbis  in  the  Pliocene : Pilsbry, 
1930. 

Underground  water. 

Artesian  and  other  underground  wa- 
ter : Sellards,  2170. 

Fluorite. 

Tennessee : Watson,  2488. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Fluorspar. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Folding. 

Anticlinal  domes  in  Piedmont  of  Mary- 
land : Mathews,  1690. 

Glacial  : Carney,  430  ; Sardeson,  2121. 
Illinois,  deformation  lines : Weller, 
2517,  2518. 

Pennsylvania,  South  Mountain : Stose, 
2318. 

Rock  folds  due  to  weathering : Camp- 
bell, 396. 

Synclinorium  and  anticlinorium  : Rice, 
2032. 

Thrusts  and  recumbent  folds : Willis, 
2597. 

Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 
Foraminifera. 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone  : Beede,  174, 
179. 

Kansas,  Hooser  : Spandel,  2259. 
Porocystis  Cragin  : Jarvis,  1285. 
Fossils.  See  Paleontology. 

Franklin. 

Stratigraphic. 

Geology  of  the  lauds  visited  by  the 
Neptune  : Low,  1623. 
Paleontology. 

Corals  from  Arctic  Islands : Lambe, 
1486. 

Ordovician  and  Silurian  fossils  : Ami, 
39,  40. 

Fuller’s  earth. 

General:  Porter,  1944. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Garnet. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia,  2493. 


232  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Gastropoda.  See  also  Mollusca. 

Arizona  : Cockerell,  515. 

Busy  con  (Fulgur)  from  Oligocene  of 
Florida  : Aldrich,  24. 

California,  southern,  Tertiary  : Arnold, 

02. 

Colorado,  Florissant : Cockerell,  517. 

Devonian  : Clarke,  497. 

Eocene  from  Alabama  : Aldrich,  25. 

Hackberry  group,  Iowa : Webster, 

2496,  2497. 

New  Mexico  : Cockerell,  515. 

Ordovician,  retaining  color  markings ; 

Raymond,  1988. 

Orthogenetic  variation : Grabau,  996. 

I’lauorbis  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
517. 

Pliocene  of  Florida  : Pilsbry,  1930. 

I’silocochlis  : Dali,  627. 

Volutidae:  Dali,  629,  630. 

Westerna,  from  Hackberry  group  of 
Iowa  : Webster,  2496. 

Zonitoid  shell  from  Florissant : Cock- 
erell, 536. 

Gems.  See  also  Precious  stones. 

California  : Kunz,  1437. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Genesis  of  ores.  See  Ore  deposits,  origin. 

Geologic  formations  described.  See  list 
p.  284. 

Tables.  See  Stratigraphic,  Tables  of 
formations. 

Geologic  history.  See  also  Paleoclimatology. 
General. 

Geologic  research  in  continental  his- 
tory : Willis,  2590. 

Paleozoic. 

Carboniferous,  Appalachian  basin ; 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Chazy  time : Raymond,  1987. 

St.  Peter  time : Berkey,  205. 
Post-Paleozoic. 

Great  Lakes,  history  of : Goldthwait, 
975  : Taylor,  2363. 

Mid-Cretaceous  geography  : Berry,  211. 
Regional. 

Appalachian  basin.  Carboniferous : 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Alaska : Brooks,  313 ; Paige  and 
Knopf,  1862  ; Spencer,  2261. 

Turnagain  Arm  region  : Moffit,  1762. 

Arizona,  Colorado  River  region : Lee, 
1541,  1548. 

Tertiary  peneplain  : Robinson,  2078. 

Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971  ; Veatch,  2436. 

British  Columbia,  Cascade  Mountains  : 
Daly,  632. 

California  : Comstock,  563  ; Diller,  721. 

Ancient  river  channels : Kimble, 

1395. 

Great  Basin  : Ball,  120. 

Owens  Valley : Lee,  1540. 

Santa  ('lara  Valley  : ('randall,  590. 

Santa  Maria  district  ; Arnold  and 
Anderson,  68. 

Canada,  northeastern  : Low,  1623. 


Geologic  history — Continued, 

Regional — Continued. 

Colorado  : Darton,  648  ; Fisher,  869. 

Florissant  basin  : Henderson,  1127, 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Colorado  Canyon ; Davis,  667. 

Connecticut : Rice,  2030. 

Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Great  Basin  : Ball,  120. 

Great  Lakes  : Goldthwait,  975  ; Taylor, 
2363. 

Indiana  : Blatchley,  244. 

Indian  Territory : Taff,  2332. 

Iowa,  channel  of  Mississippi  River : 
Calvin,  389. 

Lancaster  quadrangle ; Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Kansas,  Joplin  district : Smith  and 

Siebenthal,  2251. 

Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Maine,  Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle : 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 

Maryland : Miller,  1749 ; Shattuck, 

2184,  2185. 

Calvert  County : Shattuck,  2187, 

2188. 

Coastal  plain  : Davis,  677. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  et 
al.,  2193. 

St.  Marys  County : Shattuck,  2190, 
2191. 

Massachusetts  : Mansfield,  1674. 

Mount  Grejdock  : Dale,  620. 

Mississippi  River  channel  : Calvin,  389. 

Mississippi  Valley,  upper  : Bain,  99. 

Missouri  : Shepard,  2194.  , 

Granby  area  : Buckley  and  Buehler, 
346. 

Joplin  district:  Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal, 2251. 

Montana,  Marysville  district : Barrell, 
149. 

Nevada,  Great  Basin ; Ball,  120. 

New  Mexico  : Keyes,  1378. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee,  1545. 

Tertiary  peneplain  : Robinson,  2078. 

New  York,  Adirondacks  : Cushing,  614. 

Catskill  Mountains:  Heilprin,  1126. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2430,  2434. 

Schoharie  Valley : Grabau.  991. 

western,  in  Silurian  time : Hart- 

nagel,  1085. 

North  America  : Shimer,  2205. 

North  Carolina,  Nantahala  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1 352. 

Pisgah  quadrangle:  Keith.  1353. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 

Nova  Scotia:  De Wolfe,  718. 

Pennsylvania,  Amity  quadrangle: 
Clapp,  475. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

South  Carolina,  Pisgah  quadrangle : 
Keith.  1.353. 

Pleistocene  : Pugh,  1963. 

Utah  : Richardson.  2041. 

Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 


INDEX. 


233 


Geologic  history — Continued. 

Regional — Continued. 

Vermont,  Champlain  Valley : Hitch- 

cock, 1165. 

Virginia : Surface,  2326. 

Washington  : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Cascade  Mountains  : Daly,  632. 

Wisconsin,  Lancaster  and  Mineral 
Point  quadrangles : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden,  23. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 

Devil’s  Tower  quadrangle : Darton 
and  OTIarra,  656. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 

Geologic  maps. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

Alberta,  Cascade  coal  basin  : Dowling, 
736. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes, 
381. 

Alaska : Brooks,  313 ; Wright  and 

Wright,  2654. 

Admiralty  Island  : Wright,  2640. 

Cape  Lisburne  region  : Collier,  552. 

Juneau  gold  belt ; Spencer,  2261. 

Matanuska  coal  field  ; Martin,  1682. 

Rampart  region  : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

coal  field  : Collier,  556. 

Winslow  quadrangle  : Purdue,  1971. 

British  Columbia,  Telkwa  River  re- 
gion : Leach,  1534. 

California  : Anbury,  85,  86. 

eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Redding  quadrangle  ; Diller,  721. 

San  Francisco  peninsula : Crandall, 
591. 

Santa  Clara  Valley : Eldridge  and 
Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Maria  oil  district : Arnold 
and  Anderson,  66,  67. 

Summerland  district : Arnold,  63. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley ; Darton, 
648. 

Clear  Creek  region  ; Underhill,  2414. 

Cripple  Creek  district ; Lindgren  and 
Ransome,  1605. 

Hahns  Peak  region  : Gale,  922. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  : Fisher,  869. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
863. 

Connecticut  : Ellis,  780  ; Gregory,  1034  ; 
Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038 ; 
Rice,  2030. 

Delaware,  Dover  quadrangle ; Miller, 
1749. 

Franklin  ; Low,  1623. 


Geologic  maps — Continued, 

Illinois : Bain,  100 ; Purdy  and  De- 
Wolf,  1973  ; Weller,  2517,  2524. 

zinc  and  lead  region : Bain,  99. 

Indiana,  Monroe  County : Reagan, 

1998. 

Indian  Territory,  Muscogee  quad- 
rangle : Taff,  2332. 

Iowa  : Savage,  2130. 

Black  Hawk  County  : Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 

Clayton  County : Leonard,  1559. 

Franklin  County  ; Williams,  2588. 

Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 

Lancaster  quadrangle : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Sac  and  Ida  counties ; Macbride, 
1639. 

Winneshiek  County ; Calvin,  388. 

zinc  and  lead  region  : Bain,  99. 

Kansas,  Independence  quadrangle : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Joplin  district  : Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal,  2251. 

Kentucky,  Cumberland  Gap  coal  field  : 
Ashley  and  Glenn,  877. 

east  central  ; Foerste,  884. 

Louisiana  ; Veatch,  2436. 

Winnfield  sheet  : Harris,  1079. 

Maine,  Boothbay  quadrangle-:  Ogilvie, 
1815. 

Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle : Smith 

et  al.,  2241. 

Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; 
1689  ; Shattuck,  2184. 

Calvert  County  : Shattuck,  2188. 

Dover  quadrangle  : Miller,  1749. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  et 
al.,  2193. 

Piedmont  plateau  : Mathews,  1690. 

St.  Marys  quadrangle : Shattuck, 

2185. 

Massachusetts  : Mansfield,  1674. 

Mexico  : Aguilera,  16. 

Chihuahua  : Hovey,  1236. 

Durango,  Mapimi : Angermann,  51. 

San  Pedro  de  Gallo  : Angermann, 
50. 

Sierra  de  Concepcion  del  Oro : 
Burckhardt,  357. 

Zacatecas : Burckhardt  and  Scalia, 
363. 

Michigan  : Leverett  et  al.,  1573. 

Black  River  section  : Gordon  and 
Lane,  985. 

Menominee,  Dickinson,  and  Iron 
counties  : Russell,  2104. 

Mississippi  : Brown,  326  ; Crider,  595  ; 
Crider  and  Johnson,  599 ; 
Logan  and  Hand,  1609. 

Missouri  : Shepard,  2194. 

Granby  area  : Buckley  and  Buehler, 
346. 

Joplin  district : Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal,  2251. 


234  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907 


Geologic  maps — Continued. 

Montana  : Calhoun,  384  ; Darton,  644. 

Bighorn  Mountains  region  : Darton, 
647. 

Nebraska,  Cass  County : Woodruff, 

2628. 

Republican  River  Valley:  Condra, 

570. 

Nevada,  Goldfield  district : Hastings 
and  Berkey,  1091. 

Goldfield  and  Bullfrog  districts : 
Ransome,  1984. 

Pioche  and  vicinity  : Pack,  1854. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle  : Spurr,  2271. 

southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Brunswick  : Bailey,  98. 

New  Jersey,  Newark  system : Lewis, 
1580. 

New  Mexico,  Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee, 
1545. 

Roswell  area  ; Fisher,  870. 

New  York : Fairchild,  843. 

Buffalo  quadrangle  : Luther,  1633. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434. 

Long  Lake  quadrangle  : Cushing,  616. 

Penn  Y"an  - Ilammondsport  quad- 
rangles : Luther,  1634. 

Rochester  and  Ontario  Beach  quad- 
rangles : Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Schoharie  Valley  : Grabau,  991. 

North  America  : Hobson,  1194  ; Willis, 
2591,  2594. 

North  Carolina,  Nantahala  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1352. 

Pisgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 

North  Dakota  : Leonard,  1563. 

Ohio,  Licking  County  : Carney,  427. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Ontario,  Animikie  region  : Silver,  2212. 

Essex  and  Kent  counties  : Nattress, 
1785. 

Larder  Lake  district : Brock,  308. 

Pembroke  sheet : Ells,  788. 

Sudbury  field  : Coleman,  539. 

Pennsylvania,  Amity  quadrangle : 
Clapp,  475. 

bituminous  coal  fields  : Halberstadt, 
1 063. 

Burgettstown  and  Claysville  quad- 
rangles ; Griswold  and  Munn, 
1048. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

South  Mountain  : Stose,  2318. 

Quebec,  Mount  Yamaska  : Young,  2660. 

Pembroke  sheet  : Ells,  788. 

Rhode  Island : Emerson  and  Perry, 
790. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Pisgah  (piadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 

Tennessee,  Nantahala  quadrangle : 
Keith,  1352. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 


Geologic  maps — Continued. 

Texas,  Franklin  Mountains : Richard- 
son, 2042. 

Panhandle  : Gould,  987. 

Utah,  Park  City  district : Boutwell, 
271. 

Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2206. 

Vermont,  St.  Albans  : Edson,  774. 

Washington,  Olympic  Peninsula : Ar- 
nold, 56. 

Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 
Calkins,  2240. 

West  Virginia,  Brook,  Ohio,  and  Han- 
cock counties  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Wisconsin,  Lancaster  and  Mineral 
Point  quadrangles : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden,  23. 

north  central:  Weidman,  2512. 

zinc  and  lead  region : Bain,  99 ; 

Grant,  1017. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  ; Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  644, 

647. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles : Darton,  646. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle : Darton 
and  O’Harra,  656. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 

Yukon,  Klondike  district : McConnell, 
1653,  1654. 

Geologic  time. 

Measurement  of  : Berkey,  208. 

Geomorphogeny.  See  Physiographic. 

Geomorphology.  See  Physiographic. 

Georgia. 

General. 

Geologic  notes  : Middleton,  1746. 

Economic. 

Bauxite  industry  : .Tudd,  1330. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Dahlonega  gold  deposits : Lindgren, 

1596. 

Glass-sand  deposits  : Burchard,  355. 

Kaolins  and  fire  clays  ; Veatch,  2443. 

Marble:  McCallie,  1643. 

Mineral  paint  ore  : Burchard,  356. 

Ocher  deposits  : Watson,  2483. 

Slate:  Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Stretched  pebbles : McCallie,  1641, 

1642. 

Physioyraphic. 

Tallulah  district,  drainage  modifica- 
cations  : .Tohnson,  1.303.  1307. 

Stratigraphic. 

Altamaha  grit  region  : Harper,  1077. 

Paleontology. 

I'entremite  : Schuchert,  2146. 

Petrology. 

Basic  magnesian  rocks  : King,  1401. 


INDEX 


235 


Georgia— Continued. 

Underground  loater. 

Mineral  waters  from  crystalline  rocks  : 
Fuller,  1)07. 

Geysers. 

Artificial : Waitz,  2468. 

Mexico,  Ixtlfin  ; Waitz,  2465. 

Michoacan  : Caballero,  375. 

Glacial  geology.  See  Quaternary. 

Glaciers. 

General:  Reid,  2014  ; Vaux,  2429. 

Alaska : Blackwelder,  239 ; Klotz, 

1405;  Tarr,  2351. 

Glacier  Bay  : Wright,  2643  ; Wright 
and  Wright,  2655. 

Hubbard  Glacier  front  in  1792  and 
1794  : Tarr  and  Martin,  2359. 

Malaspina  Glacier  ; Tarr,  2349,  2353. 

Yakutat  Bay  : Tarr,  2352  ; Tarr  and 
Martin,  2358. 

Alberta  : Vaux  and  Vaux,  2426-2428. 

British  Columbia : Vaux  and  Vaux, 
2426-2428. 

Canada,  Rockies  and  Selkirks : Sher- 
zer,  2197,  2197a. 

variations : Vaux  and  Vaux,  2426- 
2428. 

Erosion  by  : Carney,  430  ; Tarr,  2351. 

Folding  produced  by  glacial  action : 
Sardeson,  2121. 

Lefroy  : Sherzer,  2198. 

Melting  of  : Reid,  2013. 

Motion  of  : Chamberlin,  460 ; Willcox, 
2580. 

Moulin  work  under  glaciers : Gilbert, 
952. 

Mount  Hood  and  Mount  Adams  : Reid, 
2008. 

Mount  Rainey,  Nisqually  glacier : Le 
Conte,  1537. 

Neve  line  : Reid,  2012. 

United  States,  variations  : Reid,  2007, 
2009,  2010. 

Variations : Reid,  2007,  2009,  2010 ; 
Vaux  and  Vaux,  2426-2428. 

Washington,  Mount  Baker : Landes, 

1496. 

Mount  Rainier : Le  Conte,  1537. 

Glass  sand. 

General:  Burchard,  349,  355. 

Indiana  : Burchard,  354, 

Kentucky  : Burchard,  354. 

Mississippi  Valley  : Burchard,  350. 

New  .Jersey  : Kiimmel  and  Gage,  1436. 

Ohio  : Burchard,  354. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

West  Virginia  : Stose,  2319. 

Gold. 

General. 

Association  with  pyrite  and  tellu- 
rides  : Sharwood,  2182. 

Geologic  distribution  : Rickard,  2049, 
2051,  2052. 

Placers  : Hutchins,  1261,  1262. 

Alabama:  2418,  2419;  Smith,  2227. 


Gold — Continued. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  311 ; 2418,  2419. 
Admiralty  Island  : Wright,  2640. 
Bonnifield  and  Kantishna  regions : 
Prindle,  1957. 

Cape  Nome : Wilson,  2606. 

Circle  precinct : Brooks,  319. 

Iron  Creek  : Smith,  2246. 

Juneau  belt  : Spencer,  2261. 
Klondike  region  : Everette,  831. 
Kougarok  region  : Brooks,  318. 
Matanuska  field  : Martin,  1682. 
Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
Paige  and  Knopf,  1861,  1862. 
Nome  beaches  : Halla,  1066  ; Hutch- 
ins, 1263;  Mofflt,  1764. 
Rampart  region  : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

Seward  Peninsula : Mofflt,  1763. 
Solomon  and  Niukluk  River  basins  : 
Smith,  2245. 

southeastern  : Wright,  2641  ; Wright 
and  Wright,  2654. 

Turnagain  Arm  region  : Mofflt,  1762. 
Yakutat  Bay  region  : Tarr,  2341. 
Yukon  fields  : Prindle,  1955. 
Appalachians,  southern  ; Read,  1996. 
Arizona,  Cherry  Creek  district : Reid, 
2016. 

Globe  district:  Graichen,  1009. 

Gold  Road  : Tovote,  2386. 

Tombstone  : Brinsmade,  300. 
Vulture  mine  : Purington,  1976. 
British  Columbia  : Evans,  825. 

Atlin  district : Carmichael,  426. 
Barkerville  : Atkin,  79. 

Boundary  district : Keffer,  1350. 
Fraser  River : Evans,  814. 

New  Westminster  and  Texada  Is- 
land : LeRoy,  1565. 

Rossland  district : Brock,  306,  307  ; 
Stokes,  2307. 

Similkameen  district:  Camsell,  413. 
Skeena  River : Leach,  1535. 

Ilnuk  River  region  • Wright,  2644. 
California  : Amador,  33  ; Bordeaux, 

256  ; Doolittle,  728  ; Lakes,  1472  ; 
Storms,  2316;  2418,  1419. 

Bodie  district:  McLaughlin,  1671. 

Coffee  Creek  district : Stines,  2299. 
eastern : Ball,  119,  120. 

Eldorado  County : Kimble,  1394. 

Inyo  Range : Reid,  2023. 

Mojave  district : Bateson,  164. 
Exposed  Treasure  lode : DeKalb, 

702. 

Mother  lode  : Reid,  2021. 

Sierra  Nevada,  western  : Lang,  1519. 
Canada  (general)  : Ingall,  1267. 
Colorado  : Lindgren,  1591  ; 2418,  2410. 
Bear  Creek : Emmons,  804. 

Boulder  County : Lindgren,  1599. 

Cripple  Creek  district : Liebenam, 

1585 ; Lindgren  and  Ransome, 
1604  ; Mollmann,  1765.  , 

Gold  Prince  mine  : Scholl  and  Her- 
rick, 2141. 


236  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Gold— Continued. 

Colorado,  Gunnison  belt ; Lakes, 
1472. 

Hahns  Peak  field  : Gale,  922. 

Idaho  Springs  district : Spurr  and 

Garrey,  2275. 

Lake  Fork  district ; Woolsey,  2635. 
Ouraj"  quadrangle  : Cross  et  ah,  607. 
Georgia:  2418,  2419. 

Dahlonega  : Lindgren,  1596. 

Idaho  : MacDonald,  1658  ; 2418,  2419. 
Lost  Packer  lode  : Jennings,  1297. 
Murray  belt : Lammers,  1494. 

Priest  Lake  district : Courtis,  585. 
St.  Joe  River  basin  : Collier,  553. 
Snake  River  : Bell,  199. 

South  Mountain  : Bell,  197. 
Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; 

2418,  2419. 

Mexico,  Chihuahua,  Dolores  mine : 
Parish,  846. 

Durango  : Villarello,  2449. 

El  Oro  : Rickard,  2048  ; Smith,  2248. 
Guanajuato,  La  Luz  : Church,  467. 
Lluvia  de  Oro  district : Burrows, 
365. 

Michoacan : Villarello,  2448. 

Sinaloa  : Merrill,  1723. 

Sonora.  Altar  district : Alexander, 
26. 

Sahuaripa  district : Nelson,  1789. 
Zacualpan  : Villarello,  2450. 

Michigan  : Courtis,  586. 

Montana : MacDonald,  1658 ; 2418, 

2419. 

Little  Rockies  district ; Boynton,  280. 
Philipsburg  quadrangle : Emmons, 

806. 

Ruby  ; Hutchins.  1260. 

Nevada:  Ball.  119,  120;  Sharwood, 
2183;  2418,  2419. 

Bullfrog  district : Ransome,  1985 ; 
Rice.  2027. 

Esmeralda  County,  Klondike  dis- 
trict : Spurr.  2270. 

Fairview  district : Rice,  2029  ; Zalin- 
ski,  2662. 

Giroux  mines  : Giroux,  965. 

Goldfield  : Collins.  557,  558 ; Lin- 
coln. 1587  ; Ransome,  1984, 
1985  ; Spurr.  2274  ; Taft.  2339. 
Manhattan  district : Emmons  and 

Garrey.  808 ; Rice,  2028. 
Pioche  : Abbot,  3 ; I'ack,  1854. 

Round  Mountain  camp ; Packard, 
1856. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle : Spurr, 

2271. 

southwestern  : Ball,  119,  120. 
Tonopah : Rice,  2025,  2026 ; Taft, 
2339. 

Wonder  district  : Zalinski,  2663. 

New  Mexico : Lindgren  and  Graton, 
1603;  2418,  2419. 

Cooney  district : Graham,  1007. 
Lordshurg  region:  Jones.  1321. 

Santa  Fe  County  : Jones,  1320. 


Gold— Continued. 

North  Carolina  : Crosby,  601 ; Graton, 
1025  ; Pratt,  1951  ; 2418,  2419. 
Nova  Scotia : Faribault,  844,  845 ; 

Woodman,  2624. 

Tangier : Packard,  1857. 

Ontario  : Collins,  561  ; Corkill,  578. 
Lake  Abitibi : Miller,  1757. 

Larder  Lake : Brock.  308. 

Oregon:  Stafford,  2276;  2418,  2419. 
Quebec,  Chibougamau  region : Low’, 

1624. 

Santo  Domingo : Garrison,  930. 

South  Carolina  : Graton,  1025  ; Sloan, 
2218;  2418,  2419. 

South  Dakota : Pratt,  1948 ; 2418, 

2419. 

Black  Hills  : Sadtler,  2112. 
Tennessee  : 2418,  2419. 

Texas:  2418,  2419. 

United  States  (general)  : Read,  1993  ; 

2418,  2419. 

Utah  : 2418,  2419. 

Piute  County : Lindgren,  1595 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Washington  : Collier,  554  ; 2418,  2419. 
Wyoming:  2418,  2419. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647, 

649. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642 
South  Pass  district : Beeler,  184. 
Uinta  County  : Schultz,  2150. 

Yukon,  Klondike  district : McConnell, 
1650. 

Whitehorse  region ; Cairnes,  380 ; 
Everette,  831  ; McConnell,  1648, 
1653,  1654;  Tyrrell,  2406. 

G'-anite. 

Alaska,  southeastern ; Wright,  2639, 
2642. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Maine ; Dale,  623  ; Smith,  2233. 

Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle : Smith 
et  al.,  2241. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathew’s,  488. 
New’  England : Dale,  624. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Vermont : I’erkins,  1907  ; Richardson, 
2037. 

Virginia  ; Watson,  2493. 

Graphite. 

Alabama : Smith,  2227. 

Califcrnia  : Aubury,  87. 

Maine:  Smith,  2230,  2231. 
I’ennsylvania  : Law,  1523. 

Quebec  : Brumell,  338 ; Cirkel,  469. 
South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

United  States  (general)  : Pratt,  1946; 
2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Wyoming,  Haystack  Hills  : Ball,  126. 
Gravel. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Greenland. 

Ice  cap.  thickness  of : Schwarz,  2152. 
Narsarsuk  minerals:  Biiggild,  251. 


INDEX 


237 


Guatemala. 

Earthquake  of  April  19,  1902  : Omori, 
1822. 

Gypsum. 

Alaska,  southeastern : Wright,  2639, 
2642. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Colorado,  Uncompahgre  region  : Sieben- 
thal,  1138. 

Iowa  : Beyer,  229. 

Montana  : Rowe,  2093. 

New  Brunswick  ; Bailey,  98. 

New  Mexico,  northwestern : Shaler, 
2175. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Wyoming : Trumbull,  2396. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872,  873. 
Bighorn  Mountain  region : Darton, 
649. 

Laramie  district : Siebenthal,  2208. 
Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Barton,  642. 

Hawaiian  Islands. 

Diamond  Head,  Oahu  : Hitchcock,  1166. 
Mohokea  caldera:  Hitchcock,  1167. 
Volcanic  craters  : Pickering,  1927. 

History,  philosophy,  etc. 

Age  of  the  earth  : Hixon,  1170. 
American  geology,  history  of : Merrill, 
1736. 

Atmosphere,  primeval  : McKee,  1670. 
Chemical  evolution  of  the  ocean  : Lane, 
1504. 

Contributions  of  America  to  geology  : 
Rice,  2033. 

Earth  sciences,  methods  : Chamberlain, 
452. 

relations  : Davis,  664. 

Earth’s  crust,  composition  of : Clarke, 
490. 

Geologic  day  : Lane,  1505. 

Geology,  problems  of  : Van  Hise,  2421. 
Geophysics,  problems  of : Becker,  171. 
Illogical  geology  : Price,  1954. 

Oceanic  circulation,  influence  on  cli- 
mate : Chamberlain,  453. 
Physical  factor  in  general  geology : 
Davis,  672. 

Hydrozoa. 

Stromatoporoids  of  Guelph  formation 
in  Ontario  : Parks,  1872. 

Idaho. 

Economic. 

Coal  deposits  : Ritter,  2069. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 
Dollarhide  mine  : Lakes,  1466. 

Lost  Packer  copper-gold  lode : Jen- 

ings,  1297. 

Mining  industry  : Bell,  195,  196. 

Murray  gold  belt : Lammers,  1494. 
Northern  : MacDonald,  1658. 
Phosphate  deposits:  .Tones,  1317; 

Weeks  and  Ferrier,  2507. 


Idaho — Contin  ued , 

Economic — Continued. 

l‘riest  Lake  mining  district : Courtis, 
585. 

Red  Cloud  mine  : Turner,  2401. 

St.  .Toe  River  basin  : Collier,  553. 

Sapphires  : Bell,  198. 

Seven  Devils  district : Reid,  2006. 

Snake  River,  gold:  Bell,  199;  Reid, 
2006. 

South  Mountain  : Bell,  197. 

White  Knob  copper  deposits : Kemp 
and  Gunther,  1372. 

Wood  River  district  : Lakes,  1463. 
tiimtigraphic. 

Northern  : MacDonald,  1658. 
Paleontology. 

Fish  remains  from  Triassic  of  Aspen 
Ridge  : Goddard,  972. 

Shark  related  to  Edestus  : Hay,  1105. 
Petrology. 

Purcell  Mountain  Range  : Daly,  631. 

Igneous  and  volcanic  rocks. 

General. 

Classifleation  : Turner,  2402. 

Alaska,  Juneau  gold  belt  ; Spencer, 
2261. 

Rampart  region  : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

Turnagain  Arm  region:  Moffit,  1762. 

Yukon-Tanana  region,  Circle  quad- 
rangle : Prindle,  1956. 

Arizona,  Red  Mountain  : Atwood,  80. 

British  Columbia,  Cascade  Mountains  : 
Daly,  632. 

Graham  Island  : Ells,  783. 

California,  eastern:  Ball,  120. 

Klamath  region,  Hershey,  1133. 

Mojave  district  : Bateson,  164  ; De- 
Kalb,  702. 

Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 

Santa  Maria  district : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  66,  67. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 
648. 

Clear  Creek  region  : Underhill,  2414. 

Cripple  Creek  district : Lindgren  and 
Ransome,  1604. 

Hahns  Peak  region  : Gale,  922. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
862. 

Connecticut : Rice,  2031. 

Cortlandt  series  : Hobbs,  1178. 

crystalline  rocks  : Gregory,  1034. 

Idaho,  Purcell  Mountain  Range  : Daly, 
631. 

Maine,  Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle : 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 

southern  : Ogilvie,  1815. 

Martinique,  Mont  Pele : Gentil,  938; 
Lacroix,  1455,  1456. 

Pel^  obelisk  : Heilprin,  1122. 

tridymite,  in  volcanic  rocks : La- 
croix, 1453, 


238  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 

\ 


Igneous  and  volcanic  rocks — Continued. 

Mexico  : Guild,  1052  ; Philippi,  1924  ; 
Villafana,  2447. 

Colima  : Waitz,  2466. 

Guaynopita  district:  Hovey,  1224. 

Jorullo  : Ordonez,  1831. 

Puebla  ; Ordonez,  1826. 

Sierra  de  Concepcion  del  Oro  : Burck- 
hardt,  357. 

Sierra  de  Guanajuato : Villarello, 

Flores,  and  Robles,  2460. 

Sierra  de  Mazapil  et  Santa  Rosa ; 
Burckhardt,  358. 

Sierra  Madre  Mountains : Warwick, 
2479. 

Xinantecatl : Flores,  881. 

Zacatecas : Burckhardt  and  Scalia, 
363. 

Michigan  : Lane,  1513. 

Black  River  section : Gordon  and 
Lane,  985. 

Montana,  Marysville  district : Barrell, 
149. 

Purcell  Mountain  Range  : Daly,  631. 

Nevada,  Goldfield  mining  district : 
Hastings  and  Berkey,  1091. 

I’ioche  ; Pack,  1854, 

Robinson  mining  district : Lawson, 
1526. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle : Spurr, 

2271. 

southwestern  ; Ball,  120. 

New  Brunswick  : Ells,  784. 

New  Hampshire,  Belknap  Mountains : 
I’irsson  and  Washington,  1934. 

Red  Hill  : Pirsson  and  Washington, 
1935. 

New  Jersey,  Newark  rocks : Lewis, 

1579,  1580,  1583. 

New  Mexico,  Mount  Taylor  region  : 
Johnson,  1304. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee,  1545. 

New  York,  Adirondacks  : Cushing,  616. 

Highlands  : Berkey,  207. 

Long  Lake  quadrangle  : Cushing, 

614. 

Palisade  trap  : Julien,  1340. 

North  Carolina,  Pisgah  quadrangle : 
Keith,  1353. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 

Ontario  : Coleman,  546. 

Animikie  iron  range : Silver,  2212. 

Lake  Nipigon  iron  ranges  : Coleman, 
548. 

Mattagami  Valley  : Kerr,  1375. 

Michipicoten  iron  ranges : Coleman. 
542. 

Sudbury  nickel  field  : Coleman,  539. 

I’anama  : Howe,  1244. 

Pennsylvania  : Kemp.  1368  ; Kemp  and 
Ross,  1 373. 

Quebec,  Brome  Mountain  : Dresser, 

743. 

Chibougama  mining  region : Low, 

1624, 


Igneous  and  volcanic  rocks — Continued. 

Quebec,  eastern  townships : Dresser, 

742. 

Mount  Yamaska  : Young,  2660. 

St.  Francis  Valley  : Dresser,  365. 
Rhode  Island  : Emerson  and  Perry,  790. 
South  Carolina  : Graton,  1025. 

Pisgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 
Tennessee,  Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Texas,  Chisos  country  : Udden,  2409. 
Vermont : Richardson,  2037. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2489. 

Washington,  Snoqualmie  quadrangle : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 
Wisconsin,  Fox  River  Valley : Hobbs 
and  Leith,  1193. 
north  central  : Weidman,  2512. 
Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 
Bighorn  basin  ; Fisher,  873. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle : Darton 

and  OTIarra,  656. 

Yukon,  White  River  region  : McConnell, 
1648. 

Illinois. 

General. 

State  geological  survey : Salisbury, 

2113. 

necessity  for  : Bement,  200. 
work  of : Bain,  108. 

State  geologist's  report  for  1906  : Bain, 

110. 

Economic. 

Cannel  coal  in  northern  Illinois  : Grout, 
1050. 

Coal  : Bain,  100,  112  ; Parr,  1875,  1876. 

analyses  : Parr,  1877. 

Coal  seams,  distribution  : Bement,  201. 
Fire  clays : Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973. 
Glass  sand  : Burchard,  350. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  : Baiu,  99  ; Da- 
vis, 663. 

Limestones  ; Van  Horn,  2424. 

Mineral  industry  in  1906:  Bain,  113. 
Mineral  production  in  1905  : Van 

Horn,  2423. 

Oil  fields:  Bain,  102,  109;  Blatchley, 
245. 

Saline-Gallatin  coal  field  : DeWolf,  717. 
Silica  deposits:  Bain,  111. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Fracture  systems:  Hobbs,  1176. 
Stratigraphic. 

Calhoun  County  : Weller,  2522. 

Coal  districts  : White,  2545. 

Delafield  drill  core:  Fdden,  2410. 

East  St.  Louis  area  : Bowman  and 

Reeds.  277  : Fenneman.  860. 
Galena  series:  Sardeson,  2122. 
Geologic  structure:  Weller.  2518. 
Geological  map:  Irving  1277;  Weller, 
2517,  2524. 

Gulf  embayment  area : Glenn,  969t 


INDEX 


239 


Illinois— Con  ti  uued . 

Stratigraphic— ContlnxxQ^. 

Hamburg,  sections : Weller,  2519. 

I’aleogeography  of  St,  Peter  time : 
Berkey,  205. 

Pre-Richmond  unconformity  in  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  : Weller,  2522. 

Superficial  deposits  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi : Fowke,  891. 

Paleontology. 

Crinoids  from  Chicago  area : Slocom, 
2221. 

Kinderhook  fauna  at  Hamburg : Wel- 
ler, 2519. 

Trllobites  from  Niagara  of  Chicago 
area:  Weller,  2521. 

Underground  water. 

East  St.  Louis  district : Bowman  and 
Reeds,  277. 

Gulf  emhayment  area  ; Glenn,  969. 

Springfield  quadrangle : Savage,  2129. 

Indiana. 

General. 

Geologic  history  : Blatchley,  244. 

Road  materials : Blatchley  et  al,  250. 

Economic. 

Glass-sand  industry  : Burchard,  354. 

Iron  ores : Beede  and  Shannon,  182  ; 
Shannon,  2181. 

Martin  County,  iron  ores : Beede  and 
Shannon,  182. 

Natural  gas  : Kinney,  1402. 

Natural  resources  : Blatchley,  247,  248. 

Peat  deposits:  Taylor,  2861. 

I’ctroleum  industry  in  1906  : Blatchley, 
249. 

Princeton  petroleum  field  : Blatchley, 
243. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Travertine  deposit  in  Tippecanoe  Coun- 
*ty  : Wilson,  2607. 

Weathering  of  Subcarboniferous  lime- 
stones : Cumings,  609. 

Stratigraphic. 

Age  of  rocks  near  Kentland  : Greene, 
1030. 

Devonian  limestones  : Staufi:er,  2278. 

Esker  in  Tippecanoe  County  : McBeth, 
1637. 

Glacial  deposits  : Leverett,  1572. 

Glacial  gravels  : Blatchley,  246. 

Monroe  County  : Reagan,  1998. 

Paleozoic  limestones  and  shales : 
Blatchley,  246. 

White  River  area  : Shannon,  2180. 

Physiographic. 

Geographic  features  : Dryer,  745. 

White  River  drainage:  Shannon,  2180. 

Paleontology. 

Devonian  and  Mississippian  ('rinoidea  : 
Rowley,  2094. 

Devonian  corals:  Greene,  1029,  1031, 
1032. 

Fauna  of  Salem  limestone : Cumings 
and  Beede,  612. 


Indiana — Continued. 

Mineralogy. 

South  Bend  meteorite  : Farrington,  848. 
Indian  Territory, 

General. 

Geoiogy  and  physiography  : Condra, 

571. 

Limonite  geodes  from  Muscogee : 
Nichols,  1802. 

Economic. 

Asphaltic  coals  : Crane,  592. 

Muscogee  quadrangle  : Taff,  2332, 
Stratigraphic. 

Limestone,  new  : Condra,  568. 

Muscogee  quadrangle  : Taff,  2332, 
Infusorial  earth. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Insecta. 

General : Handlirsch,  1071. 

American  Paieozoic  : Handlirsch,  1069. 

Ant  from  Florissant : Cockerell,  516. 

Blattoid  from  Montana  Cretaceous : 
Handlirsch,  1068. 

Borings,  insect,  in  Cretaceous  lignite  : 
Hollick,  1207. 

Butterfly  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
531. 

Carboniferous  insects,  horizons  of : 
White,  2542. 

Caterpillar  from  Florissant,  Cockerell, 
531. 

Cicada  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 

522. 

Cockroaches,  geological  history  of : 
Sellards,  2167. 

Coleoptera  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
530. 

Dragon  flies,  from  Florissant : Cock- 
erell, 528. 

I’aleozoic,  venation  of  wings : 
Sellards,  2172. 

Florissant  insects : Brues,  337 ; Cock- 
erell, 516,  519,  521,  522,  524- 
526,  528,  530-535 ; Wheeler, 

2533. 

Fly  (Sackenia  gibbosa)  from  Green 
River  beds  : Cockerell,  525. 

Hymenoptera  from  Florissant : Brues, 
337  ; Cockerell,  521. 

Insects  and  their  phylogeny : Hand- 
lirsch, 1070. 

Maryland  Pleistocene  insects : Sel- 

lards, 2166. 

Old-world  types  at  Florissant : Cock- 
erell, 526. 

Permian  : Sellards,  2168,  2169. 

Saw-flies  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
524. 

Tortricid  moth  : Cockerell,  53.3. 

Tsetse-fly  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
534. 

Wasp  fi’om  Florissant  : Cockerell,  535. 

Water-bug  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
519. 

Intrusions.  See  Magmas. 


240  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Invertebrata  (general).  Hee  also  Anthozoa, 
Brachiopoda,  Bryozoa,  Crus- 
tacea, Echinodermata,  Foramini- 
fera,  Insecta,  Mollusca.  Problem- 
atica,  Spongida,  and  Vermes. 

Alaska,  southeastern,  Paleozoic  faunas  : 
Kindle,  1400. 

Arizona,  Fort  Apache : Reagan,  2000. 

Bermuda  Islands : Verrill,  2445. 

California,  Santa  Clara  Valley  : Cran- 
dall, 590. 

Summerland  district : Arnold,  63. 

Cambrian,  Cambro-Silurian,  and  De- 
vonian : Whiteaves,  2555. 

Cambrian,  Pioche  Mountains : I’ack, 

1855. 

transition  fauna,  from  Braintree, 
Mass.  : Sbimer,  2204. 

Cape  Lisburne,  Alaska,  region  : Girty, 
966. 

Chazy  fauna  : Raymond,  1987. 

Coal  measures,  Neosho  River  section, 
Kansas  : Beede  and  Rogers,  181. 

Color  markings  retained  by  a gastro- 
pod : Raymond,  1988. 

Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  of  Arkansas 
and  Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436. 

Cretaceous  of  New  Jersey : Weller, 
2520. 

Devonian  : Clarke,  497. 

Canada  : Whiteaves,  2555. 

Montana,  Three  Forks : Raymond, 
1989. 

New  York  : Slocom,  2219. 

Pennsylvania,  Altoona  section  : Kin- 
dle, 1397. 

Dwarfing  of  fauna  of  Salem  limestone, 
Indiana  : Smith,  2222. 

Franklin  : Ami,  39. 

Guelph  formation  ; Whiteaves,  2556. 

Hell  Creek  beds  of  Montana  : Brown, 
325. 

Index  fossils  of  North  America  : Gra- 

hau  and  Shimer,  1005. 

Jurassic  fossils  from  "Black  Hills ; 
Whitfield  and  Hovev,  2563. 

Kentucky,  Silurian  and  Devonian  : 
Foerste,  884. 

Kinderhook  fauna  : Weller,  2519. 

Marine  Carboniferous,  fi'om  Arkansas 
coal  fields  : Girty.  967. 

Maryland,  St.  Mary’s  County  : Shat- 
tuck,  2191. 

Nebraska,  Cass  County  : Woodruff,  2628. 

New  York.  Schoharie  Valley  : Grahau, 
991. 

Ontario;  Grant,  101,3-1016. 

Pembroke  area  : Ami.  41. 

Paleontological  work  in  Canada  : Whit- 
eaves. 2551,  2552. 

Paleozoic  fossils,  errata  and  corri- 
genda : Whiteaves.  2557. 

Peml)roko  area.  Ontario  and  Quebec: 
Ami,  41. 

Permian  R(*d  Beds  of  Oklahoma  and 
Texas:  Beede,  180. 

Photographing  .Vmmonites  : Bose,  268. 


Invertebrata  (general) — Continued. 

Pleistocene  fauna  of  Maryland  : Clark, 
481. 

Quebec,  Pembroke  area  : Ami,  41. 

Salem  limestone  of  Indiana : Com- 

ings and  Beede,  612. 

Silurian,  from  .Canada : Whiteaves, 

2553. 

Tertiary,  from  Atlantic  coast  province  : 
Brown,  335. 

Vermont,  St.  Albans  : Edson,  774. 

Iowa. 

General. 

Assistant  state  geologist’s  report : 
Lees,  1550  ; Savage,  2127. 

State  geologist’s  report : Calvin,  390 ; 
Wilder,  2578. 

Report  on — 

Black  Hawk  County  : Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 

Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 

Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 

Jackson  County : Savage,  2128. 

Sac  and  Ida  counties ; Macbride, 
16.39. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 

Economic. 

Cement  materials : Beyer,  230 ; Beyer 
and  Williams,  233 ; Burchard, 
353. 

Coals,  tests  of ; Savage,  2126. 

Glass-sand  deposits  : Burchard,  355. 

Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits : Bain,  99 ; 
Davis,  663. 

Limes  : Beyer.  232. 

Mineral  production,  in  1905  : Beyer, 
229. 

in  1906 : Beyer,  231. 

Peat  resources  : Savage,  2125. 

Portland  cement  : Beyer  and  Wil- 

liams, 233. 

materials  near  Dubuque  : Burchard. 

n rr  o 
ODO. 

Quarry  products  : Beyer  and  Williams, 
234. 

Diinatnic  and  structural. 

Alluvial  changes,  recent  : Todd.  2379. 

Clay  slide  at  the  Boone  viaduct : Mer- 
rick, 1719. 

Fracture  systems:  Hobbs,  1176. 

Ph  i/siograph ic. 

Mississippi  River  chaunel,  features  of  : 
Calvin,  389. 

Stratigraphic. 

General:  Beyer.  230;  Calvin,  387; 

Todd.  2377. 

Black  Hawk  County  : Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County:  Norton.  1805. 

Clayton  County:  Leonard,  1559. 

Drift  exposures  : Orr.  18.35. 

Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 

Galena  series:  Sardeson,  2122. 

Geological  map:  Savage,  2130. 


INDEX. 


241 


Iowa— Continued. 

Stratigraphic — Continued. 

Geolojjical  section  : Calvin,  387. 

Jackson  County  : Savaj^e,  2128. 
Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

Madison  County  : Brown,  328. 
Paleozoic  formations  : Beyer  and  Wil- 
liams, 233. 

Sac  and  Ida  counties  ; Macbride,  1039. 
WinneshieL  County  : Calvin,  388. 
raleontology. 

Gastropoda,  new  species : Webster, 

2497. 

I’lant  remains  : Macbride,  1640. 
Westerna,  new  gastropod  from  the 
Blackberry  group  : Webster,  2496. 
Mineralogy. 

Amana  meteorite:  Hinrichs,  1163. 
Underground  water. 

Ground  waters:  Hendrixson,  1129. 

Iron. 

General. 

Iron  ore  reserves  : Leith,  1554. 
Alabama  : Eckel,  764  ; Smith,  2227. 
Birmingham  district : Burchard,  351. 
Lookout  Mountain  : Phalen,  1917. 
Russellville  district : Burchard,  352. 
Talladega  County  : Smith,  2247. 
Alaska,  Matanuska  field  : Martin,  1682. 
British  Columbia  : Leith,  1552. 
California  : Anbury,  87  ; Leith,  1552. 

Shasta  County  : Campbell,  391. 
Canada  (general)  : Ingall,  1267. 
Colorado  : Leith,  1552. 

Connecticut,  Salisbury  district : Hobbs, 
1185. 

Indiana  : Shannon,  2181. 

Martin  County,  Beede  and  Shannon, 
182. 

Kentucky,  Bath  County  : Kindle,  1398. 

northeastern  : Phalen,  1918. 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Massachusetts,  Salisbury  district : 
Hobbs,  1185. 

Mexico,  Nuevo  Leon  : Cabellero,  376. 
Minnesota,  Crow  Wing  country  : Wood- 
bridge,  2623. 

Cuyuna  iron  range : Leith,  1557 ; 

Winchell,  2620. 

Mesabi  Range  : Meeks,  1707. 
Vermilion  Range  : Abbott,  1,  2. 

New  Jersey  : Kiimmel,  1432. 

New  Mexico,  Jones  field  : Emmens,  791. 
New  York,  Adirondack  region : New- 
land,  1794,  1795. 

Lyon  Mountain  : Newland  and  Han- 
sell,  1796. 

Mineville  : Cranberry,  1010. 

St.  Lawrence  County : Brinsmade, 
294. 

Salisl)ury  district  : Hobbs,  1185. 

New  Brunswick  : Lindeman,  1588. 


Iron — Continued. 

Nova  Scotia  : Woodman,  2627. 

Torbrook  district : Parsons,  1885. 
Ontario  : Collins,  560  ; Corkill,  578  ; 
Lindeman,  1588 ; Thompson, 
2369. 

Animikie  iron  range  : Silver,  2212. 
Lake  Nipigon  region  : Coleman,  548  ; 
Moore,  1771. 

Michipicoten  : Coleman,  541,  542; 

Moore,  1770. 
western  : Hille,  1158. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Pennsylvania,  Berks,  and  Lebanon 
counties  : Spencer,  2262. 
Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Quebec,  Chibougamau  region  : Low, 
1624. 

Ottawa  Valley  : Cirkel,  468. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 
Tennessee,  Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Sweetwater  district : .Tudd,  1329. 
United  States  (general)  : Birkinbine, 
237  ; Leith,  1552  ; 2418,  2419. 
TTah  : Leith,  1552. 

ATrginia  : Eckel,  765  ; Holden,  1201. 
New  River-Cripple  Creek  district : 
Holden,  1200. 

Washington  : Leith,  1552. 

Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 
Calkins.  2240. 

Wyoming  : Leith,  1552. 

Hartville  Range  : Ball,  122. 

Iron  Mountain  : Ball,  123. 

Sunrise  mine  : Vallat,  2420. 

Isostasy. 

Crustal  deformation  : Lane,  1503. 
Geodetic  evidence  of:  Hayford,  1112. 
Rigidity  of  earth  : Hoskins,  1217  ; See, 
2160. 

Jamaica. 

General. 

Geology  of  : Raymond,  1991. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Earthquake  : Brown,  327  ; Carden  and 
Goldney,  423 ; Davison,  683 ; 
Fuller,  915 ; Spencer,  2264. 
Physiographic. 

Karst  region : Danes,  639. 

Jasper. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Jurassic. 

Stratigraphy. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Cape  Lisburne  region  : Collier,  552. 
Cook  Inlet  region  : Paige  and  Knopf, 
1860. 

Herendeen  Bay  field  : Paige,  1859. 
INIatanuska  field : Martin,  1682. 
Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
I’aige  and  Knopf,  1862. 
Turnagain  Arm  region  : Moffit,  1702. 


0G83G— Bull.  372—09 IG 


242  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Jvirassic — Continued. 

/b'  tnit  igrap  h y- — C on  t i n u ed . 

Alberta,  Cascade  basin  ; Dowling,  736. 

Moose  Mountain  district ; Cairnes, 
381. 

California,  Redding  quadrangle  : Diller, 
721. 

Colorado,  Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et 
ah,  607. 

western  : Cross,  604. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews.  488. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  rt 
oL,  2193. 

Mexico,  Durango  : Angermann,  50. 

Sierra  de  Mazapil  et  Santa  Rosa : 
Burckhardt,  358. 

Montana,  Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647. 

North  Carolina  ; Stephenson,  2281. 

Oregon,  southwestern  : Diller,  924. 

Utah,  eastern  : Cross,  604. 

Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys : Rich- 
ardson, 2044. 

Finta  Range : Weeks,  2506. 

Virginia,  coastal  plain  ; Clark  and  Mil- 
ler, 489. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney  quad- 
rangles : Darton.  646. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle  : Darton  and 
OTIarra,  656. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 
Paleontology. 

Baptanodon  from  Wyoming : Gilmore, 
959,  963. 

Black  Hills : Whitfield  and  Hovey, 

2563. 

Mexico,  Mazapil  : Burckhardt,  359. 

Peltoceras  from  Canada : Whiteaves, 
2559. 

Kansas. 

Economic. 

Atchison  coal  mine  : Young,  2659. 

Galena-Joplin  lead  and  zinc  deposits  : 
Haworth,  1098. 

Glass-sand  deposits  : Burchard,  350, 
355. 

Independence  quadrangle : Schrader 

and  Haworth,  2144. 

.loplin  district ; Smith  and  Siebenthal, 
2251. 

Lead  and  zinc  : Bain.  107. 
stratigraphic. 

Carboniferous  formations : Wooster, 

2636. 

Joplin  district  : Smith  and  Siebenthal, 
2251. 

Loup  Fork  Miocene : Sternberg,  2283. 

Neosho  River  section  : Beede  and 

Rogers,  181. 

Paleontology. 

Fishes  from  Kansas  chalk  : Sternberg. 
2284. 

Foraminifera  from  Hooser : Spandel, 
2259. 


Kansas — Continued 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Mastodon  from  Loup  fork  Miocene : 
Sternberg,  2285. 

Neosho  River  section  : Beede  and 

Rogers,  181. 

Rodent  from  Miocene  of  Kansas  ; Gid- 
ley,  947. 

A’ertebrate  fossils  : Sternberg,  2286. 
Mineralogy. 

Elm  Creek  aerolite  : Howard,  1241. 
Galena-Joplin  district:  Rogers,  2081. 
Modoc  meteorite : Farrington,  850 : 

Kunz,  14.39,  1443;  Merrill, 

1733,  1735. 

Undergron n d ira  ter. 

Underfiow  in  Arkansas  Valley  : Slich- 
ter,  2215. 

Kaolin. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Georgia  : Veatch,  2443. 

Missouri.  Bollinger  County  : Orton, 
18.36. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Karsts. 

Illinois,  East  St.  Louis  district  : Bow- 
man and  Reeds,  277. 

Jamaica  : Danes,  639. 

Keewatin. 

General. 

Explorations  : Mclnnes,  1667. 

Cape  Tatnam  region  : Dobbs.  725. 
Canadian  Northern  railway : O’Sul- 
livan, 1853. 

Hudson  Bay  Horn  York  Factory  to 
Severn  River  O’Sullivan,  1852. 
.Tames  Bay  : Wilson,  2604. 

Winisk  and  Attawapiskat  rivers ; 
Mclnnes,  1666. 

Paleontology. 

Silurian  : Whiteaves,  2553. 

Kentucky. 

General. 

Chemical  report  : Peter,  1911. 
Geological  survey,  report  for  1904  and 
1905;  Norwood,  1807. 

Economic. 

Bath  County,  iron  : Kindle.  1398. 

Big  Sandy  A’alley,  coal  : Crandall.  589. 
Clays,  analyses  : Gardner,  929. 

Crittenden  and  Livingston  counties  : 
Fobs,  885. 

Jackson’s  Purchase  region  : Gardner. 
928. 

northeastern  Kentucky : Phalen, 

1921. 

Red  River  Valley  : Gardner,  927. 
Silurian  : Foerste,  883. 
western  Kentucky : Crider.  596. 
(’umberland  Gap  coal  field  : Ashley  and 
Glenn.  77  ; Pultz,  1964. 

Elkhorn  coal  field:  Stone,  2310. 
Fire-clay  deposits  : Greaves- Walker, 

10L>7. 

Glass-sand  industry:  Burchard.  354. 
Kaolin  deposits  : Gardner,  926. 


INDEX. 


243 


Kentucky— Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Kenova  quadrangle : Phalen,  1020. 

Lead  deposits  : Brinsmade,  296. 

Marls,  analyses  : (Gardner.  029. 
northeastern,  iron  ores:  Phalen,  10 IS. 
lStrati(jrai)Jnc. 

Cumberland  (iap  held : Ashley  and 
Glenn,  77. 

Gulf  embayment  area  : Glenn,  060,  071. 
Ordovician  formations:  ]\Iiller,  1748. 
Pine  Mountain  region  : Stone,  28111. 
Silurian  and  Devonian  formations : 
Foerste,  884. 

western  : Glenn,  069,  071, 

Liabrador. 

Difiiamic  and  structural. 

Elevated  beaches  : Fuller,  914. 
Paleontology. 

Cambrian  : Matthew,  1604. 

Liakes. 

California,  Blue  Lakes  : Ilolway,  1215. 
Glacial : Spencer,  2266. 

Indiana  : Dryer,  745. 

Morainic:  Dryer,  745. 

Sink-hole  lakes  in  Florida,  origin  ; Sel- 
lards,  2165. 

Landslides. 

Alberta,  Frank  : Ashworth,  78. 
('alifornia,  earth-flows:  Anderson,  47. 
Iowa,  Boone  viaduct : Merrick,  1719. 
Montana  : Henton,  1130. 

Lead. 

Arizona,  Mowry  : Brinsmade,  298. 
British  Columbia,  St.  Eugene  mine : 
Stokes,  2306. 

Canada  (general)  : Ingall,  1267. 
Colorado,  Custer  County : Brinsmade, 
207. 

Idaho  : MacDonald,  1658. 

Red  Cloud  mine  : Turner,  2401. 

St.  Joe  River  basin  : Collier,  553. 
South  Mountain  : Bell,  197. 

Illinois  : Bain,  99  ; Davis,  663. 

Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

Iowa  : Bain,  99  ; Davis,  663. 

Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 
Lancaster  quadrangle : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Kansas,  Galena-Joplin  district:  Bain, 
107 ; Haworth,  1098 ; Smith 
and  Siebenthal,  2251. 

Kentucky,  Owen  County : Brinsmade, 
296. 

Mexico,  Diente  : McCormick,  1655. 
Mississippi  Valley : Bain,  99,  106 ; 

Buckley,  342,  344. 

Missouri,  Granl>y  area  : Buckley  and 
Buehler,  346  ; Perkins,  1906. 
Joplin  district : Brittain,  303  ; Buck- 
ley,  343  ; Clerc,  506,  .507  ; Smith 
and  Siebenthal,  2251. 

Madison  County  : Johnson,  1310. 


I Lead— Continued. 

Montana  : MacDonald.  1658. 

I Nevada,  Eureka  : Ingalls,  1274. 
i Pioche  : Abbott,  3 ; Pack.  1854. 

i New  Mexico,  Kelly  mine:  Johnson, 

1311. 

Lordsburg  region  :*. tones,  1321. 

' Magdalena  district:  lladdon,  1061. 

Oklahoma,  Quapaw  district:  (;*rane, 

593. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578. 

Hastings  County  : Lewis,  1576. 
Tennessee : Watson,  1284. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Utah,  Park  City  : Gow  et  al.,  989.  990. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2484.  2493. 
Wisconsin  : Bain,  99  ; Davis,  663  ; Ed- 
wards, 775  ; 809  ; Grant.  1017- 
1019 ; Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021  ; Wheeler,  2531. 

Lignite. 

Mississippi  : Brown.  326. 

Montana  : Leonard,  1560  ; Rowe,  2090, 

I 2091. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 
northeastern  : Kennedy,  1374. 

Lime. 

Iowa.  Bremer  County : Norton,  1805. 

Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 
Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 
Maine.  Knox  County  : Bastin,  86. 
United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 
Limestone. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Birmingham  district : Butts,  370. 
Alaska,  southeastern  : Wright,  2639. 
i Illinois  : Van  Horn,  2424. 

{ Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

I Kentucky,  east  central : Foerste.  884. 
Maine.  Knox  County  : Bastin,  160. 
Penobscot  Bay  quadrangle  : Smith 

et  al.,  2241. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Mississippi : Eckel,  762. 

Missouri,  .loplin  district : Smith  and 
Siebenthal,  2251. 

Nebraska,  Cass  County : Woodruff, 

2628. 

New  Jersey  : Kiimmel,  1431. 

Ohio  : Orton  and  Peppel,  1837. 
Pennsylvania,  Amity  quadrangle : 
Clapp,  477. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

South  (^arolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Lithia  minerals. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

United  States  : 2418. 

Loess. 

Origin  : Shimek,  2201. 

Missouri  River  loess,  origin  : Todd, 

2378. 


244  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^,  1906-1007 


liomsiana. 

General. 

Jennings  sheet,  cartography ; Harris, 
1080. 

Economic. 

Oil  fields  of  Gulf  coastal  plain  : Fen- 
neman,  859. 

Sulphur  deposits  : Baldacci,  117. 

PJi!/sio(jrui)hic. 

Northern  Louisiana  : Davis,  680. 

Stratigraphic. 

Northern  Louisiana : Veatch,  2436, 

2438. 

Winfield  area  : Harris,  1079. 

Underground  irater. 

Northern  Louisiana ; Yeatch,  2436, 
2438. 

Lower  Silurian.  See  Ordovician. 

Mackenzie. 

General. 

reel  River  region : Camsell,  412,  414. 

Magmas  and  intrusions. 

Abyssal  igneous  injection ; Daly.  638.  j 

Auvergnose  rocks,  size  of  grain  : Lane,  I 
1500.  i 

Cracks,  deep,  in  the  earth,  possibility 
of : Lane,  1498. 

Dikes;  Kemp.  1365.  i 

Gravitational  assemblage  in  granite : } 
Gilbert,  493.  i 

Igneous  intrusion,  methods  of  : Becker, 
172;  Cross.  606;  Day,  689; 
Lawson.  1530  ; Lindgren,  1602  ; 
Smith.  2228 ; Wright.  2651. 

Magmatic  differentiation,  influence  of 
varying  degrees  of  superfusion 
upon  : Lane,  1501. 
through  gravitative  adjustment : 
Daly,  631. 

Magmatic  emanations : Lincoln,  1586.  ; 

Marysville  district : Barrell,  149.  : 

Mexico  : Philippi,  1924.  , 

Occlusions  of  igneous  rock  : Julien.  I 
13.34.  ! 

Okanagan  composite  batholith  : Daly.  | 
632. 

(Juartz  veins  of  Silver  l‘eak,  Nevada  : 
Hastings,  1089. 

Magnesite. 

California : Anbury,  87 ; Hess,  1135, 
1138. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Maine. 

Economic. 

Clays,  I’enobscot  Bay  region : Bastin, 
161. 

Feldspar  and  quartz  deposits  : Bastin. 
162. 

Granites:  Dale,  623;  Smith,  2233. 

Graphite,  occurrence : Smith,  2230, 

2231. 

Knox  ('ounty,  lime  : Bastin.  160. 

Mineral  prospect  : Smith.  2234. 

Penobscot  Bay  (piadrangle  ; Smith  et 
al,  2241. 

Slate;  Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 
new  variety  ; Dale,  622. 


Maine — Continued. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Blazing  beach  : Penhallow,  1901. 
Stratigraphic. 

Glacial  and  interglacial  stages  : Clapp, 
473. 

Glaciation  : Clapp,  478. 

I’enobscot  Bay  quadrangle  : Smith  et 
al.,  2241. 

Paleontology. 

Brachiopod.  new  : Williams,  2585. 
Devonian  : Clarke,  497. 

Petrology. 

Mt.  Desert  Island  : Frazer,  898. 
Prowersose  and  other  unusual  rocks ; 
Bastin,  159. 

southern  Maine  : Ogilvie,  1815. 
Mineralogy. 

Manganotantalite  : Schallei’,  2136. 
Mammalia. 

Aquatic  life,  modifications  of  limb 
structure  for  : Osburn.  1849. 
Carnivora  from  Tertiary  of  John  Day 
region : Merriam,  1713. 
Cetacean,  Agarophius  pygmjeus : True, 

2393. 

Anoplonassa  forcipata  Cope ; True, 

2394. 

types  in  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  ; Eastman,  759. 
Chrysochloridae ; Matthew.  1701. 
Desmostylus  : Merriam,  1711. 
Diceratherium  : I’eterson,  1915. 
Didelphyidae,  homologies  of  stylar  cusps 
in  upper  molars  : Bensley,  204. 
Edentate-like  remains  from  the  Mascail 
beds  of  Oregon  ; Sinclair,  2213. 
Elephants  of  the  Pleistocene : Lucas, 
1626. 

Equidae,  revision  of ; Gidley,  948. 
Extinction  of  Mammalia,  cause  of ; 
Osborn,  1840. 

Felidae  from  Quaternary  of  California  : 
Bovard,  272. 

Horse,  from  Mascail  beds  of  Oregon : 
Gidley,  943. 
origin  : Cockerell,  514. 

Horse  family,  evolution  of ; Lull,  1632  ; 
Underhill,  2413. 

Horses  from  Oligocene  of  Assiniboia  : 
Lambe,  1490. 

Hyracodon  : Lambe,  1849. 

Mammal  horizons  of  North  America : 
Osborn,  1843. 

Mammal-bearing  beds  in  northwestern 
Nevada;  INIerriam,  1716. 
Mammalia,  reclassification  of : Osborn, 
1848. 

Mammoth,  mounted  : Osborn.  LS44. 

tooth  from  Ohio:  McClure.  1646. 
Mastodon,  from  Loup  Fork  Miocene : 
Sternberg,  2285. 

In  Yukon  Yalley  : O.sgood.  1H51. 
Merycocluerus  : Douglass,  730. 
Merycoidodon  : Gilmore.  961. 
Merycoidodonts ; Douglass,  729-732. 


INDEX 


245 


Marnmalia — Continued. 

Miocene  mammals  of  South  Dakota : 
Matthew,  1702 ; Matthew  and 
Gidley,  1703. 

Occipital  condyles,  modifications  of : 
Mead,  1704. 

Ovibos  tooth  from  Pleistocene  gravels 
near  Midway,  British  Columbia  : 
Lambe,  1493. 

Pleistocene  Mammalia  of  Maryland : 
Lucas,  1627. 

Pontolis,  n.  n.  for  Pontoleon : True, 

2391. 

Primates  from  Wasatch  and  Wind 
River  regions : Loomis,  1612. 

Prorosmarus  alleni  from  the  Miocene 
of  Virginia  ; Berry  and  Gregory. 
227. 

Protoceras.  See  Syndoceras. 

Quaternary  mammals  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia : Furlong,  920  ; Merriam, 
1712,  1715. 

Raccoon  from  California  Pleistocene : 
Gidley,  944. 

Rhinoceros  from  Nebraska  Miocene : 
Barbour,  130,  138. 

Rodent  from  Kansas  Miocene  : Gidley, 
947. 

Rodents  from  Wasatch  and  Wind 
River  beds : Loomis,  1614. 

Ruminant  from  Pleistocene  of  New 
Mexico  : Gidley,  945. 

Seal,  from  Miocene  of  Oregon  : Con- 
don, 565  ; Wortman,  2638. 
from  Miocene  of  Maryland ; True, 

2392. 

Sinopa,  osteology  : Matthew,  1699. 

Suilline  remains  from  Miocene  of  Ne- 
braska : Peterson,  1913. 

Syndoceras,  from  Nebraska  : Barl)our, 
129,  135. 

and  Protoceras  skulls  compared  : 
Barbour,  136. 

Tooth-cusp  development : Gidley,  942. 

Wasatch  beds : Loomis,  1615. 

Man,  fossil. 

Lansing  man  : Fowke,  892. 

Nebraska  man  : Barbour,  131,  140, 

141  ; Barbour  and  Ward,  142  : 
Gilder,  957  ; Ward,  2476. 

Skeletal  remains  of  early  man  in 
North  America  ; Hrdlicka,  1250. 

Manganese. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

United  States:  2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Manitoba. 

FJconomic. 

Coal  fields  : Dowling,  737. 

Stratigraphic. 

Surface  geology : Chalmers,  449. 

Paleontology. 

Silurian  : Whiteaves,  2553. 

Marble. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

.\laska  : Rathl)un,  1986. 

southeastern  : Wright.  2639,  2642. 


Marble — Continued. 

Georgia : McCallie,  1643. 

Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Mexico,  Oaxaca  : Keilhack,  1351. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia : Watson,  2493. 

Washington : Rathbun,  1986. 

Marl. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Maryland,  Calvert  County : Miller, 

1750. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Miller,  1751. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Marshes. 

Formation  of : Penhallow,  1898. 

Martinique. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Mont  Pele  : Wegener,  1286-1288. 

eruptions : Anderson,  48 ; Berte, 

228 ; Deckert,  699 ; Geinitz, 
986 ; Heilprin,  1121  ; Issel, 
1278 ; Jaccaci,  1279 ; Lacroix, 
1447  ; Lapparent,  1521  ; Milne, 
1760  ; Verri,  2444. 

former  eruptions:  Jaggar,  1280; 

Mercalli,  1709. 

present  condition:  Heilprin,  1122; 

Hovey,  1220. 

shattered  obelisk  : Heilprin,  1123. 

sulphate  of  soda  in  fumaroles : 
Lacroix,  1454. 

volcanic  domes,  formation  of : La- 
croix, 1451. 

Mud  fiows  : Lacroix,  1446. 

Petrology. 

Mont  Pele,  cinders  from  : Gentll,  938. 

rocks  from  : Lacroix,  1455. 

spine,  composition  of  : Lacroix,  1456. 

Quartz-l)earing  eruptive  rocks  : Lacroix, 
1450. 

Tridymite  in  volcanic  rocks : Lacroix, 
1453. 

Mineralogy. 

Minerals  : Lacroix,  1449. 

Redondite  deposits  : Lacroix,  1452. 

Maryland. 

General. 

Physical  features  : Clark  and  Mathews, 
488. 

and  l)ibliography,  Calvert  County ; 
Shattuck,  2186. 

St.  Mary’s  County : Shattuck, 

2189. 

Soils,  Calvert  County : Bonsteel  and 
Burke,  255. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Bonsteel,  254. 

Economic. 

Calvert  County:  Miller,  1750. 

Coals  : Campbell,  398. 

Georges  Creek  coal  field  : Parsons,1879. 

Mineral  resources  : Clark  and  Mathews, 
488. 

Patuxent  quadrangle  : Shattuck  et  al., 
2193. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Miller,  1751. 

St.  Mary’s  (piadrangle  : Shattuck,  2185. 


246  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907. 


Maryland— Continued . 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Anticlinal  domes  in  the  I’iedmont  : 
Mathews,  1690. 

Physiographic. 

Calvert  County  : Shattuck,  2187. 

St.  Mary’s  County : Shattuck.  2188, 
2190. 

Terraces  of  coastal  plain  ; Davis.  677. 
Stratigraphic. 

Calvert  County  : Shattuck,  2188. 
Cretaceous  deposits  : Clark,  483. 

Dover  quadrangle : Miller,  1749. 
Geological  map  : 1689. 

Patuxent  quadrangle  : Shattuck  et  ah, 
2193. 

Pliocene  and  Pleistocene : Shattuck, 

2184. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Shattuck,  2191. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle  : Shattuck,  2185. 
Falcon  tology. 

Ithaca  fauna : Swartz.  2328. 

Mesozoic  flora  of  the  coast  plain  : 
Berry,  216. 

Paleodevonian  : Ohern,  1816. 
Pleistocene : Clark,  481,  482 ; Hay, 

1102  ; Hollick,  1209,  1210 ; 

Lucas,  1627 ; Sellards,  2166 ; 
Ulrich,  2411. 

Seal  from  the  Miocene  ; True,  2392. 
Mineralogy. 

Siderite  and  barite  : Schaller,  2134. 
Underground  icater. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle  : Shattuck.  2185. 
Massachusetts. 

General. 

Pebbles  at  Harwich  (Cape  Cod)  : 
Julien,  1343. 

Economic. 

Clays  of  Cape  Cod  : Fuller.  912. 

Davis  pyrites  mine  : Rutledge,  2108. 
Salisbury  district,  iron  ores  : Hobbs, 
1185. 

Physiographic. 

Cape  Cod,  physiographic  features  of : 
Allorge,  29. 

Stratigraphic. 

Cape  Cod,  glacial  geology  : Allorge.  29  ; 

Fuller.  912  ; Wilson.  2608.  2610. 
tllacial  deposits  at  Third  Cliff : Bow- 
man, 275. 

Glacial  geology.  Nantucket  and  Cape 
Cod  ; Wilson.  2612. 

Glacial  stages  : Clapp,  473  ; Fuller,  912, 
913;  Wilson,  2608,  2610. 

Mt.  Greylock.  geological  history  of : 
Dale,  620. 

Nantucket,  glacial  geology ; Wilson. 
2608.  2610. 

IMeistocene  beds  of  Sankaty  Head. 

Nantucket:  Wilson.  2611. 
Roxbury  conglomerate : Mansfield. 

1674. 

Paleontology. 

Cambrian  fauna  from  Braintree  : 
Shimer,  2204. 

Cret.aceoiis  flora  : Hollick.  120.3. 


Massachusetts — Continued. 

Paleon  tology — Continued. 

Cretaceous  Pityoxyla  : .Jeffrey  and 

Chrysler,  1291. 

Trilobite  from  Cambrian  : Shimer.  2203. 

Petrology. 

Medford  dike  : Lane,  1500. 

Mineralogy. 

Datoiite  from  Westfield : Kraus  and 
Cook,  1426. 

Minerals  at  Worcestet : Rand,  1979. 

Octahedrite,  brookite,  and  titanite 
from  Somerville : Palache, 

1863. 

Olivine  in  serpentine  of  Chester  and 
Middlefield  : Palache,  1865. 

Phenacite  and  zoisite  : Palache,  1864. 

Quartz  after  prochlorite  at  Cranston 
and  Worcester : Emerson,  789. 

Meetings.  See  Associations. 

Mercury.  See  Quicksilver. 

Metamorphlsm. 

Appalachians,  southern  : Graton,  1025. 

By  combustion  of  hydrocarbons : Ar- 
nold and  Anderson,  68. 

Contact  metamorphism,  Robinson  min- 
ing district,  Nevada  : Lawson, 
1526. 

in  relation  to  ore  deposits ; Park, 
1868. 

Coals  changed  by  heat  in  Colorado ; 
Lakes,  1464,  1470. 

Glaucophane-bearing  rocks  in  Cali- 
fornia : Smith,  2242. 

In  siliceous  sandstone : Merrill,  1742, 
174.3. 

Marysville  district ; Barrell,  149. 

Metamorphic  cycle : Leith,  1558. 

Spontaneous  combustion  of  coal : 
Lakes.  1474. 

Meteorites. 

General. 

Analyses  of  iron  meteorites  classi- 
fied : Farrington.  853. 

Collection,  largest  American  : Grata- 
cap,  1024. 

Etching  for  photographic  purposes  : 
I’reston,  1953. 

Formation  of  : Allen  et  ah,  28. 

Meteorite  studies  : Farrington,  854. 

Monograph  on  : Baker,  115. 

Ward’s  work  upon:  Farrington.  851. 

Amana,  Iowa:  Hinrichs.  1163. 

Canyon  Diahlo : Merrill  and  Tassin, 
1744;  Tassin.  2360. 

Chamhord,  Quebec:  .Tohnston.  1314. 

Coon  Butte,  Arizona:  Barringer.  152; 
Barringer  and  Tilghman.  153; 
Farrington.  852  ; Mallet.  1672  ; 
Munk,  1776;  Tilghman.  2376. 

Elm  Creek.  Kansas:  Howard.  1241. 

Estacado  : Howard  and  Davison.  1242 

Hendersonville.  North  Carolina  : Mer- 
rill. 1740. 

.Jerseyite:  Goldsmith,  973. 


INDEX. 


247 


Meteorites— Continued. 

Modoc,  Kansas : Farrington,  850 ; 

Kunz,  1439,  1443  ; Merrill,  1733, 
1735. 

Rich  Mountain,  North  Carolina : Mer- 
rill, 1741. 

Selma,  Alabama : Hovey,  1232 ; Mer- 
rill, 1739. 

Shelburne,  Ontario : Farrington,  848. 

South  Bend,  Indiana  : Farrington,  848. 

Texas  : Howard,  1240. 

Willamette,  Oregon;  Eherle,  761; 
Hovey,  1229, 

Mexico. 

General. 

Axalapazco  de  Tacambaro : Rubio, 

2096. 

Chavarrillo,  Santa  Maria  Tatetla,  Vera 
Cruz,  et  Orizaba  : Bose,  259. 

Chiapas  and  Tabasco  : Halse,  1067. 

Chihuahua  : Seamon,  2155. 

Choix-Guadalupe  y Calvo  mining  dis- 
tricts : Warwick,  2480. 

Esperanza  a.  Mexico  : Ordonez,  1828. 

Geologic  and  geographic  aspects  : Hill, 
1151. 

Geological  structure  : Aguilera,  20. 

Geology  and  natural  resources : Hill, 
1156. 

Guaynopita  district,  Chihuahua  : Hovey, 
1223,  1228. 

International  Geological  Congress, 
Tenth,  excursions  : Hovey,  1231. 

Isthme  de  Tehuantepec  : Bose,  265. 

Mexico  a .Talapa  : Ordoilez,  1827. 

Mexico  a Patzcuaro  et  Uruapam  : 
Ordoiiez,  1830. 

IMexico  a Tehuacan  : Aguilera,  15. 

Oolites,  formation  of  : Cayeux,  447. 

Progress  of  geology  in  Mexico ; Agui- 
lera, 14. 

San  Luis  PotosI  a Tampico  : Bose.  264. 

Sierra  Almoloya  : Hill,  1152,  1155. 

Sierra  de  Guanajuato  : Yillarello  et  ah, 
2460. 

Sierra  de  Ozumatlan  ; Caballero,  377. 

Sierra  Madre  of  Chihuahua  : Hovey, 
1225,  12.35,  1236. 

Sonoran  glaciation  : McGee,  1662  ; Mer- 
rili,  1721. 

Tehuacan  a Zapotitlan  et  San  .Tuan 
Raya  : Aguilera,  16. 

Tehuantepec,  Isthmus  of  ; Hovey,  1233. 

Zacatecas  ; Burckhardt  and  Scalia,  363. 

Economic. 

Aguascalientes,  Santa  Francisca  mine  : 
Cook,  574. 

Aranzazu,  Zacatecas  ; Villarello,  2456. 

Arzate,  Durango  ; Villarello,  2449. 

Asientos  copper  district : Newman, 
1797. 

Bolanos  : Behr,  187. 

(’ananea  copper  deposits:  Brinsmade, 
.301. 

Chihuahua,  Dolores  mine  ; Farish,  846. 
zinc  : Wornester,  2637. 


Mexico — Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Chiluca  and  Cantera  : Roll  and  Ordo- 
nez, 2080. 

Coal  : Guerra,  1051  ; Ritter,  2069 ; 
Thomas,  2368. 

Coahuila  : Ludlow,  1628. 

Copete  district,  Sonora  : Merrili,  1722. 
Copper  mines  : Weed,  2502. 

Diente  : McCormick,  1655. 

El  Doctor  mines  : Murphy,  1777. 

El  Oro  : Rickard,  2048  ; Smith,  2248. 
Fresnillo  : Church,  466. 

Guanajuata,  La  Luz  mines : Church, 
467. 

Iron,  Carrizal,  Nuevo  Leon  : Caballero, 
376. 

Lluvia  de  Oro  district : Burrows,  365. 
Los  Pilares  mine,  Nacozari : Emmons, 
796. 

Mapimi : Villarello,  2455,  2459. 
Mercury  deposits : Merrill,  1720 ; Vil- 
larello, 2451. 

Minas  Niievas  a Hidalgo  del  I’arral : 
Robles,  2079. 

Mineral  resources  : Hill,  1154  ; Merrill, 

1728. 

Oaxaca,  Etla,  marble  : Keilhack,  1351. 
Tavicbe  district : I’lace  and  Elton, 
1936. 

Parral  district : Garrison,  931. 
Petroleum  : Bustamente,  366  ; Guerra, 
1051. 

Pinguico  mine,  Guanajuato : Church, 
465. 

Planchas  de  Plata  : Merrill,  1725. 
Sahuaripa  district,  Sonora : Nelson, 
1789. 

Santiago  y Anexas  mines,  Michoacan  : 
Villarello,  2448. 

Sierra  de  Guanajuato  ; Villarello  et  al., 
2460. 

Sierra  Madre  Mountains ; Bagg,  94 ; 

Warwick,  2479. 

Sinaloa  : Merrill,  1723. 

Sonora,  Altar  district : Alexander,  26. 
copper  : Merrill,  1730. 
erosion  and  oxidation  : Merrill,  1731. 
heretical  vein  types:  Merriil,  1727. 
Sahuaripa  district : Nelson,  1789. 
Santa  Cruz  copper  camp  : Merrill, 

1729. 

shear  zones  : Merrill,  1726. 

Sulphur  mines,  Sierra  de  Banderas : 
Bose,  260. 

Toluca,  Almoloya  y Lerma,  peat : Al- 
cala, 22. 

Vera  Cruz,  .petroleum  : Ordonez,  1833. 
Veta  Madre : Rickard,  2054. 

Zacatecas  : Flores,  882. 

Sierras  de  Mazapil  y Concepcion  del 
Oro,  phosphates : Burckhai-dt, 
361. 

Zacualpan  : Villarello,  2450. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Fault  system  of  eastern  Santa  Eulalia  : 
Knapp,  1408. 


248  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH 

Mexico— Continued. 

Dynamic  and  fitructural — Continued. 

Intrusions,  recent : Philippi,  1024. 

Ixtlan,  geysers  : Waitz,  2465. 

Mexican  plateau,  tectonic  history  of : 
Hill,  1152. 

Michoacan  geyser  region : Cabellero. 

375. 

San  Andres,  postparoxysmic  phenom- 
ena : Waitz,  2464. 

Valle  de  Santiago,  craters  of  explo- 
sion : Ordonez,  1832. 

Volcanic  necks,  examples  of  : Ordonez, 
1824. 

Volcanoes : Aguilera,  19,  20 ; Cadell, 
378 ; Cleland,  505 ; Hobson, 
1196;  Koenigsberger,  1422. 

Citlaltepetl  and  Popocatepetl  : Keyes, 
1391. 

Colima:  Diaz,  719;  Dodge,  726; 

Waitz,  2466. 

Colima,  Toluca,  and  Popocatepetl ; 
Hovey,  12.39. 

Jorullo : Ordonez,  1831 ; Hobson, 

1195;  Villafana,  2447. 

Nevado  de  Toluca  and  Jorullo  : Hob- 
son, 1195. 

Xinantecatl  : Flores,  881. 

Physio  f/raphic. 

Arid  regions,  formations  of  : Hill,  1153. 

Delta  of  Rio  Colorado : McDougal, 

1661. 

Northern  Mexico,  its  deserts,  plateaus, 
and  canyons  : Hovey,  1230. 

Pit  craters  : Davis,  682. 

Volcanic  craters  of  Puebla : Orddfiez, 
1826. 

Stratigraphic. 

Arcaicas  rocas  : Ordonez,  1825. 

Arcbaique  du  caiion  de  Tomellin  : Or- 
donez, 1829. 

Cerro  de  Muleros  pres  ciudad  Juarez  ; 
Bose,  261. 

Chihuahua,  Guaynopita  district  : 
Hovey,  1238. 

Coahuila,  gisements  carbonif&res : 
Aguilera,  17. 

Cretaceous  of  Colima  ; Angermann,  51. 

Durango,  Mapimi  : Angermann,  52. 

San  Pedro  de  Gallo  : Angermann,  50. 

Geology,  outline  of  : Aguilera.  18. 

Glaciation  in  Sonora : McGee,  1662 ; 
Merrill,  1721. 

Intrusions,  recent  : Philippi,  1924. 

Monterey  et  Saltillo  : Bose,  263. 

Paleozoic  in  Sonora  : Merrill,  1724. 

I’arral  : Waitz,  2467. 

I’arras  : Biise,  262. 

Sierra  de  Concepcion  del  Oro  : Burck- 
hardt,  357. 

Sierra  de  Mazapil  et  Santa  Rosa : 
Burckhardt,  358. 

Triassic,  marine,  in  Zacatecas  : Burck- 
hardt, 360. 

Paleontology. 

Aviculidae  from  'PiJassic  of  Zacatecas: 
Freeh,  901. 


AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1900-1907. 

j Mexico— Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

.Turassic  fauna  of  Mazapil : Burck- 

hardt, 359. 

Plant  remains  in  basalt : Soldrzano  and 
Hobson,  2257. 

Pleistocene  fossils  from  Lower  Cali- 
fornia : Bose,  267. 

Pliocene  fauna  from  Vera  Cruz  : BOse, 
266. 

Senonian  Mollusca  from  Cardenas : 
Bose,  258. 

Tertiary  faunas : Bose,  257. 

Petrology. 

Eruptive  rocks,  central  Mexico  : Guild, 
1052. 

Jorullo  : Villafana,  2447. 

Sierra  de  Concepcion  del  Oro  : Rosen- 
busch,  2088. 

Sierra  de  Mazapil : Rosenbusch, 

2089. 

Parral  : Waitz,  2467. 

Roca  verde  de  Zacatecas  : Rosenbusch, 
2087. 

Mineralogy. 

Calcites  from  Guanajuato : Kreutz, 

1429. 

Gems  and  precious  stones  : Kunz.  1441. 
Minerals  of  Maguarichic  : Bagg,  93. 
Wollastonite  from  Santa  Fe  mine:  Col- 
lins, 559. 

Zoisite  from  Lower  California : Far- 
rington, 849. 

Underground  water. 

Ahumada,  artesian  wells:  Escobar,  812. 
Ixtlan,  geysers  : Waitz,  2465. 

.liutepec  : Villarello,  2454. 

Michoacan  geyser  region : Caballero, 

375. 

Queretaro  : Villarello,  2458. 

Mica. 

General. 

Mica  and  the  mica  industry  : Colies, 
551. 

Alabama : Smith,  2227. 

California  : Anbury,  87. 

Ontario  : Corkill.  578,  579. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan.  2218. 

Fnited  States:  2418.  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson.  249:1. 

Wyoming,  Hartville  uplift : Ball,  125. 
Michigan. 

General. 

Porcupine  Mountains  and  Isle  Royale  : 
Ruthven.  2107. 

State  geologist’s  report:  Lane,  1499, 
1508. 

Economic. 

Bay  County  : Cooper.  575. 

('oals  : Fraser,  896,  897. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed.  2499. 
Lake  Superior  copper  district  : Stevens. 
2291. 

Keweenaw  Point  : I.ane,  1509. 

Salt  water  in  the  Lake  mines  : Lane. 
1510. 

Nonesuch  copper  mine  : Corey,  577. 


INDEX. 


249 


Michigan— Continued. 

Kco  n 0 m ic — Con  tin  ued . 

Oil  and  gas  prospects  : Lane,  1516. 

Peat : Davis,  660. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Lateral  erosion  in  rivers : Jefferson, 
1287. 

Limonite-sand  concretions  from  Spring 
Lake  : Nichols,  1802. 

Salt  water  in  Lake  mines  : Lane,  1510. 

Scaurs  on  the  River  Rouge  ; Jefferson, 
1286. 

Physiographic. 

Menominee,  Dickinson,  and  Iron  coun- 
ties ; Russell,  2104. 

Physical  geography;  Cooper,  576;  Jef- 
ferson, 1288. 

Scaurs  on  the  River  Rouge  ; Jefferson. 
1286. 

Stratigraphic. 

Bay  County  : Cooper,  575. 

Black  River  section  : Gordon,  984  ; Gor- 
don and  Lane,  985. 

Devonic,  lower  : Grabau,  997. 

Dikes,  granitic,  genetic  connections  of  : 
Lane,  1513. 

Drumlins  : Russell,  2106. 

Grand  Traverse  region : Leverett, 

1568. 

northern  : Russell,  2101. 

Geological  section,  pre  - Ordovician  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Keweenaw  Point ; Lane,  1507,  1509. 

Lake  Whittlesey  and  the  Arkona 
beaches  : Taylor,  2362. 

Marquette  region,  glacial  phenomena ; 
Davis,  662. 

Menominee,  Dickinson,  and  Iron  coun- 
ties, surface  geology  of : Rus- 
sell, 2104. 

Monroe  and  Wayne  counties  : Nattress, 
1785. 

Sylvania  sandstone  : Grabau,  1002. 

Paleontology. 

Schoharie  fauna  : Grabau,  994. 

Petrology. 

Auvergnose  rocks  ; Lane,  1500. 

Mineralogy. 

Sulphur  and  celestite  at  Maybee : 
Kraus  and  Hunt,  1427. 

Sulphur  deposits  at  Woolmith  quarry  ; 
Kraus,  1423. 

Underground  water. 

Bay  County  : Cooper,  575. 

Northern  peninsula : Leverett.  1659. 

Salt  water  in  Lake  mines  : Lane.  1502. 

Southern  peninsula  : Leverett  et  ah, 
1573,  1574. 

Water  supplies,  municipal : Leverett, 

1571. 

Mineral  paint. 

California : Anbury,  87. 

Canada  (general)  : Willimott,  2589. 

Georgia : Burchard,  356. 

I’ennsylvania,  Lehigh  Gap  : Eckel,  769. 

Tennessee  : Burchard,  356. 

United  States : 2418,  2419. 


Mineral  resources.  See  Economic  under 
the  various  States. 

Mineral  waters. 

Alaska,  southeastern  : Wright,  2639, 

From  crystalline  rocks  : Fuller,  907. 

Genesis : Ritter,  2067. 

Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Mineral  and  hot  springs  : Lakes,  1465. 

Thermal  waters,  genesis  : Gautier,  934. 

Thiited  States : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  ; Watson.  2493. 

West  Virginia,  Pan  Handle  counties : 
Grimsley.  1046. 

Wyoming,  Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872. 

Mineralogy  (general).  See  also  Meteorites 
and  Technique.  For  regional 
see  under  the  various  States. 
For  particular  minerals  see  list 
p.  314. 

Amphibole,  composition : Penfleld  and 
Stanley,  1893. 

classification  : Murgoci,  1779. 

Black  sands,  minerals  of : Warren, 
2478. 

Caesium,  chromates  of : Fraprle,  895. 

Corundum  minerals,  occurrence  : Pratt, 
1947. 

Crystallography,  essentials  of : Kraus, 
1424. 

Fusion  under  high  temperature : Day, 
687. 

Gems  and  precious  stones  of  North 
Carolina  : Kunz,  1440. 

Gnomonic  projection  : Rogers,  2085. 

Hardness  of  minerals,  determination 
of:  Kip,  1403. 

Lime-silica  minerals  : Day  et  al.,  690  ; 
Day  and  Shepherd,  691,  692. 

Luminescent  spodumene  : Wherry,  2534. 

Magnesian  pyroxenes  and  amphiboles, 
artificial  : Wright,  2650. 

Mineral  characters,  synopsis  of : Rich- 
ards, 2036. 

Mineral  solution  and  fusion  under  high 
temperatures  and  pressure : 
Day.  688. 

Mineralogical  notes ; Eakle,  753  ; Pal- 
aehe,  1864  ; Schaller,  2136. 

Mineralogy,  elements  of  (text-book)  ; 
Moses  and  Parsons,  1775. 

IMinerals  and  their  occurrence  (text- 
book) ; Miller,  1756. 

Minerals  of  the  composition  of  MgSiOs  : 
Allen  et  al.,  28. 

Molybdite,  composition:  Guild,  1053; 
Schaller,  2135. 

Optic  axial  angle,  measurement  of : 
Wright,  2653. 

Paragenesis,  glaucophane-bearing  rocks 
of  California  : Smith,  2242. 

Temiskaming  ores : Campbell  and 
Knight,  408. 

Phosphorescent  calcites : Headden, 

1119. 

Quartz  crystals,  formation  of  : Wherry, 

2536. 


250  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Mineralogy  (general) — Continued. 

Rock  minerals,  character  and  deter- 
mination : Iddings,  1266. 

Soda-leucite,  re-formation  of : Read 
and  Knight,  1997. 

Tables  of  minerals  : Penfield,  1891. 

Wollastonite  and  pseudo-wollastonite  : 
Allen  and  White,  27. 

Minerals  described.  Hee  list  p.  314. 

Minnesota. 

Economic. 

Crow  Wing  County,  iron  : Woodbridge, 
2623. 

Cuyuna  iron  range  ; Leith.  1557  ; Win- 
chell,  2620. 

Mesabi  Range,  iron ; Meeks,  1707. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Vermilion  Range,  Ely  trough,  iron : 
Abbott,  1,  2. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Folding  produced  by  glacial  action  : 
Sardeson,  2121. 

Physiographic. 

Buffalo  River,  meandering  of : Griggs, 
1043. 

Stratigraphic. 

Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 

/ 

Keweenawan  at  Lake  of  the  Woods ; 
Winchell,  2619. 

Paleogeography  of  St.  Peter  time  ; Ber- 
key,  205. 

Miocene.  See  Tertiary. 

Miscellaneous. 

Correspondence  relating  to  a study  of  j 
crystalline  rocks  : Hobbs,  1180. 

Correspondence  relating  to  a survey  of 
Arkansas  coal  fields : Branner, 
287. 

Geology  in  its  relations  to  topography  : 
Branner.  281. 

Geology  of  .Tell  : Kemp,  1361. 

Ice  age,  ignored  theory  of : Chamber- 
lin, 455. 

Limeless  ocean  of  pre-Cambrian  time  : 
Daly.  636. 

Mining,  mineral,  and  geological  law : 
Shamel,  2179. 

Mississippi. 

Economic. 

Cement  materials  : Crider,  598  ; Eckel, 
762. 

Clays  : Logan,  1608  ; Logan  and  Hand, 
1609. 

liignite  ; Brown,  326. 

Mineral  resources : Crider,  595. 

Stratigraphic. 

General:  Crider,  595  ; Crider  and  John- 
son, 595. 

Post-Eocene  formations  : Smith,  2226. 

Vndergroitn d ira ter. 

Water  resources  : ('rider  and  .Johnson, 
5J»9 : Logan,  1607;  Logan  and 
Perkins,  1610. 

Mississippian.  See  Carboniferous. 


! Missouri. 

General. 

State  geologist's  biennial  report : Buck- 
ley,  340. 

Economic. 

Bollinger  County,  kaolin  deposits ; Or- 
ton, 1836. 

Eire  clays  : Wheeler,  2530. 

Glass-sand  deposits ; Burchard,  350, 
355. 

Granby  area ; Buckley,  341 ; Perkins, 
1906. 

Joplin  district : Buckley,  343  ; Brittain, 
303 ; Clerc,  506,  507 ; Herrick, 
1132;  Smith  and  Siebenthal, 
2251. 

Lead  and  zinc,  Granby  area  : Buckley 
and  Buehler,  346. 

Madison  County,  lead  : Johnson,  1310. 
Road  materials  : Buckley,  345. 

St.  Louis  district,  clay  resources  : Fen- 
neman,  861. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

New  Madrid  earthquake : Fuller,  909, 
910. 

Stratigraphic. 

Glen  Park  section  ; Weller,  2519. 

Joplin  ’ district  : Smith  and  Sieben- 

thal, 2251. 

Paleogeography  of  St.  Peter  time : 
Berkey,  205. 

Superficial  deposits  along  the  Missis- 
sippi: Fowke,  891. 

Paleontology. 

Kinderhook  at  Glen  Park  : Weller,  2519. 
Mineralogy. 

Minerals  of  Granby  area  : Buckley  and 
Buehler,  346. 

Phosphorescent  calcites : Headden, 

1116. 

Zinc  blende  from  Joplin : Garrison, 

9.33. 

Underground  icater. 

General:  Shephard,  2194. 

Molding  sand.  See  also  Sand. 

Wisconsin  : Ries  and  Gallup,  2065. 

MoUusca.  See  also  Cephalopoda,  Gastropoda,  anel 
Pelecypoda. 

California,  southern.  Tertiary  : Arnold. 
60.  62,  63  ; Arnold  and  Ander- 
son, 67. 

Colorado,  Florissant ; Cockerell.  523. 
Eocene  from  Alabama  : Aldrich.  25. 
John  Day  and  Mascall  beds : Stearns. 
2280. 

Land  and  fresh-water,  from  (Quaternary 
of  Defiance  County,  Ohio: 
Sterki,  2282. 

Mexico,  I.ower  (''alifornia  : Biise,  267. 
Pleistocene.  Maryland  : Clark.  482. 

South  Carolina  ; Pugh,  1963. 
Senouian,  Mexico  ; BOse,  258. 

Tertiary,  Mexico  : Biise.  257. 
Washington  : Reagan,  2002. 


INDEX. 


251 


Molybdenite. 

British  Columbia  ; Evans,  817. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Quebec  : Wilson,  2615. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Monazite. 

• North  Carolina  : Bohm,  252  ; Sterrett, 

2289. 

South  Carolina : Bohm,  252 ; Sloan, 
2218;  Sterrett,  2289. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Montana. 

Economic. 

Bear  Creek  coal  fields  ; Fisher,  871. 

Belt  formation,  copper  deposits  ; Collen, 
550. 

Carbon  County  coals : Darton,  652. 
Coal  deposits : Parsons,  1883 ; Ritter, 
2069  ; Rowe,  2090-2092  ; Tarr, 
2345. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 
Dawson,  Rosebud,  and  Custer  counties, 
coal  fields:  Leonard,  1564. 

Great  Falls  coal  field  : Fisher,  874. 
Gypsum  deposits  : Rowe,  2093. 

Lignite  deposits  ; Leonard,  1560  ; Rowe, 
2090. 

Little  Rockies  mining  district : Boyn- 
ton, 280. 

Northwestern  : MacDonald,  1658. 
Philipsburg  quadrangle  : Emmons,  806. 
Ruby,  gold  dredging : Hutchins,  1260. 
Dynamic  and  structural. 

I.andsiide  : Henton,  1130. 
Physiographic. 

Continental  divide  at  Butte,  shifting  : 
Weed,  2498. 

Rocky  Mountain  front : Martin,  1686. 
stratigraphic. 

Algonkian  formations : Walcott,  2470. 
Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 

• glacial  geology : Salisbury,  2116. 

Hell  Creek  beds  of  upper  Cretaceous  : 

Brown,  325. 

Keewatin  ice  sheet,  Montana  lobe : 
Calhoun,  384. 

. Marysville  district  : Barrell,  149. 
Northwestern  : MacDonald,  1658. 
Ordovician  rocks  : Darton,  644. 
I’hilipshurg  quadrangle  : Emmons,  806. 
Pah  ontology . 

Blattoid  from  the  Cretaceous : Hand- 
lirsch,  1068. 

Champsosaurus,  osteology  ; Brown,  322. 
Devonian  faiina  near  Three  Forks : 
Raymond,  1989. 

Hoploparia  from  the  Cretaceous  : Whit- 
field. 2561. 

Kootanie  plants  from  Great  Falls  coal 
field  : Knowlton,  1418. 
Merycoidodonts  from  the  Miocene  : 
Douglass,  731,  732. 

Tortoise  from  Laramie  beds : Riggs, 
2066. 


Montana — Continued . 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Unionida?  from  the  Laramie:  Whit- 
field, 2562. 

Petrology . 

Marysville  district : Barrell,  149. 

Purcell  Mountain  Range  : Daly,  631. 

Mont  Pele.  Sec  Martinique. 

Mounds,  natural. 

Origin : Campbell,  395 ; Farnsworth. 

847  ; Hill,  1150  ; Hohl)S,  1186  ; 
Udden,  2407  ; Veatch,  2430, 
2436,  2437. 

Museums  and  collections. 

South  Carolina  College,  cabinets  of : 
Martin,  1679. 

Natural  bridges. 

Utah  : Lakes,  1477 ; Parsons,  1884. 

Natural  gas. 

General:  Redwood,  2005. 

Alberta  : Denis,  710. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes, 
381. 

British  Columbia : Denis,  710. 

Colorado,  White  River:  Lakes,  1476. 

Illinois,  southeastern  : Blatchley,  245. 

Indiana  : Kinney,  1402. 

Kansas,  Independence  quadrangle ; 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Michigan  : Lane,  1516. 

Ohio,  Steubenville  quadrangle : Gris- 
wold aud  Munn,  1048. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578  ; Coste,  581. 

Kent  County:  Knight,  1411. 

Pennsylvania,  Amity  quadrangle : 
Clapp,  475.  477. 

Beaver  quadrangle ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Burgettstown  and  Claysville  (luad- 
rangles  : Griswold  and  Munn, 

1048. 

Greene  County : Stone  and  Clapp, 
2314. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 

West  Virginia,  Panhandle  counties : 
Grimsley,  1046. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Nebraska. 

General. 

Morrill  geological  expedition  : Barbour, 
134,  139. 

State  geologist's  biennial  report : Bar- 
hour,  133. 

Economic. 

Cass  County  : Woodruff,  2628. 

Coal,  workable  : Barbour,  137. 

Glass-sand  deposits  : Burchard,  355. 

Honey  Creek  coal  mine  : Barbour,  132. 

Oil  and  gas  i)ossibilities  : Condra,  567. 

Phy.siographic. 

i‘hysicul  geography  : Condra,  569. 


252  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Nebraska — Continued. 

stratigraphic. 

Cass  County  : Woodruff,  2628. 

Glacial  : Condra,  566. 

Miocene  of  western  Nebraska ; Peter- 
son, 1916. 

Republican  River  Valley  ; Condra,  570. 

Paleontology. 

Agate  Spring  fossil  quarry  : Peterson, 
1915. 

Human  remains  in  the  loess  : Barbour, 
131,  140. 

Mammal  from  Sioux  County,  Syndo- 
ceras : Barbour,  129,  135. 

Nebraska  man  : Barbour,  141  ; Bar- 
bour and  Ward,  142 ; Gilder, 
957;  Ward,  2476. 

Paleontological  trip  ; Osborn,  1847. 

Rhinoceros  from  Miocene  of  Sioux 
County  : Barbour,  130,  138. 

Suilline  remains  from  the  Miocene : 
Peterson,  1913. 

Vertebrates  from  the  Miocene : Peter- 
son, 1916. 

Underground  water. 

Republican  River  Valley  : Condra,  570. 

Underflow  of  South  Platte  Valley : 
Slichter  and  Wolff,  2216. 

Nevada. 

Economic. 

Bullfrog  mining  district : Ransome, 
1984  ; Rice,  2027. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  ; Weed,  2499. 

Ely  copper  deposits : Bullock,  348 ; 

Ingalls,  1273  ; Ralph,  1978. 

Eureka  silver-lead  mines : Ingalls, 

1274. 

Fairview  district ; Zalinski,  2662. 

Giroux  mines : Giroux,  965. 

Gold  and  silver  at  Fairview  : Rice, 
2029. 

Gold  tellurides : Sharwood,  2183. 

Goldfield  : Collins,  557,  558  ; Hastings, 
1090 ; Hastings  and  Berkey, 
1091  ; Lincoln,  1587  : Ransome. 
1984,  1985  ; Spurr,  2274  ; Taft. 
2339. 

Combination  mine ; Collins,  557. 

Klondike  district  : Spurr,  2270. 

Manhattan  district  : Emmons  and 

Garrey,  808  ; Rice,  2028. 

Mining  in  southern  Nevada ; Taft, 
2.341. 

Pioche  ; Abbot,  3 ; Pack,  1854. 

Quartz  veins  of  Silver  Peak  : Hastings, 
1089. 

Robinson  mining  district : Lawson, 

1526 ; Lindgren.  1598. 

Round  Mountain  camp  : I’ackard,  1856. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle:  Spurr,  2271. 

Silver  Peak  quartz  veins : Hastings, 
1089. 

Southern  Nevada  mining  districts : 
Taft,  2.342. 

Southwestern:  Ball,  119,  120. 

Tonapah  district : Lindgren.  1593 ; 

Rice,  2025,  2026;  Taft,  23.39. 


N evada— Continued . 

Economic- — Continued. 

Ward  camp  : Plate,  1937. 

Wonder  district : Zalinski,  2663. 
Yerington  copper  deposits : .lennings, 
1298. 

Zinc  deposit  at  Spring  Mountains* 
Bain,  101. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Detrital  slopes : Blake,  242. 

Faulting,  Berlin  mine  : Daggett,  619. 
Bullfrog  district  : Emmons,  807. 
Robinson  district  : Lawson,  1526. 
Sierra  Nevada  fault  zone  : Reid.  2015. 
Tonapah  volcanoes : Lakes,  1469. 
Physiographic. 

The  desert,  its  resources,  water  supply, 
and  development : Bailey,  96. 

Deserts  : Chapman,  464. 

Stratigraphic. 

Goldfield  district : Hastings,  1090 ; 

Hastings  and  Berkey,  1091. 
Triassic  deposits  : Smith,  2243. 
Paleontology. 

Cambrian  fossils  from  IMoche  Moun- 
tains : Pack,  1855. 

Carnivora  from  Tertiary  of  .Tohn  Day 
region  : Merriam,  1713. 
Cestraciont  teeth  from  the  Triassic : 
Wemple,  2526. 

Mammal-bearing  beds  of  middle  Ter- 
tiary Age:  Merriam,  1716. 
Mammoths  : Imiulerback,  1621. 

Reptile,  marine,  from  the  Triassic : 
Merriam,  1714. 

Stickleback  fish  : Hay,  1104. 

Petrology. 

Goldfield  district : Hastings  and  Ber- 
key, 1091. 

Robinson  district : Lawson,  1526. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle : Spurr,  2271, 
New  Brunswick. 

General. 

Charlotte  County:  .Tohnston,  1312. 
Tohique  River  Valley  : Parks,  1871. 
Transcontinental  Railway  surveys : 
.lohnston,  131.3. 

Economic. 

Gypsum  deposits  : Bailey.  98. 

Iron  ores  : Lindeman.  1588. 
Nickel-copper  ores : Dickson,  720. 
Southern  : Ellis,  782. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Strain  in  rock  : Stead.  2279. 
Physiographic. 

Notes  on  physiography  : Ganong,  925. 
Stratigraphic. 

Metamorphic  and  volcanic  rocks  : Ells, 
784. 

Southern  : Ells.  782. 

Paleontology. 

Archa'ozoon  : Matthew,  1696. 

Cambrian  fossils  : Matthew,  1695. 
Devonian  plants:  Matthew,  1694,  1697. 
Devonic  fossils : Clarke.  497. 

Little  River  group  flora ; Matthew, 
1693. 


INDEX. 


253 


New  Brunswick — Continued. 

Paleontolof/y — Continued. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  plants : 
Matthew,  1697. 

Silurian  fish  : Matthew,  1696. 

Newfoundland. 

Coal-horing  operations  in  Humber 
Valley  : Ilowley,  1248. 

Geology  and  mineral  resources  : Grata- 
cap,  1023. 

Mineral  statistics,  1905 Ilowley,  1249. 

New  Hampshire. 

Stratigrophic. 

Glacial  stages  : Clapp,  473. 

Petrology. 

Belknap  Mountains  : I’irsson  and 

Washington,  1934. 

Red  Hill  : Pirsson  and  Washington, 
* 1935. 

New  Jersey. 

General. 

State  geologist's  report : Kiimmel,  1430, 
1434. 

Economic. 

Building  stones  : McCourt.  1657. 

Copper  deposits  : Keith,  1356. 

Glass-sand  industry  ; Kiimmel  and 
Gage,  1436. 

Limestones  of  Sussex  and  Warren 
counties:  Kiimmel,  1431. 

Mining  industry  : Kiimmel,  1432,  1435. 

Newark  (Triassic)  copper  ores:  Lewis, 
1578,  1581. 

Peat  deposits : Kiimmel,  1433 ; Par- 
melee  and  McCourt,  1874. 

Schuyler  copper  mine : Cranberry, 

1011,  1012. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Trap  rocks  for  road  construction  : 
Lewis,  1582. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Changes  along  the  coast : Haupt,  1096. 

Concretions  from  Redbank  sands : 
Willcox,  2581. 

Physiographic. 

Double  crest  of  Second  Watchung 
Mountain  : Lewis,  1577. 

Stratigraphic. 

Cretaceous  formations : Clark,  483 ; 

Knapp,  1407  ; Weller,  2515. 

Dover  quadrangle  : Miller,  1749. 

Newark  trap  rocks  : Lewis,  1579,  1580, 
1.583. 

Paleontology. 

Cliffwood  clays,  fauna : Weller,  2516. 
flora  : Berry,  214. 

Cretaceous  faunas  : Weller,  2520. 

Plants  from  the  Magothy  formation  : 
Berry,  225. 

Tilia  from  the  Pleistocene  : Berry,  220. 

Mineralogy. 

Calcite  from  West  Paterson  : Whit- 

lock, 2567. 

•Jerseyite  : Goldsmith,  973. 

Pyrite  : Kraus  and  Scott,  1428. 

Pyrites  and  marcasites  ; Lee,  1538. 


New  Mexico. 

General. 

Geology  and  physiography  : Frost  and 
Walter,  902. 

Econom  ic. 

Anthracite  coal  : Griffith,  1041. 

Burro  Mountains,  copper  : Lang,  1520  ; 
Wade,  2463. 

tui’quoise  : Zal inski,  2664. 

Coal  : Ritter,  2069. 

Durango  - Gallup  field  ; Schrader, 
2142;  Shaler,  2176. 

Engle  field  : Lee,  1542. 
northern:  .Judd,  1333. 

Cooney  district : Graham,  1007. 

Copper,  Zufii  Mountains : Schrader, 

2143. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Durango-Gallup  coal  field : Schrader, 

2142  ; Shaler,  2176. 
clay  deposits : Shaler  and  Gardner, 
2177. 

Engle  coal  field  : Lee,  1542. 

Fort  Stanton  Reservation,  coal : Camp- 
bell, 404. 

Gypsum:  Shaler,  2175. 

•Tones  iron  fields  : Emmens,  791. 

Kelly  mine:  .Johnson,  1311. 

Kelly  zinc  camp  : Brinsmade,  295. 

I..ordsburg  region  : .Jones,  1321. 

Mescal  Canyon  coal  field  : Jveyes,  1.386. 

Mine  inspector’s  report : Sheridan, 

2195,  2196. 

Mineral  deposits : Lindgren  and 

Graton,  1603. 

Mineral  resources  : .Jones,  1319. 

Placers  of  Santa  Fe  County : .Jones, 
1320. 

Raton  coal  field  : Judd,  1332. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  ; Gordon,  981. 

Una  del  Gato  coal  field  : Campbell,  403. 

Zinc,  Ivelly  camp  : Brinsmade,  295. 
Magdalena  district : Haddon,  1061. 

Physiographic. 

Afton  craters : I.iee,  1547. 

Aggraded  terraces  of  the  Rio  Grande  : 
Keyes,  1.393. 

Mesa  de  Maya,  physiographic  signifi- 
cance of  : Iveyes,  1.389. 

Mt.  Taylor  region,  volcanic  necks : 
Johnson,  1304. 

Pecos  Valley  : I.iee,  1539. 

Physiographic  features  : .Johnson,  1302  ; 
Iveyes,  1383. 

Santa  !'e  peneplain  : Campbell,  575. 

Tertiary  peneplain  : Robinson,  2078. 

Volcanic  craters  : Iveyes,  1387. 

Stratigraphic. 

Afton  craters  : I^ee,  1547. 

Carboniferous  formations  : Iveyes,  1377. 

Carboniferous  coal  measures  in  Sierra 
Ladrones  : Iveyes,  1.382. 

Dakotan  series  : Jveyes,  1.379. 

Geological  section  : Iveyes,  1380. 

Magdalena  and  Black  Range  region  : 
Gordon,  980. 


254  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907 


New  Mexico — Continued. 

i^trutiijraphic — Continued. 

Mississippian  formations  of  Rio  Grande  | 
Valley  : Gordon,  981.  j 

Mt.  Taylor  region,  volcanic  necks : ; 

~ Johnson,  1304.  j 

I’aleozoic  formations : Gordon  and  j 

Graton,  983. 

I’ennsylvanian  formations  of  Rio 
GTande  Valley : Gordon,  982. 

Pre-Cambrian  at  Hamilton  mine ; 
Lindgren,  1590. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee,  1545. 

Mississippian  formations : Gordon, 

981. 

Pennsylvanian  formations  ; Gordon, 

982. 

Red  Beds  : Lee,  1546. 

Roswell  area  : Fisher,  870. 

Tertiary  terranes : Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

Fnconformities,  significance  of  : Keyes, 
1378. 

Paleontology. 

Lime  Creek  fauna  of  Iowa  at  Lake 
Valley  : Keyes,  1384. 

Ruminant  from  the  Pleistocene : Gid- 
ley,  945. 

Snails  : Cockerell,  515. 

Mineralogy. 

Endlichite  : Bowman,  274. 

Underground  water. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Lee,  1545. 

Roswell  area  : Fisher,  870. 

Soda  spring:  Eddy,  771. 

New  York. 

General. 

Director  of  science,  second  report : 
Clarke,  493. 

third  report : Clarke,  500. 

Drift  bowlder  with  magnetite : Hol- 
lick,  1208. 

Lake  Champlain  : Clarke,  497.  , 

Preglacial  channels  of  lower-  Hudson  j 
Valley  : Berkey,  206. 

State  geologist’s  report : Clarke,  494. 

Vassar  College  region  : Shattuck,  2192. 

Economic. 

Adirondack  region,  magnetites : New- 
land,  1794,  1795. 

Building  stones,  tests  : McCourt,  1656. 

Feldspar  and  quartz  deposits  : Bastin, 
163. 

Hematite  mining  in  St.  Lawrence  Coun- 
ty  ; Brinsmade,  294. 

Magnetite  deposits  at  Mineville  : Gran- 
berry,  1010. 

Magnetite  mines  at  Lyon  Mountain  : 
Newland  and  Hansell,  1796. 

Mining  and  quarry  industry  : Newland, 
1790,  1793. 

Salisbury  district,  iron  ores : Hobbs, 
1184. 

Slate:  Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

chemical  composition  : Hillebrand, 

1159. 

Talc  in  northern  New  York : Brins- 
made, 293, 


New  York — Continued. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Caves  : Clarke,  500. 

Earthquake  records  at  Albany  : Clarke, 
500  ; Newland,  1791. 

Faulting,  postglacial  : Woodworth, 

2631. 

Fracture  systems  : Hobbs,  1176. 

Glacial  erosion  in  longitudinal  val- 
leys : Carney,  430. 

Glacial  rock  sliding : Jones,  1318. 
Niagara  Falls,  recession  of : Adams, 
5 ; Gilbert,  955 ; Hall,  1065  ; 
Spencer,  2265. 

Oscillations  during  Cambro-Silurian  : 
Cushing,  617. 

Quartz  nodule  with  radiate  structure  : 
Davison,  685. 

Vassar  College  region  : Shattu.ck,  2192. 
Physiographic. 

.\dirondacks  : Kemp,  1362,  1370. 
Catskill  Mountains:  Heilprin,  1126. 
Clove  Valley  Pleistocene  lake  basin  : 
Gratacap,  1022. 

Drnmlinoids  of  the  Catatonk  quad- 
rangle: Hubbard,  1251. 

Drumlins  : Fairchild,  837,  839. 

Finger  Lake  region  : Dryer,  744.' 

gorges  of  : Tarr,  2348. 

Genesee  Falls  : Grabau,  999. 

Hudson  Valley  : Kemp,  1369. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434. 

Manhattan  Island:  Julien,  1341. 
Outwash  drift : Carney,  430. 

Scarps  in  the  Adirondacks  : Davis,  666. 

fitratigraphic. 

Abandoned  shore  lines : Woodworth, 

2632. 

Asymmetric  differentiation  in  a syenite 
bathylith  : Cushing,  616. 

Buffalo  quadrangle  : Luther,  1633. 
Cambro-Silurian  oscillations  : Cushing, 
617. 

Catatonk  quadrangle,  drumliuoids : 
Hubbard,  1251. 

Champlain  basin,  paleogeography  of : 
Ruedemann,  2098. 

Chazy  formation  : Raymond,  1987. 
Clove  Valley  Pleistocene  lake  basin : 
Gratacap,  1022. 

Cornwall  limonite  beds : Hartnagel, 

1 086. 

Drumlins : Fairchild,  837,  839. 

Finger  Lake  region  : Tarr,  2347. 

pre-Wisconsin  drift : Carney,  429. 
Geologic  formations,  nomenclature  of  : 
Clarke,  482. 

Gilbert  Gulf : Fairchild,  840. 

Glacial  drainage  : Fairchild,  835. 
Glacial  stages : Fuller,  913. 

Glaciation,  Catskill  Mountains : Rich, 
2035. 

Manhattan  Island  : Julien,  1336. 
Highlands,  b:isal  gneisses  of:  Berkey, 
207. 

Indian  Ladder  section  : Prosser,  1961. 
Irondequoit  Bay  : Fairchild,  834. 


INDEX 


255 


New  Yol'k— Continued. 

atiatigraphic — Continued. 

Iroquois  extinction  : Fairchild,  842. 

Ithaca  section  : Williams,  2583,  2584, 
2586. 

Keuka  Valley,  wave-cut  terraces  : Car- 
ney, 431. 

Lake  Erie  basin,  glacial  waters  : Fair- 
child,  836. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434. 

Long  Lake  quadrangle  : Cushing,  614. 

Manhattan  Island,  glaciation : Julien, 
1337,  1338. 

Medina  sandstone  ; Grabau,  1001. 

Miuuewaska  region  ; .Tames,  1284. 

New  York  City,  stability  of  rock  foun- 
dations : Julien,  1340. 

Oneida  conglomerate : Grabau,  992 ; 

Hartnagel,  1083. 

Ontario  section  of  eastern  New  York  : 
Hartnagel,  1082. 

Outwash  drift : Carney,  432. 

Palisade  trap;  Julien,  1340. 

Penn  Yan-Hammondsport  quadrangles  : 
Luther,  1634. 

Pre-Cambrian  rocks,  correlation  : Adams 
ct  al.,  13. 

Rochester  and  Ontario  Reach  quadran- 
gles : Hartnagel,  2. 

Schoharie  Valley  ; Grabau,  991. 

Shawangunk  Mountains  ; Clarke,  499. 

Skuunemunk  Mountain  region : Hart- 
nagel, 1084. 

Triassic  outcrop  on  Staten  Island : 
• Hollick,  1205. 

Vassar  College  region  : Shattuck,  2192. 

Well  records  on  Long  Island : Veatch 
and  Bowman,  2441. 
Paleontologi/. 

Amber  of  Staten  Island,  origin ; Hol- 
lick, 1204. 

Bryozoa  of  the  Rochester  shale  : Bass- 
ler,  157. 

Cephalopoda  of  the  Beekmantown  and 
Chazy  formations  : Ruedemann, 
2097. 

Chazy  formation,  fauna  of : Raymond, 
1987. 

C'hemung  fauna  of  Ithaca  section  : Wil- 
liams, 2586. 

Cretaceous  Pityoxyla ; Jeffrey  and 
Chrysler,  1692. 

Cretaceous  plant  remains : Hollick, 

1203  ; Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  1212. 

Cryptozoa  from  Ordovician  deposits : 
Seely,  2163. 

Devonian  fossils  from  western  New 
York:  Slocum,  2219. 

Devonic  fishes  : Kastman,  760. 

Eui-ypterus  fauna  of  Shawangunk  grit : 
Clarke,  499,  501. 

Fossil  forest  fii-(‘ : Hollick,  1206. 

Gymnosperms  from  Cretaceous  of  Krei- 
scherville : Hollick  and  Jeffrey, 
1213. 

Hypsocrinus : Springer  and  Slocom, 

2268. 


New  York — Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Insect  borings  in  Cretaceous  lignite : 
Hollick,  1207. 

Paleobotany  of  Onondaga : Schneider, 
2139. 

Paleozoic  fossils,  types  of  ; Clarke,  500. 

Pelmatozoa  from  the  Chazy  : Hudson, 
1253. 

Reticularia  laevis,  range  and  distribu- 
tion : Kindle,  1396. 

Schoharie  Valley:  Grabau,  991. 

Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  plants  ; Pen- 
hallow,  1895. 

Tree  trunk  from  Middle  Devonic : 
White,  2544. 

Petrology . 

Adirondack  syenite  bathylith,  asym- 
metric differentiation  in  : Cush- 
ing, 616. 

Manhattan  Island  : Hovey,  1224. 
peridotite  dike  : Kunz,  1438. 

Mineralogy. 

Lyon  Mountain  : Whitlock,  2565. 
calcite  : Whitlock,  2566. 

Underground  water. 

Long  Island  : Veatch,  2431,  2433,  2435. 

Niagara  Falls. 

Recession  of ; Adams,  5 ; Gilbert,  955  ; 
Hall,  1065  ; Spencer,  2265,  2266. 

j Nicaragua. 

I General. 

San  Juan  Valley;  Merz,  1745. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Earthquakes  : Jones,  1322. 

Volcanoes : Chamberlin,  451  ; Jones, 

1322. 

Nickel. 

North  Carolina,  Webster  ; Barlow,  146. 

Ontario  : Ingall.  1267. 

Cobalt  district : Bell,  192  ; 418  ; 

Courtis,  584  ; Rickard,  2053. 
Sudbury  region  : Barlow,  147 ; 

Browne,  336 ; Coleman,  539, 
549;  Hixon,  1172;  Stokes, 
2304  ; Thompson,  2370. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Nickel  Mountain  : Kay,  1345. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2490,  2493. 

Nitrate. 

California  : Bailey,  95  ; Turner,  2400. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Nomenclature.  See  under  Stratigraphic. 

North  Carolina. 

Economic. 

Barytes  industry  : Judd,  1331. 

Building  and  ornamental  stones  : Pratt, 
1949  ; Watson  and  Laney,  2494. 

Copper  : Eames,  755. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Gems  ; Kunz,  1440. 

Gold  deposits:  Crosby,  601  ; Graton, 
1025. 

Gold  Hill  copper  mine:  Nicholas,  1800. 


256 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


North  Carolina — Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Mica  deposits  : Sterrett,  22S7,  2288. 
Mining  industry,  in  1905  : I’ratt.  1950. 

in  1900;  Pratt,  1951. 

Monazite  : Bohm,  252  ; Sterrett,  2289. 
Nantahala  quadrangle  : Keith,  1.352. 
Nickel  deposits  of  Webster : Barlow, 
146. 

Ore  deposits  of  eastern  gold  Ix'lt  : 
Crosby,  601. 

IMsgah  quadrangle  ; Keith,  l.‘>53. 

Roan  Mountain  (luadrangle  ; Keith. 
1354. 

Tin  deposits : Graton,  1025 ; Hess, 

1139. 

Union  copper  mines  : Nicholas,  1799. 
Dynamic  and  structural. 

Currituck  Banks  : Cobb,  508. 

Dunes  along  coast:  Cobb.  511. 

Fracture  systems ; Hobbs,  1176. 

Ph  ysiogrophic. 

Core  Bank  : Cobb,  512. 

Terraces  in  coastal  plain : Johnson. 
1299. 
t^itratigraphic. 

Coro  Bank  : Cobb,  512. 

Mesozoic  deposits  of  coastal  plain  : 
Stephenson,  2281. 

Nantahala  quadrangle  : Keith.  1352. 
IMsgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  135.‘>. 
IMeistocene  terracing  in  coastal  plain  : 
Johnson,  1299. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  : Keith, 

1354. 

Paleontology. 

Cretaceous  floras ; Berry,  221,  224. 
Pleistocene  flora  ; Berry,  222. 

Rhoetic  flora  of  Moncure  shales  : Cobb, 
510. 

Mineralogy. 

Cassiterite  : Headden,  1115. 

Gems  ; Kunz,  1440. 

Hendersonville  meteorite : Merrill, 

1740. 

Rich  Mountain  meteorite : Merrill, 

1741. 

Underground  icater. 

Ground  and  deep  waters : McCarthy, 
1644. 

Improvement  of  water  in  wells : 
Fuller,  908. 


North  Dakota. 

General. 

State  geologist’s  report : Leonard. 

1562. 

Economic. 

Clays : Babcock.  91  ; Bal)cock  and 

Clapp,  92;  Clapp,  470;  Clapp 
and  Babcock,  471  : Leonard. 

1564. 

Lignite:  Leonard,  1560;  Wilder,  2577. 
Stratigraphic. 

Geology  of  clay  formations  : Leonard, 
L56.3. 

Paleontology. 

Meryeoidodouts  ; Douglass,  731, 


Northwest  Territories. 

Surface  geology  : Chalmers,  449. 

Nova  Scotia. 

Economic. 

Ainslie  and  North  Cheticamp.  barytes 
deposits  : I’oole,  1943. 

Bedded  leads  in  relation  to  mining 
policy  ; Woodman,  2624. 

Five  Islands,  barytes  deposits  ; Hutch- 
inson, 1265. 

Gold  fields;  Faribault,  844,  845 

Iron  deposits  : Woodman,  2627. 

Mineral  resources  : Gilpin,  964  ; IMers, 
1929. 

Tangier  gold  deposits  : Packard,  1857. 

Torbrook  iron  district ; Parsons,  1885. 

Western  : Fletcher,  880. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Earthquake  of  March  21,  1904  : Wood- 
man, 2625. 

Faults  of  Battery  I’oint  : Fulton.  919. 

Subsidence,  at  Louisbourg : McIntosh, 
1668. 

of  the  Atlantic  coast  ; Poole,  1941. 

Physiographic. 

Continental  shelf  off  Nova  Scotia  : 
Poole.  1942. 

Stratigraphic. 

Bore-hole  records  : Weatherl)e.  2495. 
in  Cumberland  County  : Brown.  331. 

Conglomerate  capping  Cambrian,  age 
of  : Poole.  1940. 

Cumberland  coal  basin  : Woodman, 

2666. 

Northwestern  : Fletcher,  879. 

Structure  and  succession  at  North  Syd- 
ney and  Sydney  mines : De 

Wolfe,  718. 

Paleontology. 

Silurian  and  Devonian  plants : Mat- 
thew, 1697. 

Ocher. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

Georgia  : Watson.  2483. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 


Ohio. 

General. 

Geological  survey,  history  of  : Prosser. 
1960. 

publications,  index  to;  Derby.  712. 

Geology,  bibliography  of : Prosser, 

1962. 

Economic. 

Glass-sand  industry  : Burchard,  354. 

Kenova  (luadrangle,  coal  : 1‘halen, 

1920. 

Limestone  resources  and  lime  indus- 
try ; Orton  and  Peppel,  1837. 

Salt  deposits  : Bownocker,  278. 

Sand-lime  brick  : Peppel.  1903. 

Steubenville  (luadrangle,  oil  and  gas : 
Griswold  and  Munn,  1048. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Subsidence  of  west  end  of  Lake  Erie  : 
Mosely,  1773. 


INDEX 


257 


Ohio— Continued. 

Stratigraphic. 

Carboniferous  : Stevenson,  2294,  2295. 

Columbus  and  Sandusky  formations : 
Swartz,  2329. 

Columbus  esker  : Morse,  1772. 

Devonian  : Stauffer,  2277,  2278. 

Geologic  formations  ; Prosser,  1960. 

Glacial  dam  at  Hanover  : Carney,  433. 

Licking  County,  Perry  township  : Car- 
ney, 427. 

Ordovician  at  Cincinnati  : Bassler, 

156. 

Scioto  Illinoian  lobe  in  Licking 
County  : Carney,  428. 

Spring  Valley  gorge,  origin ; Schef- 
fel,  2138. 

Steubenville  quadrangle  : Griswold  and 
Munn,  1048. 

Stratigraphy : Prosser,  1960. 

Paleontology. 

Land  and  fresh-water  Mollusca,  Defi- 
ance County : Sterki,  2282. 

Mammoth’s  tooth  : McClure,  1646. 

Oil.  See  Petroleum. 

Oklahoma. 

Economic. 

Oil  fields  : Gould,  988. 

Quapaw  district,  lead  and  zinc : 
Crane,  593. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Sand-barite  crystals  : Nichols,  1802. 

Paleontology. 

Permian  red  beds  fauna  : Beede,  180. 

Petrology. 

^Egirite  and  riebeckite  rocks ; Rogers, 
2086.  _ 

Oligocene.  See  Tertiary.  » 

Ontario. 

General. 

Durham  County,  Coleman,  538. 

Hamilton  Scientific  Association,  geo- 
logical section,  report  of : Neill, 
1787.  ■ 

Lake  Nipigon  to  Lac  Seul,  survey 
from  ; Collins,  561. 

Lake  Superior  region  between  the  Pic 
and  Nipigon  rivers : Collins, 

560. 

Lake  Temagami  to  Spanish  River : 
Wilson,  2614. 

Larder  Lake  district : Brock,  308. 

Mattagami  Valley  exploration : Kerr, 
1375. 

Muskoka  district : Walker,  2474. 

Ontario  meeting  of  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers  : 418. 

Ottawa  Field-Naturalist’s  Club,  geo- 
logical work  of : Ami  and  Wil- 
son, 44. 

Peterborough  district : Johnston,  1315. 

Peterborough,  Prince  Euward,  and 
Simcoe  sheets  : Johnston,  1316. 

Economic. 

Animikie  iron  range : Silver,  2212. 


Ontario — Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Antik-Okan  nickeliferous  pyrrhotite  de- 
posits : Hille,  1157. 

Bruce  copper  mines  : Williams,  2582. 

Bureau  of  Mines,  report : Gibson,  941. 

Clays  : Baker,  66. 

Cobalt  mining  district : Bell,  191,  192, 
194  ; Courtis,  584  ; Frank,  894  ; 
George,  939 ; Hardinge,  1074  ; 
Hardman,  1076;  Hotchkiss, 
1218  ; Loring,  1617  ; MacDonald, 
1659 ; Miller,  1758 ; Parks, 
1873 ; Rickard,  2053 ; Stokes, 
2303;  Van  Hise,  2422. 

Bonanza  mines : Hutchinson,  1264. 
genesis  of  ores  : Hixon,  1173. 
vein  formation  : Tyrrell,  2405. 

Craigmont,  corundum  : Haultain,  1095. 

Eldorado  copper  mine  : Burrows,  364. 

Helen  iron  mine,  Michipicoten : Cole- 
man, 541. 

Iron  ores : Hille,  1158 ; Lindeman, 

1588  ; Thompson,  2369. 

James  Bay  : Wil.son,  2604. 

Kent  County,  oil  and  gas : Knight, 

1411. 

Lake  Abitibi  gold  deposits : Miller, 

1757. 

Lake  Nipigon  iron  ranges : Coleman, 
548';  Moore,  1771. 

Lead  : Lewis,  1576. 

Mattagami  Valley  : Kerr,  1375. 

Michipicoten  iron  ranges : Coleman, 

541,  542;  Moore,  1770. 

Michipicoten  Island  : Willmott,  2602. 

Mines  of  Ontario  : Corkill,  578. 

Montreal  River  silver  district : Meeks, 
1708. 

Natural  gas  and  petroleum  : Coste,  581. 

Nickeliferous  pyrrhotites,  microstrnc- 
ture  of : Campbell  and  Knight, 
411. 

Nipissing  mine.  Cobalt : George,  939. 

Pembroke  sheet : Ells,  788. 

Pyrites : Fraleck,  893. 

Secondary  enrichment  in  copper  ores  : 
DeKalb.  700. 

Silver  mining  at  Cobalt : Prank,  894. 

Sudbury  nickel  ores  : Barlow,  147  ; 

Browne,  336 ; Coleman.  539, 
549;  Hixon,  1171,  1172;  Stokes, 
2304  ; Thompson,  2370. 

Temagami  Reserve  silver  district ; Mat- 
tair,  1691. 

Temiskaming  ores : Campbell  and 

Knight,  408,  410. 

Tilbury  and  Romney  oil  fields : Coste, 
582,  583. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Fracture  systems  : Hobbs,  1176. 

Granitization  of  Huronian  schists ; 
Bell,  189. 

Physiographic. 

Niagara  Falls : Spencer,  2263,  2265, 
2266. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 


17 


258  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Ontario — Con  ti  nued . 

Stratigraphic. 

Animikie  iron  range : Silver,  2212. 

Essex  and  Kent  counties : Nattress, 
1785. 

Grenville-Hastings  unconformity  : Mil- 
ler and  Knight,  1759. 

Iluronian  ice  age  : Coleman,  544. 

Iluronian  north  of  Lake  Superior : 
Bell,  189. 

I’embroke  sheet : Ellis,  788. 

Pre-Cambrian  rocks;  Adams  et  ah,  13. 

Lake  Temiskaming  region ; Miller, 
1754. 

Sudbury  region  : Coleman,  539,  546. 

Paleontology. 

Bryozoa  from  the  Niagara : Bassler, 
157. 

Collecting  notes  : Grant,  1013-1016. 

Cybele  : Narraway  and  Raymond,  1783. 

Guelph  fossils  : Whiteaves,  2556. 

Pembroke  sheet,  lists  of  fossils  from  : 
Ami,  41. 

IMeistocene  flora  : Penhallow,  1897. 

Stromatoporoids  of  Guelph  formation  ; 
Parks,  1872. 

Petrology. 

Michipicoten  area  : Bell,  189. 

Nepheline  syenite  : Adams,  9. 

Mineralogy. 

Cobaltite  : DeLury,  70?. 

I’seudomorph  after  laumontite : Gra- 
ham, 1008. 

Shelburne  meteorite  : Farrington,  84S. 

Ordovician. 

Stratigraphy. 

General. 

Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 

Paleogeography  of  St.  Peter  time ; 
Berkey,  205. 

Alabama,  Birmingham  district : Butts, 
370. 

Alaska,  upper  Yukon : Brooks  and 
Kindle,  321. 

Arkansas,  Ozark  region  : Purdue,  1967. 

northern  : Purdue,  1970. 

California,  eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Colorado  : Darton,  644,  648. 

Connecticut : Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Georgia  : Watson,  2483. 

Illinois:  Bain,  99;  Weller,  2517,  2524. 

Calhoun  County  : Weller,  2523. 

East  St.  Louis  district  : Bowman 

and  Reeds,  277. 

Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 

Hamburg  section  : Weller,  2519. 

Pre-Righmond  unconformity  : Weller, 
2522. 

Indiana  : Bassler,  156  ; Greene,  1030. 

Indian  Territory,  Muscogee  quadran- 
gle : Taff,  2332. 

Iowa : Bain,  99 ; Beyer,  230 ; Beyer 
and  Williams,  234  ; Burchard, 
353  ; Calvin,  387. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 


' Ordovician — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Iowa,  Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 
Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 
Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 
Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 
Kentucky  : Bassler,  156  ; Miller,  1748. 
Maryland  ; Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Minnesota  : Berkey,  205. 

Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 
Missouri : Shepard,  2194. 

Glen  Park  section  : Weller,  2519. 
Montana  : Darton,  645. 

Nevada,  Pioche  Mountains  : Pack,  1854, 
1855. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle  : Spurr,  2271. 
southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Mexico  : Gordon  and  Graton,  983. 
New  York  : Brown,  333. 

Champlain  basin  : Ruedemann,  2098. 
Highlands  ; Berkey,  207. 

Medina  sandstone : Grahau,  1001. 
Oneida  conglomerate : Ilartnagel, 

1083. 

Schoharie  Valley  : Grahau,  991. 

Ohio  : Bassler,  156. 

Ontario,  Pembroke  sheet : Ells,  788. 
Pennsylvania,  South  Mountain  : Stone, 
2318. 

Quebec,  Mount  Yamaska  : Young,  2660. 

St.  Francis  Valley  : Dresser,  739. 
Tennessee,  Roan  Mountain  quadrangle  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Texas,  Chisos  country  : Udden,  2409. 
Utah,  Uinta  Mountains  : Emmons, 
798;  Weeks,  2506. 

Vermont:  Edson,  774;  Richardson, 
2037;  Seely,  2163. 

Virginia  : Bassler,  158. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 
Wisconsin  : Bain,  99  ; Berkey,  205. 
Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 
Lancaster  quadrangle : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden,  23. 
north  central  : Weidman,  2512. 
Wyoming  : Darton,  644. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quad- 
rangles : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 
Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  645. 
Paleontology. 

Beekmantown : Ruedemann,  2097 ; 

Seely,  2163. 

Bryozoa,  James’  types : Bassler,  156. 
Canada  : Whiteaves,  2555. 

Cephalopoda,  Beekmantown  and  Chazy  : 
Ruedemann,  2097. 

Chazy  : Hudson,  1253  ; Raymond,  1987  ; 
Ruedemann,  2097 ; Seely,  2163. 


INDEX 


259 


Ordovician— Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Cryptozoa  from  Vermont  and  New 
, York;  Seely,  2163. 

D'Orbigny’s  types  figured : Boule  and 
Thevenin,  270. 

Franklin  : Ami,  39, 

Pelmatozoa  from  Chazy,  of  New  York  : 
Hudson,  1253. 

Pembroke  area,  Ontario  and  Quebec : 
Ami,  41. 

Ore  deposits,  origin. 

General:  Bancroft,  127,  128;  Coleman, 
545  ; Hixon,  1174  ; Kemp,  1360, 
1366 ; Koch,  1421  ; Lindgren, 
1589,  1597,  1600  ; Merrill,  1731  ; 
Miller,  1753 ; Nicholas,  1798 ; 
Nichols,  1803  ; Read,  1994  ; Rit- 
ter, 2070;  Shamel,  2178;  Spurr, 
2273 ; Stokes,  2301  ; Sullivan, 
2324,  2325  ; Villarello.  2457  ; 
Winchell,  2617,  2618. 

Arizona,  Cochise  mining  district : Kel- 
logg, 1358. 

Block  faulting  and  ore  deposition : 
Jenney,  1295. 

California,  Mojave  district:  Bateson, 
164. 

Cerargyritic  ores  : Keyes,  1392. 

Clinton  red  fossil-ore  of  Lookout  Moun- 
tain : Phalen,  1917. 

Cohalt  ores : Hixon,  1173 ; Tyrrell, 
2405  ; Van  Hise,  2422. 

Colorado,  Downtown  district  of  Lead- 
, ville  : Emmons  and  Irving,  803. 

Contact  deposits  : Kemp,  1366. 

Copper-iron  sulphides,  secondary  en- 
richment : Read,  1992  ; Sullivan, 
2324. 

Copper  ores : Fernekes,  865 ; Lane, 
1510. 

Lake  Superior  : Fernekes,  864  ; Lane, 
1512. 

Nevada,  Robinson  district ; Lindgren, 
1598. 

Yerington  : Jennings,  1298. 

New  Jersey  : Lewis,  1578. 

Virginia  : Weed  and  Watson,  2504. 

Copper,  silver,  and  gold,  experiments 
on  solution,  transportation,  and 
deposition  of : Stokes,  2300. 

Field  work  needed  in  study  of : Cole- 
man, 545. 

Fissure  veins  and  ore  deposits  as  water 
ways  : Lakes,  1458. 

Gold,  association  with  alunite  in  Gold- 
field district : Lincoln,  1587  ; 
Ransome,  1985. 

concentration  in  Klondike : Tyrrell, 
2406. 

Gold  ores  of  Alaska  : Spencer,  2261. 

Interaction  of  minerals  and  water  solu- 
tions : Sullivan,  2325. 

Iron  ores,  Animikie  iron  range  : Silver, 

2212. 

Kentucky,  northeastern  : Phalen, 
1918. 


Ore  deposits,  origin — Continued. 

Iron  ores,  Salishury  district : Hobbs, 
1185. 

Vermilion  Range  : Abbott,  1. 

Lead  and  zinc  ores,  Galena-Joplin  dis- 
trict : Clerc,  506,  507  ; Haworth, 
1098. 

Mississippi  Valley ; Bain,  99,  106 ; 
Buckley,  342. 

Virginia-Tennessee  region  : Watson, 
2484. 

Wisconsin  : Grant,  1019. 

Lead  ore,  Ontario  : Lewis,  1576. 

Magnetite  deposits,  Adirondack  region  : 
Newland,  1794. 

Pennsylvania,  Berks  and  Lebanon 
counties  : Spencer,  2262. 

Nevada.  Klondike  district : Spurr 

2270. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle  ; Spurr,  2271. 

. Nickel  and  copper  ores  of  Sudbury  : 
Browne,  336;  Coleman,  549. 

Nickeliferous  pyrrhotites,  microstruc- 
ture of : Campbell  aqd  Knight, 
409,  411. 

Ocher  deposits  : Watson,  2483. 

Ore  deposits  in  serpentine ; Forstner, 
890. 

I’ockets  ii*  gold  veins  : Harrison,  1081. 

Pyrite,  origin  : Willmott,  2603. 

oxidation  of  : Read,  1995  ; Winchell, 
2616. 

I’yrite  and  marcasite,  action  on,  by 
various  solutions  : Stokes,  2301. 

Quartz  veins  of  Silver  Peak,  Nevada  ; 
Hastings,  1089. 

Quicksilver  ores  of  California:  An- 
bury, 86. 

Salt  water  in  mines  : Lane,  1502. 

Secondary  enrichment  of  copper-iron 
sulphides  : Read,  1994. 

Striations,  meaning  of : Bucke,  339 ; 
Reid,  2022. 

Sudbury  nickel  ores : Browne,  336 ; 
Coleman,  549. 

Sulphide  ores  ; Coleman,  543. 

Sulphur  deposits,  Mapimi : Villarello, 
2459. 

Woolmith  quarry  ; Kraus,  1423. 

Utah,  Ontario  mineral  belt : Jenney, 
1295. 

Oregon. 

General. 

Human  implements  in  an  abandoned 
river  channel : Kemp,  1371. 

Economic. 

Coal  deposits  : Ritter,  2069. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Mineral  resources  : Stafford,  2276. 

Nickel  Mountain  : Kay,  1345. 

Seven  Devils  and  Snake  River  dis- 
tricts : Reid,  2006. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Glaciers  of  Mt.  Hood  : Reid,  2008. 

Physiographic. 

John  Day  region  : McClung,  1645. 


260  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Oregon — Continued. 

Stratigraphic. 

Eocene  : Diller,  723. 

tJlaucophane  schists  : Loiiderback,  1618. 

John  Day  region  : McClung,  1645 ; 

Merriam  and  Sinclair,  1717. 

Mesozoic  sediments : Diller,  724. 

Paleontology. 

Edentate-like  remains  from  the  Mas- 
call  beds : Sinclair,  2213. 

Eocene  flora  and  fossils  : Diller,  723. 

Horse  from  the  Mascall  beds ; Gidley, 
943. 

Mollusca  from  the  John  Day  and  Mas- 
call  beds  : Stearns,  2280. 

Seal  from  the  Miocene : Condon,  565  ; 
Wortman,  2638. 

Tertiary  faunas  of  the  John  Day  re- 
gion : Merriam  and  Sinclair, 

1717. 

Petrology. 

Glaucophane  schists  : Louderbac-k,  1618. 

Mineralogy. 

Will^ette  meteorite:  Eberle,  761; 

Hovey,  1229. 

Orogeny.  - 

Abyssal  igneous  injection  with  relation 
to  mountain  h^iilding : Daly, 

633,  638. 

Appalachian  revolution  : Willis,  2595. 

Mexican  plateau  : Hill,  1152. 

Mountain  formation,  cause  of : See, 

2158,  2162. 

Synclinorium  and  anticlinorium  : Rice, 
2032. 

Oscillation.  See  Changes  of  level. 

Ostracoda.  See  Crustacea. 

Ozokerite. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Utah:  Taff  and  Smith,  2338. 

Paleobotany. 

Age  and  localities  of  supposed  Jurassic 
fossils  : Veatch,  2432. 

Amber,  from  coastal  plain  : Berry,  219. 
on  Staten  Island,  origin : Hollick, 
1204. 

Alaska,  Cape  Lisbume  region  : Knowl- 
ton,  1417  ; White,  2543. 

Arkansas  coal  measures : White,  2546. 

Autophytographs  : Cobb,  509. 

Brandon  lignite  fossils : Ami,  37  ; Jef- 
frey and  Chrysler,  1291  ; l‘erkius, 
1908,  1909. 

Charred  wood,  fossil  : Hollick,  1206. 

(fliffwood  clays,  flora : Berry,  214. 

Codonotheca,  spore-bearing  organ  ; Sel- 
lards,  2174.  ♦ 

Colorado,  Florissant : Cockerell,  518, 
520,  526;  Hollick,  1211. 

Comptonia  : Berry,  215. 

Cretaceous:  Berry.  210,  211,  212,  214; 
Hollick,  1203;  Hollick  and  Jef- 
frey, 1212. 

Cucumites  species,  nomenclature  of : 
Cockerell,  513. 


Paleobotany— Continued. 

Cycads,  American  fossil  : Wieland, 

2574. 

Devonian,  from  New  Brunswick  : Mat- 
thew, 1694.  • 

Flower,  Tertiary,  from  Florissant,  Col- 
orado : Hollick,  1211. 

Forest  fire,  fossil  : Hollick,  1206. 

Gymnosperms,  of  North  America  : Pen- 
hallow,  1896. 

New  York,  Kreisherville : Hollick 

and  Jeffrey,  1213. 

Hell  Creek  beds  of  Montana  : Brown, 
325. 

Illinois  coal  measures  : White,  2545. 

International  boundary  survey : Pen- 
hallow,  1900. 

Kootanie  plants  from  Great  Falls  coal 
field  of  Montana : Knowlton, 

1418. 

Leaf  rafts  and  fossil  leaves : Berry, 
218. 

Leaf  variations : Penhallow,  1894. 

Little  River  group  flora : Matthew, 

1693. 

Lycopod,  from  Devonian  : White,  2547. 

Magothy  formation : Berry,  225. 

Mesozoic  flora  of  Atlantic  coast  plain  : 
Berry,  216,  221. 

Mosses,  Tertiary,  from  Florissant : 
Britton  and  Hollick,  304. 

Pityoxyla,  Cretaceous : Jeffrey  and 

Chrysler,  1292. 

Plant  remains  in  basalt,  Mexico  : Sol- 
orzano  and  Hobson,  2257. 

Plants,  fossil,  sketch  of : Berry,  213. 

Tertiary  and  Cretaceous : Penhal- 

low, 1895. 

Pleistocene  flora,  Alabama  : Berry,  223. 

Canada  : Penhallow,  1897. 

Maryland  : Hollick,  1209,  1210. 

North  Carolina  : Berry,  222. 

A'irginia  : Berry,  217. 

Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius,  sto- 
mata of  : Berry,  226. 

Quercus  hatcheri  : Knowlton,  1419. 

Rhoetic  flora  of  Moncurg  shales : 
Cobb.  510. 

Silurian  and  Devonian,  from  Canada  : 
Matthew,  1697. 

Tilia  from  New  Jersey  I’leistocenc  : 
Berry,  220. 

Tree  trunk  from  New  York  Devonian  : 
White,  2544. 

Wood,  fossil,  from  Texas : Penhallow, 
1899. 

Paleoclimatology. 

General:  Freeh,  900,  901  ; Manson, 
1676;  Taber,  2330. 

Carboniferous : Barrell,  150. 

Climatic  conditions  at  Nome,  Ala.ska, 
during  the  Pliocene  : Dali,  628. 

Climatic  variations.  extent  and 
causes : Gregory,  1039. 

Cretaceous  : Bibbins,  235. 


INDEX. 


261 


Paleoclimatology — Continued. 

Geologic  climates,  influenced  by  possible 
reversal  of  deep-sea  circulation  : 
Chamberlin,  453. 

Glacial  epoch,  causes : Hilgard,  1147. 

Glacial  epochs : David,  657. 

Jurassic ; Burckhardt,  362. 

Quaternary : Huntington,  1257. 

Relation  of  fossil  floras  to  climate 
and  coal  beds  : Lakes,  1467. 

Paleogeography. 

Champlain  basin  in  Ordovician  time : 
Ruedemann,  2098. 

Continental  outlines  in  Tertiary  time  : 
Matthew,  1699. 

Devonian  of  eastern  North  America : 
Clarke,  496. 

Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2438. 

Mississippi  Valley  in  St.  Peter  time : 
Berkey,  205. 

New  York,  Schoharie  Valley ; Grabau, 
991. 

Paleontology  (general).  See  also  the  classes  of 
animals  and  Paleobotany.  For 
stratigraphic  see  under  the  dif- 
ferent systems.  For  regional 
see  under  the  various  States. 

Alternation  of  fossil  faunas : Keyes, 
1385. 

Caustic  potash  in  cleaning  fossils : 
Bose  and  Vigier,  269. 

Early  surroundings  of  life  : Lane,  1515. 

Evolution  as  it  appears  to  the  paleon- 
tologist : Osborn,  1846. 

Fossilization,  conditions  of : Hartzell, 
1087. 

Limeless  ocean  of  pre-Cambrian  time  : 
Daly,  636. 

Molds  of  fossils,  taking  impressions  of  : 
Slocom,  2220. 

Problems  of  paleontology : Osborn, 

1838. 

Relations  to  other  branches  of  science  : 
Woodward,  2630. 

Types,  in  collections  of  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History : Cushman, 
.618. 

in  New  York  State  Museum  : Clarke, 
500. 

Panama. 

Geology  of  Canal  Zone  : Howe,  1244- 
1246. 

Peat. 

Indiana,  northern  ; Taylor,  2361. 

Iowa  : Savage,  2125. 

Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 

Mexico  : Alcalfi,  22. 

Michigan  : Davis,  660. 

New  Jersey  : Kiimmel,  1433  ; Parmelee 
and  McCourt,  1874. 

United  States : 2418,  2419. 

Vermont : Perkins,  1907. 

Pebbles.  ^ 

Polished : George,  940. 

Stretched : McCallie,  1642. 


Pelec3TPoda.  See  also  Mollusca. 

Aviculidse  from  Trias  of  Zacatecas : 
Freeh,  901. 

California,  southern.  Tertiary  : Arnold, 
62. 

Devonian  ; Clarke,  497. 

Eocene  from  Alabama  : Aldrich,  25. 

Indiana,  Salem  limestone  : Beede,  178. 

Pecten  from  Nome  gravels  : Dali,  628. 

Pectens,  Tertiary  and  IMeistocene,  of 
California ; Arnold,  57. 

IJnionidse  from  the  Laramie  clays  of 
Montana  : Whitfield,  2562. 

Venus  shells  in  New  York  City  : Wil- 
son, 2609. 

Pennsylvania. 

General. 

Geology  as  related  to  agriculture : 
Stout,  2323. 

Topographic  and  geologic  survey  com- 
mission report : 1902. 

Economic. 

Amity  quadrangle  : Clapp,  475,  477. 

Beaver  quadrangle  : Woolsey,  2634. 

Berks  and  Lebanon  counties,  magnetite 
deposits  ; Spencer,  2262. 

Burgettstown  and  Claysville  quad- 
rangles, oil  and  gas : Griswold 
and  Munn,  1048. 

Cambria  County,  clays ; Phalen  and 
Mai’tin,  1923. 

Clarion  quadrangle,  clays:  Lines,  1605. 

coal  : Lines,  1606. 

Clays  and  shales  of  central  Pennsyl- 
vania : Ashley,  72. 

Clearfield  coal  field  : Ashley,  71. 

Coal:  Boileau,  253;  Seddon,  2156; 

Tower,  2388. 

anthracite : Althouse,  32 ; Griffin, 

1041  ; Joyce,  1327. 

Buck  Mountain  : Althouse,  31. 

Coal  fields,  bituminous,  map  of : Hal- 
berstadt,  1063. 

Coal  mining  in  Hazleton  district ; Par- 
sons, 1878. 

Graphite  : Law,  1523. 

Greene  County,  oil  and  gas  : Stone  and 
Clapp,  2314. 

Johnstown,  coal  : Phalen,  1922. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Lehigh  Gap,  paint  ore  : Eckel,  769,  770. 

Mineral  resources  : Demming,  704-709  ; 
Stout,  2322. 

Mount  Holly  Springs,  phosphorus  ore  ; 
Stose,  2321. 

Nineveh  and  Gordon  oil  sands  in 
Greene  County  : Clapp,  472. 

Petroleum  : 2389. 

Punxsutawney  and  Glen  Campbell 
coal  fields  of  Indiana  and  Jef- 
ferson counties  : Peck  and  Ash- 
ley, 1888. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

South  Mountain,  clays  ; Stose,  2320. 


262  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Pennsylvania — Continued. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Faulting  in  central  Pennsylvania ; 
Ashley,  70. 

Physiographic. 

General:  Tower,  2387. 

Stratigraphic. 

Altoona  section,  Devonian  : Butts,  307. 

Amity  quadrangle  : Clapp,  475,  477. 

Beaver  quadrangle  : Woolsey,  2634. 

Burgettstown  and  Claysville  quadran- 
gles : Griswold  and  Munn,  1048. 

Carboniferous : Stevenson,  2294,  2295. 

Devonian  section,  near  Altoona  : Butts, 
367. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quadran- 
gles : Butts,  368. 

Mauch  Chunk  shale : Barrel!,  150. 

I’ottsville  formation  : Gi’ahau,  995. 

Rogersville  quadrangle : Clapp,  476. 

South  Mountain  : Stose,  2318. 

Paleontology. 

Devonian  faunas  near  Altoona : Kin- 
dle, 1397. 

Reptilian  remains  in  the  Pennsylva- 
nian near  Pittsburg  : Raymond, 
1990. 

Petrology. 

Peridotite  dike  in  coal  measiires : 
Kemp,  1368 ; Kemp  and  Ross, 
1373. 

Mineralogy. 

Euxenite  fi’om  Delaware  : Law,  1524. 

Mineral  localities  around  Philadel- 
phia : Benge  and  Wherry,  203. 

Pyrite  from  Cornwall : Travis,  2390. 

Scapolite  : Wherry,  2535. 

Pennsylvanian.  See  Carboniferous. 

Pentremites.  See  Echinodermata. 

Permian.  See  Carboniferous. 

Petroleum. 

General  : Redwood,  2005. 

Bibliography  of : Redwood,  2005. 

Formation  of  : I’lotts,  1938. 

Alberta  ; Daly,  635  ; Denis,  710. 

Moose  Mountain  district : Cairnes. 
381. 

Alaska,  Controller  Bay  ; Martin,  1684. 

Yakutat  Bay  : Tarr,  1201. 

British  Columbia:  Denis,  710. 

California,  Colorado  Desert  : Bowers, 
273. 

Los  Angeles  field  : Arnold,  59  ; 386  ; 
Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Clara  Valley,  Puente  Hills, 
and  Los  Angeles  districts : El- 
dridge and  Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Maria  district  : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  66,  67. 

Canada  (general)  : IClls,  785. 

Colorado:  Lakes,  1478. 

Yampa  field : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
863. 

Illinois  : Bain.  102,  109. 

southeastern  : Blatchley,  245. 


Petroleiim — Continued. 

Indiana  : Blatchley,  249. 

Princeton  field  : Blatchley,  243. 

Kansas,  Independence  quadrangle : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Louisiana  : Fenneman,  859. 

Mexico : Bustamente,  366 ; Guerra, 

1051. 

Vera  Cruz  : Ordonez,  1833. 

Michigan  : Lane,  1516. 

Ohio,  Steubenville  quadrangle : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Oklahoma  : Gould,  988. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578  ; Coste,  581. 

Kent  County : Coste,  582,  583 ; 

Knight,  1411. 

Tilbury  and  Romney  fields : Coste, 
582,  583. 

Pennsylvania  : Tower,  2. 

Amity  quadrangle  : Clapp,  475,  477. 

Beaver  quadrangle  : Woolsey,  2634. 

Burgettstown  and  Claysville  quad- 
rangles : Griswold  and  Munn, 
1048. 

Greene  County : Clapp,  472 ; Stone 
and  Clapp,  2314. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Rogersville  quadrangle:  Clapp,  476. 

Texas  : Fenneman,  859  ; Vicaire,  2446. 

Saratoga  : Dumble,  751. 

United  States  (general)  : Richardson, 
2038  ; 2418,  2419  ; Vicaire,  2446. 

West  Virginia,  Panhandle  counties : 
Grimsley,  1046. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Wyoming,  Bighorn  Mountain  region : 
Darton,  649. 

Uinta  County  : Veatch,  2437. 

Petrology  (general).  See  also  Igneous  and  vol- 
canic rocks,  and  Technique. 
For  regional  see  under  the  va- 
rious States.  For  Rocks  de- 
scribed see  list  p.  315. 

Analysis  of  silicate  and  carbonate 
rocks  : Hillebrand,  1160. 

Auvergnose  rocks,  size  of  grain  of : 
Lane,  1500. 

Brucite,  determination  of  : .Tulien,  1335, 
1339. 

Compressibility  and  plastic  deforma- 
tion of  certain  I’ocks : Adams 
and  Coker,  10,  12. 

Contact  phenomena  : Calderon,  383. 

Differentiation  of  a secondary  magma 
through  gravitative  adjustment : 
Daly,  631. 

Leucite  in  igneous  rocks  : Washington, 
2482. 

Magmatic  differentiation,  influence  of 
varying  degrees  of  superfusion 
in:  Lane,  1501. 

Occlusions  of  igneous  rock:  .Tulien, 

1334. 


INDEX. 


263 


Petrology  (general)— Continued. 

Ophitic  texture  : Lane,  1514. 

Quartzite,  classification  and  origin : 
Cayeux,  448. 

Petrographic  nomenclature : Hobbs, 

. 1177. 

Petrography,  relations  to  . other 
sciences ; Zirkel,  2665. 

Riebeckite  rocks,  origin  : Murgoci, 

1778. 

Rock  minerals,  determination  of : Id- 
dings,  1266. 

Rocks  for  rock-building;  Lord,  1616. 
treatise  on  ; Merrill,  1732. 

Schistosity  by  crystallization  ; Wright, 
2648. 

Serpentine,  alteration  of  : Knopf,  1416. 

Silica,  determination  of:  Knight,  1413. 

Texture  of  igneous  rocks  : Cross  et  al., 
608. 

Tridymite,  production  of,  in  volcanic 
rocks  ; Lacroix,  1453. 

Philosophy.  See  History. 

Phosphate. 

Arkansas,  northern ; Purdue,  1068, 
1070. 

Florida  : Jumeau,  1344. 

Idaho : .Tones,  1317  ; Weeks  and  Per- 
rier, 2.507. 

Mexico,  Zacatecas : Rurckhardt,  361. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Tennessee : .Tohnson,  1300 ; Ruhm, 

2100. 

United  States  : 2418,  2410. 

Utah : .Tones,  1317 ; Weeks  and  Fer- 
rier,  2507. 

Wyoming : Jones,  1317 ; Weeks  and 
Ferrier,  2507. 

Phosphorus. 

Pennsylvania,  Mount  Holly  Springs : 
Stose,  2321. 

United  States  : 2410. 

Physiographic  (general).  For  regional  see  under 
the  various  States.  See  also 
Drainage  changes. 

Aggradation  and  degradation  of  val- 
leys ; Moody,  1767. 

Alluvial  cone  topography : Purdue, 

1065. 

Alluvial  slopes : Siebenthal,  2206. 

Appalachians  : Machacek,  1665. 
southern  : Keith,  1355. 

Bolson  plains,  origin  : Udden,  2400. 

Coastal  plains : Davis,  673. 

Cordillera,  North  American,  nomen- 
clature of : Daly,  634. 

Delta,  of  Mississippi;  Hilgard,  1146; 
McBeth,  1638. 

of  Rio  Colorado;  Macdougal,  1661. 

Experimental  physiography  : Hubbard, 
1252. 

Floodplains  without  floods : Fenne- 

man,  858. 

Geographical  cycle  in  an  arid  climate  ; 
Davis,  665. 


Physiographic  (general ) — Continued . 

Gorges  of  Finger  Lake  region : Tarr, 
2348. 

Hanging  valleys ; Davis,  678. 

Meandering  of  Buffalo  River : Griggs, 
’ 1043. 

Mountains,  study  of : Davis,  676. 

Physical  factor  in  general  geography  ; 
Davis,  672. 

I’hysiographic  descriptions,  technique 
of : Davis,  675. 

Physiographic  problems  of  to-day ; 
Russell,  2102. 

Physiography,  relations  to  other  sci- 
ences : I’enck,  1889. 

I*otomac  River,  geographic  history  of : 
Willis,  2592. 

Rivers,  types  of : Dappert,  641. 

Rocky  Mountain  region  : Evans,  828. 

Scarps  : Davis,  681. 

Scaurs  on  the  River  Rouge  : JeflEerson, 
1286. 

Sculpture  of  mountains  by  glaciers ; 
Davis.  668. 

Seismotectonic  lines:  Hobbs,  1191. 

Sink-hole  lakes  : Sellards,  2165. 

Terraces  of  the  West  River : Fisher, 
875. 

Text-books  : Fairbanks,  832  ; Salisbury, 
2117. 

Valleys,  incised  meandering : Davis, 
669. 

Wolds  and  vales  of  belted  coastal 
plains  : Davis,  679. 

Pisces. 

Amyzon  brevipinne  Cope  : Lambe,  1491. 

Arthrodira  : Hussakof,  1258. 

Arthrodires,  Dipnoan  affinities  of ; 
Dean,  698  ; Eastman,  756. 

California : Jordan,  1324. 

Cestraciont  teeth  from  the  .Turassic : 
Wemple,  2526. 

Devonian  fishes,  Canada : Whiteaves, 
2559. 

New  York  : Eastman,  760. 

Marine  Triassic  from  Aspen  Ridge, 
Idaho  : Goddard,  972. 

Mylostoma  : Eastman,  757. 

Mylostomid  dentition  : Eastman  758.' 

Phlyctjenacanthus  telleri : Teller,  2366. 

Portheus  molossus  from  the  Kansas 
chalk  ; Sternberg,  2284. 

Ptyctodus  from  Kinderhook  of  Mis- 
souri : Weller,  2519. 

Salem  limestone  of  Indiana  : Branson, 
290. 

Shark  related  to  Edestus  : Hay,  1105. 

Silurian  fish  : Matthew,  1696. 

Stickleback  fish  from  Nevada : Hay, 
1104. 

Surgeon-fish  from  the  West  Indies : 
Hussakof,  1259. 

Placers:  Hutchins,  1261,  1262. 

Plants.  See  Paleobotany. 

Platinum. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 


264  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Platinum — Con  tin  ued . 

Oregon  : Day,  694  ; Stafford,  2276. 

United  States  : Day,  694  ; 2418,  2419. 

Pleistocene.  See  Quaternary. 

Pliocene.  See  Tertiary. 

Portland  cement.  See  Cement. 

Pre-Cambrian. 

StrOitigrapliy. 

General. 

Archean  period  of  North  America : 
Heneage,  1130. 

Pre-Cambrian  nomenclature : Cole- 
man, 540. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Colorado,  Georgetown  quadrangle ; 
Ball,  118. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  ah,  607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
863. 

Connecticut : Gregory  and  Robinson, 

1038. 

Franklin  : Low,  1623. 

Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Mexico  ; Canon  de  Tomellin  : Orddfiez, 
1825,  1829. 

Michigan,  Black  River  section  : Gordon, 
984  ; Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 

Keweenaw  Point : Lane,  1507,  1509. 

Pre-Ordovician : Lane  and  Seaman, 
1518. 

Minnesota,  Cuyuna  iron  range  : Leith, 
1557. 

Keweenawan  at  Lake  of  the  Woods  : 
Winchell,  2619. 

Vermilion  Range : Abbott,  1. 

Missouri : Shepard,  2194. 

Montana,  Algonkian  formations : Wal- 
cott, 2470. 

Coeur  d’Alene  section : MacDonald,  | 
1658. 

Maryville  district : Barrell,  149. 

Philipsburg  quadrangle : Emmons, 

806. 

New  Brunswick  : Ells,  784. 

New  Mexico,  Hamilton  mine : Lind- 
gren,  1590. 

New  York  ; Adams  et  ah,  13. 

Highlands  : Berkey,  207. 

Long  Lake  quadrangle : Cushing, 

614. 

North  Carolina  : Graton,  1025. 

Nantahala  quadrangle  : Keith,  1352. 

I’isgah  quadrangle:  Keith,  1353. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith,  j 
1354. 

Ontario  : Adams  et  ah,  13. 

.Vnimikie  iron  range;  Silver,  2212.  I 

Antik-Okan  region:  Hille,  1157. 

Grenville  - Hastings  unconformity  : | 
Miller  and  Knight,  1759.  , 

Huronian  deposits  north  of  Lake  ! 
Superior  : Bell,  189. 

Huronian  Ice  age : Coleman,  544. 

Lake  Nipigon  to  Lac  Seul : Collins, 
561. 


Pre-Cambrian — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Ontario,  Lake  Nipigon  region : Cole- 
man, 548;  Mooi’e,  1771. 

Lake  Temiskaming  region : Miller, 
1754. 

Larder  Lake  district ; Brock,  308. 
Michipicoten  iron  ranges : Coleman, 
542. 

Pembroke  sheet : Ells,  788. 

Quebec : Barlow,  145 ; Dresser,  742. 
Pembroke  sheet ; Ells,  788. 

St.  Francis  Valley : Dresser,  739. 
Rhode  Island : Emerson  and  Perry, 
790. 

South  Carolina : Graton,  1025 ; Sloan, 
2218. 

Pisgah  quadrangle : Keith,  1353. 
Utah,  Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 
Vermont ;.  Richardson,  2037. 

Wisconsin,  north  central : Weidman, 
2512. 

Waterloo  quartzite  : Warner,  2477. 
Wyoming,  Bighorn  basin  ; Fisher,  873. 
Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 
Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 

Precious  stones.  See  also  Diamonds. 

California  : Kunz,  1437. 

Idaho:  Bell,  198. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Problematica. 

Archaeozoon  : Matthew,  1698. 
Cryptozoan  frequens  : Walcott,  2470. 
Porocystis  Cragin  : Jarvis,  1285. 

Protozoa. 

Maryland  Pleistocene*.  Clark,  482. 
Pumice. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Pyrite. 

General. 

Origin  : Willmott,  2603. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2227. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Massachusetts : Rutledge,  2108. 

Ontario : Fraleck,  893. 

L’nited  States : Nason,  1784 ; 2418, 

2419. 

Virginia  ; Watson,  2493. 

P3rrrbotite. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Quartz. 

Maine  : Bastin,  162. 

New  York,  southeastern  : Bastin,  163. 
United  States;  2418,  2419. 

Quartzite. 

Classification  and  origin  : Cayeux,  448. 
Quaternary. 

Stratigraphy. 

General. 

Drumlins,  distribution  and  origin : 
Taylor,  2364. 

Glacial  epoch,  causes : Hilgard, 

1147. 

Glacial  epochs : David,  657. 


INDEX 


265 


Quaternary — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

General — Continued. 

Glacial  hypothesis  in  America  : Mer- 
rill, 1734. 

Glacial  period,  cause : Chamberlin, 
455  ; Schaeherle,  2131. 
in  nonglaciated  regions  : Hunting- 
ton,  1257. 

Great  Lakes,  history  of : Taylor, 

2363. 

Ice  age  : Geinitz,  037. 

Interglacial  periods : Coleman.  548. 

Loess  and  associated  interglacial  de- 
posits : Shimek,  2200. 

Mississippi  Valley  : Tight,  2374  ; 
Upham,  2415. 

Alaska : Brooks,  313 ; Tarr  and 
Martin,  2358. 

Turnagain  Arm  region  : Mofflt,  1762. 

Alberta  : Chalmers,  449,  450. 

Arizona  : Merrill,  1721. 

Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

British  Columbia  : Chalmers,  450. 

California  : Arnold,  57  ; Comstock,  563  ; 
Furlong,  920. 

eastern  ; Ball,  120. 

Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  : Eldridge  and 
Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Maria  district : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  66,  67. 

Canada,  interglacial  periods  : Coleman, 
548. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 
648. 

Clear  Creek  region  : Underhill,  2414. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  : Fisher,  869. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Range  : Siebenthal, 
2210. 

San  Juan  Mountains : Howe,  1243  ; 
Howe  and  Cross,  1247. 

Connecticut : Gregory,  1035  ; Gulliver, 
1056. 

Brewsters  Neck : Gulliver,  1055. 

Delaware,  Dover  quadrangle : Miller, 
1749. 

Illinois  : Fowke,  891  ; Weller,  2517. 

Indiana  : Blatchley,  246 ; Leverett. 
1572. 

Monroe  County  : Reagan,  1998. 

Tippecanoe  County  : McBeth,  1637. 

Iowa  : Calvin,  387  ; Orr,  1. 

Blackhawk  County  ; Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 

Clayten  County  : Leonard,  1559. 

Fayette  County  : Finch,  866. 

Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 

Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 

Sac  and  Ida  Counties : Macbride, 
1639. 

Winneshiek . County  : Calvin,  388. 

Kentucky  : Glenn,  971. 

Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2438. 

Maine  : Clapp,  473,  478. 

Manitoba  : Chalmers,  449. 


Quaternary — Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; 
Shattuck,  2184. 

Calvert  County  : Shattuck,  2188. 

Dover  quadrangle  : Miller,  1749. 

St.  Mary’s  County ; Shattuck,  2191. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle : Shattuck, 
2185. 

Massachusetts  : Clapp,  473  ; . Fuller, 

913. 

Cape  Cod;  Allorge,  29;  Fuller,  912; 
Wilson,  2(>08,  2610,  2612. 

Nantucket : Wilson,  2608,  2610, 

2612. 

Sankaty  Head  : Wilson,  2611. 

Third  Cliff:  Bowman,  275. 

Mexico:  Merrill,  1721. 

Durango  : Angermann,  51. 

Michigan  : Cooper,  576  ; Russell,  2101*. 

Bay  County  : Cooper,  575. 

Drumlin  areas : Leverett,  1568 ; 

Russell,  2101,  2106. 

Grand  Traverse  region : Leverett, 

1568. 

Lake  Whittlesey  and  Arkona 
beaches  ; Taylor,  2362. 

* Marquette  region  : Davis,  662. 

Menominee,  Dickinson,  and  Iron 
counties  : Russell,  2104. 

Raised  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan : 
Goldthwait,  974. 

Mississippi  : Brown,  326  ; Crider,  597  ; 
Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Missouri  : Fowke,  891. 

Joplin  district : Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal, 2251. 

Montana,  Bighorn  Mountains ; Dar- 
ton. 647 ; Salisbury,  2116. 

Keewatin  ice  sheet,  Montana  lobe : 
Calhoun,  384. 

Nebraska  : Condra^566. 

Cass  County  : Woodruff,  2628. 

Republican  River  Valley ; Condra, 
570. 

Nevada,  southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Hampshire  : Clapp,  473. 

New  York  : Carney,  430  ; Jones,  1318. 

Abandoned  shore-lines  : Woodworth, 
2632. 

Catskill  Mountains  : Rich  2035. 

Clove  Valley  Pleistocene  fake  basin  : 
Gratacap,  1022. 

Drumlin  structure  and  origin  : Fair- 
child,  837,  839. 

Finger  Lake  region  ; Carney,  429. 

Genesee  Falls  : Grabau,  999. 

Gilbert  Gulf : Fairchild,  840. 

Iroquois  extinction  : Fairchild,  842. 

Keuka  Valley  : Carney,  431. 

Lake  Erie  basin  : Fairchild,  836. 

Long  Lake  quadrangle  : Cushing,  614. 

Manhattan  Island : Julien,  1336- 

1338. 

New  York  City  : Wilson,  2609. 

Outwash  drift : Carney,  432. 


266  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Quaternary — Continued. 

Stratigraphy- — Continued. 

North  Carolina,  terraces : Johnson, 

1299.. 

North  Dakota  ; Leonard,  1563. 

Northwest  Territories  : Chalmers,  449. 

Ohio  ; McClure,  1646. 

Columbus  esker  ; Morse,  1772. 

Hanover  glacial  dam : Carney,  433. 

Licking  County  : Carney,  428. 

Spring  Valley  gorge  ; Scheffel,  2138. 

Ontario,  Mattagami  Valley ; Kerr, 
1375. 

Michipicoten  area  : Coleman,  542. 

Sudbury  nickel  field  : Coleman,  539. 

Pennsylvania  : Tower,  2387. 

Kittanning  and  Rural  Valley  quad- 
rangles : Butts,  368. 

Rogersville  quadrangle  : Clapp,  476. 

Quebec.  Orford  ami  Sutton  mountains  ; 
Wilson,  2605. 

Rhode  Island : Fuller,  913. 

South  Carolina  : Pugh,  1963 ; Sloan, 
2218. 

South  Dakota  : Todd.  1218. 

Tennessee  : Glenn.  971. 

Texas,  Panhandle  : Gould.  986. 

Utah,  Uinta  Mountains,  glaciation  : At- 
wood, 81. 

Vermont ; Hitchcock,  1164 ; Richard- 
son, 2037  ; Stevenson,  2293, 
2296. 

Burlington  region  : Hitchcock,  1165. 

Virginia  : Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle ; Shattuck, 
2185. 

Washington,  Olympic  Peninsula ; Ar- 
nold, 56. 

Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 
Calkins,  2240. 

Wisconsin  : Berkey.  208. 

eastern,  abandoned  shore-lines  : Gold- 
thwait,  975. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden,  23. 

north  central  : Weidman,  2512. 

Wyoming.  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645  ;)Salis- 
bury,  2114. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647  ; i 
Salisbury,  2116.  j 

Cloud  I’eak  and  Fort  McKinney  quad- 
rangles : Darton,  646 ; Salis- 

bury, 2115. 

Paleontology. 

Alabama,  plants  : Berry,  223. 

.California,  IMammalia : Furlong.  920, 
921  ; Merriam,  1712,  1715. 

pectens  : Arnold.  57. 

Canada,  plants : Penballow,  1897. 

Cave  deposit  in  California  : Furlong,  j 
921. 

Felidae  from  California  : Bovaid,  272. 

Iowa,  plants:  Macbride,  1640. 

Land  and  fresh-water  Mollusca  from 
Defiance,  Ohio : Sterki,  2282. 


1 Quaternary — Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

• Lower  California  : Bose,  267. 

Mammalia : Furlong,  920,  921 ; Mer- 
riam, 1712,  1715. 

Maryland,  fauna  : Clark,  481. 

flora  : Hollick,  1209. 

North  Carolina,  flora  : Berry,  222. 

Ohio,  land  and  fresh-water  Mollusca  : 
Sterki,  2282. 

Ovibos  tooth  from  Midway,  B.  C.  : 
Lambe,  1493. 

1‘ectens  : Arnold,  57. 

Stickleback  fish  from  Nevada : Hay, 
1104. 

Tilia  from  New  .Jersey  : Berry,  220. 
Virginia,  plants  : Berry,  217. 
Washington,  northwestern : Reagan, 

2002. 

Quebec. 

General. 

Labelle  and  Wright  counties  : Haycock, 
1107. 

Lake  Abitibi  region  : Wilson,  2615. 
Saguenay  : Dumais,  750. 

St.  Bruno  Mountain  : Dresser.  738. 
Economic. 

Asbestos  : Stokes,  2305. 

Chibogomo  district : Hardman,  1075  ; 

Low,  1624  ; Obalski,  1808,  1809. 
Chrome:  Edwards,  776. 

Copper:  Dresser,  741. 

Graphite  : Brumell,  338  ; Cirkel,  469. 
Mineral  discoveries  in  northern  Quebec  : 
Obalski,  1812. 

Mining  operations  in  1905 : Obalski, 
1811. 

Nickeliferous  pyrrhotite  at  Malachite 
Point : Muscovici,  1781. 

Ottawa  Valley,  iron  ores  : Cirkel.  468. 
Rare  earths : Nagant,  1782 ; Obalski, 
1810,  1813. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Earthquakes  in  Quebec:  Laflamme, 
1457. 

Sand-filled  vein  : Clarke,  498. 
Physiographic. 

Monteregian  Hills:  Dresser,  740. 
Orford  and  Sutton  Mountains  : Wilson, 
2605. 

Saguenay  : Dumais,  750. 

Stratigraphic. 

Chazy  formation  : Raymond.  1987. 
Mount  Yamaska  : Young.  2660. 
Northwestern  : Barlow,  145. 

Orford  and  Sutton  Mountains,  glacia- 
tion : Wilson,  2605. 

I’embroke  sheet : Ells,  788. 

St.  Francis  Valley,  metamorphic  rocks: 
Dresser,  739. 

Paleontology. 

Chazy  fauna  : Raymond,  1987. 

Devonic  fossils  : Clarke,  497. 

Pembroke  sheet,  lists  of  fossils  : Ami, 
41. 


INDEX 


267 


Quebec — Continued. 

Petrology. 

Brome  Mountain  : Dresser,  743. 

Chibougamau  region  : Low,  1624. 

Igneous  rocks  of  eastern  townships ; 
Dresser,  742. 

Mount  Yamaska : Young,  2660. 

St.  Francis  Valley,  metamorpbic  rocks  : 
Dresser,  739. 

Mineralogy. 

Hornblende  and  titanite  in  essexite : 
Tertscb,  2367. 

Quicksilver. 

California  : Aubury,  86. 

Mexico  : Merrill,  1720. 

Guerrero  : Villarello,  1253. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Texas,  Chisos  counti’y  : <Idden,  2409. 

Terlingua  district:  Dennis,  711; 
Phillips,  1925,  1926 ; Turner, 
2398. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Rare  earths. 

General:  Sehaaf  - Regelmann,  2132  ; 

Walsh,  2475. 

Quebec:  Nagant,  1782;  Obalski,  1810, 
1813. 

Reptilia. 

Anosteira  : Hay,  1100. 

Aquatic  life,  modifications  of  limb 
skeleton  for  : Osburn,  1849. 

Baena  : Lambe,  1487. 

Baptanodon  : Gilmore,  959,  963. 

Basilemys  sinuosus  from  Montana 
Laramie  beds  : Riggs,  2066. 

Bolosaurus  striatus  : Case,  442. 

Boremys,  Chelonian  from  Cretaceous  of 
Alberta  : Lambe,  1488. 

Brachauchenius  : Willistou,  2601. 

Brontosaurus,  skeleton  : Osborn,  183f). 

Camptosaurus  : Gilmore,  962. 

Ceratops.  8'ee  Proceratops. 

Ceratopsia  : Lull,  1631  ; Hatcher,  1092  ; 
Hatcher  et  al.,  1093. 

Champsosaurus,  osteology  of : Brown, 
322. 

Chisternon  : Hay,  1100. 

Crocodiles,  Amphicoelian : Williston, 

2599. 

Crocodilian  genus  from  the  Judith 
River  formation  of  Alberta : 
Lambe,  1492. 

Diadectes,  restoration  : Case,  440. 

Dinosaurs  from  Triassic  : Huene,  1256. 

Diplodocus,  osteology  of : Holland, 

1203. 

Echmatemys  : Hay,  1099. 

Edaphnosaurus  pogonias,  skull  of : 
Case,  437. 

Gastroliths : Brown,  324 ; Cannon, 

’ 420;  Wieland,  2575,  2576. 

Holosaurus  abruptus  : (’apps,  422. 

Marine  reptile  from  Triassic  of  Nevada  : 
Merriam,  1714. 

Morosaurus,  skull  of  : Osborn,  1839. 
Morosaurus  agilis  ; Gilmore,  962. 


Reptilia — Continued. 

Naosaurus  from  the  Permian  of  Texas  : 
Osborn,  1845. 

Paleorhinus  : Lees,  1551. 

Pelycosauria  : Case,  436,  441, 
Phytosauria  : McGregor,  1664. 
1‘lesiosaurs  : Williston,  2600,  2601. 
Pleistocene  Reptilia  of  Maryland  : Hay, 
1102. 

Proceratops,  n.  n.  for  Ceratops  : Lull, 
1629. 

Protostega,  osteology  of : Wieland, 

2572. 

Protosteginae,  plastron  of : Wieland, 

2573. 

Replilian  remains  in  the  Pennsylvanian 
near  Pittsburg:  Raymond,  1990. 
Testudo  : Lambe,  1487. 

Triceratops,  osteology  of  : Brown,  323. 
Turtles:  Hay,  1099-1101,  1103,  1106; 
Lambe,  1487  ; Wieland,  2572, 
2573. 

of  Bridger  basin  : Hay,  1106. 
Tyrannosaurus:  Osborn,  1841. 

Wasatch  beds  : Loomis,  1615. 
Xenochelys  : Hay,  1099. 

Rhode  Island. 

Economic. 

Anthracite  coal  : Griffith,  1041. 

Etra  tigraphic. 

Glacial  stages  : Fuller,  913. 

Green  schists  and  associated  granites 
and  porphyries : Emerson  and 
Perry,  790. 

Paleontology. 

Cretaceous  flora  : Hollick,  1203. 
Petrology. 

Schists,  granites,  and  porphyries : 
Emerson  and  Perry,  790. 
Mineralogy. 

Quartz  after  prochlorite  at  Cranston  : 
Emerson,  789. 

Road  materials. 

Indiana  : Blatchley  et  al.,  250. 

New  Jersey  : Lewis,  1582. 

Rock  slides.  See  Landslides. 

Rocks  described.  See  list  p.  315. 

Rocks,  structural  features. 

Cleavage,  theories  of : Barrell,  149 ; 

Becker,  173;  Willis,  2596. 
Compressibility  of  rocks : Adams  and 
Coker,  10^  11. 

Flow  of  rocks  : Adams,  6. 

Fractured  bowlders  in  conglomerate : 
(^ampbell,  394. 

Granitization  of  Huronian  schists : 
Bell,  189. 

Gravitational  assemblage  in  granite.: 
Gilbert,  953. 

Joint  system  of  southwestern  Wiscon- 
sin : Harder,  1073. 

Ophitic  texture  : Lane,  1514. 
Schistosity  by  crystallization  : Wright, 
2648. 

Strain  in  rocks  ; Stead,  2279. 


268  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907 


Rocks,  structural  features — Continued. 

Stretched  pebbles  from  Ocoee  conglom- 
erate of  Georgia ; McCallie, 
1641. 

Rutile. 

Virginia  : Catlett,  445  ; Watson,  2492. 
2493. 

St.  Christopher. 

Mineralogy. 

Anortbite  : Fels,  857. 

St.  Lucia. 

Soufriere  : Ilovey,  1221. 

St.  Vincent. 

Eruptions  : Deckert,  699  ; Geinitz,  936  ; 
Lacroix,  1448. 

Soufriere,  eniption  of  : Anderson,  48. 

Salt. 

California  : Baile3*,  95. 

Ohio  : Bownocker,  278. 

United  States ; 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Sand.  See  also  Glass  sand,  Silica. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : 2493. 

Sand-lime  brick. 

Ohio  : Peppel,  1903. 

United  States  : 2419. 

West  Virginia : Grimslej',  1044. 
Sandstone.  See  also  Building  stone. 

Iowa  ; Bej’er  and  Williams,  234. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Santo  Domingo. 

Amber  : Sample,  2118. 

Gold  mining  : Garrison,  930. 

San  Christobal  district,  copper  ; Garri- 
son, 932. 

Sapphires. 

Idaho:  Bell,  198. 

Saskatchewan. 

Economic. 

Coal  fields  : Dowling,  737. 
Sedimentation.  See  also  Erosion. 

Alluvial  changes  in  southwestern  Iowa  : 
Todd,  2379. 

Bermuda  Islands  : Verrill,  2445. 
Cave-sandstone  deposits  : Purdue,  1967. 
Coal,  rate  of  deposition  : Ashlej',  75. 
Conglomerate,  types  of : Mansfield, 

1675. 

Cross-bedding  : Grabau,  998. 

Delta  of  the  AWssissippi : Ililgard, 

1146;  McBeth,  1638. 

Deposition  of  coal,  rate  of : Ashley, 
75. 

•Detrital  slopes  on  mountains  of  the 
Southwest : Blake,  242. 
Experiments  : .Taggar,  1283. 

Mauch  Chunk  shale  : Barrell,  150. 

Red  clay,  composition  of  : Clarke,  491. 
River  deposits  and  climate : Barrell, 
151. 

River  sediment:  McGee,  1663. 

Roxbury  conglomerate : Mansfield, 

1674. 


Sedimentation — Continued. 

Sedimentarj’  overlap,  types  of : Gra- 
bau, 993. 

Schoharie  Valley,  New  York : Gra- 
bau, 991. 

Sedimentation,  continental,  littoral, 
and  marine,  relative  geological 
importance  of : Barrell,  148. 

Sedimentation  and  drainage : Dap- 
pert,  641. 

Soda  spring : Eddy,  771. 

Travertine  deposit  in  Indiana : Wil- 
son, 2607. 

Selenium. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Shore-lines.  See  also  Beaches,  Terraces. 

Labrador  : Fuller,  914. 

Lake  Erie*"basin  : Fairchild,  836. 

Wisconsin,  eastern : Goldthwait,  975. 

Silica. 

Illinois  : Bain,  111. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Silurian.  For  Lower  Silurian  see  Ordovician. 

Stratigraphy. 

Alaska,  southeastern : Kindle,  1400. 

upper  Yukon : Brooks  and  Kindle, 
321. 

Arkansas,  northern  : Purdue,  1970. 

California,  eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Franklin  : Low,  1623. 

Illinois  : Weller,  2517,  2524. 

Calhoun  County : Weller,  2523. 

Indiana  : Greene,  1030. 

Indian  Territory,  Muscogee  quadran- 
gle: Taff,  2332. 

Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234 ; Cal- 
vin, 387. 

Bremer  County  : Norton,  1805. 

Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 

Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 

Lancaster  quadrangle : Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 

Kentuck3%  east-central  : Foerste,  884. 

Maine,  Penobscot  Ba3'  -quadrangle: 
Smith  ct  ah,  2241. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Montana,  I’hilipsburg  quadrangle : 
Emmons,  806. 

Nevada,  southwestern  : Ball,  120. 

New  Brunswick  : Ells,  784. 

New  Mexico  : Gordon  and  Graton,  983. 

New  York  : Brown,  333. 

Buffalo  quadrangle  : Luther,  1633. 

Indian  Ladder  section : I*rosser, 

1961. 

Oneida  conglomerate  : Grabau,  992  ; 
Ilartnagel,  1083. 

Ontario  section  : Ilartnagel,  1082. 

Rochester  and  Ontario  Beach  quad- 
rangles : Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Schoharie  Vallc3'  : Grabau,  991. 

Shawangunk  conglomerate  : Grabau, 
992. 

Shawangunk  Mountains : Clarke, 

499. 


INDEX 


269 


Silurian — Continued. 

Sira  tigraphy — Continued. 

New  York,  Skunnemunk  Mountain 
region  : Ilartnagel,  1084. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 
Wisconsin,  Milwaukee  quadrangle : 
Alden,  23. 

Paleontology. 

Alaska,  southeastern:  Kindle.  1400. 
Bryozoa,  .James’  types  : Bassler,  156. 

Rochester  shale  : Bassler,  157. 
Canada  : Whiteaves,  2553. 

Crinoidea  from  Chicago  area  : Slocom, 
2221. 

Eurypterus  fauna  of  Shawangunk  grit 
of  New  York  : Clarke,  499,  501. 
Fish  from  New  Brunswick : Matthew, 
1696. 

Franklin  : Ami,  39. 

Guelph  : Whiteaves,  2556. 

New  Brunswick,  fish  from : Matthew, 

1696. 

plants  from  : Matthew,  1697. 

New  York,  Eurypterus  fauna  : Clarke, 
499,  501. 

Niagara  Bryozoa  : Bassler,  157. 
Rochester  shale  : Bassler,  157. 
Schoharie  Valley  : Grabau,  991. 

Nova  Scotia,  plants  from : Matthew, 

1697. 

Ontario  : Grant,  1013-1016. 
Stromatoporoids  of  Guelph  of  Ontario  ; 
Parks,  1872. 

Trilobita  from  Chicago  area : Weller, 
2521. 

Silver. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  311. 

southeastern  : Wright,  2641. 

Arizona,  Mowry : Brinsmade,  298. 
British  Columbia,  New  Westminster 
and  Texada  Islands : LeRoy, 

1565. 

Rossland  district : Brock,  306,  307. 
St.  Eugene  mine  : Stokes,  2306. 
Telkwa  district : Leach,  1533. 

Windy  Arm  region  : McConnell,  1649, 
1652. 

California,  eastern  : Ball,  118,  120 
Inyo  Range : Reid,  2023. 

Canada  (general):  Ingall,  1267. 
Colorado  : Rickard,  2055. 

Bear  Creek  : Emmons,  804. 

Idaho  Springs  district : Spurr  and 
Garrey,  2275. 

Lake  Fork  district :.  Woolsey,  2635. 
Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  ah,  1607. 
Idaho  : MacDonald,  1658. 

Dollarhide  mine  : Lakes,  1466. 

Priest  Lake  district : Courtis,  585. 
Red  Cloud  mine  : Turner,  2401. 

St.  Joe  River  basin  : Collier,  553. 
South  Mountain  : Bell,  197. 

Mexico,  Aguascalientes,  Santa  Fran- 
cisca  mine  : Cook,  574. 

Bolanos  mines : Behr,  187. 


Silver — Continued. 

Mexico.  Chihuahua  : Farish,  846. 

Durango  : Villarello,  2449. 

El  Doctor  mines  : Murphy,  1777. 

Fresnillo,  Proano  mine  : Church,  466. 

Guanajuato  : Church,  467. 

Michoacan  : Villarello,  2448. 

Oaxaca,  Taviche  district : Place  and 
Elton,  1936. 

Parral  district : Garrison,  931. 

Planchas  de  I’lata  : Merrill,  1725. 

Zacatecas  : Flores,  882. 

Zacualpan  : Villarello,  2450. 

Montana,  l*hilipsburg  quadrangle : 
Emmons,  806. 

Nevada,  Esmeralda  County,  Klondike 
district : Spurr,  2270. 

Eureka  : Ingalls,  1274. 

Fail-view  district : Rice,  2029  ; Zalin- 
ski,  2662. 

Magdalena  district : Haddon,  545. 

I’ioche  : Abbott,  3 ; Pack,  1854. 

Silver  Peak  quadrangle  : Spurr,  2271. 

southwestern  : Ball,  119,  120. 

Ward  : Plate,  1937. 

Wonder  district : Zalinski,  2663. 

New  Mexico  : Haddon,  1061  ; Lindgren 
and  Graton,  1603. 

Lordshurg  region  : Jones,  1321. 

Rio  Grande  Valley  : Gordon,  981. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578. 

Cobalt  district : Bell,  191,  192,  194  ; 
418  ; Courtis,  584  ; Frank,  894  ; 
Hardinge,  1074 ; Hardman, 
1076  ; Hixon,  1173  ; Hotchkiss, 
1218  ; Hutchinson,  1264 ; Lor- 
ing,  1617;  Miller,  1758;  Parks, 
1873 ; Rickard,  2053 ; Stokes, 
2303;  Tyrrell,  2405;  Van  Hise, 
2422. 

Montreal  River  district : Meeks, 

1708. 

Temagami  Reserve  : Mattair,  1691. 

Oregon  : Stafford,  2276. 

Texas,  Chisos  country  : Udden,  2409. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 

Utah,  Park  City  : Gow  et  ah,  989,  990. 

Piute  County,  Annie  Laurie  mine : 
Lindgren,  1595. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Yukon,  southern  : Cairnes,  382. 

Whitehorse  region  ; Cairnes,  380. 

Sink  holes. 

Florida  : Sellards,  2165. 

Origin  : Purdue,  1969  ; Sellards,  2173. 

Slate. 

Arizona  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Arkansas  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

California  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Maine  : Dale,  305  ; Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Minnesota  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

New  Jersey  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625 ; 

New  York ; Dale  and  Eckel,  625 ; 
Hillebrand,  1159. 


270  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Slate — Continued. 

Pennsylvania  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 
Tennessee  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

United  States  (general):  Dale,  620; 
2418,  2419. 

Utah  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Vermont  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625  ; Hille- 
brand,  1159  ; Perkins,  1907. 
Virginia : Dale  and  Eckel,  625 ; Wat- 
son, 2493. 

West  Virginia  ; Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 
Soapstone. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

United  States  (general)  : 2418,  2419. 
Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Soils. 

General:  Hilgard,  1144. 

Bureau  of  soils,  report : Whitney  et  ah, 

2570,  2571. 

Maryland,  Calvert  County : Bonsteel 
and  Burke,  255. 

St.  Marys  County  : Bonsteel,  254. 

Soil  survey  field  book  : 2416. 

Soil  surveys : Whitney  et  al.,  2570, 

2571. 

Tennessee  : Mooers,  1768. 

Treatise  on  rocks,  rock  weathering,  and 
soils  : Merrill,  1732. 

South  Carolina. 

General. 

Mineralogical  and  geological  cabinets 
of  South  Carolina  College  : Mar- 
tin, 1679. 

Economic. 

Clays  : Sloan,  2217. 

Gold  : Graton,  1025. 

Mineral  resources  ; Sloan,  2218. 
Monazite  : Bohm,  252  ; Sterrett,  2289. 
Pisgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 

Tin  : Graton,  1025  ; Hess,  1139. 
Dynamic  and  structural. 

Charlestown  earthquake  ; Fuller,  909  ; 
Hobbs,  1189;  Kemp,  1359. 
Physiographic. 

Tallulah  district,  drainage  modifica- 
tions : Johnson,  1303,  1307. 
Stratigraphic. 

General:  Sloan,  2218. 

Pisgah  quadrangle  : Keith,  1353. 
Pleistocene  : I’ugh,  1963. 

Paleontology. 

Cretaceous  fioras : Berry,  224. 

South  Dakota. 

General. 

State  survey  : I’erisho,  1904. 

Economic. 

Black  Hills  : Storms,  2317. 

tin  : Carpenter,  434  ; Sadtler,  2112. 
Gold  : Sadtler,  2112. 

Gold  ores,  cement,  of  Deadwood : 
Pratt.  1948. 

Tin:  Carpenter,  434;  Sadtler,  2112. 
Physiographic. 

Drainage  modifications  in  the  Black 
Hills  and  Bighorn  Mountains : 
Mansfield,  1673. 


South  Dakota — Continued. 

Stratigraphic. 

Missouri  River  loess : Todd,  2378. 
Paleontology. 

Cycads  from  the  Black  Hills  : Wieland, 
2574. 

Jurassic  fossils  from  the  Black  Hills  : 
Whitfield  and  Hovey,  2563. 
Miocene  fauna  : Matthew,  1702. 
Petrology. 

Igneous  rocks  of  Black  Hills : Smith, 
2249. 

Mineralogy. 

Cassiterite  and  other  minerals  : Head- 
den,  1115. 

Spongida. 

Cryptozoa  of  Champlain  sea : Seely, 
2163. 

Wingia  : Seely,  2164. 

Stone.  See  Building  stone. 

Stratigraphic  (general).  For  regional  see  under 
the  various  States. 

General. 

Overlap,  sedimentary : Grabau,  991. 
Stratigraphic  geology  : Prosser,  1960. 
Unconformities,  significance  of  : Kej^es, 
1378. 

Correlation. 

Algonkian  of  Montana  : Walcott,  2470. 
.\ppalachian  and  eastern  interior  coal 
fields  : Ashley,  76. 

Carboniferous,  America : Keyes,  1376, 
1381  ; Schuchert,  2147. 
Appalachian  region : Stevenson, 

2294,  2295. 

United  States  and  New  Mexico : 
Keyes,  1377. 

Columbus  and  Sandusky  formations  of 
Ohio  : Swartz,  2329. 

Cretaceous,  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain : 
Knapp,  1407. 

Devonian  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  : Stauf- 
fer, 2278. 

Devonian  of  Ohio,  New  York,  and 
Michigan  : Stauffer,  2277. 

Pre  - Cambrian  : Adams  et  al.,  13 ; 

Miller  and  Knight,  1759. 

Rocky  Mountains  and  Plateau  belt : 
Cross,  604. 

Nomenclature. 

Geologic  nomenclature : Chamberlin, 

461. 

Laramie,  origin  and  definition  of  the 
term  : Veatch,  2439. 

New  York  geological  formations : 
Clarke,  492. 

Ontario,  Michipicoten  iron  ranges : 
Coleman,  542. 

Permian  in  American  geology  : Keyes, 
1381. 

Pre  - Cambrian : Adams  et  al.,  13 ; 

Coleman,  540. 

Syclinorium  and  anticlinorium,  use  of 
terms  : Rice,  2032. 

Terms  Dos  Moines  and  Missourian 
misused  ; Bain,  103. 


INDEX. 


271 


stratigraphic  (general)— Continued. 

Tables  of  geologic  formations. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

southeastern  : Kindle,  1400. 

Algonkian,  Montana:  Walcott,  2470. 

Appalachian  basin.  Carboniferous : 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Arkansas  : Collier,  556  ; Veatch,  313. 

California,  Santa  Maria  district : Ar- 
nold and  Anderson,  67. 

southern  : Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Summerland  district : Arnold,  63. 

Tertiary  and  Pleistocene : Arnold, 
57. 

Cambrian,  Virginia  : Bassler,  158. 

Carboniferous,  Appalachian  basin  : 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Pennsylvania  : Butts,  368. 

United  States  and  New  Mexico : 
Keyes,  1376,  1377. 

Carboniferous  and  Permian  of  Ameri- 
ca, Russia,  and  India : Schuch- 
ert:  2147. 

Colorado  : Darton,  648. 

Durango-Gallup  field : Shaler,  2176. 

Grand  River  and  White  River  re- 
gions : Gale,  924. 

Rocky  Mountains  Correlated  with 
Plateau  belt : Cross,  604. 

Yampa  field : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
863. 

Cretaceous,  Atlantic  coast  formations  : 
Clark,  483. 

New  York  and  New  England : Hol- 
lick,  1203. 

Delaware  : Millei’,  1749. 

Devonian,  New  York : Luther,  1633, 
1634  ; Williams,  2583. 

Great  Basin  : Ball,  120. 

Iowa,  Black  Hawk  County : Arey,  53. 

Bremer  County : Norton,  1805. 

Clayton  County  : Leonard,  1559. 

Franklin  County  : Williams,  2588. 

Jackson  County  : Savage,  2128. 

Lancaster  quadrangle : Grant  and 

Burchard,  1021. 

Sac  and  Ida  counties  : Macbride,  1639. 

Winneshiek  County  : Calvin,  388. 

Kansas,  Independence  quadrangle : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Kentucky  : Foerste,  883,  884. 

Louisiana : Fenneman,  859 ; Veatch, 

24.36,  2438. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Calvert  County : Shattuck,  2188. 

Dover  quadrangle:  Miller,  1749. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  et 
al.,  2193. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Shattuck,  2191. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle : Shattuck, 

2185. 

Mesozoic,  New  Mexico  : Keyes,  1379. 

Michigan,  pre-Ordovician : Lane  and 
Seaman,  1518. 


Stratigraphic  (general) — Con  tinned. 

Tables  of  geologic  formations — Continued. 

Mississippi : Brown,  326  ; Crider,  595  ; 
Crider  and  Johnson,  599 ; Lo- 
gan, 1608 ; Logan  and  Hand, 
1609. 

Mississippi  Valley,  Ordovician  : Sarde- 
son,  2122. 

upper  : Bain,  99. 

Missouri : Shepard,  2194. 

Ozark  region  : Haworth,  1098. 

Montana  : Rowe,  2090. 

Algonkian  : Walcott,  2470. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 

New  England,  Cretaceous : Hollick, 

1203. 

New  Jersey,  Cretaceous:  Weller,  2520. 

New  Mexico  : Keyes,  1378-1380. 

Carboniferous  : Gordon,  982. 

Durango-Gallup  field  : Shaler,  2176. 

Tertiary  : Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

New  York,  Buffalo  quadrangle  : Luther, 
1633. 

Cretaceous  : Hollick,  1203. 

Devonian:  Eastman,  760;  Grabau, 
991  ; Luther,  1634. 

Ithaca  section  : Williams,  2584. 

Rochester  and  Ontario  Beach  quad- 
rangles : Hartnagel,  1085. 

Silurian  : Grabau,  991. 

Skunnemunk  Mountain  region : 
Hartnagel,  1084. 

North  Carolina,  Nantahala  quadrangle  ; 
Keith,  1352. 

North  Dakota  : Leonard,  1563. 

Ohio,  Devonian  : Stauffer,  2277. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Ontario,  Michipicoten  region : Cole- 

man, 542. 

pre-Cambrian  : Miller  and  Knight, 
1759. 

Sudbury  district,  Coleman,  539. 

Ordovician,  Cincinnati  region  : Bassler, 
156. 

upper  Mississippi  Valley  : Sardeson, 
2122. 

Virginia:  Bassler,  158. 

Oregon,  Tertiary  of  John  Day  region  : 
Merriam  and  Sinclair.  1717. 

Pennsylvania,  Burgettstown  and  Clays- 
ville  quadrangles  : Griswold  and 
Munn,  1048. 

Carboniferous  : Butts,  368. 

Quaternary,  California  : Arnold,  57. 

Rhode  Island : Emerson  and  Perry, 

790. 

Silurian,  New  York  : Luther,  1633. 

South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2217,  2218. 

Tertiary  : Douglass,  730. 

California  : Arnold,  57. 

Texas  : Fenneman,  859  ; Ries,  2058. 

Chlsos  country  : Udden,  2409. 

Panhandle : Gould,  986,  987. 

, Utah,  Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 


272  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Stratigraphic  (general)— Continued. 

Tables  of  geologic  formations — Continued. 

Virginia,  Cambrian  and  Ordovician : 
Bassler,  158. 

coastal  plain  : Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

I’anhandle  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Steubenville  quadrangle : Griswold 

and  Munn,  1048. 

Wisconsin  : 809. 

Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

north-central : Weidman,  2512. 

Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles  : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  644, 

647. 

Carbon  County  : Veatch,  2440. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 

Cretaceous  and  Tertiary : Veatch, 

2439. 

Uinta  County : Schultz,  2151 ; 

Veatch,  2431. 

Strontium. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Structural  materials. 

United  States  : 2419. 

Study  and  teaching.  Sec  Educational. 

Subsidence.  See  Changes  of  level. 

Sulphur. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Louisiana  : Baldacci,  117. 

Mexico,  Durango  : Villarello,  2459. 

Sierra  de  Banderas  : Bose,  260. 

Nevada,  Silver  Peak  quadrangle : 
Spurr,  2271. 

Texas:  Baldacci.  117. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Utah,  Cove  Creek  beds  : Lee,  1543. 

Wyoming  : Trumbull,  2395. 

Surveys. 

Canada,  topographic  survey  needed ; 
Adams,  7. 

- Canadian  department  of  mines  : Lamb, 
1482  ; Tyrrell,  2404. 

Federal  Government,  relation  to  the 
mining  industry  : Hayes,  1108. 

Florida,  organization  and  plans : Sel- 
lards,  2171. 

State  geologist’s  report,  what  it  should 
contain  : Bain,  105  ; Clark,  480  ; 

, Clarke,  495 ; Leonard,  1561  ; 

I’erisho,  1905. 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey : Comstock, 
564  ; Smith,  2250. 

cooperation  with  state  mining  bu- 
reaus ; Walcott,  2469. 

policy  : Branner,  288. 

relations  to  other  geological  surveys  ; 
Walcott,  1265. 

report  of  Director:  Smith.  223.7; 
Walcott,  2471. 


Tables  of  geologic  formations.  See  Mnder 
Stratigraphic. 

Talc. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

New  York,  northern  : Brinsmade,  293. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Tantalmn. 

United  States,  2419. 

Technique. 

Cleaning  fossils  with  caustic  potash : 
Bose  and  Vigier,  269. 

Crystal  drawing,  Stober's  method : 
Rogers,  2084. 

Crystallography,  teaching  of : Kraus, 
1425  ; Rogers,  2083. 

Determination  of — 

calcium  and  magnesium  in  rocks : 
Knight  and  Wheeler,  1414. 
feldspars  : Wright,  2646. 
geometrical  constants  of  a crystal 
from  its  interfacial  angles : 
Moses,  1774. 

hardness  of  minerals  : Kip,  1403. 
magnesia,  in  the  field  : Catlett,  446. 
minerals,  by  petrographic  methods : 
Tomlinson,  2383. 

by  tfle  polarizing  microscope : 
Rogers,  2082. 

Drawing  of  crystals  from  stereo- 
graphic and  gnomonic  projec- 
tions : Penfield,  1890. 

Etching  meteorites  for  photographic 
purposes  : Preston,  1953. 

Geologic  mensuration  : Harris,  1078. 

Gnomonic  projection  : Penfield,  1890 ; 
Rogers,  2085. 

Interference  figures,  observation  of.  by 
the  microscope : Wright,  2647. 

Magnesia,  field  test  for : Catlett,  446, 

Microscopic  examination  of  opaque 
minerals  : Campbell,  406,  407. 

Natural  molds  of  fossils,  impressions 
of  : Slocum,  2220. 

Optic  axial  angle  of  minerals,  meas- 
urement of  : Wright,  2653. 

Optical  study  of  the  lime-silica  series 
of  minerals  : Wright,  2649. 

Photographing  sutures  of  Ammonites  : 
Bose,  268. 

Temperature. 

Earth’s:  See,  2161. 

Tennessee. 

General. 

Gulf  embayment  area  : Glenn,  969. 
Economic. 

Barite  and  fluorite  : Watson,  2488. 
Barytes,  Cocke  County : Weller,  2514. 

industry  : .Tudd,  1331. 

Cement,  Cumberland  Gap  district : 
Eckel,  766. 

Claiborne  and  Union  counties:  Clarke, 
503. 

Clays  of  western  Tennessee : Crider, 
596 


INDEX 


273 


Tennessee — Con  tinned. 

Economic — Continued. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Cumberland  Gap  coal  field : Fultz, 
1964. 

Ducktown  copper  district : Wendeborn, 
2527. 

Iron  ores:  .ludd,  1329. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits  : Watson,  2484. 

Mineral  paint  ore : Burchard,  356. 

Phosphate : Johnson,  1309 ; Ruhm, 

2100. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 
1354. 

Zinc  : Clark,  479  ; Clarke,  503. 

Dyyiamic  and  structural. 

Erosion  at  Ducktown  ; Glenn,  968. 

Stratigraphic. 

Roan  Mountain  quadrangle : Keith, 

1354. 

Western  Tennessee  : Glenn,  971. 

Underground,  tcater. 

West  of  Tennessee  River  : Glenn,  971. 

Terraces.  See  also  Shore  lines. 

General:  Moody,  1767. 

Arkona  beaches  : Taylor,  2362. 

Connecticut : Gulliver,  1056. 

Brewsters  Neck  : Gulliver,  1058. 

Lake  Erie  basin  : Fairchild,  836. 

Maryland  coastal  plain  : Davis,  677 ; 
Shattuck,  2190. 

Michigan  : Cooper,  576. 

New  York  : Woodworth,  2632. 

North  Carolina  coastal  plain  : Johnson, 
1299. 

Vermont : Johnson,  1306. 

Wisconsin,  eastern : Goldthwait,  974, 
975. 

Tertiary. 

Stratigraphy. 

General. 

Continental  outlines  in  Tertiary 
time:  Matthew,  1700. 

Pleistocene  deposits  of  coastal  plain  : 
Pugh,  1963. 

Alabama  : Smith,  2226,  2228. 

St.  Stephens  limestone  overlap : 
Smith,  2224. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Cook  Inlet  region  : Paige  and  Knopf, 
1860. 

Kachomak  Bay  region  : Stone,  2308. 

Matanuska  coal  field  : Martin,  1682. 

Matanuska  and  Talkeetna  basins : 
Paige  and  Knopf,  1862. 

northern  : Kindle,  1399. 

Rampart  region : Prindle  and  Hess, 
1958. 

Turnagain  Arm  region  : Moifit,  1762. 

Arizona,  plateau  district : Robinson, 
2078. 

Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

Barbados  : Ells,  787. 

Bermuda  Islands:  Verrill,  2445. 

British  Columbia,  Graham  Island : 
Ells,  783. 


Tertiary— Continued. 

Stratigraphy — Continued. 

British  Columbia,  Horsefiy,  Similka- 
meen,  and  Tranquille  beds : 
Lambe,  1484. 

Vancouver  Island : Hall,  1064. 

California  : Aimold,  57. 

eastern  : Ball,  120. 

Redding  quadrangle  : Diller,  721. 

Salt  Lake  oil  field  : Arnold,  59. 

San  Francisco  Peninsula : Crandall, 
591. 

Santa  Clara  Valley  : Eldridge  and 
Arnold,  779. 

Santa  Maria  district : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  66,  67. 

Summerland  district : Arnold,  63. 

Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 

648. 

Book  Cliffs  field : Richardson,  2045. 

Durango-Gallup  field : Shaler,  2176. 

Florissant  area  : Henderson,  1127  ; 
Wheeler,  2533. 

Nepesta  quadrangle  : Fisher,  869. 

northwestern  : Gale,  924. 

Ouray  quadrangle : Cross  et  al., 
607. 

Routt  County  : Fenneman  and  Gale, 
862. 

Delaware,  Dover  quadrangle : Miller, 
1749. 

Florida  : Smith,  2226. 

Franklin  : Low,  1623. 

Georgia,  Altamaha  grit  region : Har- 
per, 1077. 

Illinois : Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973 ; 

Weller,  2517,  2523. 

'Kansas,  Loup  Fork  Miocene : Stern- 
berg, 2283. 

Kentucky  : Glenn,  971. 

Louisiana : Fenneman,  859 ; Veatch, 
2436,  2438. 

Winnfield  sheet : Harris,  1079. 

Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; 
Shattuck,  2185. 

Calvert  County  : Shattuck,  2188. 

Dover  quadrangle  : Miller,  1749. 

Patuxent  quadrangle : Shattuck  et 
al.,  2193. 

St.  Mary’s  County  : Shattuck,  2191. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle : Shattuck, 

2185. 

Mexico,  Durango : Angermann,  50,  51. 

Mississippi : Brown,  326 ; Crider,  595, 
598 ; Crider  and  Johnson.  599  ; 
Logan  and  Hand,  1609  ; Smith, 
2226. 

Missouri,  Joplin  district : Smith  and 
Siebenthal,  2251. 

Montana,  Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton, 
647. 

Carbon  County  : Darton,  652. 

Marysville  district : Barrell,  149. 

Nebraska  : Peterson,  1916. 

Republican  River  Valley : Condra, 

570. 


66836— Bull.  372—09 18 


274  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Tertiary — Continued. 

stratigraphy — C on  t in  u e d . 

Nevada,  Silver  Peak  quadrangle ; 
Spurr,  2271. 

New  Mexico  : Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

Durango-Gallup  field  : ghaler,  2176. 

plateau  district : Robinson,  2078. 

New  York,  Long  Island  : Veatch,  2434  ; 
Veatch  and  Bowman,  2441. 

North  Dakota  : Leonard,  1563. 

Oregon,  John  Day  region  : McClung, 
1645 ; Merriam  and  Sinclair, 
1717. 

Panama  : Howe,  1244,  1245. 

South  Carolina : Pugh,  1963 ; Sloan, 
2217,  2218. 

Tennessee  : Glenn,  971. 

Texas  : Penhallow,  1899. 

Gulf  coastal  plain  : Fenneman,  859. 

Panhandle  : Gould,  986,  987. 

Saratoga  : Dumhle,  751. 

Trinidad  : Ells,  787. 

Utah,  Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys : 
Richardson,  2044. 

Uinta  Range  : Weeks,  2506. 

Virginia,  coastal  plain : Clark  and 

Miller,  489. 

St.  Marys  quadrangle : Shattuck, 

2185. 

Washington,  Olympic  Peninsula : Ar- 
. nold,  56. 

Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 
Calkins,  2240. 

Wyoming:  Peterson,  1916. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quad- 
rangles : Darton,  645. 

Bighorn  hasin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 

Bridger  beds  : Sinclair,  2214. 

Carhon  County  : Veatch,  2440. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle : Darton 
and  O’Harra,  656. 

T'inta  County : Schultz,  2151  ; 

Veatch,  2437. 

Wasatch  deposits  : Loomis,  1615. 
Paleontologif. 

Ant  from  Florissant : Cockerell,  516. 

Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

Assinihoia.  Oligocene  horses : Lambe, 
1490. 

Ilyracodon  : Lambe,  1489. 

Atlantic  coast  province  : Brown.  335. 

Bird  from  Wasatch  : Loomis.  1613. 

Rusycon  from  Oligocene  of  Florida : ' 
Aldrich,  24. 

California,  pectens  : Arnold,  57. 

raccoon  : Gidley,  944. 

Santa  Maria  district : Arnold  and 
Anderson,  67. 

southern  : Arnold.  60.  62. 

Summerland  district : Arnold.  66. 

Carnivora.  John  Day  region  : Merriam, 
1713. 


Tertiary — Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

Colorado,  Florissant,  Brues,  337 ; 
Cockerell,  516-536 ; Wheeler, 
2533. 

Cicada  from  Florissant : Cockerell,  522. 

Edentate-like  remains : Sinclair,  2213. 

Eocene  Mollusca  from  Alabama  : Aid- 
rich,  25. 

Equidse,  revision  of  : Gidley,  948. 

Florissant  localities  for  fossils  : Cock- 
erell, 527. 

Flower  from  Florissant,  Colo. : Rol- 
lick, 1211. 

Horses  : Gidley,  943  ; Lambe,  1490. 

Hyracodon  : Lambe,  1489. 

Insects  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
516,  521,  522,  524,  526,  528- 
535;  Wheeler,  2533. 

John  Day  beds,  Carnivora : Merriam, 
1713. 

Mollusca  : Stearns,  2280. 

Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436. 

Mammal  from  Sioux  County,  Nehr.  : 
Barbour,  129. 

Mammal  horizons  of  North  America : 
Osborn,  1843. 

Mammal-bearing  beds  in  northwestern 
Nevada  : Merriam,  1716. 

Mammals  from  South  Dakota : Mat- 
thew and  Gidley,  1703. 

Maryland  : True,  2392. 

St.  Marys  County  : Shattuck,  2191. 

Mascall  beds.  Edentate-like  remains 
from  : Sinclair,  2213. 

horse  from  : Gidley,  943. 

Mollusca  : Stearns,  2280. 

Mastodon  of  Loup  Fork  Miocene : 
Sternberg,  2285. 

Merycochoerus  : Douglass,  730. 

Merycoidodonts  from  Miocene  of  Mon- 
tana : Douglass,  731,  732. 

Mexico  : Bose,  257. 

Miocene  : Hay,  1099. 

Maryland  : True,  2392. 

Nebraska  : Barbour,  138  ; Peterson, 
1913,  1915. 

Oregon : Condon,  565 ; Wortman, 

2638. 

South  Dakota;  Matthew.  1702; 
Matthew  and  Gidley.  1703. 

Virginia  : Berry  and  Gregory,  227. 

Mosses  : Britton  and  Hollick,  304. 

Nebraska,  Miocene  quarry ; Peterson. 
1915. 

rhinoceros  : Barbour,  138. 

suilline  remains  : Peterson.  1913 

vertebrates  : Peterson,  1916. 

Oligocene.  Assinihoia  : I.ambe,  1489, 

1490. 

Oregon,  horse  from  Mascall  beds  : Gid- 
ley, 943. 

Miocene  seal  : Condon,  565 ; Wort- 
man,  2638. 

I’ecten  from  the  Nome  gravels : Dali, 
628. 


INDEX 


275 


Tertiary— Continued. 

Paleontology — Continued. 

I‘ectens,  California  : Arnold,  57. 

Pinniped : Condon,  565 ; Wortman, 

2638. 

Planorbis  from  Florissant : Cockerell, 
517. 

I’lants : Penhallow,  1895. 

from  the  International  Boundary 
Survey  : Penhallow,  1900. 

I’leistocene,  California  : Gidley,  944. 
New  Mexico : Gidley,  945. 

South  Carolina : Pugh,  1963. 

Pliocene  fauna,  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mex- 
ico : Bose,  266. 
of  Florida  : Pilshry,  1930. 

I’rorosmarus  alleni : Berry  and  Greg- 
ory, 227. 

Raccoon  from  Pleistocene  of  Caii- 
fornia  : Gidley,  944. 

Rhinoceros  from  Miocene  of  Nebraska  : 
Barbour,  130,  138. 

Rodent  from  Miocene  of  Kansas  ; Gid- 
ley, 947. 

Rodents  from  Wasatch  and  Wind  River 
beds  : Loomis,  1614. 

Ruminant  from  Pleistocene  of  New 
Mexico  : Gidiey,  945. 

Sawflies  from  Florissant : Cockereli, 

524. 

Seal  from  Maryland  Miocene : True, 
2392. 

Sinopa  : Matthew,  1694. 

South  Carolina,  Pleistocene  Mollusca  : 
Pugh,  1963. 

South  Dakota,  Miocene  mammals ; 
Matthew  and  Gidley,  1703. 

Suilline  remains  from  the  Miocene  of 
Nebraska  : Peterson,  1913. 

Surgeon-flsh  from  the  West  Indies : 
Ilussakof,  1259. 

Turtles  : Hay,  1103. 

from  Bridger  basin  : Hay,  1106. 

Vertebrates,  Miocene : Peterson,  1916. 
Wasatch  deposits:  Loomis,  1615. 

Virginia,  Miocene  : Berry  and  Gregory, 
227. 

Woods,  from  Texas : Penhallow,  1899. 

Wyoming,  Miocene  vertebrates  : Peter- 
son, 1916. 

Zonitoid  shell  from  Florissant,  Colo.  : 
Hollick,  1211. 

Texas. 

General. 

Franklin  Mountains  : Richardson,  2046. 

Economic. 

Cement  resources:  Deussen,  716. 

Clays  : Ries,  2058. 

Oil  fields.  Gulf  Coastal  Plain  : Fenne- 
man,  859. 

Petroleum  : Vicaire,  2446. 

Saratoga  : Humble,  751. 

Quicksilver:  Dennis,  711. 

Terlingua  district  : I‘hillips,  1925, 
1926  ; Turner,  2.398. 

Sulphur  : Baldacci,  117. 


Texas — Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Tin,  Franklin  Mountains  : Richardson, 
2042. 

Stratigraphic. 

Chisos  country  ; TJdden,  2409. 

Franklin  Mountains  : Richardson,  2039. 

Panhandle  : Gould,  987. 

l*ermian  Red  Beds  : Case,  443. 

Rio  Grande  embayment : Udden,  2408. 

Tertiary  formations  : Penhallow,  1899. 

Paleontology. 

Bolosaurus  striatus  Cope  : Case,  442. 

Brachauchenius,  skull  of : Williston, 

2601. 

Cephalopoda  in  museum  of  University 
of  Texas  : Pritchett,  1959. 

Fossil  woods  : Penhallow,  1899. 

Fossils  from  well  at  Saratoga  : Humble, 
751. 

Invertebrates  from  the  Panhandle : 
Beede,  180. 

Naosaurus  : Osborn,  1845. 

Porocystis  Cragin : Jarvis,  1285. 

Vertebrate  types  in  University  of 
Texas  museum : Montgomery, 

1766. 

Zatrachys  : Case,  444. 

Mineralogy. 

Calcite  from  Terlingua : Eakle,  753 ; 
Sachs,  2111. 

Estacado  aerolite : Howard  and  Davi- 
son, 1242. 

Kleinite  : Sachs,  2109,  2110. 

Mercury  minerals  from  Terlingua : 
Hillebrand  and  Schaller,  1161. 

Meteorite,  new  : Howard,  1240. 

1‘isolitic  barite  : Wuestner,  2656. 

I’owellite  : Schaller,  2137. 

Yttrocrasite : Hidden  and  Warren, 

1143. 

Underground  water. 

Coastal  plain  : Taylor,  2365. 

Panhandle  : Gould,  987. 

Text-books.  • 

Economic  geology  of  the  United  States  : 
Ries,  2061. 

Introduction  to  geology  : Scott,  2154. 

Mine  examiner  and  prospector’s  com- 
panion : Miller,  1753. 

Synopsis  of  mineral  characters : 

Richards,  2036. 

1‘hysiography  : Salisbury,  2117. 

Practical  physiography : Fairbanks, 

832. 

Text-book  of  geology  : Chamberlin  and 
Salisbury,  463. 

Thermal  waters. 

Genesis  : Gautier,  934. 

Hot  springs  at  Thermopolis : Harton, 
643. 

Tin. 

General. 

Tin  deposits  of  the  world : Fawns, 
855;  Hess,  1136. 


276  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Tin — Con  tinned . 

General — Continued. 

Alaska,  Cape  Prince  of  Wales : Fay, 
856. 

York  region  : Hess,  1134,  1140. 

North  Carolina : Graton,  1025 ; Hess, 
1139. 

South  Carolina : Graton,  1025 ; Hess, 
1139;  Sloan,  2218. 

South  Dakota,  Black  Hills  : Carpenter, 
434  ; Sadtler,  2112. 

Texas,  Franklin  Mountains : Richard- 
son, 1056. 

United  States  ; 2418,  2419. 

Virginia  : Watson,  2493. 

Washington,  Spokane  : Whitman,  2568, 
2569. 

Titanium. 

United  States : 24-18,  2419. 

Triassic. 

Stratigraphy. 

Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

California  : Smith,  2243. 

Redding  quadrangle : Diller,  721. 
Colorado,  Arkansas  Valley : Darton, 

648. 

Ouray  quadrangle  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 
western  : Cross,  604. 

Connecticut : Rice,  2031. 

Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 
Mexico  : Burckhardt,  360. 

Montana,  Bighoi'n  Mountains  : Darton, 
647. 

Nevada  : Smith,  2243. 

New  Jersey  : Lewis,  1578-1580. 

New  York,  Staten  Island : Hollick, 

1205. 

North  Carolina  : Keith,  1354. 

Texas,  Panhandle  : Gould,  986,  987. 
Utah,  eastern  : Cross,  604. 

Uinta  Range : Weeks,  2506. 
Wyoming,  Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton 
quadrangles : Darton,  645. 

. Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 
Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney 
quadrangles  : Darton,  646. 
Devils  Tower  quadrangle  : Darton 

and  O’Hara,  656. 

Paleontology. 

Aviculidae  from  Zacatecas,  Mexico  : 
Freeh,  901. 

Cestraciont  teeth  : Wemple,  2526. 
Connecticut:  Rice,  2031. 

Dinosaurs:  Huene,  1256. 

Fish  from  Aspen  Ridge,  Idaho : God- 
dard, 972. 

Reptile,  marine:  Merriam,  1714. 
Western  America  : Smith,  2243. 

Trilobites.  See  Crustacea. 

Trinidad. 

General. 

Geological  structure  : Craig,  588  ; Ells, 
786,  787. 

Economic. 

Mineral  resources  : Ells,  786,  787. 


Tungsten. 

California  : Aubury,  87. 

Colorado  : Van  Wagenen,  2425. 

. Boulder  County  : Greenawalt,  1028  ; 
Lindgren,  1599. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Turquoise. 

New  Mexico,  Burro  Mountains  : Zalin- 
ski,  2664. 

XJ  nconformity. 

Sedimentary  overlap,  types  of : Gra- 

bau,  993. 

Underground  water  (general).  See  also  Geysers, 
Mineral  waters,  and  Thermal 
waters.  For  regional  see  under 
the  various  States. 

Artesian,  significance  of  the  term : 
Fuller,  904. 

Artesian  flow,  controlling  factors  of : 
Fuller,  916. 

Contamination  of  water  supply  : Bow- 
man, 276. 

Deep-well  drilling,  1905 : Fuller  and 
Sanford,  918  ; Sanford,  2119. 

Fluorescein : Dole,  727 ; Villarello, 

2452. 

Fluoroscope,  new  : Villarello,  2453. 

Fluctuations  of  water  level  in  wells  on 
Long  Island  : Veatch,  2433. 

Free  water  in  earth’s  crust : Fuller, 
906. 

Hydrology  investigations  : Fuller,  903, 
911. 

Movements  of  underground  water  in 
confined  basins  : Schultz,  2149. 

Representation  on  maps  of  wells  and 
springs  : Fuller,  905. 

Underflow,  Arkansas  Valley : Slichter, 
2215. 

South  Platte  Valley : Slichter  and 
Wolff,  2216. 

Water  in  crystalline  rocks : Ellis, 
780. 

Ungava. 

General. 

Prospecting:  Murray,  1780. 

Uranium. 

Colorado,  Gilpin  County  : Tovote,  2384. 

Rio  Blanco  County  : Gale.  923. 

southern  : Fleck  and  Haldane,  878. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 

Utah. 

Economic. 

Annie  Laurie  mine,  Piute  County : 
Lindgren,  1595. 

Bingham,  copper  : Brinsmade,  302  ; In- 
galls, 1272. 

Book  Cliffs  coal  field : Richardson, 
2045  ; Taff,  2335. 

Coal  : Ritter,  2069. 

Book  Cliffs : Richardson,  2045 ; 
Taff,  2335. 

Iron  County  : Lee,  1544. 

I’leasant  Valley  : Taff.  2337. 

Sanpete  County  : Richardson,  2043. 

Wasatch  : Lakes,  1471. 

Weber  River:  Taff,  2334. 


INDEX. 


277 


Utah— Continued . 

Economic — Continued. 

Coke,  natural,  in  the  Wasatch  Plateau  ; 
TafiE,  2333. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Cove  Creek  sulphur  beds  : Lee,  1543. 

Daly- Judge  mine.  Park  City : Gow 
et  al.,  989,  990. 

Iron  County  coal  field  : Lee,  1544. 

Iron  ores  : Leith,  1552. 

Mineral  resources  : Dern,  715. 

of  Uinta  Reservation  : Smith,  2253. 

Mining  at  Alta  : Palmer,  1866. 

Ontario  mineral  belt : Jenney,  1293, 
1294,  1296. 

Ozokerite  deposits : Taff  and  Smith, 
2338. 

Phosphate  deposits : Jones,  1317 ; 

Weeks  and  Ferrier,  2507. 

Pleasant  Valley  coal  district : Taff, 

2337. 

Slate  deposits  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Seismographs  in  Utah  : Talmage,  2343. 

Physiographic. 

Natural  bridges  : Lakes,  1477  ; Parsons, 
1884. 

Physiographic  features : Huntington, 

1257  ; Johnson,  1302. 

Uinta  Mountains : Atwood,  81  ; Em- 
mons, \ 98. 

Stratigraphic. 

Formations  of  eastern  Utah : Cross, 
604. 

Glaciation  of  Uinta  Mountains : At- 
wood, 81. 

Ontario  mineral  belt : Jenney,  1293. 

Park  City  district ; Boutwell,  271. 

Red  beds : Huntington,  1257. 

Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys ; Richard- 
son, 2044. 

Uinta  Mountains  : Emmons,  798,  799  ; 
Weeks,  2506. 

Mineralogy. 

Mimetite  : Bowman,  274. 

Phosphorescent  zinc  blende  : Headden  ; 
1115. 

Underground  ivater. 

Sanpete  and  Sevier  valleys : Richard- 
son, 2040,  2044. 

Utah  Lake  and  Jordan  River  valleys  ; 
Richardson,  2041. 

Valleys. 

Aggradation  and  degradation  of : 
Moody,  1767. 

Vanadium. 

Colorado,  Rio  Blanco  County : Gale, 
92.3. 

southern  ; Fleck  and  Haldane,  878. 

United  States  ; 2418,  2419. 

Vermes. 

Salem  limestone  of  Indiana ; Beede, 
176. 

Vermont. 

Economic. 

Mineral  resources : Perkins,  1907. 


Vermont— Continued. 

Economic — Continued. 

Northeastern  Vermont : Richardson, 

2037. 

Slate  • Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

chemical  composition : Hillebrand, 

1159. 

Physiographic. 

Terraces  of  West  River  at  Brattleboro  : 
Fisher,  875 ; Johnson,  1306. 
Stratigraphic. 

Beekmantown  and  Chazy  formations : 
Seely,  2163. 

Bxirlington  region,  surficial : Hitch- 

cock, 1165. 

Cambrian  : Edson,  773. 

Champlain  : Hitchcock,  1164. 
Northeastern  Vermont : Richardson, 

2037. 

Quaternary  ; Stevenson,  2293,  2296. 

St.  Albans  : Edson,  774. 

Paleontology. 

Beekmantown  and  Chazy  faunas  : Seely, 
2164. 

Brandon  lignite,  fossils  of  : Jeffrey  and 
Chrysler,  1291  ; Perkins,  1908, 
1909. 

Chazy  fauna : Raymond,  1988 ; Seely, 
2163. 

Cryptozoa  from  Ordovician : Seely, 

2163. 

St.  Albans,  fossils  from : Edson,  774, 
Petrology. 

Serpentines  of  Belvidere  Mountain  : 
Marsters,  1678. 

Underground  water. 

Drinking  waters : Perkins,  1910. 

Vertebrata  (general).  See  also  Amphibia,  Aves, 
Mammalia,  Pisces,  and  Reptilia. 
Exhibition  series  at  National  Museum  ; 
Gilmore,  949. 

Flight  in  vertebrates  : Lull,  1630. 
Fossil  quarry  in  Nebraska : Peterson, 

1915. 

Hell  Creek  beds  of  Montana : Brown, 
325. 

Kansas  beds  : Sternberg,  2286. 

Limbs,  vertebrate,  origin  of : Osburn, 
1850. 

Mining  for  fossils  : 2669. 

Miocene  vertebrates  from  Kansas ; 

Sternberg,  2283. 

Nebraska  : Osborn,  1847. 

Quaternary  cave  deposit,  California : 
Furlong,  921. 

Types  in  U.  S.  National  Museum : 
Merrill,  1738. 

Vertebrate  fossils,  Denver : Cannon, 

421. 

Nebraska  and  Wyoming:  Peterson, 

1916. 

Vertebrate  paleontology  in  Canada : 
Lambe,  1483,  1485. 

Vertebrate  types  in  museum  of  Uni- 
versity of  Texas  : Montgomery, 
1766. 


278  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Virginia. 

General. 

Composition  of  waters  of  Rockbridge 
County  and  their  relations  to 
the  geological  formations  : White, 
2537. 

Geography  : Surface,  2327. 

Pine  Mountain  region  : Stone,  2313. 

Economic. 

Anthracite  coal  ; Griffith,  1041  ; Tif- 
fany, 2373. 

Barite  deposits ; Watson,  2491. 

Barytes  industry  : Judd,  1331. 

Cement  and  cement  materials  : Bassler, 
158. 

Cement  resources  of  the  Cumberland 
Gap  district ; Eckel,  766. 

Clays:  Ries,  2060,  2064. 

Copper  deposits  : Watson,  2487  ; Weed 
and  Watson,  2504. 

Luray  : Phalen,  1919. 

Virgilina  : Judd,  1328. 

Dante,  coal : Stone,  2312. 

Floyd  County,  nickel : Watson,  2490. 

Iron  : Holden,  1201. 

New  River-Cripple  Creek  district : 
Holden,  1200. 

Oriskany  and  Clinton  : Eckel,  765. 

Lead  and  zinc  deposits : Watson, 

2484. 

Mineral  resources : Watson,  2493. 

Russell  Fork  coal  field;  Stone,  2311. 

Rutile : Catlett,  445  : Watson,  2493. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle  ; Shattuck,  2185. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel,  625. 

Virgilina  copper  belt : Judd,  1328. 

Zinc  deposits : Payne,  1886 ; Watson, 
2484. 

Physiographic. 

1‘hysiography  : Surface,  2326. 

{Stratigraphic. 

Coastal  plain  : Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Cambrian  and  Ordovician  : Bassler, 

158. 

Cretaceous  ; Clark,  483. 

St.  Mary’s  quadrangle : Shattuck, 

2185. 

Paleontology. 

Pleistocene  plants:  Berry,  217. 

Prorosmarus  alleni  from  the  Miocene  : 
Berry  and  Gregory,  227. 

Petrology. 

Alhite  from  .Amelia,  analysis  of : Er- 
hen  and  Ceipek,  811. 

Dike  of  diabase  in  Potsdam  sandstone: 
Watson,  2489. 

Granites  : Watson,  2485. 

T'nakite  : Watson,  2486. 

Volcanic  ash. 

('olorado,  Durango  : Woolsey,  263.'1. 

Nebraska,  Republican  River  Valley  : 
Condra,  570. 

Origin:  Hixou,  1175. 

Volcanoes. 

General:  Barns,  155;  Jaggar,  1282; 
Mercalli,  1710;  Pickering,  1928. 


Volcanoes — Continued. 

General — Continued. 

Cause  of  ; Barus,  154  ; Louderback, 
1619;  See,  2158. 

Fumaroles,  production  of  sulphate 
of  soda  in  : Lacroix,  1454. 

Mud  fiows  : Lacroix,  1446. 
Radioactivity,  relation  to  volcanism  : 
Dutton,  752. 

Seismic  phenomena,  connection  with 
volcanism;  Heilprin,  1124,  1125. 

Systems  of  western  hemisphere ; 
Hill,  1149. 

Volcanic  domes,  formation  of : La- 
croix, 1451. 

Volcanic  heat,  nature  and  origin  of  : 
See,  2160 ; Thomson,  2372. 
Volcanic  necks,  examples  of : Or- 
donez, 1824. 

Volcanism  and  thermal  waters : 
Gautier,  934. 

Alaska  : Crosby,  602. 

Bogoslof  group  : Haven,  1097. 

Costa  Rica  : Jones,  1322. 

Dominica,  boiling  lake  of : Hovey, 

1222. 

Hawaii  : Hitchcock,  1166,  1167  ; Pick- 
ering, 1927. 

Mexico  : Aguilera,  19,  20  ; Cadell,  378  ; 
Cleland,  505;  Hobson,  1196; 
Koenigsberger,  1422. 

Citlaltepetl  and  Popocatepetl ; 
Keyes,  1391. 

Colima ; Diaz,  719 ; Dodge,  726 ; 
Waitz,  2466. 

Colima,  Toluca,  and  Popocatepetl  : 
Hovey,  1239. 

Jorullo  : Ordonez,  1831. 

Nevado  de  Toluca  and  Jorullo  : Hob- 
son, 1195. 

Valle  de  Santiago,  explosion  craters  ; 

Ordoiiez,  1832. 

Xinantecatl  : Flores,  881. 

Mont  Pele ; Anderson,  48 ; Gentil, 
938  ; Lacroix,  1455  ; Lapparent, 
1521  ; Wegener,  2508-2510. 

eruptions  : Berte,  228  ; Curtis,  613  ; 
Deckert,  699 ; Geinitz,  936 ; 
Heilprin,  1121;  Issel,  1278; 
.Taccaci,  1279 ; Lacroix,  1447  ; 
Milne,  1760;  Verri,  2444. 
former  eruptions ; Jaggar,  1280 ; 
Mercalli,  1709. 

present  condition:  Heilprin,  1122; 
Hovey,  1220, 

shattered  obelisk;  Heilprin,  1123. 
Nicaragua  : Chamberlin,  451  : Jones, 

1322. 

Saint  liUcia,  Soufri&re  of ; Hovey, 
1221. 

Saint  A'incent,  eruptions : .Anderson, 
48;  Deckert,  699;  Geinitz,  936; 
Lacroix,  1448. 

San  Andres,  postparoxysmal  phe- 
nomena : Waitz,  2464. 

Tonopah  ; Lakes,  1469, 


INDEX 


279 


■Washington. 

General. 

Cascade  region  ; Evans,  821. 

Mount  Baker  : Landes,  1496. 

Economic. 

Cement  resources  : Landes,  1495. 

Coal ; Ritter,  2069 ; Tarr,  2344. 
Copper  : McIntyre,  1669. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 
Gold-bearing  river  sands  ; Collier,  554. 
Iron  ores  : Leith,  1552. 

Marble  : Rathbun,  1986. 

Tin  deposit  near  Spokane : 'Whitman, 
2568,  2569. 

Tungsten  ; .Joseph,  1326. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Glaciers,  Mount  Adams  : Reid,  2008. 

Mount  Baker  : Landes,  1496. 
Nisqually  glacier,  Mt.  Rainier,  motion 
of : Le  Conte,  1537. 
Stratigraphic. 

Northwestern  : Reagan,  2002. 

Olympic  Peninsula  : Ax*nold,  56. 
Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 

Calkins,  2240. 

Petrology. 

Okanogan  composite  batholith : Daly, 
632. 

Rock  specimens  ; Roberts  et  al.,  2071. 
Snoqualmie  quadrangle : Smith  and 

Calkins,  2240. 

Mineralogy. 

Minerals  : Mead,  1705. 

Weathering. 

Rock-weathering  and  soil  formation  : 
Ililgard,  1144,  1145;  Merrill, 

1732. 

Subcarboniferous  limestone  in  south- 
ern Indiana  : ('umings,  609. 
West  Indies  (general).  See.  also  the  various 
islands. 

Dynamic  and  structural. 

Caribbean  craters;  Curtis,  613. 
Physiographic. 

I*hysiographic  notes  : Wegener,  2510. 
Petrology. 

Lesser  Antilles:  Hogbom,  1199. 

West  Virginia. 

Economic. 

(.’lays,  limestones,  and  cements  ; Grims- 
ley,  1044. 

Coal  : I’arsons,  1881. 

Fairmont : Parsons,  1880. 

Holden  : Lyman,  1635. 

Kenova  quadrangle : Phalen,  1920. 
Pocahontas  : Althouse,  30. 

Fairmont  coal  field;  l*arsons,  1880. 
Glass-sand  industry:  Stose,  2319. 
Panhandle  counties:  Grimsley,  1046; 
White,  2550. 

Pocahontas  coals  : .Mthouse,  .30. 
I’ortland  cement  resour(‘es  : Grimsley, 
1 045. 

Slate  : Dale  and  Eckel.  625. 
Steubenville  quadrangle,  coals:  Gris- 
wold, 1049. 

oil  and  gas : Griswold  and  Munn, 
1048. 


West  Virginia — Continued. 

Stratigraphic. 

Carboniferous : Stevenson,  2294,  2295. 

Panhandle  counties  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Steubenville  quadrangle  : Griswold  and 
Munn,  1048. 

Wisconsin. 

General. 

Commissioners  Geologicai  and  Natural 
History  Survey,  fifth  biennial 
report  : 2621. 

Director  of  survey,  report ; Birge,  236. 

Geoiogy  and  physical  geography ; 
Case,  439. 

Rocks  and  minerals  : I.iawson,  1532. 

Water  powers  : Smith,  2244. 

Economic. 

Clays  : Ries,  2059. 

Glass  sand  : Burchard,  350. 

Lancaster  and  Mineral  Point  quad- 
rangles : Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

Lead  and  zinc  district : Bain,  99 ; 
Davis,  663  ; Edwards,  775,  809  ; 
Grant,  1017-1019 ; Hedburg, 
1120;  Wheeler,  2531,  2532. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden,  23. 

Mineral  resources;  Hotchkiss,  1219. 

Molding  sands  : Ries  and  Gallup,  2065. 

North-central  Wisconsin  : Weidman, 

2512. 

Zinc  : sec  Lead  and  zinc,  above. 

Lynamic  and  structural. 

Fracture  systems:  Hobbs,  1176. 

.Joint  system  : Harder,  1073. 

Shore  ice,  peculiar  formation  : Case, 
435. 

Phy,sio  graphic. 

I’hysiographic  modeis  ; Case,  438. 

Shore-lines,  abandoned,  of  eastern  Wis- 
consin : Goldthwait,  975. 

Stratigraphic. 

Galena  series  : Sardeson,  2122. 

Interglaciai  clays  : Berkey,  208. 

Lancaster  and  Mineral  I’oint  quadran- 
gles : Grant  and  Burchard,  1021. 

Milwaukee  quadrangle  : Alden.  23. 

North-central  Wisconsin  ; Weidman, 
2512. 

Paleogeography  of  St.  Peter  time : 
Berkey,  205. 

Shore-lines,  abandoned : Goldthwait, 

975. 

Waterloo  quartzite  ; Warner,  2477. 

Paleontology. 

Devonian  cephalopods  ; Cleland,  504. 

Fish  spine  ; Teller,  2366. 

Petrology. 

I*re-Cambrian  rocks  of  Fox  River  Val- 
ley : Hol)bs  and  Leith,  1193. 

Mineralogy. 

Irvingite  ; Weidman,  2511. 

Marignasite  from  Wausau  : Weidman 
and  Lenher,  2513. 

Wolframite. 

Arizona,  Cochise  district  : Kellogg, 
1.358. 

Colorado,  Boulder  County  : Tovote, 
2385. 


280  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Wyoming:. 

Economic. 

Albany  County  : Beeler,  186. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quadran- 
gles : Darton,  645. 

Bentonite  of  the  Laramie  basin : Sie- 
benthal,  2209. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  872. 

Bighorn  Mountain  region  : Darton,  649. 

Carbon  County,  coal : Veatch,  2440. 

Cement  plaster  industry : Trumbull, 
2396. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney  quad- 
rangies  : Darton,  646. 

Coal  : Parsons,  1882  ; Ritter,  2069. 
Uinta  County  : Veatch,  2437. 

Copper  mining  in  1905  : Weed,  2499. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle  : Darton  and 
OTIarra,  656. 

Grand  Encampment  copper  district : 
Beeler,  185. 

Gypsum  deposits,  Laramie  district : 
Siebenthal,  2208. 

Hartville  iron-ore  range  : Ball,  122. 

Ilartville  region,  copper  deposits  : Ball, 

121. 

mica  : Ball,  125. 

Iron  Mountain,  titaniferous  ore  : Bali, 
123. 

Iron  ores  : Leith,  1552. 

Lander  coal  field  : Woodruff,  2629. 

Laramie  basin,  coal : Siebenthal,  2211. 

Laramie  County,  graphite  : Ball,  126. 

Laramie  Peak  copper  district : Beeier, 
183. 

Lignite  : Kennedy,  1374. 

Minerai  resources,  2657. 

Oil,  Uinta  County  : Veatch,  2437. 

Owl  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 

Phosphate  deposits : .Tones,  1317 ; 

Weeks  and  Ferrier,  2507. 

Portland  cement  materials  : Ball,  124. 

South  I’ass  gold  district : Beeler,  184. 

Sulphur  : Trumbull,  2395. 

Sunrise  mine,  iron  : Valiat,  2420. 

Uinta  County,  coal : Schultz,  2151. 
gold  : Schultz,  2149. 
oil  ; Veatch,  2437. 

Physiographic. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  654. 
drainage  modifications  in  : Mansfield, 
1673. 

Stratigraphic. 

Bald  Mountain  and  Dayton  quad- 
rangies : Darton,  645 ; Salis- 

bury, 2114. 

Bighorn  basin  : Fisher,  873. 

Bighorn  Mountains : Darton,  647 ; 

Salisbury,  2116. 

Bridger  l>eds  : Sinclair,  2214. 

Cloud  Peak  and  Fort  McKinney  quad- 
rangles : Darton,  646;  Salis- 

bury, 2115. 

Devils  Tower  quadrangle  : Darton  and 
OTIarra,  656. 

Laramie,  definition  and  origin.:  Veatch, 
2439. 


Wyoming— Continued. 

Stratigraphic — Continued. 

Miocene  : Peterson,  1916. 

Ordovician  : Darton,  644. 

Owi  Creek  Mountains  : Darton,  642. 
Red  beds  in  Laramie  mountain  region  : 
Darton,  653. 

Wasatch  deposits,  origin  : Loomis,  1615. 
Paleontology. 

Age  and  locaiities  of  supposed  .Jurassic 
fossils  : Veatch,  2432. 
Baptanodon  from  Jurassic : Gilmore, 
959,  963. 

Bird  from  Wasatch  : Loomis,  1613. 
Ceratopsia  : Hatcher  et  ah,  1093. 
Ccelosuchus  reedii : Williston,  2599. 
Paleorhinus,  skull  of : Lees,  1551. 
Sinopa,  osteology  of : Matthew,  1699. 
Vertebrate  faunas  of  Miocene  : Peter- 
son, 1916. 

Wasatch  and  Wind  River  rodents : 
Loomis,  1614. 

Wasatch  vertebrates  : Loomis,  1615. 
Petrology. 

Bighorn  Mountains  : Darton,  647. 
Underground  xcater. 

Hot  springs  at  Thermopolis : Darton, 
643. 

Yukon. 

General. 

Peei  River  region  : Camsell,  412,  414. 
Publications,  recent,  relating  to : 
' Brooks,  312. 

Stewart  River  region  : Keele,  1347. 
White  River  exploration : McConnell, 

1648. 

Economic. 

Klondike  district : Everette,  831  ; Mc- 
Connell, 1650. 

contration  of  gold  in  : Tyrreli,  2406. 
gold  values  in  high-level  gravels : 
McConnell,  1653. 

Southern  Yukon  : Cairnes,  382. 
Whitehorse,  explorations  south  of : 
Cairnes,  380. 

White  River  region  : McConnell,  1648. 
Windy  Arm  region  : McConnell,  1647, 

1649.  1651,  1652. 

Paleontology. 

Mastodon  remains  in  the  Yukon  Val- 
ley : Osgood,  1851. 

Petrology. 

Pseudo-leucite  : Knight,  1410. 

Zinc. 

Arkansas  : Purdue,  1966. 

British  Columbia : Barlow,  144 ; 416. 

Kootenay  district : Argali,  54. 
California  : Anbury,  85. 

Idaho  : MacDonald,  1658. 

Dollarhide  mine  : Lakes,  1466. 

South  Mountain  : Bell,  197. 

Illinois : Bain,  99 ; Davis,  663. 

Iowa  : Bain,  99  ; Davis,  663. 

Lancaster  quadrangle ; Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 


INDEX 


281 


Zinc — Continued. 

Kansas,  Galena-Joplin  district : Ha- 

worth, 1098  ; Smith  and  Sieben- 
thal,  2251. 

Mexico,  Chihuahua : Wornester,  2637. 

Diente  : McCormick,  1655. 

Mississippi  Valley : Bain,  99,  106 ; 

Buckley,  342,  344. 

Missouri,  Granby  area : Buckley  and 
Buehler,  346  ; Perkins,  1906. 

Joplin  district ; Brittain,  303  ; Buck- 
ley,  343  ; Clerc,  506,  507  ; Her- 
rick, 1132 ; Smith  and  Siehen- 
thal,  2251. 

• Montana  : MacDonald,  1658. 

Nevada,  Pioche : Abbott,  3. 

Spring  Mountains  : Bain,  101. 

New  Jersey  : Kiimmell,  1432. 

New  Mexico  : Brinsmade,  295. 

Kelly  mine  : Johnson,  1311. 

Magdalena  district : Haddou,  1061. 


Zinc — Con  tinned. 

New  York,  St.  Lawrence  County  : New- 
land,  1792. 

Oklahoma,  Quapaw  district : Crane, 
593. 

Ontario  : Corkill,  578. 

Tennessee  ; Watson,  2484. 

Claiborne  and  tJnlon  counties ; 
Clarke,  503. 

eastern  : Clark,  479. 

United  States  (general)  ; 2418,  2419. 
Virginia  ; Payne,  1886  ; Watson,  2484, 
2493. 

Wisconsin,  southwestern  : Bain,  99 ; 
Davis,  663 ; Edwards,  775  : 
Grant,  1017—1019 ; Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021  ; Hedburg,  1120  ; 
Wheeler,  2531,  2532. 

Zircon. 

United  States  : 2418,  2419. 


LISTS. 

[The  numbers  refer  to  entries  in  the  bibliography.] 


Chemical 

Abriachanite,  1778. 

Acmite,  2512. 

Actinolite,  189.3,  2242. 

Aegirite,  2512. 

Akerite,  2490,  2660. 

Akerose,  1934. 

Alaskite,  2270. 

Albite,  811. 

Alkali  waste,  233. 

Allanite,  2493. 

Alum  rock,  1111. 

Alunogen,  1111. 

Amblygonite,  87. 

Amiatose,  149. 

Amphibole,  1893,  1935,  2512. 

Analcite,  1409. 

Analcite  basalt,  1409. 

Analcite  tinguaite,  1409. 

Analcite  trachyte-tuff,  1409. 

Andesite,  1044,  1199,  1.391. 

Andesitic  rock,  2504. 

Andose,  614,  616. 

Anorthosite  gabbro,  616. 
Anthophyllite-peridotite,  1401. 

Apatite,  2493. 

Aplite,  19.34. 

.Vporhyolite,  1193. 

Arfvedsonite,  1779. 

.\rkose,  2242. 

.Vsbestos,  2493. 

.Vsphaltum,  2418. 

Augite,  ()0.3. 

.Vugite  kersantite,  1934. 

Augite  ourose,  19.34. 

.Vugite  syenite,  (516. 

.Vuvergnose,  1500,  1815. 

Bakerite,  958. 

Barite,  2493. 

Barkevikite,  1779,  2512. 

Barytes,  1943. 

Basalt,  1044,  1779,  1934,  2031,  2240,  2447, 
2493. 

B<‘erl)achite,  1815. 

Benitoite,  1620. 

B(>ntonite,  220J). 

Bergainanskite,  1779. 

Biotite  trachyt(*.  1026. 

Bhiirmorite,  1409. 

Building  stone,  2080. 

Cal  cite,  1116,  2512. 

Camptonite,  1934. 


Analyses. 

Camsigradite,  1779. 

Carinthine,  2242. 

Carnotite,  878. 

Cataphorite,  1935. 

Celestite,  1427. 

Celestite-bearing  rock,  1427. 

Cement,  232. 

Cement  rock,  158,  233. 

Chalk,  234,  716,  1608. 

Chalk  marl,  716. 

Ciminose,  603. 

Clay,  23,  91,  92,  116,  161,  233,  234,  326, 
346,  353,  471,  595,  598,  767,  884,  885, 


926-929,  101 

7,  1021,  1027, 

1044, 

1046, 

1198, 

1495, 

1563,  1605, 

1608, 

1609, 

1911, 

1918, 

1921, 

1923, 

2059, 

2060, 

2063, 

2064, 

2177, 

2209, 

2217, 

2218, 

2241,  2320,  2409,  2484,  2530,  2634. 


Clay,  zinc-bearing,  2484. 


Coal,  58,  69,  13 

7,  234, 

326, 

369,  400,  403, 

405, 

488,  552, 

, 555,  , 

.556,  1 

562,  589,  652, 

717, 

736,  777 

. 783, 

862, 

874,  897,  924, 

1042, 

1046, 

10.50, 

1117, 

1118,  1198, 

1544, 

1564, 

1606, 

1628, 

1680,  1681, 

1683, 

1862. 

1870, 

1876, 

1877,  1911, 

1920, 

1922, 

1955, 

1964, 

2043,  2045. 

2074, 

2090, 

2142, 

2151, 

2176,  2195, 

2271, 

2308,  2310-231 

2.  2334,  2335.  2.336, 

2.337, 

2.368, 

2418, 

2431, 

2440,  2493, 

2577,  2629,  2634,  2640. 

Cobaltite,  703,  2418. 

Coke,  natural,  2333. 

Columbite,  2493. 

Cortlandite,  1178. 

Covellite,  2081. 

Crocidolite.  790,  1779,  2512. 

Cross!  te,  1779. 

! Dacite,  1985. 

I Datolite,  1426. 

; Dellenose.  614. 

Diabase,  539,  1199,  249.3. 

Diatomaceous  earth.  65.  2493. 

Diorite.  149,  425,  739,  1178,  1199,  1815, 
2242,  2512. 

i Dolomite,  158,  .370,  1198,  1805. 

Dufrenite,  2493. 

Dumortierite.  2418. 

Du  nose.  1815. 

Eclogite,  2242. 

Eglestonite,  1161. 

Emery.  2493. 


282 


LISTS CHEMICAL  ANALYSES 


283 


Essexite,  739,  743,  1934,  2660. 

Evansite,  2136. 

Fayalite,  2512. 

Feldspar,  162,  163,  2419,  2493,  2512. 
Felsite,  1199. 

Fergusose,  603. 

Fire  clay,  91,  869,  1973,  2530. 

Flint  clay,  1918. 

Fuller’s  earth,  1944,  2218. 

Gabbro,  616,  631,  1178,  1815,  2512. 
Gabbro-diorite,  1815. 

Garnet,  559,  1366,  1372,  2242,  2493. 
Garnierite,  539. 

Gastaldite,  1779. 

Gilfordal-camptonose,  1934. 

Glass  rock,  99,  1017. 

Glass  sand,  349,  350,  354,  1436,  1559. 
Glaucophane,  1779,  2242. 

Glaucophane  gneiss,  2242. 

Glaucophane  schist,  2242. 

Gneiss,  614,  616. 

Granite,  539,  545,  614,  623,  631,  790,  1026, 
1193,  1199,  1934,  2037,  2041,  2218,  2270, 
2271,  2494,  2512. 

Granodiorite,  739,  2240. 

Grano-miaskose,  1935. 

Greenstone,  2271,  2504. 

Gypsum,  872,  2175,  2208,  2493. 

Halloysite,  2664. 

Halotrichite,  1111. 

Hampshiral-camptonose,  1934. 
Hampshiral-auvergnose,  1934. 
Hampshiral-livermorose,  1934. 

IJarzose,  614,  616. 

Hastingsite,  1779,  1935. 

Hatchettolite,  2513. 

Hedenbergite,  2512. 

Helvite,  2493. 

Hornblende,  1401,  1779,  1893. 

Hornblende  andesite,  1044. 

Hornblende  grano-salemose,  1934. 
Hornblende  ourose,  1934. 

Hornblende  phyro-camptonose,  1934. 
Hornblendite,  1178. 

Howlite,  958. 

Hudsonite,  1779,  1893. 

Hyperite,  616. 

Hypersthene  andesite,  2240. 

Ilmenose,  1934. 

Infusorial  earth,  87. 

Iron  ore,  123,  182,  351,  .352,  764,  76.5,  1185, 
1198,  1200,  1201,  1329,  1398,  1588,  1911, 
1918,  2212,  2247. 

Iron  shale,  852. 

Irvingite,  2511,  2512. 

Jacupirangite,  2660. 

.Tasperoid,  2251. 

Kaersutite,  1779. 

Kaolin,  18.36,  2443. 

Karinthine,  1779. 

Kataphorite,  1779. 

Kleinite,  1161,  2109,  2110. 
liassenose,  1815,  1934. 

Latite,  1607. 

Latite-phonolite,  1026. 

Laurdalose,  743. 


Laurvikite,  743. 

Laurvikose,  614,  616. 

Lava,  2271. 

Lawsonite,  753,  2242. 

Lead  ore,  1911. 

Leopardite,  2494. 

Lepidolite,  87. 

Lepidomelane,  2512. 

Lignite,  326,  595,  1198,  2090. 

Lime,  232. 

Lime  rock,  99. 

Limestone,  124,  158,  160,  230,  2.33,  234, 
246,  349,  355,  370,  598,  648,  762,  766, 
774,  790,  869,  884,  1017,  1025,  1034, 
1044,  1046,  1198,  1366,  1372,  1413,  1431, 
1495,  1500,  1608,  1837,  1911,  1998,  2144, 
2177,  2212,  2218,  2409,  2424,  2484,  249.3. 
Lincolnose,  1815. 

Linnaeite,  559. 

Liparose,  1934. 

Loess,  353. 

Magnesite,  1135. 

Magnetite,  2512. 

Malchite,  1815. 

Manganese  ore,  2493. 

Manganotantalite,  2136. 

Marble,  158,  774,  1495,  1987,  2493. 
Marignasite,  2513. 

Marl,  234,  716,  1911,  2218. 

Meteorites,  853,  973,  1242,  1672,  1734, 

1740,  1741,  1744,  2360. 

Miaskose,  1935. 

Mica  scbist,  1815. 

Microdiorite,  149. 

Microlite,  2493,  2513. 

Micropegmatite,  546. 

Mineral  water,  1046,  1911,  2144,  2493. 
Minette,  1526. 

Molding  sand,  2065. 

Molybdite,  105.3,  2135,  2137. 

Monazite,  249.3. 

Monchiquite,  1026. 

Montroydite,  1161. 

Monzonite,  1526,  1815. 

Monzonose,  614. 

Muscovite,  t53. 

Muscovite-granite,  2270. 

Natural  gas,  99. 

Nepheline,  2512. 

Nickel  ore,  1345,  2418. 

Noralite,  1779. 

Nordmarkite,  739,  743. 

Norite,  539,  546,  616,  1178. 

Ocher,  1218,  248.3,  2493. 

Olivine,  1865. 

Olivine  gabbro,  425,  1199. 

Ophite,  1509. 

Osannite,  1779. 

Faint  ore,  769,  770. 

Paisanal  liparose,  1935. 

Pargasite,  1779,  2242. 

Peat,  1874,  2361,  2588. 

Pegmatite,  149. 

Petroleum,  63,  67,  245,  779,  2418,  2431, 
Philipstadite,  1779. 

Phonolite,  1026. 


284  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Phonolite  porphyry,  G56. 

Phosphate,  2493. 

Phosphatic  rock,  3G1,  1970. 

Phyro-miaskose,  1935. 

Placerose,  1815. 

I’orphyrite,  1199. 

Porphyry,  1193,  1199,  1526. 

Powellite,  2137. 

Prowersose,  159,  603. 

Pseudodiorite,  2242. 

Pulaskite,  739,  743. 

Pulaskose,  G14,  616,  1934. 

Purpurite,  1025,  2136. 

Pyrite,  2493. 

Pyrochlore,  2512,  2513. 

Pj’roxene,  614,  2512. 

I’yrrhotite,  2493. 

Qiiartz-augite  diorite,  1199. 

Quartz  diorite,  1199. 

Quartzite,  1495,  2483,  2512. 

Quartz  nodule,  685. 

Quartz  porphyry,  1199. 

Red  clay,  491. 

Redondite,  1452. 

Rhodusite,  1779. 

Rhyolite,  2240,  2512. 

Riebeckite,  1779,  1935,  2512. 

Riebeckite  granite,  1935. 

Salt  brine,  278. 

Sand,  1436. 

Sand,  dolomitic,  2484. 

Sand,  glass,  349,  350,  354,  1436,  1559. 
Sand,  molding,  2065. 

Sandstone,  371,  1559,  2031,  2494. 

Schist,  muscovite,  1026. 

Selagite,  603. 

Sericite  schist,  2320. 

Serpentine,  425,  591,  739,  2494. 
Serpentinoid,  1505. 

Shale,  67,  116,  124,  158,  230,  233,  234,  353, 
598,  766,  1046,  1499,  1559,  1563,  1608, 
2177,  2483,  2512,  2634. 


Silica,  111. 

Sipylite,  2493. 

Sitkose,  1815. 

Slate,  233,  621,  1159,  1495. 

Smithsonite,  2484. 

Soretite,  1779. 

Spessartite,  1934. 

Sphalerite,  2081,  2484. 

Spodumene,  87. 

Stibiotantalite,  1892. 

Strengite,  2493. 

Syenite,  614,  616,  1026,  1934,  2490,  2493, 
2512. 

Syenite  porphyry,  1199. 

Terlinguaite,  1161. 

Thorianite,  2418. 

Tinguaite,  739. 

Tonalose,  1815. 

Toscanose,  614,  616. 

Tourmaline,  2136. 

Tracho-umptekose,  1935. 

Trachydolerite,  1026. 

Travertine,  158. 

Tremolite,  1893. 

Troctolite,  2512. 

Tuff,  539,  546. 

Turquoise,  2664. 

Umptekose,  1935. 

Unakite,  2485,  2493. 

Vogesite,  1026. 

Volcanic  ash,  570,  2633. 

Water,  15,  23,  63,  277,  375,  643,  869,  872, 
907,  908,  1046,  1129,  1198,  1499,  1509, 
1526,  1559,  1573,  1610,  1639,  1660, 

2129,  2144,  2194,  2229,  2365,  2537, 

2588. 

Wurtzite,  2081. 

Yamaskite,  2660. 

Yttrocrasite,  1143. 

Zinc  ore,  1911,  2418,  2484,  2493. 
Zinnwaldite,  2136. 

Zoisite,  849,  2242. 


GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS  DESCRIBED. 


Abbeville-York  zone,  Archean,  ISouth  Caro- 
lina ; Sloan,  2218. 

Accabee  gravels,  IMeistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina: Sloan,  2218. 

Adams  Lake  series,  Cambrian,  Yukon  Teri- 

. tory  : Brooks,  313. 

Adams  Lake  series,  Canada  : Walcott,  2470. 

Adaville  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151. 

Admire  shales  and  sandstones.  Carbonifer- 
ous, Kansas  : Wooster,  26.36. 

Aftonian,  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 

Agawa  formation,  Algonkian,  Minnesota: 
Abbott,  1. 

Aiken  b(‘ds,  Cretaceous,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2217. 

.Vjihik  (piartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  S('aman,  1518. 

Alamito  foiunation,  ('arl)onif(‘rous.  Now 
Mexico:  Keyes,  1.377. 

Albany  formation,  ('arl)oniferous,  Texas: 
Ries,  2058. 


Albert  shales,  Devonian,  Canada  : Ells.  784. 

Albion  schist  member,  Cambrian.  Rhode 
Island  : Emerson  and  Perry,  790. 

xVlger  formation,  Silurian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  883,  884. 

Alibates  lentil,  l‘ermian.  Texas : Gould, 
987. 

Allegheny  formation.  Carboniferous.  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368 ; (Mapp,  475,  477  ; 
Stevenson,  2294 ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Allegheny  formation,  ('arhoniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Allegheny  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  448. 

Allegheny  series,  ('arhoniferous.  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Allen  limestone,  ('arhoniferous.  Kan.sas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181;  Sarle,  2124; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Almy  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


285 


Altamaha  grit,  Tertiary,  Georgia  ; Harper, 
1077. 

Altamont  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kan- 
sas : Wooster,  2636. 

Altuda  granite,  Texas  : Udden,  2409. 

American  Flat  latite,  Colorado : Cross  et 
al.,  607. 

Americus  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas ; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Ames  Knob  formation,  Silurian,  Maine : 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 

Ames  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  368 ; Stevenson,  2294 ; 
Woolsey,  2634. 

Ames  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Ames  limestone,  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Ames  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Raymond,  1990. 

Amsden  formation,  Carboniferous,  Wyo- 
ming : Darton,  642,  644,  647 ; Fisher, 
873. 

Anacacho  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Texas : 
Udden,  2408. 

Anaktuvuk  series,  Cretaceous,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Anamosa  substage,  Silurian,  Iowa : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Anderson-Spartanburg  zone,  Archean, 
South  Carolina  ; Sloan,  2218. 

Andrews  schist,  Cambrian,  North  Carolina  : 
Keith,  1352. 

Animikie,  Michigan  : Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 

Animikie  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  ; 
Silver,  2212. 

Animikie  sediments,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  : 
Coleman,  539. 

Animikie  series,  Minnesota  : Leith,  1557. 

Animus  formation.  Eocene,  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico:  Shaler,  2176. 

Ankareh  formation.  Carboniferous,  Utah : 
Boutwell,  271. 

Anona  chalk,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Antletam  formation,  Cambrian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Antietam  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stose,  2318. 

Antietam  sandstone,  Cambrian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Antrim  shales,  Devonian,  Michigan : 
Cooper,  575  ; Lane,  1516. 

Apishapa  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : 
Darton,  648  ; Fisher,  869. 

Aquia  formation.  Eocene,  Maryland  : Clark 
and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

Aquia  formation.  Tertiary,  Maryland  and 
Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Aquia  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia  : Clark 
and  Miller,  489. 

Arapahoe  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : 
Darton,  648. 

Arcturus  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Nevada  : 
Lawson,  1526. 


Arkadelphia  clay,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Arpin  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Wisconsin  : 
Weidman,  2512. 

Arriban  series,  Miocene,  New  Mexico : 
Kej'es,  1390. 

Arundel  formation,  Jurassic?,  Maryland: 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Arundel  formation,  Jurassic?  and  Cre- 
taceous, Maryland  : Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

Ashbed  group,  Cambrian,  Michigan : Lane 
and  Seaman,  1518. 

Ashley-Cooper  marls.  Eocene,  South  Car- 
olina : Sioan,  2218. 

Ashnola  gabbro.  Paleozoic,  Cascade  Moun- 
tains : Daly,  632. 

Aspen  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151. 

Athens,  Carboniferous,  Appalachian  region  : 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Athens  shale,  Ordovician,  Tennessee  : Keith, 
1354. 

Athens  shale,  Ordovician,  Virginia : Bass- 
ler,  158. 

Atias  formation,  California  ; Lawson,  1528. 

Atoka  formation.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas  : 
Collier,  556. 

Aubrey  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Montana  : 
Reagan,  1999. 

Aubrey  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Utah ; 
Lee,  1544. 

Austin  chalk,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Ries, 
2058;  Udden,  2408. 

Aylmer  formation,  Ordovician,  Canada : 
Raymond,  1987. 

Bad  River  gabbro,  Algonkian,  Michigan  ; 
Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 

Bagley  andesite,  Jurassic,  California:  Dil- 
ler,  721. 

Baird  formation.  Carboniferous,  California  : 
Dlller,  721. 

Balaklala  rhyolite,  pre-Devonian,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 

Baltic  conglomerate,  Algonkian,  Michigan  : 
Lane,  1509. 

Baitimore  gneiss,  Algonkian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Bandera  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Banff  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Alberta : 
Dowling,  736. 

Banff  shale  (lower).  Carboniferous,  Al- 
berta : Dowling,  736. 

Banff  shale  (upper),  Permo-Triassic,  Al- 
berta : Dowling,  736. 

Bangor  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Alabama  : 
Butts,  370. 

Bangor  (Chester)  limestone,  Mississippian, 
Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

Barclay  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Barkersville  gabbro,  Trlassic?,  North  Caro- 
lina : Keith,  1354. 

Barnwell  buhr  sands,  Eocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 


286  BIBLIOGKAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Bashi  formation,  Eocene,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229. 

Bass  Mountain  diabase.  Carboniferous,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 

Battle  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Maine : Smith 
ct  Of?.,  2241. 

Baj’port  formation.  Carboniferous,  Michi- 
gan : Cooper,  575. 

Bayport  limestone,  Michigan  : Lane,  1508. 

Bayport  or  Maxville  limestone,  Mississip- 
pian,  Michigan  : Lane,  1510. 

Bays  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Virginia  : Bass- 
ler,  158. 

Bearpaw  shales,  Cretaceous,  Alberta : 
Cairnes,  381  ; Dowling,  735. 

Bear  River  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyo- 
ming : Schultz,  2151  ; Veatch,  2437. 

Beaumont  clays,  I’leistocene,  Texas  : Fenne- 
man,  859  ; Ries,  2058. 

Beaver,  Carboniferous,  Appalachian  region  : 
Stevenson,  2295. 

Beaver  limestone,  Cambrian,  Georgia  : Wat- 
son, 2483. 

Becket  gneiss,  pre-Cambrian,  Connecticut : 
Gregory,  1034 ; Gregoi'y  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Becraft  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991. 

Becraft  member,  Devonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Bedford  oolitic  limestone,  Mississippian, 
Indiana  : Blatchley,  246. 

Bedrock  series,  California  ; Reid,  2018. 

Beech  granite,  Archean,  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee  : Keith,  1354. 

Beekmantown  beds,  Ordovician,  New  York  : 
Ruedemann,  2097. 

Beekmantown  formation,  Ordovician,  Ver- 
mont : Seely,  2164. 

Belknap  dike.  New  Hampshire  : Pirsson  and 
Washington,  1934. 

Bellepoint  member  of  Columbus  formation, 
Devonian,  Ohio  : Swartz,  2329. 

Bellingham  conglomerate,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1674. 

Belmont  porphyry  dikes,  Montana  : Barrell, 
149. 

Beloit  formation,  Ordovician,  upper  Missis- 
sippi Valley  : Sardeson,  2122. 

Belt  group,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Barrell, 
149. 

Belt  terrane,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Warner, 
2477. 

Benning  granite,  Georgia  : Lindgren,  1596. 

Benton  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Benton  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Veatch,  2440. 

Benton  group,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska : 
Condra,  570. 

Benton  shale,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : Gale, 
922. 

Benton  shale,  Cretaceous,  North  Dakota : 
I.eonard,  1563. 

lienton  shales,  Cretaceous,  Alberta : 
Cairnes,  381. 


Benwood  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Benwood  limestone.  Carboniferous,  l*enn- 
sylvania  : Clapp,  475. 

Benwood  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Berea  grit,  Mississippian,  Michigan  : Lane, 
1516. 

Berea  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  I’ennsylva- 
nia  : Woolsey,  2634. 

Berenda  formation.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Bergman  series,  Cretaceous,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Berkshire  schist,  Ordovician,  Connecticut ; 
Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Berkshire  (Hudson)  schist,  Connecticut: 
Gregory,  1034. 

Bertie  waterlime,  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Clarke,  494 ; Hartnagel,  1085 ; Luther, 
1633. 

Bethany  Falls  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Bighorn  limestone,  Ordovician,  Wyoming : 
Darton,  642,  644-647  ; Fisher,  873. 

Bijiki  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Bijiki  (Ironwood),  Michigan:  Gordon  and 
Lane,  985. 

Binary  granite,  Colorado  : Underhill,  2414. 

Bingen  sand,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : Veatch, 
2436. 

Binnewater  quartzite,  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Hartnagel,  1084. 

Binnewater  sandstone,  Silurian,  New  York: 
Grabau,  991. 

Birch  Creek  formation,  pre-Devonian, 
Alaska  : Prindle,  1956. 

Birch  Creek  schists,  Alaska : Brooks,  313. 

Birmingham  shale.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Black  Creek  shale.  Cretaceous,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Blackfoot  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

Blackfoot  series,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Wal- 
cott. 2470. 

Black  Hand  formation,  Carboniferous,  Ohio  : 
Carney,  427. 

Black  Mingo  shales.  Eocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Black  River,  Ordovician,  Ontario  : Ells.  788. 

Blackville  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Bladen  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Caro- 
lina : Stephenson,  2281. 

Blanco  formation.  Tertiary,  Texas  : Gould, 
986. 

Bloyd  shale,  Pennsylvania,  Arkansas  : Pur- 
due, 1971. 

Blue  chert  series,  Devonian,  California: 
Hershey,  1133. 

Bluff  formation.  Quaternary,  Mississippi : 
Logan,  1608. 

Boggy  formation.  Carboniferous,  Indian 
Territory  ; Tafif,  2332. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  EORMATIONS. 


287 


Bohemian  Range  group,  Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Bohicket  marl-sand,  I’leistocene,  South 
Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Bohio  formation.  Eocene,  Panama : Howe, 
1244. 

Bolivar  fire  clay.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1046. 

Bolton  schist,  Connecticut : Gregory,  1034  ; 
Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Bonneterre  limestone,  Cambrian,  Missouri : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Boone  chert.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas  : Pur- 
due, 1970. 

Boone  formation,  Mississippian,  Arkansas : 
I’urdue,  1971. 

Boone  formation,  Mississippian,  Indian 
Territory;  Taff,  2332. 

Boone  formation,  Mississippian,  Kansas ; 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Boquillas  flags,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Udden, 
2409. 

Boss  Mountain  diabase.  Carboniferous,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 

Bowler  formation,  Triassic?  and  I’ermian, 
Montana  : Rowe,  2090. 

Bow  River  series,  Canada ; Walcott,  2470. 

Boyle  limestone,  Devonian,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  884. 

Bradford  schist,  Vermont : Richardson, 

2037. 

Bragdon  formation,  California  : Hershey, 

1133. 

Bragdon  formation,  Carboniferous,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 

Brainard  shales,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Calvin, 
388. 

Branford  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut  : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Brassfield  limestone,  Silurian,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  883,  884. 

Brasstown  schist,  Cambrian,  North  Caro- 
lina : Keith,  1352. 

Brayman  shales,  Silurian,  New  York  : Gra- 
bau,  991. 

Brentwood  limestone  lentil,  Pennsylvania, 
Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971. 

Brevard  schist,  Cambrian,  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina  : Keith,  1353. 

Bridger  group.  Tertiary,  Wyoming : Sin- 
clair, 2214. 

Bridger  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  • 
Veatch,  2437. 

Brier  Creek  marl,  Oligocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Brimfleld  schist,  Connecticut : Gregory, 

1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Bristol  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Brock  shale,  Triassic,  California : Diller, 
721. 

Bromley  formation,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : 
Bassler,  156. 

Bronson  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Brookfield  diorite,  Connecticut : Gregory. 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 


Brownstown  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkan- 
sas : Veatch,  2436. 

Brush  Creek  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Stevenson,  2294. 

Brush  Creek  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046.  • 

Bryson  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ken- 
tucky : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Buchanan  gravels,  I’leistocene,  Iowa : 
Arey,  53  ; Calvin,  388  ; Leonard,  1559  ; 
Macbride,  1639  ; Norton,  1805  ; Williams, 
2588. 

Buda  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Texas : 
Udden,  2408-2409. 

Buffalo  sandstone,  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stevenson,  2294. 

Buffalo  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Bully  Hill  rhyolite,  Triassic,  California  : 
Diller,  721. 

Burches  Ferry  marl,  Cretaceous,  South 
Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Burden  conglomerate,  Ordovician,  New 
York  : Grabau,  991. 

Burgen  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory : Taff,  2332. 

Burgoon  sandstone,  Mississippian,  Pennsyl- 
vania ; Butts,  368  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Burke  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana: 
Walcott,  2470. 

Burlingame  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas  ; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Burlington  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illi- 
nois : Weller,  2523. 

Burlington  limestones,  Mississippian,  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Burlington  limestone,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Burns  tuff,  Oligocene,  Colorado : Cross  et 
ah,  607. 

Burro  gravels  and  tuffs.  Tertiary,  Texas : 
Udden,  2409. 

Bushberg  sandstone,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Weller,  2519. 

Butler  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  268  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Buxton  formation,  I’ennsylvanian,  Kansas  : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Cable  formation,  California  : Lawson,  1528. 

Cacapon  sandstone,  Silurian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Cache  Creek  group,  Devonian,  Britisli 
Columbia  ; Brooks,  313. 

Calciferous,  Michigan  : Lane,  1508. 

Calciferous,  Ordovician,  Ontario  : Ells,  788. 

Calciferous  formation,  Ordovician,  Michi- 
gan ; Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Calderwood  formation,  Cambrian,  Maine ; 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 

(bilhoun  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

t'alvert  formation,  Miocene,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488;  Shattuck,  2185, 
2188,  2191;  Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

Calvert  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia  : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489, 


288  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY^  1906-1907. 


Calvert  formation.  Tertiary,  Maryland  and 
Delaware ; Miller,  1749. 

Cambridge  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368 ; Stevenson,  2204. 

Cambridge  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Cambridge  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Camillus  shale,  Silurian,  New  York  : Hart- 
nagel,  1085  ; Luther,  1633. 

Campbell’s  Creek  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
West  Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Camp  Creek  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

Camp  Creek  series,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
Walcott,  2470. 

Camp  Nelson,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  ; Mil- 
ler, 1748. 

Cannelton  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Canterbury  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Cantwell  formation.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : 
Brooks,  313. 

Canyon  formation.  Carboniferous,  Texas ; 
Ries,  2058. 

Canyon  Largo  sandstones.  Eocene,  New 
Mexico:  Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

Capefear  formation,  Jurassic?,  North  Caro- 
lina : Stephenson,  2281. 

Cape  Girardeau  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Illinois  : Weller,  2517,  2524. 

Capitan  limestone.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Cardiff  (juartzite,  Algonkian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Cardiff  shale,  Devonian,  New  York  : Luther, 
1633. 

Carlile  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Darton,  648  ; Fisher,  869. 

Carlile  shale,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska : Con- 

dra,  570. 

Carlile  shale.  Cretaceous,  Wyoming:  Dar- 
ton and  O' Hava,  656. 

Carlyle  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Carmichaels  formation,  I’leistocene,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475,  476. 

Carmichaels  formation.  Quaternary,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368. 

Carolina  gneiss,  Archeiin,  North  Carolina  : 
Keith.  1352,  1354. 

Carolina  gneiss,  Archean.  North  Carolina 
and  South  Carolina  : Keith,  1353. 

Cashaqua  shale,  Devonian,  New  Y’ork  : Lu- 
ther, 1633,  1634. 

Cason  shale,  Ordovician,  Arkansas  : Purdue, 
1970. 

Cassville  plant  shale.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Cassville  shale.  Carboniferous,  Appalachian 
region  : Stevenson.  2295. 

Cassville  shale.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  475. 


Castine  formation,  Cambrian,  Maine  : Smith 
€t  al,  2241. 

CatahoHla  formation.  Tertiary,  Louisiana : 
Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Cathedral  granite.  Tertiary,  Cascade  Moun- 
tains : Daly,  632. 

Catron  formation.  Carboniferous,  Kentucky  : 
Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Catskill  formation,  Devonian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  367. 

Catskill  formation,  Devonian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Catskill  member,  Devonian,  Pennsylvania  : 
Clapp,  475. 

Catskill  series,  Devonian,  New  York  : Gra- 
bau,  991. 

Cave  Creek  gypsum,  Permian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Cave  Springs  sandstone.  Carboniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Cawood  sandstone  member.  Carboniferous, 
Kentucky  : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Cayuga  formation,  Silurian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Cayuga  group,  Silurian,  Wisconsin  : Alden, 
23. 

Cayuta  shale  member,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Williams,  2583. 

Cedar  Hill  sandstones,  Permian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Cedar  Point  shales  and  limestones,  Permian, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Cedar  Valley  limestone,  Devonian,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387,  388. 

Cedar  Valley  stage,  Devonian,  Iowa  : Arey, 
53  ; Norton,  1805. 

Central  City  granite,  Colorado : Underhill, 
2412. 

Central  (Mine)  group,  Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Chaco  marls,  Eocene,  New  Mexico : Keyes, 
1388,  1390. 

Chagrin  formation,  Devonian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  883. 

Chama  clays,  Miocene,  New  Mexico  : Keyes, 
1388. 

Chaman  series.  Eocene,  New  Mexico  : Keyes, 
1390. 

Chamberlain  shale,  Algonkian,  Montana  : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Chambersburg  formation,  Ordovician.  Vir- 
ginia : Bassler,  158. 

Chambersburg  limestone,  Ordovician,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Chambersburg  limestone,  Ordovician,  I’enn- 
sylvania  : Stose,  2318. 

Chanute  shale.  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers.  181  : Schrader  and 
Haworth.  2144  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Chariton  conglomerate.  Pennsylvanian. 
Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams.  234. 

Chatooga  zone,  Archean,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Chattahoochee,  Tertiary,  Georgia  : Harper, 
1077. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


289 


Chattahoochee  series,  Miocene,  Alabama  : 
Smith,  2229. 

Chattahoochee  series.  Tertiary,  Gulf  re- 
gion : Smith,  2226. 

Chattanooga  shale,  Devonian,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory : Tail,  2332. 

('hauga  zone,  Cambrian  ?,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Chautauqua  sandstone,  (^'arboniferous,  Kan- 
sas : Wooster,  2636. 

Chazy,  Ordovician,  Ontario  : Ells,  788. 

Chazy  beds,  Ordovician,  New  Yoi*k,  Ruede- 
mann,  2097. 

Chazy  formation,  Ordovician,  Vermont ; 
Seely,  2164. 

C hazy  limestone,  Ordovician,  Vermont : 
Edson,  774. 

Chazy  limestone,  Ordovician,  New  York, 
Vermont,  and  Canada  : Raymond,  1987. 

Chelmsford  sandstone,  Canada ; Coleman, 
546. 

C'helmsford  sandstone,  pre-Cambrian,  On- 
tario : Coleman,  539. 

Chemung  formation,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Williams,  2583. 

C’hemung  formation,  Devonian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  367  ; Clapp,  475,  477. 

Chemung  formation.  Devonian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Chemung  group,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Williams,  2586. 

Chemung  member,  Devonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Chemung  sandstones,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Luther,  1634. 

Cheraw  cobbles.  Pleistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Cherokee  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2636. 

C’herokee  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Missouri : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Cherokee  zone,  Cambrian?,  South  Carolina: 
Sloan,  2218. 

Cherryvale  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Chesapeake  group,  Miocene.  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2188. 
2191  ; Shattuck  ct  al.,  2193. 

Chester  formation,  Mississippian,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  595. 

Chester  group,  Mississippian,  Missouri : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Chickamauga  limestone,  Ordovician,  Ala- 
bama : Butts,  370. 

Chickamauga  limestone,  Ordovician,  Vir- 
ginia : Bassler,  158. 

Chickasaw  (Wilcox)  group.  Eocene,  Ala- 
bama : Smith,  2229. 

Chico  formation,  Cretaceous,  California : 
Diller,  721. 

Chico  series,  Cretaceous,  California  : Cran- 
dall, ,590. 

Chippewa  felsite,  Algonkian,  Michigan : 
Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 


Chisna  group,  Devonian,  Alaska : Brooks, 
313. 

Chisos  beds,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Udden, 

2409. 

Chitistone  limestone,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Chopaka  intrusive.  Paleozoic,  Cascade 
Mountains  : Daly,  632. 

Choptank  formation.  Miocene,  Maryland : 
(^lark  and  Mathews,  488;  Shattuck,  2185, 
2188,  2191  ; Shattuck,  et  al.,  2193. 

Choptank  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Chouteau  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illinois: 
Weller,  2523. 

Chouteau  limestone,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Chugwater  formation,  Triassic?,  Wyoming: 
Darton,  642,  644-647;  Fisher,  873. 

Cibolo  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Texas : 
TMden,  2409. 

Cimarron  Creek  latite,  Colorado : Cross  et 
al,  607. 

Cimarronian  series.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Cincinnati  formation,  Ordovician,  Wiscon- 
sin : Alden,  23. 

Cincinnatian  formation,  Ordovician,  Illi- 
nois : Weller,  2517,  2524. 

Cisco  formation.  Carboniferous,  Texas : 
Ries,  2058. 

Ciaggett  formation,  Cretaceous,  Alberta ; 
Cairnes.  381  ; Dowling,  735. 

Claiborne  formation.  Eocene,  Mississippi : 
Logan,  1608. 

Claiborne  formation.  Tertiary,  Louisiana 
and  Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Claiborne  group.  Eocene,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229. 

Claiborne  group.  Tertiary,  Mississippi  : Cri- 
der, 595  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Claiborne  stage,  Eocene,  Louisiana  : Harris, 
1079. 

Clallam  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington  : 
Arnold,  56. 

Clarion  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  I’ennsyl- 
vania  : Butts,  368. 

Clarksburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Claysville  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Clayton  formation.  Tertiary,  Mississippi : 
Crider,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Clayton  limestone.  Eocene,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229. 

Clayton  limestone.  Eocene,  Mississippi : 
Logan,  1608. 

C'lear  Creek  gneiss,  Colorado : Underhill, 
2414. 

Clear  Fork  division  of  the  Red  Beds,  Per- 
mian, Texas  : Case,  443. 

Clermont  shale,  Ordovician,  Iowa : Calvin, 
388. 

Clinch  (“Medina”),  Virginia:  Eckel,  765. 

Clinch  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Virginia: 
Bassler,  158. 


G6S36— Bull.  372— Oi) 19 


290  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


('linton  formation,  Silurian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Clinton  formation,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Clinton  formation,  Silurian,  West  Virginia  : 
Grimsley,  1044. 

Cloverly  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana : 
Darton,  652. 

t'loverly  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton,  642,  644-647  ; Fisher,  873. 

Coastal  group,  Canada  : Ells,  784. 

Cobleskill  dolomite,  Silurian,  New  York ; 
Clarke,  490. 

Cobleskill  limestone.  Silurian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991  ; Ilartnagel,  1084. 

Cobleskill  waterlime,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633. 

Cochran  conglomerate,  Cambrian,  Tennes- 
see : Keith,  1354. 

Cockeysville  marble,  Algonkian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Cockfleld  member.  Tertiary,  Louisiana  and 
Arkansas : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Cockfield  member  of  Claiborne,  Eocene, 
Louisiana  : Harris,  1079. 

Coeymans  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York: 
Grabau,  991  ; Ilartnagel,  1084. 

Coeymans  member,  Devonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Coffeyville  formation,  I’ennsylvanian,  Kan- 
sas : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Coggon  limestone,  Devonian,  Iowa : Nor- 
ton, 1805. 

Coldbrook  group,  pre-Cambrian,  Canada : 
Ells,  784. 

Coldwater  series,  Mississippian,  Michigan ; 
Lane,  1516. 

Coldwater  shale.  Carboniferous,  Michigan : 
Cooper.  575. 

Coldwater  group.  Tertiary,  Yukon  Terri- 
tory : Brooks,  313. 

Collinsville  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : 
Gregory,  1034 ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Colorado  formation,  Cretaceous,  Canada : 
Dowling,  735. 

Colorado  formation,  Cretaceous,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387. 

Colorado  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana ; 
Darton,  652. 

Colorado  formation,  Cretaceous,  North 
Dakota  : I>eonard,  1563. 

Colorado  formation,  ('retaceous.  Wyoming: 
Darton,  642,  644  -647;  Fisher,  873; 

Veatch,  2437. 

Coiumbia  clay.  Quaternary.  Missouri  : Shep- 
ard. 2194. 

(’olumbia  formation,  Mississippi  : Brown, 
326. 

('olumbia  formation,  IMeistocene,  South 
Carolina  : Pugh,  1963. 

Columbia  formation.  (Quaternary,  Missis- 
sippi : Logan.  160S. 

Columbia  formation.  (Quaternary,  Tennessee, 
Kentucky,  and  Illinois:  Glenn,  t)71. 


Columbia  formation.  Tertiary,  Georgia : 
Harper,  1077. 

Columbia  group,  I’leistoceue,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2185, 
2188,  2191  ; Shattuck  ct  ah,  2193. 

Columbia  group.  Quaternary,  Maryland  and 
Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Columbia  sands.  Pleistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Columbia  sands.  Ideistocene,  Texas  : Fenne- 
man,  859  ; Ries,  2058. 

Columbia  Ford  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Columbus  formation,  Devonian,  Ohio : 
Swartz,  2329. 

Columbus  limestone,  Devonian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  883. 

Columbus  limestone,  Devonian,  Ohio : 
Stauffer,  2277,  2278. 

Colville,  Tertiary,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Colvin  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appala- 
chian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Comanche  series,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Comanche  series,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Darton,  648. 

Combahee  shale,  Oligocene,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Conasauga  limestone,  Ordovician,  Alabama  : 
Butts,  370. 

Conasauga  shales,  Cambrian,  Georgia  : 
Watson,  2483. 

Concreto  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Concreto  (Lane)  shale,  Carboniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Conemaugh  formation.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368 ; Clapp,  475,  477 ; 
Stevenson,  2294  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Conemaugh  formation.  Carboniferous,  I'enn- 
sylvania,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn.  1048. 

Conemaugh  formation.  Pennsylvanian,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Conemaugh  series.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Congaree  shales.  Eocene,  vSouth  ('arolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Connellsville  sandstone.  Carboniferous.  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Connoquenessing  sandstone.  Carboniferous, 
I’ennsylvania  : Butts,  368. 

Cooks  Mountain  beds.  Tertiary,  Texas : 
Fenneman,  859. 

Copley  metaandesite.  pre-Devonian,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721, 

Copper  Harbor  conglomerates.  Cambrian, 
Michigan  : Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Cornwall  shale.  Devonian,  New  York : 
Ilartnagel,  1084. 

Cortlandt  series,  Ordovician,  New  York  : 
Berkey,  207. 

(’orwin  formation,  .lurassic,  Alaska  : Col- 
lier, 552. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


291 


Corwin  series,  Jurassic,  Alaska ; Brooks, 
313. 

Cottonwood  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kan- 
sas : Beede  and  Rogers,  181:  Wooster, 
1>G36. 

Covington  group,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky : Bassler,  15G. 

Cowrun  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stevenson,  2294. 

Coyote  formation,  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico ; Keyes,  1377. 

Crab  Orchard  division,  Silurian,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  883,  884. 

Cranberry  granite,  Archean,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Tennessee : Keith,  1354. 

Crescent  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington  : 
Arnold,  5G. 

Creston  quartzite,  Algonkian,  Montana: 
Walcott,  2470. 

Creston  quartzite,  Idaho  and  Montana : 
Daly,  G31. 

Cripple  Creek  granite,  Colorado : Graton, 
102G. 

Crown  conglomerate,  Cretaceous,  Texas : 
■Udden,  2409. 

Crown  Point  limestone,  Ordovician,  New 
York  : Raymond,  1987. 

Crusher  Hill  shales  and  limestones,  Per- 
mian, Kansas  : Wooster,  2G3G. 

Cuchara  formation,  Cretaceous?,  Colorado: 
Darton,  G48. 

Culebra  beds,  Panama  : Howe,  1245. 

Culebra  formation.  Tertiary,  Panama : 
Howe,  1244. 

Curdsville,  Ordovician,  Kentucky : Miller, 
1748. 

Cutler  formation.  Carboniferous  (Per- 
mian?), Colorado:  Cross  ct  al,  G07. 

Cuyahoga  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ohio : 
Carney,  427. 

Cuyuna  series,  Minnesota  : Leith,  1557. 

Cynthiana  formation,  Ordovician,  Ken- 
tucky : Foerste,  884. 

Dadina  schists,  Alaska:  Brooks,  313. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Alberta : 
Cairnes,  381  ; Dowling,  735. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Darton,  G48  ; Fenneman  and  Gale,  8G3  ; 
Fisher,  8G9  ; Gale,  922. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Iowa : Cal- 
vin, 387  ; Macbride,  1G39. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska : 
Condra,  570  ; Woodruff,  2G28. 

Dakota  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Veatch,  2440. 

Dakota  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Cross  et  al.,  G07. 

Dakota  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico:  Shaler,  217G. 

Dakota  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Dari  on  and  OTIarra,  G5G. 

Dakotan  series,  Cretaceous,  New  Mexico : 
Keyes,  i370. 


Danbury  granodiorite-gneiss,  Connecticut  : 
Gregory,  1034 ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1 038. 

Davenport,  lower,  sub-stage,  Iowa  : Norton, 
1805. 

Day  Creek  dolomite,  l‘ermian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Day  Point  limestone,  Ordovician,  New 
York  : Raymond,  1987. 

Deadwood  formation,  Cambrian,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  G42,  G44-G47  ; Fisher,  873. 

Decker  Ferry  limestone,  Silurian,  New 
York:  Hartnagel,  1084. 

Decorah  shale,  Ordovician,  Iowa : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234  ; Calvin.  388. 

Deer  Creek  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kan- 
sas : Wooster,  2G3G. 

DeKalb  limestone.  Pennsylvanian,  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Dekkas  andesite,  Triassic,  California  : Dil- 
ler,  721. 

Delaware  limestone,  Devonian,  Ohio  : Stauf- 
fer, 2277,  2278  ; Swartz,  2329. 

Del  Rio  clay,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Udden, 
2408,  2409. 

Denison  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  243G. 

Dennis  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Schrader  and 
Haworth,  2144  ; Woo.ster,  2G3G. 

Denver  formation.  Cretaceous?,  Colorado: 
Darton,  G4R. 

De  Smet  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton,  G44-G47. 

Des  Moines  formation.  Carboniferous,  Iowa  : 
Calvin,  387 ; Savage,  2128. 

Des  Moines  group,  Pennsylvanian,  Missouri : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Des  Moines  stage.  I’ennsylvanian,  Iowa : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Devil’s  River  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Texas  : 
Udden,  2408. 

Devonshire  formation,  Bermuda  Islands : 
Verrill,  2445. 

Difficulty  Creek  latite,  Colorado,  Cross  et 
al.,  G07. 

Dighton  conglomerate,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1G74. 

Dillard  series,  Cretaceous,  Oregon : Diller, 
724. 

Dockum  formation,  Triassic,  Texas  : Gould, 
98G. 

Dockum  group,  Triassic,  Texas  : Gould,  987. 

Dog  Creek  shales,  Permian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Dolores  formation,  Triassic,  Colorado : 
Cross,  G04  : Cross  et  ah,  G07. 

r»on  beds  of  Toronto  formation.  Quater- 
nary, Canada  ; Coleman,  547. 

Donley  limestone.  Carboniferous,  l*ennsyl- 
vania,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Dore  formation,  Canada:  Bell,  189. 

Dothan  formation,  Jurassic,  Oregon:  Diller, 
724. 


292  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Double  Mountain  division  of  the  Red  Beds, 
I’ermian,  Texas  : Case.  448. 

Dresbach  formation,  Cambrian,  Iowa:  Cal- 
vin. 387. 

I)resbach  sandstone,  Cambrian.  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Drum  formation.  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas: 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Drumlummon  porph.vry  dikes,  Montana  : 
Barrel!,  140. 

Dry  Creek  shale,  Devono-Silurian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  800. 

Dubuque  formation.  Ordovician,  upper 
Mississippi  Valley:  Sardeson.  2122. 

Dudley  shales.  Carboniferous.  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers.  181:  Wooster,  2630. 

Duffin  layer,  Devonian,  Kentucky  : Foerste, 
883.  884. 

Dugout  clays  and  gravels.  Tertiary,  Texas: 
Fdden.  2409. 

Duluth  gabbro,  Algonkian.  Minnesota  : Ab- 
bott, 1. 

l»undee  limestone,  Devonian.  Michigan  : 
(^ooj)er,  573  : Lane,  1510. 

Dunkard  formation.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson.  2295. 

Dunkard  formation,  Permian.  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Dunkard  group.  Carboniferous.  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  475.  476. 

Dunkard  group.  Carboniferous  (Permian). 
Pennsylvania  : Clapp,  477.' 

Dunkard  series.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsle.v,  1044,  1040. 

Eagle  formation,  Cretaceous,  Canada  : 
Dowling.  735. 

Eagle  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Eagle  Ford  beds,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Fd- 
den. 2408. 

F'agle  Ford  formation.  Cretaceous.  Arkan- 
sas : Veatch,  2430. 

Eagle  Ford  formation,  Cretaceous,  Texas  : 
Ries.  2058. 

Eagle  I’ass  formation.  Cretaceous,  Texas : 
TTlden,  2408. 

Eagle  River  .group,  Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman.  1518. 

Earlham  limestone.  Pennsylvanian.  Iowa  : 
Be.ver  and  Williams.  234. 

Earlton  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2030. 

Eastford  granite-gneiss.  Connecticut : Gre.g- 
orv,  1034  : Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

East  Greenwich  group,  early  Carbonifer- 
ous or  late  pre-Carhoniferous : Emerson 
and  Perry.  790. 

Easton  schist.  pre-Tertiary,  Washington  : 
Smith  and  ('alkins.  2240. 

Economy  member,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky  : Bassler.  150. 

Edd.v  formation.  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico: Keyes.  1377. 

Eden,  Ordovician.  Kentucky:  Miller.  1748. 

Eden  formation.  Ordovician,  Ohio  and  Ken- 
tucky : Bassler,  150. 


Eden  shale,  Ordovician,  Pennsylvania : 
Stose,  2318. 

Eden  shales  and  sandstones,  Ordovician, 
Virginia  : Bassler,  158. 

Edgefield-Chesterfield  zone,  Algongian?, 
South  ('arolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Edisto  marls,  Miocene,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Edmonton  formation,  Cretaceous,  Alberta  : 
Cairnes,  381. 

Edmonton  series.  Cretaceous,  Canada:  Dow- 
ling. 735. 

Elbert  formation,  Devonian,  Colorado : 
Cross  ct  al.,  007. 

Elbrook  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician,  Penn- 
sylvania : Stose,  2318. 

Elgin  sandstone,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2036. 

Elgin  shaly  limestones,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : 
Calvin,  388. 

Elk  Lick  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Ellensburg  formation.  Tertiary,  Washing- 
ton : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Ellis  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana  : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Ellsworth  schist,  Cambrian  or  pre-Cam- 
brian, Maine  : Smith  ct  ah,  2241, 

Elmdale  formation.  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Elm  Grove  limestone,  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Elvins  formation,  Cambro-Ordovician,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Ely  greenstone,  Archean,  Minnesota : Ab- 
bott, 1. 

Ely  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Nevada : 
Lawson,  1526. 

Embar  formation.  Carboniferous,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  642,  647 ; Fisher,  873. 

Empire  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana  : 
Walcott,  2470. 

Empire  shale,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Barrel!, 
149, 

Emporia  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  : Wooster,  2636. 

Enfield  shale  member.  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Williams,  2583. 

Englishtown.  Cretaceous,  New  .Tersey : 
Clark.  483. 

Englishtown  sand,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey  : 
Weller,  2520. 

Enochkin  formation,  .Turassic,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Fio-Huronian.  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan : 
I.ane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Erie  (Bronson)  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kan- 
sas : Wooster.  2636. 

Erwin  quartzite.  Cambrian,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Tennessee  : Keith,  1354. 

Escondido  beds  of  Eagle  Pass  formation, 
Cretaceous.  Texas  : Fdden.  2408. 

Eskridge  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


293 


Esopus  shales,  Devonian,  New  York ; Gra- 
bau,  991. 

Estill  clay,  Silurian,  Kentucky : Foerste, 
883,  884. 

Eureka  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 

Wooster,  2636. 

Eureka  quartzite,  Ordovician,  Nevada  and 
California  : Ball,  120. 

Eutaw  formation,  Cretaceous,  Alabama  ; 
Smith,  2229. 

Eutaw  formation,  Cretaceous,  Mississippi : 
Logan,  1608. 

Eutaw  sands,  Cretaceous,  Mississippi : 

Crider,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Eutaw  sand,  Cretaceous,  Tennessee  : Glenn, 
971. 

Evans  granite,  Colorado  : Collier,  553. 

Evanston  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151  ; Veatch,  2437. 

Everton  limestone,  Ordovician,  Arkansas 
and  Missouri:  Purdue,  1967. 

Fairhaven  diatomaceous  earth,  Miocene, 
Maryland:  Shattuck,  2185,  2188. 

Fairhaven  diatomaceous  member,  Miocene, 
Maryland  : Shattuck  ei  al.,  2193. 

Fairview  formation,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky  : Bassler,  156. 

Fall  Creek  conglomerate  lentil,  Devonian, 
New  York  : Williams,  2583. 

Farnham  formation,  Ordovician,  Canada  : 
Young,  2660. 

Fayette  clays.  Tertiary,  Texas  : Ries,  2058. 

Fayette  sands.  Tertiary,  Texas : Fenne- 

man,  859. 

Fayetteville  formation,  Mississippian, 
Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971. 

Fayetteville  formation,  Mississippian,  In- 
dian Territory  : Taft,  2332. 

Fern  Glen  formation,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Weller,  2519. 

Fern  Glen  (Kinderhook ) , Mississippian, 
Illinois  : Fenneman,  860. 

Fernando  formation,  Miocene-Pliocene- 
Pleistocene,  California : Arnold  and 

Anderson,  66. 

Fernando  formation.  Pliocene,  California  : 
Arnold,  63  ; Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Fernando  formation.  Tertiary,  California : 
Arnold  and  Anderson,  67. 

Fernie  shale,  Alberta  : Dowling,  735. 

Fernie  shale,  Jurassic,  Alberta:  Cairnes, 
381  ; Dowling,  736. 

Fickett  series.  Carboniferous  (in  part), 
Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Fish  Creek  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Fish  Creek  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : ('lapp,  476.  ' 

Fish  Creek  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Fishpot  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Fishpot  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  475. 

Flades  clay,  Silurian,  Kentucky : Foerste, 
883,  884. 


Flathead  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Montana : 
Emmons,  806 ; Rowe,  2090 ; Walcott, 
2470. 

Flatwoods  clay.  Eocene,  Mississippi : Lo- 
gan and  Hand,  1609. 

Flatwoods  clay.  Tertiary,  Mississippi : Cri- 
der, 595. 

Fleming  clay.  Tertiary,  Louisiana  : Veatch, 
2436,  2437. 

Florena  member  of  Garrison  formation. 
Carboniferous,  Kansas : Beede  and  Rog- 
ers, 181. 

Florence  beds,  I’ermian,  Kansas  : Wooster, 
2636. 

Florence  flints,  Permian,  Kansas  : Wooster, 
2636. 

Florissant  formation.  Tertiary  (Eocene), 
Colorado:  Henderson,  1127. 

Flower-pot  shales,  Permian,  Kansas  : Woos- 
ter, 2636. 

Fordham  gneiss,  pre-Cambrian,  New  York : 
Berkey,  207. 

Fort  Atkinson  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  388. 

Fort  Benton  sbales,  Cretaceous,  Iowa : 
Macbride,  1639. 

Fort  I’ierre  formation,  Cretaceous,  Mon- 
tana : Rowe,  2090. 

Fort  Riley  limestones,  Permian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Fort  Scott  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Kan- 
sas : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144  : 

Wooster,  2636. 

Port  Smith  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ar- 
kansas : Collier,  556. 

Fort  Union,  Cretaceous,  Montana  : Brown, 
325. 

Fort  Union,  Tertiary,  Wyoming : Veatch, 
2439. 

Fort  Union  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana  : 
Leonard,  1564. 

Fort  Union  formation,  Cretaceous,  North 
Dakota  : Leonard,  1563. 

Fort  Union  formation,  Tertiary,  Wyoming : 
Veatch,  2440. 

Fort  Worth  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkan- 
sas : Veatch,  2436. 

Fortymile  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Fortymile  Creek  formation,  pre-Devonian, 
Alaska  : Prindle,  1956. 

Fountain  formation.  Carboniferous,  Colo- 
rado : Finlay,  868. 

Fox  Hills  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana  : 
Brown,  325  ; Leonard,  1564  ; Rowe,  2090. 

Fox  Hills  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  642  ; Fisher,  873. 

Fox  Hills  member  of  Montana  formation, 
Cretaceous,  North  Dakota : Leonard, 

1563. 

Fox  Hills  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  ; 
Darton,  648. 

Fox  Hills  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  North 
Dakota  : Leonard,  1560. 

Fox  Hills  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming: 
Darton  and  OTIarra,  656. 


294  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA^,  1906-1907 


Franciscan  formation,  Jurassic?,  Califor- 
nia ; Arnold  and  Anderson,  6G,  67. 

Franciscan  (Golden  Gate)  series,  pre-Cre- 
taceous,  California  : Crandall,  591. 

Franklin  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appala- 
chian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Freda  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Michigan ; 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Freeport  group.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Freeport  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania ; Butts,  368  ; Stevenson,  2294. 

Freeport  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  ; Grimsley,  1046. 

Freeport  sandstone,  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania ; Butts,  368  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Freeport  (Roaring  Creek)  sandstone.  Car- 
boniferous, West  Virginia  : Grimsley, 

1046. 

Fremont  limestone,  Ordovician,  Colorado : 
Darton,  648. 

Frio  clays.  Tertiary,  Texas : Fenneman, 
859  ; Ries,  2058. 

Frontier  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151  : Veatch,  2440. 

Fulda  sandstone,  Permian,  Texas : Case, 
443. 

Fulton  green  shale.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Fulton  member,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and  Ken- 
tucky ; Bassler,  156. 

Furnaceville  iron  ore,  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Hartnagel,  1085. 

Furnaceville  iron  ore  formation,  Silurian, 
New  York  : Clarke,  494. 

Fuson  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton  and  O’Harra,  656. 

Gakona  group.  Tertiary,  Alaska : Brooks, 
313. 

Galena  (Boone)  beds,  Mississippian,  Kansas  : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Galena  dolomite,  Ordovician,  upper  Missis- 
sippi Valley  : Bain,  99. 

Galena  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa : Cal- 
vin, 387,  388 ; Leonard,  1559 ; Savage, 
2128. 

Galena  limestone,  Ordovician,  Wisconsin : 
Grant,  1017  ; Grant  and  Burchard,  1021. 

Galena  series,  Ordovician,  upper  Mississippi 
Valley  : Sardeson,  2122. 

Galena  stage.  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Beyer  and 
Williams,  234. 

Galesburg  shale,  I’ennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144  ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Gal  ice  formation,  Jurassic,  Oregon  : Diller, 
724. 

Gallatin  limestone,  Cambrian,  Montana  : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Gardiner  clays.  Pleistocene,  New  England  : 
Fuller,  913. 

Garnett  limestone.  Carboniferous.  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Garrard,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller, 
1748. 


Garrison  formation.  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181. 

Gasconade  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
^Missouri  ; Shepard,  2194. 

Gatuu  formation,  Oligocene,  Panama ; 
Howe,  1244. 

Genesee  black  shale,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Imther,  163.3,  16.34. 

Genesee  member.  Devonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Genesee  shale,  Devonian,  New  York : Wil- 
liams, 2583. 

Genesee  shale,  Devonian,  Pennsylvania : 
Butts,  367. 

Geneva  limestone,  Devonian,  Indiana : 
Stauffer,  2278. 

Genundewah  limestone,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Luther,  1633,  1634. 

Gering  beds.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  and 
Nebraska:  Peterson,  1916. 

Giants  Range  granite,  Algonkian,  Minne- 
sota : Abbott,  1. 

Gila  conglomerate.  Quaternary,  Arizona ; 
Lee,  1541. 

Gilboy  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1046. 

Gilmore  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Gilmore  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  476. 

Gladeville  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Vir- 
ginia : Stone,  2311. 

Glastonbury  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Gleneyrie  formation.  Carboniferous,  Colo- 
rado : Finlay,  868. 

Glen  Park  limestone.  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Weller,  2519. 

Goobic  sands.  Quaternary,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
31.3. 

Goodland  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Goodnight  formation.  Tertiary,  Texas : 
Gould,  986. 

Goodrich  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan: Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Goose  Creek  marl,  Miocene,  South  (''arolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Gordon  sandstone,  Devonian,  Pennsylvania  : 
Woolsey,  2634. 

Gosport  greensand.  Eocene,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

j Gower  formation,  Silurian.  Iowa : Calvin, 

I 387  : Savage,  2128. 

I Gower  stage.  Silurian.  Iowa : Beyer  and 
Williams.  2.34. 

Grafton  quartzite.  Cambrian,  Rhode  Island* 
Emerson  and  Perry,  790. 

Grampus  gneiss.  pre-Cambrian,  New  York : 
('ushing,  614. 

Grand  Gulf  formation,  Miocene.  Mississippi  : 
Logan.  1608. 

Grand  Gulf  formation,  Pliocene,  Alabama: 
Smith,  2229. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FOEMATIONS. 


295 


Grand  Gulf  formation,  Tertiary,  Gulf  re- 
gion : Smith,  2226,  2228. 

Grand  Gulf  formation.  Tertiary,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson, 
599. 

Grand  Rapids,  upper  and  lower.  Carbonifer- 
ous, Michigan  : Cooper,  575. 

Graneros  shale,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : Dar- 
ton,  648 ; Fisher,  869. 

Graneros  shale,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska  : Con- 
dra,  570. 

Graneros  shale,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming  : Bar- 
ton and  OTIarra',  656. 

Graving  series,  Cretaceous,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313. 

Graydon  sandstone,  Pennsylvanian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Great  conglomerate,  Cambrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Great  Smoky  conglomerate,  Cambrian, 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee : Keith, 
1352. 

Greenbrier  formation,  Mississippian,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Greenbrier  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 

Greenbrier  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044, 

Greenbrier  limestone,  Mississippian,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  477. 

Greenbrier  limestone,  Mississippian,  Vir- 
ginia ; Bassler,  158. 

Greendale  bed,  Ordovician,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  884. 

Greene  formation.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Greene  formation.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  475,  476. 

Greene  formation.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stone  and  Clapp,  2314. 

Greene  formation.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Greene  formation.  Carboniferous  (Penn- 
sylvanian), I’ennsylvania  : Clapp,  477. 

Greenhorn  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyom- 
ing ; Barton  and  OTIarra,  656. 

Greenhorn  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Colo- 
rado : Barton,  648  ; Fisher,  869. 

Greenhorn  limestone,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska  ; 
Condra,  570. 

Green  River,  Tertiary,  Wyoming:  Veatch, 
2439. 

Green  River  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  : 
Schultz,  2151  ; Veatch,  2437. 

Greer  formation,  Permian,  Texas:  Gould, 
986,  987. 

Grenville  series,  pre-Cambrian  : Adams  et 
al.,  13. 

Grenville  scries,  pre-Cambrian,  New  York  : 
Bcrkey,  207  ; Cushing,  614. 

Grenville  series,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  : 
Miller  and  Knight,  1759. 

Greyson  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana  : 
Barrel!,  149. 

Greyson  shales,  Algonkian,  Montana: 
Rowe,  2090. 


Grimes  sandstone,  Bevonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1634. 

Guadaloupan  series.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Gulf  series,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : Veatch, 
2436. 

Gunflint  formation,  Algonkian,  ^Minnesota  : 
Abbott,  1. 

Gunstock  dike.  New  Hampshire : Pirsson 
and  Washington,  1934. 

Gunstock  gneiss.  New  Hampshire : Pirsson 
and  Washington,  1934. 

Guye  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Hackherry  shales,  Bevonian,  Iowa:  Wil- 
liams, -2588. 

Hackherry  shales,  Permian,  Kansas  : Woos- 
ter, 2636. 

Haddam  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Hale  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Arkansas : 
Purdue,  1971. 

Hamburg  beds,  Cretaceous,  South  Carolina  ; 
Sloan,  2217. 

Hamburg  clays,  Cretaceous,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Hamburg  slate,  pre-Cambrian,  Wisconsin : 
Weidman,  2512. 

Hamilton  formation,  Bevonian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  367. 

Hamilton  member,  Bevonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Hamilton  shales,  Bevonian,  New  Y’^ork : 
Grahau,  991. 

Hamilton  shale  formation,  Bevonian,  New 
York  : Williams,  2583. 

Hamilton  shale,  Bevonian,  West  Virginia : 
Grimsley,  1044. 

Hampshire  formation,  Bevonian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Hampshire  formation,  Bevonian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Hampton  clays.  Pleistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Hampton  shale,  Cambrian,  Tennessee : 
Keith,  1354. 

Hance  formation,  Carboniferous,  Kentucky  : 
Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Hannibal  formation,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Harding  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Colorado : 
Barton,  648. 

Harper  beds,  Permian,  Kansas : Wooster, 
2636. 

Harpers  formation,  Cambrian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Harpers  formation,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stose,  2318. 

Harpers  shale,  Cambrian,  West  Vii’ginia : 
Grimsley,  1044. 

Harrison  beds.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  and  Ne- 
braska : I’eterson,  1916. 

Harrison  diorite,  Cambrian,  New  Y'ork  : 
Berkey,  207. 

I larrodshurgh  limestone,  Mississippian,  In- 
diana : Blatchley,  246 ; Reagan,  1998. 


296  BIBLIOGEAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Hartford  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Ilartland  (Iloosac)  schist,  Connecticut: 
Gregory,  1034. 

Ilartland  schist,  Connecticut : Gregory 

and  Robinson,  1038. 

llartshorne  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Ar- 
kansas : Collier,  556. 

Harvard  conglomerate,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1674. 

Hastings  phase  of  Grenville  series,  pre- 
Cambrian  : Adams  et  al.,  13. 

Hatch  shale  and  flags,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Luther,  1634. 

Hatchetigbee  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama  : 
Smith,  2229. 

Hawkins  formation,  pre-Tertiary,  Wash- 
ington : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Hayes  River  beds,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Hebron  gneiss,  Connecticut : Gregory,  1034  ; 
Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Helderberg  formation,  Devonian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Helderberg  limestone,  Silurian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Helen  formation,  Canada  : Bell,  189. 

Helen  iron  formation,  Ontario:  Coleman, 
541  ; Moore,  1770. 

Helena  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
Walcott,  2470. 

Helena  limestone,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
Barrel!,  149. 

Hell  Creek  beds,  Cretaceous,  Montana : 
Brown,  325. 

Henderson  granite,  Archean,  North  Caro- 
lina and  South  Carolina  : Keith,  1353. 

Henrietta  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Henson  tuff,  Colorado  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Hermosa  formation.  Carboniferous  (Penn- 
sylvanian), ('olorado  : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Herod  gravels.  Pleistocene,  New  England: 
Fuller,  91.3. 

Hertha  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Hesse  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Tennessee : 
Keith,  1354. 

Highbridge,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller, 
1748. 

High  Falls  shale,  Silurian,  New  Y"ork  : Gra- 
bau,  991  ; llartnagel,  1084. 

High  I‘oint  sandstone,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Luther,  1634. 

High  I’oint  sandstones.  New  Y'ork  : Jones, 
1318. 

Hignite  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ken- 
tucky : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Hilliard  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming: 
Schultz,  2151. 

Hiwassee  slate,  Cambrian,  North  Carolina: 
Keith,  1352. 

Hiwassee  slate,  Cambrian,  Tennessee  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Holstston  formation,  Ordovician.  Virginia: 
Bassh'i",  158. 


Homewood  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368. 

Homewood  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

ITonaker  limestone,  Cambrian,  Tennessee : 
Keith,  1354. 

Honaker  limestone,  Cambrian,  Virginia  : 
Bassler.  158. 

Iloosac  schist,  Connecticut  : Gregory,  1C34. 

Hopkinton  formation,  Silurian,  Iowa  : Cal- 
vin, 387  ; Norton,  1805  ; Savage,  2128. 

Hopkinton  stage,  Silurian,  Iowa  : Beyer  and 
Williams,  234. 

Hornerstown,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey : 
Clark,  483. 

Hornerstown  marl,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey: 
Weller,  2520. 

Hornsboro  sandstone,  Jura-Triassic,  South 
Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Horsefly  gravels.  Tertiary,  Y’ukon  Territory  : 
Brooks,  313. 

Hosselkus  limestone,  Triassic,  California : 
Diller,  721. 

Howard  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Howson  andesite.  Tertiary,  Washington : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Hudson  River  slates,  Ordovician,  New 
York  : Berkey,  207. 

Hudson  schist,  Cambro-Ordovician,  Con- 
necticut : Hobbs,  1185. 

Hueco  limestone.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Humphrey  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Hunker  series,  Y'ukon  Territory : Brooks, 
313. 

Huron  group,  Mississippian,  Indiana  : 
Blatchley,  246. 

Huronian,  lower,  series,  pre-Cambrian,  On- 
tario : Silver,  2212. 

Huronian  sediments,  pre-Cambrian,  On- 
tario : Coleman,  539. 

Idaho  Springs  formation,  pre-Cambrian, 
Colorado  : Ball,  118. 

Ignacio  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Colorado : 
Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Illinoian,  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Calvin.  387. 

Independence  limestone,  Cai’boniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

Independence  sub-stage,  Devonian,  Iowa  : 
Norton,  1805. 

Indian  Fields  formation,  Silurian,  Ken- 
tucky : Foerste,  883,  884, 

Indian  River  series,  Yukon  Territory: 
Brooks,  313. 

Inwood  limestone,  pre-Cambrian,  New  Y'ork  : 
Berkey,  207. 

lola  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Schrader  and 
Haworth,  2144. 

lola  (Earl  ton)  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2636. 

lone  formation,  Tertiary,  California  : Dil- 

ler, 721. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


297 


Iowan  drift,  Pleistocene,  Iowa  : Arey,  53 ; 
Calvin,  387,  388 ; Leonard,  155J) ; Mac- 
bride,  1639  ; Norton,  1805  ; Savage,  2128  ; 
Williams,  2588. 

Irasburg  conglomerate,  Ordovician,  Ver- 
mont : Richardson,  2037. 

Irondequoit  limestone,  Silurian,  New  York  ; 
Clarke,  494  ; Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Iron  Mountain  porphyry,  Archean,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Ironwood,  Michigan  : Gordon  and  Lane, 

985. 

Irvine  formation.  Tertiary,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  883,  884. 

Isle  La  Motte  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Ver- 
mont : Seely,  2164. 

Islesboro  formation,  Cambrian,  Maine : 
Smith  et  aJ.,  2241. 

Ithaca  formation,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991. 

Ithaca  shale  member,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Williams,  2583. 

Izard  limestone,  Ordovician,  Arkansas : 
Purdue,  1970. 

.Tackson  formation.  Eocene,  Mississippi  : 
Logan,  1608. 

Jackson  formation.  Tertiary,  Louisiana  ana 
Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Jackson  formation,  Tertiary,  Mississippi  : 
Crider,  595,  598 ; Crider  and  Johnson, 
599. 

Jackson  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appala- 
chian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Jackson  stage.  Eocene,  Louisiana : Harris, 
1079. 

Jacob  sand,  IMeistocene,  New  Englhnd : 
Fuller,  913. 

Jacobsville  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Jameco,  Pleistocene,  New  England  : Fuller, 
913. 

Jameco  gravel.  Quaternary,  New  York  : 
Veatch,  2434. 

Jefferson  limestone,  Devono-Silurian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

Jefferson  City  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovi- 
cian,  Missouri  : Shepard,  2194. 

Jeffersonville  limestone,  Devonian,  Indiana  : 
Blatchley,  246  ; Stauffer,  2278. 

Jennings  formation,  Devonian,  Maryland ; 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Jennings  formation,  Devonian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Jerseyan,  Quaternary,  Iowa  ; Norton,  1805. 

Jessamine  series,  Ordovician,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  884. 

Joachim  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Missouri:  Shepard,  2194. 

Joachim  limestone,  Ordovician,  Illinois : 
Weller,  2523. 

Johnston  cement  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Stevenson,  2294. 

Jollytown  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Jollytown  limestone.  Carbon ifc'rous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 


Jordan  formation,  Cambrian,  Iowa  : Cal- 
vin, 387,  388. 

Jordan  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

.Judith  River  beds,  Cretaceous,  Alberta  : 
Cairnes,  381. 

.Tndith  River  formation,  Cretaceous,  Can- 
ada : Dowling,  735. 

Junction  City  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian, 
Wisconsin:  Weidman,  2512. 

Juniata  formation,  Silurian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Kachess  rhyolite.  Tertiary,  Washington  ; 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Kanab  sandstone,  Utah  : Lee,  1544. 

Kanawha  series.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Kansan  drift.  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Arey,  53  ; 
Calvin,  387,  388;  Leonard,  1559;  Mac- 
bride,  1639;  Savage,  2128;  Williams, 
2588. 

Kansan  ( ?)  deposits.  Quaternary,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Woolsey,  2634. 

Kanwaka  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Kasaan  greenstone,  Cretaceous,  Alaska ; 
Brooks,  313. 

Katalla  formation.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : Mar- 
tin, 1680. 

Kearsarge  conglomerate,  Michigan  : Lane, 
1507. 

Kearsarge  conglomerate,  Algonkian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane,  1509. 

Keechelus  andesitic  series.  Tertiary,  Wash- 
ington : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Keewatin,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  : Silver, 
221 2. 

Keeweenawan,  Algonkian,  Michigan  : Gor- 
don and  Lane,  985. 

Kelly  formation,  ('arboniferous.  New  Mexi- 
co : Gordon,  982. 

Kelly  limestone,  Mississippian,  New  Mexi- 
co : Gordon,  981. 

Kenai  formation.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : Moffit, 
1762;  Paige  and  Knopf,  I860;  Prindle, 
1956 ; Stone,  2308. 

Kenai  series.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : Brooks.  313. 

Kennett  formation,  Devonian,  California  : 
Diller,  721. 

Kennicott  formation.  Jura  - Cretaceous, 
Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Keokuk  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illinois : 
Weller,  2523. 

Keokuk  limestone,  Mississippian,  Missouri  : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Keokuk  limestone  and  shale,  Mississippian, 
Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Kessler  limestone  lentil,  Pennsylvanian, 
Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971. 

Ketchikan  series.  Carboniferous,  Alaska  : 
Kindle,  1400. 

Ketchikan  series,  Triassic  and  Carbonifer- 
ous, Alaska:  Brooks,  313. 

Keweenawan,  pre-('arnbrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 


298  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Keweenawan,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario : Sil- 

ver, 2212. 

Keweenawan  series,  Ontario : Moore,  1770. 

Kiddville  layer,  Devonian,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  884. 

Kiger  beds,  Permian,  Kansas : Wooster, 

2636. 

Kigluaik  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313  ; Mof- 
fit,  1764. 

Kimmswick  limestone,  Ordovician,  Illi- 
nois : Weller,  2522,  2523. 

Kimmswick  limestone,  Ordovician,  Mis- 
souri : Weller,  2519. 

Kinderhook,  Mississippian,  Iowa : Beyer 

and  Williams,  234. 

Kinderbook  formation.  Carboniferous, 
Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 

Kinderbook  group,  Mississippian,  Illinois : 
Bowman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Kinderhook  shale,  Mississippian,  Illinois : 
AVeller,  2523. 

Kingsbury  conglomerate,  Cretaceous,  Wyo- 
ming : Darton,  644—647. 

King’s  Creek  silex,  Oligocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Kingston  group,  Canada  : Ells,  784. 

Kitchener  quartzite,  Idaho  and  Montana : 
Daly,  631. 

Kittanning  group.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Kittanning  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368. 

Klondike  series,  Yukon  Territory ; Brooks, 
313. 

Knife  slates,  Algonkian,  Minnesota  : Ab- 
bott, 1. 

Knight  beds.  Tertiary,  Wyoming;  Veatch, 
2439. 

Knight  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming : 
Schultz,  2151. 

Knob  Lick  granite,  Archean,  Missouri  : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Knobstone,  Mississippian,  Indiana  : Reagan, 
1998. 

Knox  dolomite,  Cambro-Ordovician,  Vir- 
ginia ; Bassler,  158. 

Knox  dolomite,  Ordovician,  Alabama : 
Butts,  370;  Smith,  2229. 

Knox  dolomite,  Ordovician,  Georgia  : Wat- 
son, 2483. 

Knox  dolomite,  Ordovician,  Tennessee ; 
Keith,  1354. 

Knox  limestone,  Cambrian  and  Ordovician, 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Knox  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician,  I’enn- 
sylvania  : Stose,  2318. 

Knoxville  beds,  Cretaceous,  California : 
Crandall,  590. 

Knoxville  formation.  Cretaceous.  Califor- 
nia ; Arnold  and  Anderson,  66,  67. 

Kona  dolomite,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Kootanie  coal  measures,  Cretaceous,  Al- 
berta : Dowling.  736. 

Kootanie  formation,  (^retaceous,  Alberta ; 
Cairnes,  381  ; Dowling,  735. 


Kootanie  series,  Cretaceous,  Montana  and 
Alberta  : Knowlton,  1418. 

Kootenai  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana ; 
Rowe,  2090. 

Koyukuk  series,  Cretaceous,  Alaska  ; 
Brooks,  313. 

Kruger  schists.  Paleozoic,  Washington  and 
British  Columbia  : Daly,  632. 

Kushtaka  formation.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : 
Martin,  1680. 

Kuzitrin  formation,  Alaska  ; Brooks,  313  ; 
Moffit,  1764. 

Labette  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas . 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Ladore  shale.  Carboniferous,  Kansas ; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Ladore-Dudley  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kan- 
sas : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Ladronesian  series.  Carboniferous,  New 
IMexico  : Keyes,  1377,  1382. 

Lafayette  formation.  Gulf  region : Smith, 
2228. 

Lafayette  formation,  Mississippi : Logan 
and  Hand.  1609. 

Lafayette  formation.  Pliocene,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

Lafayette  formation.  Pliocene,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2184, 
2191. 

Lafayette  formation.  Pliocene?,  Maryland: 
Shattuck  et  ah,  2193. 

liafayette  formation.  Quaternary,  Missis- 
sippi: Brown,  326;  Crider,  595;  Logan, 
1608. 

Lafayette  formation,  Tertiar}’,  Georgia : 
Harper,  1077. 

Lafayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Gulf  region  : 
Smith,-  2226. 

La  Fayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Illinois : 
Purdy  and  DeWolf,  1973. 

Lafayette  form;\tion.  Tertiary,  Louisiana 
and  Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436.  2437. 

I.afayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Maryland 
and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Lafayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Mississippi : 
Crider  and  .Tohnson,  599. 

Lafayette  formation.  Tertiary,  South  Caro- 
lina : I’ugh,  1963. 

I-afayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Tennessee, 
Kentucky,  and  Illinois  : Glenn,  971. 

Lafayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Texas:  Ries, 
2058. 

I-afayette  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Lafayette  gravel.  Tertiary,  Illinois:  Weller, 
2523. 

Lafayette  gravel,  Tertiary,  Missouri  : Shep- 
ard, 2194. 

Lafayette  sands.  Tertiary,  Texas : Fenne- 
man,  859. 

Lagrange  division,  Mississippi : Logan  and 
Hand,  1609. 

Lagrange  formation.  Tertiary,  Illinois : 
Purdy  and  DeWolf.  1973. 


LISTS — GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


299 


Lagrange  formation.  Tertiary.  Missouri ; 
Shepard,  2194. 

La{?range  formation,  Tertiary,  Tennessee, 
Kentucky  and  Illinois ; Glenn,  971. 

Lake  Shore  trap,  Algonkian,  Michigan : 
Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 

Lake  Shore  traps,  Cambrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Lake  Superior  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Lake  Valley  formation,  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico : Keyes,  1977. 

Lake  Valley  limestone,  Mississippian,  New 
Mexico  ; Gordon,  981.  - 

Lakota  sandstone,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton  and  OTIarra,  656. 

La  Motte  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Missouri : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Lane  shales,  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : Beede 
and  Rogers,  181  ; Wooster,  26.96. 

Lantern  Hill  quartz  rock,  Connecticut ; 
Gregory,  1034. 

La  Plata  formation,  Jurassic,  Colorado ; 
Cross,  604. 

La  I’lata  sandstone,  Jurassic,  Colorado : 
Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Laramie,  Wyoming  ; Veatch,  2439, 

I.aramie  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Darton,  648;  Penneman  and  Gale,  863. 

Laramie  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico  : Shaler,  2176. 

Laramie  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Da- 
kota : Leonard,  1563. 

Laramie  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Da- 
kota and  Montana : Leonard,  1560. 

I.aramie  formation,"  Cretaceous,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  642;  Fisher,  873;  Rowe,  2090; 
Veatch,  2437. 

Laramie  formation,  Cretaceous  and  Ter- 
tiary, Wyoming  ; Veatch,  2440. 

Lauderdale  chert,  Mississippian,  Alabama ; 
Smith,  2229. 

Laurentian,  pre-Cambrian : Adams  et  al., 
13. 

Lawrence  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Le  Claire  substage,  Silurian,  Iowa : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Lecompton  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Lee  conglomerate.  Carboniferous,  Virginia  : 
Stone,  2311. 

Lee  formation.  Carboniferous,  Kentucky : 
Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Lenoir  limestone,  Ordovician,  Virginia : 
Bassler,  158. 

Le  Roy  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Lewis  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Veatch,  2440. 

Lewis  shale,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : Fenne- 
man  and  Gale,  863. 

Lewis  shale,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  and  Now 
Mexico:  Shaler.  2176. 

Lewiston  limestone,  Ordovician,  Virginia : 
Bassler,  158. 


Lewiston  limestone,  Silurian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Lewiston  (“  Ilelderberg  ”),  Virginia  : Eckel, 
765. 

Lexington,  Ordovician,  Kentucky : Miller, 

1748. 

Lime  Creek  shales,  Devonian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234 ; Calvin,  387 ; Wil- 
liams, 2588. 

Linietta  clay,  Mississippian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  883. 

Linville  metadiabase,  Algonkian?,  North 
Carolina  : Keith,  1354. 

Lisbon  beds.  Tertiary,  Mississippi : Crider, 
595  ; Crider  and  .Johnson,  599. 

Lisbon  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229. 

Lisburne  series.  Carboniferous,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313;  Collier,  552. 

Litchfield  norite,  Connecticut : Gregory, 

1034. 

Livingston  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyo- 
ming : Rowe,  2090. 

Llano  Estacado  formation.  Pliocene,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1388. 

Llano  Estacado  sands.  Pliocene,  New  Mexi- 
co : Keyes,  1390. 

Lockport  dolomite,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Lodore  shales,  Cambrian,  Utah : Weeks, 
2506. 

Logan  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ohio : 
Carney,  427. 

Logan  sills,  Ontario : Silver,  2212. 

Logana,  Ordovician,  • Kentucky : Miller, 

1748. 

Lone  Mountain  limestone,  Silurian,  Ne- 
vada and  California  ; Ball,  120. 

Longwood  shale,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Ilartnagel,  1084. 

Lorraine  sandstone,  Ordovician,  New 
York  : Grabau,  991. 

Loudon  formation.  Cambrian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Louisiana  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illi- 
nois : Weller,  2523. 

Louisiana  limestone,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Loup  Fork  formation.  Tertiary,  Texas : 
Gould,  986. 

Lowerre  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  New 
York  : Berkey,  207. 

Lucas  dolomite,  Devonian,  Michigan : 
Lane,  1516. 

Ludlowville  shale,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633. 

Lulbegrud  clay,  Silurian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  883,  884, 

Lunenburg  schist,  pre-Cambrian,  Vermont : 
Richardson,  2037. 

Lyme  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : Gregory, 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

iMcAlester  group.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas  : 
Collier,  556. 

.McCloiid  limestone,  Carl)oniferous,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 


300  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGAL  1906-1907 


M’Elmo  formation,  Jurassic,  Colorado : 
Cross,  604  ; Cross  et  al.,  607. 

McKim  gray  wacke,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  : 
Coleman,  539. 

McMicken  member,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky  : Bassler,  156. 

McMillan  formation,  Ordovician,  Ohio : 
Bassler,  156. 

Maderan  limestone.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Gordon,  982. 

Maderan  series.  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico : Keyes,  1377. 

Madison  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

INIadison  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Wyo- 
ming : Barton,  642,  644-647 ; Fisher, 

873. 

Madison  formation,  Mississippian,  Mon- 
tana : Rowe,  2090. 

Magdalena  group.  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico : Gordon,  982. 

Magnesian,  lower,  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Illinois  : Weller,  2517,  2523,  2524. 

Magnesian,  lower,  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Iowa  ; Leonard,  1559. 

Magnesian,  lower,  Ordovician,  Mississippi 
Valley  : Davis,  663. 

Magnesian,  lower,  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Wisconsin  : Grant.  1017. 

Magothy  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck  et  al., 
2193. 

Magothy  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland 
and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Magothy  formation,  Cretaceous,  New  Jer- 
sey : Berry,  214  ; Weller,  2520. 

Mahoning  group.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia ; Grimsley,  1044. 

Mahoning  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Stevenson,  2294. 

Mahoning  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Mahoning  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  ; Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Mahoning  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Mamacoke  gneiss,  Connecticut ; Gregory, 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson.  1038. 

Manascjuan  marl,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey  : 
Weller,  2520. 

Manastash  formation.  Tertiary,  Washing- 
ton : Smith  and  Calkins.  2240. 

Mancos  shale,  Cretaceous : Fenneman  and 
Gale,  863. 

Mancos  shale.  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : Cross 
et  ah,  607  : Taff,  2336. 

Mancos  shale,  ('retaceous,  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico  : Shaler.  2176. 

Manhattan  schist,  pre-Camhrian,  New  York  : 
Berkey,  207. 

Manitou  limestone,  Ordovician,  Colorado : 
Barton,  648. 

Mankomen  group,  Permian,  Alaska ; 
Brooks,  313. 

Manlius  limestone.  Silurian.  New  York : 
Grabau,  991;  Ilartnagel.  1084;  Prosser, 
1961. 


Manlius  member,  Silurian,  Maryland  : Clark 
and  Mathews,  488. 

Mannetto,  Pleistocene,  New  England  : Ful- 
ler, 913. 

Mannetto  gravel.  Quaternary,  New  York : 
Veatch,  2434. 

Mansfield  sandstone,  Carboniferous,  Illi- 
nois : Blatchley,  245. 

Manzanan  series.  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico : Keyes,  1377, 

Manzano  group.  Carboniferous,  New  Mex- 
ico : Gordon,  982. 

Maquoketa  formation,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387,  388 ; Leonard,  1559 ; Nor- 
ton, 1805  ; Savage,  2128. 

Maquoketa  shale,  Ordovician,  Illinois ; 
Weller,  2517,  2522,  2524. 

Maquoketa  shale,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Grant 
and  Burchard,  1021. 

Maquoketa  shale,  Ordovician,  upper  Missis- 
sippi Valley  : Bain,  99.  • 

Maquoketa  (Hudson  River)  shale,  Ordovi- 
cian, Mississippi  Valley  : Davis,  663. 

Maquoketa  (Hudson  River)  limestone, 
Ordovician,  Wisconsin  : Grant,  1017. 

Maquoketa  stage,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Marathon  City  conglomerate,  pre-Cambrian, 
Wisconsin  : Weidman,  2512. 

Marblehead  member  of  Columbus  formation, 
Devonian  : Swartz,  2329. 

Marcellus  shale,  Devonian,  Michigan : 
Cooper,  575. 

Marcellus  shale,  Devonian,  New  Y’ork : 
Grabau,  991  ; Luther,  1633 ; Williams, 
2583. 

INIarcellus  shale,  Devonian,  Pennsylvania ; 
Butts,  367. 

Mareniscan,  pre-Cambrian.  Michigan  ; Lane 
and  Seaman,  1518. 

Marietta  sandstones.  Carboniferous.  West 
Virginia  : Grimsle.v,  1046. 

Marion  beds,  Permian,  Kansas ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Mariposa  slates,  California  : Reid,  2018. 

Marks  Head  marl,  IMiocene,  South  Caro- 
lina ; Sloan,  2218. 

Marlboro  formation,  Cambrian.  Rhode 
Island  ; Emerson  and  Perry.  790. 

Marlbrook  formation.  Ci’etaceous,  Arkansas  : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Maromas  granite-gneiss.  Connecticut ; Greg- 
or.v,  1034;  Gregor.v  and  Robinson.  1038. 

.Marsh  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
\Valcott,  2470. 

Marsh  shale,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Barrell, 
149. 

Marshall  formation.  Carboniferous,  Michi- 
gan : Cooper,  575. 

Marshall  sandstone,  Mississippian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane,  1516. 

Marshall  Hill  graywacke,  pre-Cambrian, 
IVisconsin  : IVeidman,  2512. 

Marshalltown  clay-marl.  Cretaceous.  New 
.Iers(\v  : M'eller.  2520. 

Martim'z  formalion,  'LM-t iai-.v,  California: 
.\rnold,  57. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FOKMATIONS. 


301 


Martinsburf'  formation,  Ordovician,  Mary- 
land : ('lark  and  Mathews.  4SS. 

Martinsburg  sronp.  Ordovician,  I’ennsyl- 
vania  : Stose,  2.’>18. 

M:\rtinsburf?  shale,  Silurian,  West  Virjiinia  : 
CJrimsley,  1044. 

Martinsburj?  shale  firoup  and  limestom's, 
Ordovician,  Virginia:  Bassler,  158. 

Maryville  limestone,  Cambrian,  Virginia  : 
Rassler,  158. 

Mascarene  series,  Devonian,  Canada  : Ells, 
784. 

Mason  City  dolomite,  Devonian,  Iowa  : Wil- 
liams, 2588. 

Massanutten  sandstone  group,  Ordovician, 
Virginia  : Bassler,  1 58. 

Matanuska  series,  Alaska:  Martin,  1(582. 

Matawan  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck  ct  ah, 
2198. 

Matawan  formation,  f'retaceous,  Maryland 
and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Matawan,  Cretaceous,  New  York : Veatch, 
2434. 

Matfield  shales  and  limestones,  Permian. 
Kansas  : Wooster,  2630. 

Mauch  Chunk  formation.  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Butts,  308  ; Clapp,  475, 
477  ; Woolsey,  2034. 

Mauch  Chunk  formation.  Lower  ('arbon- 
iferous,  Pennsylvania:  Barrell,  150. 

Mauch  Chunk  formation,  Mississippian, 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Mauch  Chunk  shales,  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Maxville  or  Bayport  formation.  Carbonifer- 
ous, Michigan  : Cooper,  575. 

Meagher  limestone,  Cambrian,  Montana : 
Emmons,  806. 

Medicine  Lodge  beds,  I’ermian,  Kansas  : 
Wooster,  2630. 

Medicine  Lodge  gypsum,  Permian,  Kansas  : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Medina  formation.  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Medina  formation,  Silurian.  IVest  I'irginia  : 
Grimsley,  1044. 

Memphremagog  slate,  Vermont : Richard- 

son. 2037. 

Mentasta  schists,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Menteth  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Luther,  1634. 

Meramec  limestones,  Mississipi>ian,  Illinois: 
P>owman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Merced  formation.  Tertiary,  ('alifornia  : 
Prindle,  1956. 

Merced  series.  Pliocene,  California : Cran- 
dall, 591. 

iNIercer  shale,  ('arboniferous,  Pennsylvania  : 
Butts,  368. 

Mercer  group.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Merchantville  clay-marl,  Cretaceous,  New 
Jersey  : Weller,  2520. 

Mesaverde  formation,  Cretaceous,  ('olo- 
rado  : Cross  et  al.,  607  ; Fenneman  and 
Gale,  863  ; Taff,  2336. 


Mesaverde  formation,  Cretaceous,  ('olorado 
and  New  Mexico:  Shaler,  2176. 

Mesavc'rde  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyo- 
ming : \'eatch,  2440. 

Mesnard  (piartzite,  i)re-('aml)rian,  Miclii- 
gan  : Lane  and  S('aman,  1518. 

Michigainme  slate,  i)re-Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan : Gordon  and  Lane,  985  ; Lane  and 
Seaman,  1518. 

Michigan  series,  Mississippian,  Michigan  : 
Lane,  1516. 

Michipicoten  schists,  Ontario:  ISIoore,  1770. 

Middendorf  beds,  Cretaceous,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2217,  2218. 

Middlesex  black  shale,  Devonian,  N(>w 
York  : laither,  1633. 

Middlesex  shales,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Luther,  1634. 

Middletown  gneiss,  Connecticut  : Gregory, 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Midwa.v  formation.  Tertiary.  Arkansas 
and  Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2437. 

Midway  group.  Eocene,  Alabama : Smith, 
2229. 

Midway  group.  Tertiary,  Mississippi  : ('ri- 
der, 595  ; ('rider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Midway  stage.  Eocene,  Mississippi  : Logan, 
1608. 

Milford  chlorite  schist,  (Connecticut  : Greg- 
ory, 1034  : Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Milford  granite,  post-Cambrian,  pre-Car- 
boniferous,  Rhode  Island  : Emerson  and 
Perry,  790. 

Million,  Ordovician,  Kentucky:  Miller,  1748. 

Millsap  formation,  ('arboniferous,  Texas  : 
Ries,  2058. 

Millsap  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Colorado  : 
Darton,  648. 

Milwaukee  formation,  Devonian,  Wiscon- 
sin : Alden,  23. 

Mimbres  limestone,  Siluro-Ordovician,  New 
Mexico:  Gordon,  981. 

Mingo  formation,  ('arboniferous,  Ken- 
tucky : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

]\Iinneapolis  limestone,  Ordovician,  Minne- 
sota : Sardeson,  2122. 

^Minnesota  conglomerate,  Algonkian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane,  1509. 

Mio-IIuronian,  pre-C'ambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Missouri  group,  I’ennsylvanian,  Missouri  : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Missouri  stage,  Pennsylvanian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Missourian  formation.  Carboniferous,  Iowa  : 
('alvin,  .‘>87. 

Mitchell  limestom',  IMississippian,  Indiana  : 
Blatchle.v,  24(5  ; Reagan,  1998. 

Moccasin  limestone,  Ordovician,  Virginia  : 
Bassh'r,  158. 

INIodelo  formation,  Miocene,  California : 
Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

^lodin  formation,  Jurassic,  California  : Oil- 
ier, 721. 

Moencopie  formation,  ('ai’bonifc'rous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 


302  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Moencopie  formation,  Carboniferous,  Utah  : 
Lee,  1544. 

Moencopie  shale.s,  I'ermian,  Utah  : Hunting- 
ton,  1257. 

Molas  formation.  Carboniferous  (Pennsyl- 
vanian), Colorado:  Cross  ct  ah,  (507. 

Monarch  formation,  Devonian  and  Silurian, 
Montana  : Rowe,  2000. 

IMonmouth  formation,  Cretaceous,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; Shat- 
tuck  ct  aL,  2103. 

Monmouth  formation,  Cretaceous,  Mary- 
land and  Delaware  ; Miller,  1740. 

Monongahela  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2205. 

Monongahela  formation,  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Clapp,  475-477  ; Stone 

and  Clapp,  2314  ; Woolsey,  2634. 

Monongahela  formation.  Carboniferous, 
I’ennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  West  Yirginia  ; 
(Jriswold  and  Muun,  1048. 

Monongahela  formation,  Pennsylvanian, 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Monongahela  series,  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Monroe  beds.  North  Carolina  : Graton,  1025. 

Monroe  limestone,  Devonian,  Michigan  : 
I.ane,  1516. 

Monroe  Creek  beds.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  and 
Nebraska  : Peterson,  1916. 

Monson  granite  gneiss,  Connecticut  : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Montalto  quartzite  member  of  Harpers 
formation,  Cambrian,  Pennsylvania  : 
Stose,  2318. 

Montana  formation,  Cretaceous,  Canada  : 
Dowling,  735. 

Montana  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana ; 
Darton,  652. 

Montana  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Da- 
kota : Leonard,  1563. 

Montana  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming  : 
Yeatch,  2437. 

Montara  granite,  California  : Crandall,  591. 

Montauk  drift.  Pleistocene,  New'  England  : 
Fuller,  913. 

INIonterey  sandstone,  Devonian,  West  Yir-  i 
ginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Monterey  shale,  Miocene,  (California  : Ar- 
nold, 63  ; Arnold  and  Anderson,  66,  67. 

INIonterey  shale.  Tertiary,  California  : 
Prindle,  1956. 

Montosa  formation.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico:  Keyes,  1377. 

^Montpelier  slate,  Vermont  : Richardson, 

2037. 

Montrose  cherts,  Mississippian,  Tow'a  : Beyer 
and  Williams.  234. 

Monument  Creek  formation,  Tertiar.v,  (Colo- 
rado : Darton,  648. 

Moose  Hide  group,  Yukon  qcerritory  : 

15  rooks.  313. 

Morgantown  sandstone.  Carbonifi'rous, 
Pennsylvania  : Stevtuison,  2291  ; Woolsey, 
2634. 

Morgantown  sandstone,  ('arboniferous,  West 
Virginia:  Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 


I Morrison  formation,  Cretaceous,  Colorado : 
Darton,  648. 

Morrison  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  642,  644-647  ; Fisher,  873. 

Morrison  shale,  Cretaceous,  IVyoming  : Dar- 
ton and  OTIarra,  656. 

Morrow’  formation.  Carboniferous,  Indian 
Territory  : Taff,  2332. 

Morrow  group,  I’ennsylvanian,  Arkansas : 
I’urdue,  1971. 

Mosca  formation,  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Moscow  shale,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633,  1634. 

Mosinee  conglomerate,  pre-Cambrian,  Wis- 
consin : IVeidman,  2512. 

Mound  Valley  limestone,  Pennsylvanian, 
Kansas  : Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Schrader 
and  Haw’orth,  2144  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Mount  Bohemia  conglomerate,  Michigan : 
Lane,  1507,  1509. 

Mount  Hope  marl.  Eocene,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Mount  Laurel  formation,  Cretaceous,  New 
Jersey  : Weller,  2520. 

Mount  Selman  beds.  Tertiary,  * Texas : 
Fenneman,  859. 

Mount  Stuart  granodiorite,  pre-Tertiary, 
Washington  : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Mowry  formation,  Cretaceous,  ^Yyoming : 
Yeatch,  2440. 

Mow’ry  member,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton,  645  ; Darton  and  OTIarra,  656. 

Moyie  argillite,  Idaho  and  Montana  : Daly, 
631. 

Munising  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Murphy  marble,  Cambrian,  North  Carolina  : 
Keith,  1352. 

Murray  slate,  Cambrian,  Tennessee  : Keith, 
1354. 

Myrtle  formation,  Cretaceous,  Oregon  : Dil- 
ler,  724. 

Nabesna  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Alaska  : 
Brooks,  313. 

Nacatoch  sand,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Yeatch,  2436. 

Naches  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington  • 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Nacimientan  series.  Eocene,  New’  Mexico : 
Keyes,  1390. 

Naese  sandstone  member.  Carboniferous, 
Kentucky  : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 
Naheola  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama  : 
Smith,  2229. 

Namacoke  gneiss,  Connecticut  : Gregory  and 
Robinson,  1038. 

Nanafalia  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama: 
Smith,  2228,  2229. 

Nanaimo  group,  Cretaceous,  British  Colum- 
bia : Brooks,  313. 

Nanjemoy  formation.  Eocene,  Mar.vland  : 
('lark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2188  ; 
Shattuck  ct  at.,  2193. 

Nanjemoy  foruiati<ui,  Tertiary,  Virginia: 
j Clark  and  Miller,  489. 


LISTS — GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


303 


Nantahala  slate,  Cambrian,  North  Caro- 
lina : Keith,  1352. 

Napoleon  formation.  Carboniferous,  Michi- 
gan : Cooper,  575. 

Narragansett  Basin  series,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1674. 

Natchez  formation.  Quaternary,  Mississippi  ; 
Logan,  1608. 

Navarro  marls,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Ries, 
2058. 

Navesink  formation,  Cretaceous,  New  Jer- 
sey: Weller,  2520. 

Nebo  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Tennessee : 
Keith,  1354. 

Needle  Mountains  group,  Algonkian,  Colo- 
rado : Cross  ct  al.,  607. 

Negaunee  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Michi- 
gan : Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Neihart  quartzite,  Algonkian,  Montana  • 
Rowe,  2090. 

Neo-Huronian,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan  : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Neosho  member  of  Garrison  formation, 
Carboniferous,  Kansas : Beede  and 

Rogers,  181. 

Neva  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Nevada  limestone,  Devonian,  Nevada : 
Lawson,  1526. 

New  Albany  or  Genesee  shale,  Devonian, 
Indiana  : Blatchley,  246. 

Newark  formation,  Triassic,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Newark  system,  Triassic,  New  Jersey : 
Lewis,  1580. 

Newland  limestone,  Algonkian,  Montana  : 
Rowe,  2090. 

New  London  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1 038. 

Newman  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Vir- 
ginia : Bassler,  158. 

New  I’rovidence  shales,  Mississippian, 
Indiana  : Reagan,  1998. 

New  Richmond  formation,  Ordovician, 
Iowa  : Calvin,  387,  388. 

New  Richmond  formation,  Ordovician,  up- 
per Mississippi  Valley  : Bain,  99. 

New  Richmond  sandstone,  Ordovician, 
Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

New  Scotland  limestone,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Ilartnagel,  1084. 

New  Scotland  beds,  Devonian,  Mississippi : 
Crider,  595. 

New  Scotland  beds,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991. 

New  Scotland  member,  Devonian,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Niagara  dolomite,  Silurian,  upper  Missis- 
sippi Valley  : Bain,  99. 

Niagara  limestone,  Silurian,  Indiana : 
Blatchley,  246. 

Niagara  limestone  Silurian,  Iowa  : Be.yer 
and  Williams,  234  ; Calvin,  388 ; Grant 
and  Burchard,  1021  ; Leonard,  1559 ; 
Savage,  2128. 


Niagara  formation,  Silurian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Niagara  formation,  Silurian,  New  York: 
Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Niagara,  Silurian,  Mississippi  Valley : 
Fairchild,  835. 

Niagara  limestone,  Silurian,  Wisconsin  : 
Grant,  1017. 

Niagara  series,  Silurian,  Iowa : Norton, 
1805. 

Niagaran  limestone,  Silurian,  Illinois : 
Weller,  2517,  2523.  2524. 

Nichols  slate,  Cambrian,  Tennessee  : Keith, 
1354. 

Nicola  group,  Triassic,  British  Columbia : 
Brooks,  313. 

Nikolai  greenstone,  Alaska  ; Brooks,  313. 

Nineveh  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Nineveh  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Clapp,  476. 

Nineveh  limestone.  Carboniferous.  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Nineveh  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Niobrara  formation,  Cretaceous,  Montana : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Niobrara  formation,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska : 
Condra,  570. 

Niobrara  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Da- 
kota : Leonard,  1563. 

Niobrara  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton  and  OTIarra,  656  ; Veatch,  2440. 

Nipigon,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario : Silver, 
2212. 

Nisconlith  series,  British  Columbia : Daw- 
son, 686. 

Nisconlith  series,  Canada  : Walcott,  2470. 

Nisconlith  series,  Cambrian,  Y'ukon  Terri- 
tory : Brooks,  313. 

Noah  Parker  horizon,  Cambrian,  Vermont : 
Edson,  774. 

Nolichucky  shale,  Cambrian,  Tennessee : 
Keith,  1354. 

Nolichucky  shale,  Cambrian,  Virginia : 
Bassler,  158. 

Nome  series,  Alaska  : Mofflt,  1764. 

Nome  series,  Silurian,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Nonesuch  formation,  Algonkian,  Michigan : 
Gordon  and  Lane,  985. 

Nonesuch  formation,  Cambrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Nonushuk  series,  Cretaceous,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Nordheimer  formation.  Carboniferous?,  Cali- 
fornia : Ilershey,  1133. 

Norfolk  formation,  Tertiar.v,  Virginia: 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Norfolk  Basin  series,  Massachusetts  : Mans- 
field, 1674. 

Northbridge  gneiss,  pre-Cambrian,  Rhode 
Island  : Emerson  and  Perry,  790. 

North  Haven  greenstone,  Cambrian,  Maine : 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 


304  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA",  1906-1907 


North  Mound  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Wis- 
consin : Weidman,  2512. 

North  Park  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming ; 
Veatch,  2440. 

Norton  formation.  Carboniferous,  Virginia  ; 
Stone,  2,311. 

Nosoni  formation.  Carboniferous,  Califor-  ■ 
nia  : Oilier,  721.  i 

Nottel.v  quartzite,  (^ambrian.  North  Caro- 
lina : Keith,  1352. 

Nunda  formation.  Devonian,  New  York: 
Williams.  2583. 

Nunda  formation,  Devonian,  Pennsylvania  : 
Butts,  307. 

Nussbaum  formation,  Tertiar.v,  Colorado ; 
Darton,  048;  Fisher.  809. 

Obispo  formation.  I'anama  : Howe.  1244. 

Oconee  zone,  Archean,  South  Carolina : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Ogden  quartzite.  Ordovician,  Utah  : Em- 
mons, 708 : Weeks,  2500. 

Ogishke  conglomerate,  Algonkian,  Minne- 
sota : Abbott,  1. 

Ohio  shale,  Devonian,  Kentucky ; Foerste,  i 
883. 

Oldham  limestone,  Silurian,  Kentucky : 
Foerste.  883,  884. 

Onaping  tuff.  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario  : Cole- 
man, 530,  540. 

Oneida  conglomerate.  Silurian,  New  A’ork : 
Clarke,  404  : Ilartnagel,  1083. 

Oneonta  beds,  Devonian.  New  York ; 
Grabau,  001. 

Oneota  formation,  Ordovician,  Iowa : Cal- 
vin, 387,  388. 

Oneota  formation,  Ordovician,  upper  Missis- 
sippi Valle.v  : Bain,  00. 

Oneota  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234.  , 

Onondaga  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York  ; ; 
Grabau,  001  ; Luther,  1633.  | 

Ontario  quartzite.  Carboniferous.  Utah  : 
.Tenney,  1206. 

Onwatin  slate,  pre-Cambrian,  Ontario : 
Coleman,  530,  546. 

Orange  phyllite.  Connecticut  : Gregory, 
1034  : Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Orca  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313.  ! 

Oread  limestone.  Carboniferous.  Kansas  : ' 
Beede  and  Rogers.  181  ; Wooster.  2636.  i 

Oregon.  Ordovician,  Kentucky:  Miller. 

1748. 

Oriskany.  Virginia  : Eckel.  7(55. 

Oriskany  formation  (Monterey),  Devonian, 
Maryland  : ('lark  and  Mathews.  488. 

Oriskany  formation.  Devonian.  New  York: 
Grabau,  001  : Ilartnagel,  1084;  Williams. 
2583. 

Oriskany  sandstone.  Dc'vonian,  Now  York: 
Luther,  16.‘53. 

Oriskany  sandstone.  Dc'vonian,  Pennsyl 
vania  : Butts,  3(57. 

Oriskany  sandstone.  Devonian,  West  Vii-- 
ginia  : (Jrimsley,  1044. 

Osage.  Mlssissippian,  Illinois : Fenuc'uian. 
860. 


Osage  formation.  Carboniferous,  Iowa : 

(’alvin,  387. 

Osage  limestones,  IMlssissippian,  Illinois : 
Bowman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Osage  limestone,  Mlssissippian,  Iowa : 

Be.ver  and  Williams,  234. 

Osage  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 

Wooster,  2636. 

Osceola  amygdaloid,  Algonkian.  Michigan: 
Fane,  1509. 

Oso.voos  granodiorite,  .Turassic,  Cascade 
Mountains  : Daly,  632. 

Oswego  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Otis  limestone,  Devonian,  Iowa : Norton, 
1805. 

Ouray  limestone,  Devonian  and  Carbon- 
iferous (Mlssissippian),  Colorado:  Cross 
ei  al.,  607. 

Outer  conglomerate,  Algonkian,  Michigan  : 
Gordon  and  Lane,  085. 

Outer  conglomerate,  Cambrian.  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Owen  beds.  Devonian.  Iowa  : Williams, 
2588. 

Oxmoor  sandstone.  Mlssissippian,  Alaba- 
bama  : Burchard,  355. 

Painterhood  limestone,  Pennsylvanian, 
Kansas  : Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

I’aint  Lick  bed,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : 
Foerste,  884. 

I’alisade  conglomei’ates.  Tertiary,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Pamunkey  group.  Eocene,  Maryland  ; Clark 
and  Mathews,  488;  Shattuck,  2188; 
Shattuck  et  al.,  2103. 

Pamunkey  group.  Tertiary,  Maryland  and 
Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Parachucla  shale,  Oligocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Paris.  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller.  1748. 

Paris  shale.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas  : Col- 
lier, 556. 

Park  shale,  (^ambrian,  Montana  : Emmons, 
806. 

Park  granite.  Tertiary,  Cascade  Moun- 
tains : Daly,  632. 

I’ark  City  formation.  Carboniferous,  Utah  : 
Boutwell,  271. 

Parkman  sandstone,  (^retaceous,  Wyoming  : 
Darton,  644—647. 

Parma  sandstone.  Carboniferous.  Michigan  : 
Cooper.  575;  Lane,  1516. 

Parrish  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther.  1634. 

Parsons  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas  : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144  ; Wooster, 
26:U5. 

I Pascagoula  formation.  Pliocene,  Alabama : 
i Smith,  2220. 

j Pascagoula  formation.  Tertiar.v,  Gulf  re- 
' gion  : Smith.  2226. 

Pascagoula  formation.  Tertiary,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  505  ; Crider  and  .Tohnson, 

I 500. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


305 


raspotansa  member,  Eocene,  Maryland : 
Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

I’atapsco  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck  et  at., 
2193. 

Patapsco  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland 
and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Patapsco  formation,  Cretaceous,  Virginia : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

I’atton  shale,  Mississippian,  Pennsylvania  : 
Butts,  368. 

Patuxent  formation,  Jurassic?,  Maryland: 
Clark  and  Mathev/s,  488. 

I'atuxent  formation,  Jurassic?,  Virginia: 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

1‘atuxent  formation,  Jurassic?  and  Cre- 
taceous, Maryland  and  District  of  Colum- 
bia : Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

I’awnee  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas  : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144  ; Wooster, 
2636. 

Peachbottom  slate,  Algonkian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

I*earisburg  limestone,  Ordovician,  Virginia  : 
Bassler,  158. 

Pecosian  series.  Pliocene,  New  Mexico : 
Keyes,  1390. 

Pee  Dee  marl,  Miocene,  South  Carolina : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Peekskill  granite,  Ordovician,  New  York : 
Berkey,  207. 

I’elham  (Trenton)  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

I’ella  beds,  Mississippian,  Iowa  : Beyer  and 
Williams,  234. 

Pelly  gneisses,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Pena  Blanca  marls,  Oligocene  : Howe,  1244. 

Pennington  shale.  Carboniferous,  Virginia : 
Bassler,  158. 

I’enobscot  formation,  Cambrian  : Smith  et 
al,  2241. 

Peorian,  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 

Percha  shale,  Devonian,  New  Mexico : 
Gordon,  981. 

Perry  beds,  Devonian,  Canada  : Ells,  784. 

Perryville,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller, 
1748. 

Peshastin  formation,  pre-Tertiary,  Wash- 
ington : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Piercefield  gneiss.  New  York  : Cushing,  614. 

Pierre  formation,  Cretaceous,  Canada : 
Dowling,  735. 

Pierre  shale,  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : Darton, 
648;  Fisher,  869. 

Pierre  shale,  Cretaceous,  North  Dakota : 
Leonard,  1560,  1563. 

Pierre  shale,  Cretaceous,  Nebraska  : Condra, 
570. 

IMerre  shale,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : Darton, 
642,  644-647  ; Darton  and  OTIarra,  656  ; 
Fisher,  873. 

IMerre  shales,  Cretaceous,  Montana  : Brown, 
325  ; Leonard,  1564. 

IMkes  Peak  granite,  Colorado  : Graton, 

1026. 

Pilgrim  limestone,  Devono-Silurian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

6G836— Bull.  372—09 20 


Piney  formation,  Cretaceous,  Wyoming : 
Darton,  644-647. 

Pi{]ua  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144 ; Wooster, 
2636. 

IMscataway  member,  Eocene,  Maryland : 
Shattuck  et  at.,  2193. 

Pit  formation,  Triassic,  California  : Dillor, 
721. 

Pitkin  limestone,  Mississippian,  Arkansas  : 
Purdue,  1971. 

Pitkin  limestone,  Mississippian,  Indian 
Territory  : Taff,  2332. 

IMttsburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Stevenson,  2294  ; Woolsey, 

2634. 

IMttsburg  limestones.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia:  tiiMmsley,  1044,  1046. 

Pittsburg  red  shales.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Pittsburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Pittsburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 

IMttsburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia:  Grimsley,  1046. 

IMttsford  shale,  Silurian,  New  York  : Hart- 
nagel,  1085. 

IMainfield  quartz  schist,  Connecticut  : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Platteville  formation,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Burchard,  353. 

Platteville  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387,  388. 

IMatteville  limestone,  Ordovician,  upper 
Mississippi  Valley  : Bain,  99  ; Sardeson, 
2122, 

IMatteville  (Trenton),  Ordovician,  Missis- 
sippi Valley  : Davis,  663. 

IMatteville  limestone,  Ordovician,  Wiscon- 
sin : Grant,  1017 ; Grant  and  Burchard, 
1021. 

IMatteville  stage,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Plattin  limestone,  Ordovician,  Illinois : 
Weller,  2523. 

IMeasonton  beds.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

IMeasonton  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Missouri  : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Pium  Creek  clay,  Silurian,  Kentucky : 

Foerste,  883,  884. 

IMum  Point  marls,  Miocene,  Maryland : 

Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

IMum  Point  marls.  Tertiary,  Maryland : 

Shattuck,  2185. 

I’ocono  formation.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  368  ; Clapp,  475,  477. 

I’ocono  sandstone,*  Lower  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Barrel!,  150. 

Pocono  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Pocono  formation,  Mississippian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Pogonip  limestone,  Ordovician,  California 
and  Nevada  : Ball,  120. 


306  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


I’oint  Pleasant  formation,  Ordovician,  Ohio 
and  Kentucky  : Bassler,  156. 

Poison  Canyon  formation,  Cretaceous 
Colorado  : Darton,  648. 

Polk  Bayou  limestone,  Ordovician,  Arkan- 
sas : Purdue,  1970. 

I’omfret  phyllite,  Connecticut : Gregory, 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Poor  Mountain  zone.  Cambrian?,  South 
Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

I’ortage  member,  Devonian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

1‘ort  Clarence  limestone,  Silurian,  xMaska  : 
Brooks,  313. 

Porters  Creek  clay,  Cretaceous,  Mississippi : 
Crider,  598. 

Porters  Creek  clay.  Tertiary,  Mississippi ; 
Crider,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Porters  Creek  (Flatwoods)  clay.  Eocene, 
Mississippi  : Logan,  1608. 

I*orters  Creek  formation.  Tertiary,  Illinois  : 
Pi;rdy  and  DeWolf,  1973. 

Porters  Creek  formation.  Tertiary,  Mis- 
souri : Shepard,  2194. 

Porters  Creek  formation.  Tertiary,  Ten- 
nessee, Kentucky,  and  Illinois ; Glenn, 
971. 

I’ort  Ewen  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Grabau,  991. 

Port  Hudson  formation.  Quaternary,  Mis- 
sissippi : Crider,  595 ; Crider  and  John- 
son. 599. 

I’ort  Hudson  formation.  Quaternary,  Lou- 
isiana and  Arkansas  : Veatch,  2436. 

Port  Renfrew  series,  Vancouver  Island : 
Hall.  1064. 

Potapaco  member.  Eocene,  Maryland  : Shat- 
tuck  ct  ah,  2193. 

Potem  formation,  .Jurassic,  California  : Dil- 
ler,  721. 

Potomac  formation.  Cretaceous,  Mississippi : 
Logan  and  Hand,  1609. 

Potomac  formation.  Cretaceous,  South  Caro- 
lina : Pugh,  1963. 

Potomac  group,  Cretaceous,  Maryland  and 
Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Potomac  group,  .Jurassic?  and  Cretaceous, 
Maryland  : Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

Potomac  group,  Jurassic-t’retaceous,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Potosi  volcanic  series,  Colorado : Cross 
ct  ah,  607. 

Potsdam  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Illinois : 
Weller,  2517.  2524. 

Potsdam  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Wisconsin : 
Grant,  1017  ; Weidman,  2512. 

Potsdam  aeries,  Cambrian,  Iowa:  Beyer  and 
Williams,  234. 

Potsdam.  Ordovician,  Mississippi  Valley: 
Davis,  663. 

Pottsville  conglomerate,  I.ower  Carbonifer- 
ous, Pennsylvania  : Barrell,  1.50, 

Pottsville  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ohio  : 
('arney,  427. 

Pottsville  formation.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Butts,  368;  Clapp,  475,  477; 
Woolsey,  2634, 


I’ottsville  formation,  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Pottsville  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Pottsville  series.  Carboniferous,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Poughquag  quartzite,  Connecticut : Gregory, 
1034. 

Poughquag  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Connecti- 
cut : Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Poughquag  quartzite,  Cambrian,  New  Y'ork  : 
Berkey,  207. 

Poughquag  quartzite,  Camhro-Ordovician, 
Connecticut : Hobbs,  1185. 

Powers  Bluff  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Wis- 
consin : Weidman,  2512. 

I’rairie  du  Chien  formation,  Ordovician, 
upper  Mississippi  Valley  : Bain,  99. 

Prairie  du  Chien  limestone,  Ordovician, 
Iowa  : Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Prairie  du  Chien  formation,  Ordovician, 
Wisconsin  : Grant  and  Burchard,  1021. 

Prattsburg  shales  and  flags,  Devonian, 
New  York  : Luther,  1634. 

Pre-Kansan,  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 

Preston  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Preston  gabbro-diorite,  Connecticut : Greg- 
ory and  Robinson,  1038. 

Prichard  (?)  formation,  pre-Cambrian, 
Montana  : Emmons,  806. 

Prichard  slate,  Algonkian,  Montana : Wal- 
cott, 2470. 

Prospect  porphyritic  gneiss,  Connecticut  : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038.  / 

I’rospect  Mountain  qu.jrtzite,  Cambrian  ?, 
Nevada  and  California  : Ball,  120. 

Prosperity  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 

Prosperity  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Prout  limestone,  Devonian,  Ohio  : Stauffer, 
2277. 

Providence  Cove  beds,  Vancouver  Island : 
Hall,  1064. 

Puente  shale,  Miocene,  California : Eld- 

ridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Puerco,  Tertiary,  Wyoming : Veatch,  2439. 

I’uerco  marls.  Eocene,  New  Mexico  : Keyes, 
1388. 

Puerco  marl.  Eocene,  Colorado  and  New 
IMexico  : Shaler,  2176. 

Puerco  marls.  Eocene,  New  Mexico  : Keyes, 
1390. 

Puget  group,  Cretaceous,  Washington : 
.\rnold,  56. 

Puget  group,  Tertiary,  British  Columbia  : 
Brooks.  313. 

Pulliam  formation,  Cretaceous,  Texas:  Ud- 
den,  2408. 

Purgatory  conglomerafe,  Massachusetts  : 
Mansfield.  1674. 

Purisima  formation.  Tertiary,  California  : 
Arnold,  57, 


LLSTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS 


307 


I’utuam  snoiss,  Connecticut  : Gregory, 

1034;  Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Putnam  Hill  limestone.  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania  : Stevenson,  2294. 

Quadrant  (?)  formation.  Carboniferous, 
Montana  ; Emmons,  800. 

tjuadrant  formation,  Mississippian,  Mon- 
tana : Rowe,  2090. 

Quartermaster  formation,  Permian,  Texas  : 
Gould,  986,  987. 

Quebec  group,  Canada  : Young,  2660. 

Queen  Charlotte  group,  Cretaceous,  British 
Columbia  ; Brooks,  313. 

Quinaic'lt  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington  : 
Arnold,  56. 

Quincy  group,  early  Carboniferous,  or  late 
pre-Carboniferous : Emerson  and  Perry, 
790. 

Racine  limestone,  Silurian,  Wisconsin ; 
Alden,  23. 

Rampart  series,  Devonian.  Alaska  ; Brooks, 
313  ; Prindle,  1956. 

Ramsay  Lake  graywacke  conglomerate,  pre- 
Cambrian,  Ontario  : Coleman,  539. 

Rancocas  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland 
and  Delaware  ; Miller,  1749. 

Raritan  clay,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey : 
Weller,  2520. 

Raritan  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland  ; 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck  ct  al., 
2193. 

Raritan  formation,  Cretaceous,  Maryland 
and  Delaware:  Miller,  1749. 

Raritan,  Cretaceous,  New  York  : Veatch, 
2434. 

Rattlesnake  beds,  Cretaceous,  Texas: 
Edden,  2409. 

Ravalli  (?)  formation,  pi’e-Cambrian,  Mon- 
tana : Emmons,  806. 

Ravalli  series,  Algonkian,  Montana : Wal- 
cott, 2470. 

Red  Bank  sand,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey : 
Weller,  2520. 

Red  Beds,  I’ermian,  New  Mexico  : Ordoiiez, 
1831. 

Red  Beds,  Triassic  ?,  Colorado ; Darton, 
648;  Gale,  922. 

Red  Bluff  formation.  Quaternary,  Cali- 
fornia : Diller,  721. 

Red  Bluff  sandstones,  Permian,  Kansas ; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Red  Mountain  formation  (Clinton),  Silu- 
rian, Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

Redstone  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Redstone  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia:  Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Remmel  granodiorite,  Jurassic,  Cascade 
Mountains  : Daly,  632. 

Revett  quartzite,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
MacDonald,  1658. 

Rhinestreet  black  shale,  Devonian,  New 
York:  Luther,  1633,  1634. 

Rib  Hill  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Wiscon- 
sin : Weidman,  2512. 

Richmond  division  of  the  Cincinnatian, 
Ordovician,  Illinois : Weller,  2517,  2524. 


Richmond  limestone,  Ordovician,  Illinois  : 
Weller,  2522. 

Richmond  limestone  and  shales,  Ordovician, 
Missouri  : Bowman  and  Reeds,  27X. 

Ripley  formation,  Cretaceous,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

Ripley  formation,  Cretaceous,  Illinois : 
I‘urdy  and  DeWoIf,  1973, 

Ripley  formation,  Cretaceous,  Mississippi : 
Crider,  595 ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599 ; 
Logan,  1608. 

Ripley  formation,  Cretaceous,  North  Caro- 
lina : Stephenson,  2281. 

Ritchie  red  beds.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Riverside  sandstone,  Mississippian,  In- 
diana : Reagan,  1998. 

Roan  gneiss,  Archean,  North  Carolina : 
Keith,  1352,  1354. 

Rochester  shale,  Silurian,  New  York: 
Bassler,  156;  Hartnagel,  1085. 

Rockcastle,  Carboniferous,  Appalachian  re- 
gion : Stevenson,  2295. 

Rockwood  (Clinton),  Virginia:  Eckel,  765. 

Rockwood  formation,  Silurian,  West  Vir- 
ginia : Grimsley,  1044. 

Rocky  Mountain  quartzite.  Carboniferous, 
Alberta  : Dowling,  736. 

Rogersville  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Rogersville  shale,  Cambrian,  Virginia: 
Bassler,  158. 

Rome  shales,  Cambrian,  Georgia : Watson, 
2483. 

Romney  formation,  Devonian,  Maryland : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Romney  shale,  Devonian,  West  Virginia: 
Grimsle.y,  1044. 

Rondout  formation,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Hartnagel,  1084. 

Rondout  limestone.  Silurian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991. 

Rosalie  granite,  pre-Cambrian,  Colorado : 
Ball,  118. 

Rosebud  beds.  Tertiary,  South  Dakota : 
Matthew,  1702. 

Rosendale  cement  rock,  Silurian,  New 
York  : Grabau,  991. 

Rosiclare  sandstone,  Mississippian,  Illinois  : 
Weller,  2523. 

Roslyn  formation.  Tertiary,  Washington : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Roubidoux  sandstone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Missouri : Shepard,  2194, 

Rove  slates,  Algonkian,  Minnesota : Ab- 
bott, 1. 

Roxbury  conglomerate,  Carboniferous?, 
Massachusetts  : Mansfield,  1674. 

Russell  shales,  Cambrian,  Virginia  : Bassler, 
158. 

Ruth  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Nevada : 
Lawson,  1526. 

Rutledge  limestone,  Cambrian,  Virginia; 
Bassler,  158. 

Sabine  formation.  Tertiary,  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana  : Veatch,  2436,  2437, 


308  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  19Uo-1907. 


t^abine  stage,  Eocene,  Louisiana  : Harris, 
1079. 

Saddlehorse  lentil,  I’ermian,  Texas  : Gould, 

987. 

Saginaw  formation.  Carboniferous,  Michi- 
gan : Cooper,  575  ; Lane,  1516. 

St.  Clair  limestone,  Silurian,  Arkansas : 
I’urdue,  1970. 

St.  Clair  marble,  Silurian,  Indian  Territory  ; 
Taff,  2332. 

St.  Croix  formation,  Cambrian,  Iowa  ; Cal- 
vin, 387  ; Leonard,  1559. 

St.  Croix  sandstone.  Cambrian,  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  231. 

St.  Joe  limestone  member,  Mississippian, 
Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971. 

St.  Joe  marble.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas : 
Purdue,  1970. 

St.  Joe  member,  Mississippian,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory : Taff,  2332. 

St.  Lawrence  formation,  Cambrian,  Iowa  : 
Calvin,  387. 

St.  Lawrence  limestone,  Cambrian,  Iowa : 
Beyer  and  IVilliams,  234. 

St.  Louis  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387. 

St.  Louis  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illinois  : 
Bowman  and  Reeds,  277  ; Fenneman, 
860;  Weller,  2523. 

St.  Louis  limestone,  Mississippian,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  595. 

St.  Louis  limestone,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
souri ; Shepard,  2194. 

St.  Louis  stage,  Mississippian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

St.  Mary's  formation,  Miocene.  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2185, 
2188,  2191. 

St.  Mary’s  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

St.  I‘eter  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

St.  Peter  sandston^e,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Missouri : Shepard,  2194. 

St.  Peter  sandstone,  Ordovician.  Illinois : 

Weller,  2517,  2524. 

St.  Peter  formation,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Calviti,  387,  388  ; Leonard,  1559. 

St.  Peter  sandstone,  Ordovician,  upper  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  : Bain,  99  ; Berkey,  205  ; 
Davis,  663. 

St.  Peter  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Wiscon- 

sin : Alden,  23  ; Grant,  1017  ; Grant  and 
Burchard,  1021. 

St  Peters  sandstone,  Ordovician.  Illinois : 

Bowman  and  Reeds,  277  ; Weller,  2523. 

St.  Regis  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana  : 
MacDonald,  1658;  Walcott,  2470. 

St.  Stephen’s  limestone,  Eocene,  Alabama  : 
Smith,  2229. 

St.  Stephen’s  limestone.  Tertiary.  Gulf 
region  : Smith,  2226. 

Salem  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Indiana : 
Cumings  and  Beede,  612. 

Salem  (Bedford)  limestone,  Mississippian, 
Indiana  : Reagan,  1998. 


Salina  formation.  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Salina  member,  Silurian,  Maryland : Clark 
and  Mathews,  488. 

Salkehatchie  marl,  Miocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Salt  Plain  shales,  Permian,  Kansas:* 
Wooster,  2636. 

Saltsburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania ; Butts,  368. 

Saltzburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Saluda  zone,  Archean,  South  Carolina : 
Sloan,  2218. 

San  Bruno  limestone,  California:  Crandall. 
591. 

Sandia  beds.  Carboniferous,  New  Mexico  : 
Gordon  982, 

Sandia  formation.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Sandusky  formation,  Devonian,  Ohio : 
Swartz,  2329. 

Sangamon,  Quaternary,  low'a  : Calvin,  387. 

San  Juan  tuff,  Colorado  : Cross  et  ah,  607. 

Sankaty  formation.  Quaternary,  New 
Y"ork  : Veatch,  2434. 

Sankaty  Head  beds.  Pleistocene,  Nantucket 
Island  : Wilson,  2610. 

San  Lorenzo,  Tertiary,  California  : Arnold, 
57. 

San  Miguel  beds  of  Eagle  Pass  formation, 
Cretaceous,  Texas  : Udden,  2408. 

San  Pablo  formation.  Tertiary,  California  : 
Prindle,  1956. 

San  Pedro  formation,  I’leistocene,  Cali- 
fornia : Prindle,  1956. 

San  Pedro  shales,  California : Crandall, 

591. 

Santa  Fe  sands,  Miocene,  New  Mexico . 
Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

Santee  marl.  Eocene,  South  Carolina : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Saratoga  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : 
Veatch,  24.36. 

Savanna  formation.  Carboniferous.  Arkan- 
sas : Collier,  556. 

Scarborough  beds  of  Toronto  formation. 
Quaternary,  Canada  : Coleman.  547. 

Schoharie  grit,  Devonian,  New  York  : Gra- 
bau,  991. 

Scotland  schist,  Connecticut : Gregory, 

1034;  Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Sea  Island  sands.  Pleistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Seekonk  conglomerate,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1674. 

Selkirk  series,  British  Columbia  : Dawson, 
686. 

Sellersburg  beds,  Devonian,  Indiana  : Stauf- 
fer, 2278. 

Sellersburg  limestone,  Devonian.  Indiana  : 
Blatchley,  246. 

Selma  chalk,  ('retaceous,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229 

Selma  chalk.  Cretaceous,  Mississippi  : Cri- 
der. 595,  598  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599  ; 
Logan,  1608, 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


809 


Selma  clay,  Cretaceous,  Tennessee : Glenn, 
971. 

Sespe  formation,  Eocene-Oligocene,  Cali- 
fornia : Arnold,  68  ; Eldridge  and  Arnold, 
779. 

. Sespe  formation.  Tertiary,  California  : Ar- 
nold and  Anderson,  67. 

Sespe  sandstone.  Eocene  or  Oligocene,  Cal- 
ifornia : Arnold  and  Anderson,  66. 

Setters  quartzite,  Algonkian,  Maryland ; 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Seven  Sisters  sandstone  member.  Carbonif- 
erous, Kentucky  ; Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 

Severy  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas ; 
Wooster,  2636. 

Sevier  shales,  Ordovician,  Virginia : Bass- 
ler,  158. 

Sewickley  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Sewickley  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
iachian  region  ; Stevenson,  2295. 

Sewickley  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Shady  limestone,  Cambrian,  Tennessee ; 
Keith,  1354. 

Shakopee  formation,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Calvin,  387,  388. 

Shakopee  formation,  Ordovician,  upper  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  : Bain,  up. 

Shakopee  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Shawangunk  conglomerate,  Silurian,  New 
York  : Hartnagel,  1084. 

Shawangunk  grit,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Clarke,  499  ; Grabau,  991. 

Shenandoah  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Shenandoah  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Pennsylvania  : Stose,  2318. 

Shenandoah  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
West  Virginia  ; Grimsley,  1044. 

Shenandoah  limestone  group,  Cambrian, 
Virginia  : Bassler,  158. 

Sherburne  formation,  Devonian,  New  York  : 
Grabau,  991. 

Sherburne  flagstone  member,  Devonian,  New 
I’^ork  : Williams,  2583. 

Shinarump  conglomerate,  Triassic,  Utah ; 
Cross,  604  ; Lee,  1544. 

Shuswap  ■ series,  British  Columbia  : Daw- 
son, 686. 

Shuswap  series,  Archean,  Yukon  Territory  : 
Brooks,  313. 

Siamo  slate,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan  : Lane 
and  Seaman,  1518. 

Siebert  Lake  beds.  Pliocene,  Nevada  : Ball, 
120. 

Sillery  formation,  Cambrian,  Canada : 
Young,  2660. 

Silver  Creek  hydraulic  limestone,  Devonian, 
Indiana  : Blatchley,  246. 

Silver  Pipe  limestone,  Mississippian,  New 
Mexico  : Gordon,  981. 

Silver  Plume  granite,  pre-Cambrian,  Colo- 
rado : Ball,  118. 

Silver  Terrace  sandstone,  California  ; Cran- 
dall, 591. 


Silverton  volcanic  series,  Colorado  : Cross 
et  al.,  607. 

Similkameen  granite.  Tertiary,  Cascade? 
Mountains  : Daly,  632. 

Sioux  quartzite,  pre-Cambrian,  Iowa : Cal- 
vin, 387. 

Sioux  quartzite,  Proterozoic,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Skagit  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Skaneateles  shale,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633. 

Skolai  volcanics,  Triassic,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313. 

Skwentna  complex,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Smithfield  limestone  member,  Cambrian, 
Rhode  Island  : Emerson  and  Peri*y,  790. 

Smith  River  beds.  Tertiary,  Montana  : 
Rowe,  2090. 

Snoqualmie  granodiorite.  Tertiary,  Wash- 
ington : Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Snowbird  formation,  Cambrian,  Tennessee  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Socorran  series.  Carboniferous,  New 
Mexico  : Keyes,  1377. 

Sodus  shale,  Silurian,  New  Y^ork : Clarke, 
494  ; Hartnagel,  1085. 

Soudan  formation,  Archean,  Minnesota : 
Abbott,  1. 

Southgate  member,  Ordovician,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky  : Bassler,  156. 

Spadra  shale.  Carboniferous,  Arkansas : 
Collier,  556. 

Spearflsh  formation,  Triassic,  Wyoming : 
Darton  and  OTIarra,  656. 

Spergen  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illinois : 
Fenneman,  860  ; Weller,  2523. 

Spergen  limestone,  Mississippian,  Missouri ; 
Shepard,  2194. 

Spergen  Hill  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illi- 
nois : Bowman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Spokane  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana : 
Barrel!,  149. 

Spokane  shale,  Algonkian,  Montana  : Rowe, 
2090. 

Spring  Creek  granite,  Coiorado : Graton, 
1026. 

Springvale  beds,  Mississippian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Square  Lake  iimestone,  Devonian,  New 
Y^ork  : Grabau,  991. 

Stafford  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633. 

Standish  shales,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1634. 

Stanton  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Beede  and  Rogers,  181  ; Wooster,  2636. 

State  Quarry  limestone,  Devonian,  Iowa  • 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234  ; Calvin,  387. 

Stennett  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Sterling  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut : Greg- 
ory, 1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Stockbridge  dolomite,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Connecticut  : Hobbs,  1185. 

Stockbridge  limestone,  Connecticut : Greg- 
1 ory,  1034. 


310  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1901 


Stockbridge  limestone,  Cambro-Ordovician, 
Connecticut:  Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Stockton  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Stones  River  formation,  Ordovician,  Vir- 
ginia : Bassler,  158. 

Stories  River  limestone, ^ Ordovician,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Stones  River  limestone,  Ordovician,  Mis- 
souri : Bowman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Stones  River  limestone,  Ordovician,  Penn- 
sylvania : Stose,  2318. 

Stony  Creek  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut  : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Storm  King  granite,  pre-Cambrian,  New 
York  : Berke.v,  207. 

Strawn  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Strawn  formation,  Carboniferous,  Texas  : 
Ries,  2058. 

Striped  Peak  formation,  Algonkian,  Mon- 
tana : Walcott,  2470. 

Strong  flints,  Permian,  Kansas : Wooster, 
2G3G. 

Strong  City  beds,  Permian,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Stuver  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Sucarnochee  clay,  Eocene,  Alabama  : Smith, 
2229. 

Sunbury  or  Berea  shale,  Mississippian, 
Michigan  : Lane,  151G. 

Sunbury  shales.  Carboniferous,  Michigan  : 
Cooper,  575. 

Sundance  formation,  Jurassic,  Wyoming: 
Darton,  G42,  G44-G47  ; Darton  and 

O'llarra,  G5G ; Fisher,  873. 

Sunderland  formation,  I’leistocene,  Mary- 
land : Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; Shat- 
tuck,  2184,  2185,  2188,  2191  ; Shattuck 
et  ah,  2193. 

Sunderland  formation.  Quaternary,  Mary- 
land and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Sunderland  formation,  IMeistocene,  Vir- 
ginia : Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Sunrise  formation,  pre-Jurassic ?,  Alaska: 
Paige  and  Knopf,  18G2. 

Sunrise  series,  l*aleozoic?,  Alaska:  Moffit, 
17G2. 

Suslota  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Alaska : 
P>rooks,  313. 

Swanton  marble,  Cambrian,  Vermont : Ed- 
son,  774. 

Swank  formation,  Tertiary.  Washington  : 
Smith  and  ('alkins,  2240. 

Sweetland  Creek  shales,  Devonian,  Iowa: 
Calvin,  387. 

Sylvania  sandstone,  Michigan  : Nattress, 

1785. 

Tall)ot  formation.  Pleistocene,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488  ; Shattuck,  2184, 
2185,  2188.  2191  : Shattuck  et  a/. ,^2193. 

Talbot  formation,  (Quaternary,  Maryland 
and  D(daware  : Milh'r,  1749. 

Talbot  formation.  Pleistocene,  Virginia  : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 


Tallahatta  buhrstone.  Tertiary,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  595 ; Crider  and  John- 
son, 599. 

Tallahatta  buhrstone.  Eocene,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

Tanana  schists,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Taneum  andesite,  Tertiarj',  Washington : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Tank  volcanics,  California : Lawson,  1528. 

Tate  layer,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Foerste, 
884. 

Taylor  marls,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Ries, 

2058. 

Teanaway  basalt.  Tertiary,  Washington : 
Smith  and  Calkins.  2240. 

Tecovas  formation,  Triassic,  Texas  : Gould, 
987. 

Tecumseli  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas  : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Tehachapi  formation,  California : Lawson, 
1528. 

Tejon  formation.  Tertiary,  California  : 
Arnold,  57  ; Arnold  and  Anderson,  G7. 

Telegraph  Hill  sandstone,  California  : Cran- 
dall, 591. 

Tellico  sandstone,  Ordovician,  Tennessee  : 
Keith,  1354. 

Telluride  conglomerate.  Eocene  (?),  Colo- 
rado : Cross  et  at.,  G07. 

Ten-mile  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Appa- 
lachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Ten  Mile  sands.  Pleistocene,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Tensleep  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Wyo- 
ming : Darton,  G42,  G44-G47  ; Fisher, 

873. 

Terlingua  beds,  Cretaceous,  Texas  : I’dden, 
2409. 

Terrejon,  Tertiary,  Wyoming  : Veatch,  2439. 

Thayer  shales.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2G3G. 

Thaynes  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ftah  : 
Boutwell,  271. 

Thomaston  granite-gneiss,  Connecticut  : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Thorofare  andesite,  Silurian?,  Maine  : Smith 
et  at.,  2241. 

Three  Forks  shale,  Devonian,  Montana  : 
Raymond,  1989. 

Tichenor  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1G33,  1G34. 

Tirnpas  limestone.  Cretaceous,  Colorado  : 
Darton,  G48  ; Fisher,  8G9. 

Tinton  beds,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey  : 
Weller,  2520. 

'I'isbury  (Manhasset)  gravel.  Quaternary, 
New  York  : Veatch,  2434. 

Titelna  volcanics,  Devonian,  Alaska  : 
Brooks,  313. 

4'ok  sandstone.  Tertiarj’,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313. 

Tombigbee  sands.  Cretaceous,  Mississippi  : 
Logan  and  Hand,  1G09. 

Tomstown  limestone,  Cambrian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


311 


Tomstown  limestone,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stose,  2318. 

Topatopa  formation.  Eocene,  California  : 
Arnold,  63  ; Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Topeka  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Kansas : 
Wooster,  2636. 

Tordrillo  series,  Jurassic,  Alaska : Brooks, 
313. 

Tornillo  clays,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Udden, 
2409. 

Toronto  formation.  Quaternary,  Canada : 
Coleman,  547. 

Torrejon  sandstones.  Eocene,  New  Mexico  ; 
Keyes,  1388,  1390. 

Totsen  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Townstown  limestone,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania ; Stose,  2318. 

Trangville  beds.  Tertiary,  Yukon  Terri- 
tory : Brooks,  313. 

Traverse  group,  Devonian,  Michigan ; 
Cooper,  575  ; Lane,  1516. 

Trenton-Galena  formation,  Ordovician,  Illi- 
nois : Weller,  2517,  2524, 

Trenton  limestone,  Ordovician,  Iowa  : 
Leonard,  1559. 

Trenton  limestone,  Ordovician,  Missouri 
and  Illinois  : Bowman  and  Reeds,  277. 

Trenton  limestone,  Ordovician,  Ontario : 
Ells,  788. 

Trenton  limestone,  Ordovician,  Vermont ; 
Edson,  774. 

Trenton  shales,  Ordovician,  Virginia  : Bass- 
ler,  158. 

Trinity  sand,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : Veatch, 
2436. 

Trout  Creek  sandstone  member,  Cretaceous, 
Colorado  : Fenneman  and  Gale,  863. 

Troutdale  granite,  Colorado : Underhill, 

2414. 

Trout  Lake  conglomerate,  pre-Cambrian, 
Ontario  ; Coleman,  539,  546. 

Trujillo  formation,  Triassic,  Texas  : Gould, 
987. 

Tule  formation.  Tertiary,  Texas : Gould, 
986. 

Tullahoma  formation,  Mississippian,  Mis- 
sissippi : Crider,  595. 

Tully  limestone,  Devonian,  New  York  ; 
Luther,  1634  ; Williams,  2583. 

Tunnel  Hill  zone,  Archean,  South  Caro- 
lina : Sloan,  2218. 

Tuscahoma  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama ; 
Smith,  2229. 

Tuscaloosa  formation,  Cretaceous,  Ala- 
bama : Smith,  2229. 

I’uscaloosa  formation,  Cretaceous,  Gulf  re- 
gion : Smith,  2226,  2228. 

Tuscaloosa  formation,  Cretaceous,  Missis- 
sippi : ('rider,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson, 
599  ; Logan,  1608. 

Tuscaloosa  clay,  Cretaceous,  Mississippi ; 
Crider,  598. 

Tuscaloosa  formation.  Eocene,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

Tuscan  tuff.  Tertiary,  California : Diller, 
721. 


Tuscarora  formation,  Silurian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Tuscarora  member,  Ordovician,  Virginia ; 
Bassler,  158. 

Tuscumbia  (St.  Louis)  limestone,  Missis- 
sippian, Alabama  : Smith,  2229. 

Tusquitee  quartzite,  Cambrian,  North  Caro- 
lina : Keith,  1352. 

Twelvemile  beds.  Tertiary,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313. 

Twentymile  sandstone  member,  Cretaceous, 
Colorado  : Fenneman  and  Gale,  863. 

Two-mile  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Tyger  zone,  Archean,  South  Carolina : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Tyler  red  beds.  Carboniferous,  Appalachian 
region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Tyner  formation,  Ordovician,  Indian  Terri- 
tory : Taft,  2332. 

Tyonok  beds,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Tyrone,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  ; Miller, 
1748. 

TJfiington  shales,  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stevenson,  2294. 

Uinta  formation,  pre-Cambrian,  Utah  : 
Weeks,  2506. 

Uinta  quartzite,  Utah  : Emmons,  798. 

Uncompahgre  formation,  Algonkian,  Colo- 
rado : Cross  et  al.,  607. 

Unicoi  formation,  Cambrian,  North  Caro- 
lina and  Tennessee  : Keith,  1354. 

Uniontown  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Uniontown  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Ihiiontown  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Uniontown  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 

Upson  clay,  Cretaceous,  Texas : Udden, 

2408. 

Utica  shale,  Ordovician,  Pennsylvania : 
Stose.  2318. 

Utica  shale,  Ordovician,  Virginia  : Bassler, 
158. 

Valcour  limestone.  Ordovician,  New  York ; 
Raymond,  1987. 

Valdez  series,  Alaska  : Brooks,  313. 

Vallenar  series,  Devonian,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313;  Kindle,  1400. 

Valleytown  formation,  Cambrian,  North 
Carolina  ; Keith,  1352. 

^'ancouver  series,  Triassic  and  Carbonifer- 
ous?, British  Columbia:  Brooks,  313. 

Vanport  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Butts,  368 ; Stevenson,  2294 ; 

Woolsey,  2634. 

Vanport  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Wesc 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Vaqueros  formation,  Miocene,  California  : 
Arnold,  63  ; Arnold  and  Anderson,  66, 
67  ; Eldridge  and  Arnold,  779. 

Vaqueros  sandstone.  Tertiary,  California : 
Prindle,  1956. 


312  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  1906-1907 


Vaucluse  zone,  Archean,  South  Carolina ; 
Sloan,  2218. 

Venice  member  of  Columbus  formation,  De- 
vonian : Swartz,  2329. 

Verdi  beds,  Mississippian,  Iowa ; Beyer  and 
Williams,  234. 

Vermilion  series,  Archean,  Minnesota  : Ab 
bott,  1. 

Vernon  shale,  Silurian,  New  York : Hart- 
nagel,  1085. 

Versailles  bed,  Ordovician,  Kentucky : 
Foerste,  884. 

Vershire  schist,  Vermont : Richardson, 

2037. 

Vicksburg  formation,  Oligocene,  Missis- 
sippi : Logan,  1608. 

Vicksburg  formation.  Tertiary,  Missis- 
sippi : Crider,  595,  598 ; Crider  and 

Johnson,  599. 

Vicksburg  limestone,  Tertiary,  Gulf  region  : 
Smith,  2226. 

Vicksburg  formation.  Tertiary,  Louisiana : 
Veatch,  2436,  2438. 

Vilas  shale,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas  ; Schra- 
der and  Haworth,  2144  ; Wooster,  2636. 

Vinalhaven  rhyolite,  Silurian?,  Maine; 
Smith  et  al.,  2241. 

Vincentown  formation,  Cretaceous,  New 
Jersey  : Weller,  2520. 

Virgin  Valley  beds,  Miocene,  Nevada  : Mer- 
riam,  1716. 

Waccamaw  marl,  Miocene  and  Pliocene, 
South  Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Waco  limestone,  Silurian,  Kentucky  ; 
Foerste,  883,  884. 

Wadmalaw  shell-marl.  Pleistocene,  South 
Carolina  : Sloan,  2218. 

Waits  River  limestone,  Ordovician,  Ver- 
mont : Richardson,  2037. 

Wales  series,  Silurian,  Alaska : Brooks, 

313  ; Kindle,  1400. 

Wallace  formation,  Algonkian,  Montana  . 
MacDonald,  1658  ; Walcott,  2470. 

Walsingham  formation,  Pliocene,  Bermuda 
Islands  : Verrill,  2445. 

Wando  clays,  1‘leistooene,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Wappinger  limestone,  Cambro-Silurian,  New 
York  : Berkey,  207. 

Wapsipinicon  formation,  Devonian,  Iowa : 
Arey,  53  ; Calvin,  387,  388  ; Norton,  1805. 

Warley  Hill  marl.  Eocene,  South  Carolina  : 
Sloan,  2218. 

Warsaw  formation,  Mississippian,  Illinois  : 
Fenneman,  860 ; Weller,  2523. 

Warsaw  formation,  Mississippian,  Missouri  : 
Shepard,  2194. 

Warsaw  limestone,  Mississippian,  Illinois ; 
Bowman  and  Reeds,'  277. 

Warsaw  shales,  Mississippian,  Iowa  : Beyer 
and  Williams,  234. 

Wasatch  beds.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  : Loomis. 
1615. 

Wasatch  formation.  Tertiary,  Wyoming: 
Fisher,  873  ; Veatch,  2437,  2439. 


Wasatch  ( ?)  group.  Eocene,  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico  ; Shaler,  2176. 

Wasatch  group,  Eocene,  New  Mexico : 
Keyes,  1390. 

Wasatch  limestone,  Carboniferous,  Utah : 
Emmons,  798. 

Washington  formation.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Washington  formation.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475-477  ; Stone  ana 

Clapp,  2314. 

Washington  formation.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  ; Gris- 
wold and  Munn,  1048. 

Washington  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044,  1046. 

Washington  limestone,  Ordovician,  Ver- 
mont : Richardson,  2037. 

Washington  reds.  Carboniferous,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stevenson,  2294. 

Washington  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Washington  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Washito  group,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Waterbury  gneiss,  Connecticut : Gregory, 

1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 

Watauga  shale,  Cambrian,  Tennessee-; 
Keith,  1354. 

Waterford  slate,  Vermont : Richardson, 

2037. 

Waterloo  quartzite.  pre-Cambrian,  Wiscon- 
sin ; Warner,  2477. 

Wauhakee  formation,  Silurian,  Wisconsin  : 
Alden,  23. 

Wausau  graywacke,  pre-Cambrian,  Wiscon- 
sin : Weidman,  2512. 

Waynesboro  formation,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stose,  2318. 

Waynesboro  shale  and  sandstone,  Cam- 
brian, Maryland : Clark  and  Mathews, 

488. 

Waynesburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1044. 

Waynesburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Waynesburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  475. 

Waynesburg  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Waynesburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous.  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Waynesburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous.  Penn- 
sylvania ; Clapp,  475,  476. 

Waynesburg  sandstone.  Carboniferous, 
Pennsylvania.  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia  : 
Griswold  and  Munn,  1048. 

Waynesville  sandstone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Vii-ginia  : Grimsley,  1046. 

Weber  conglomerate.  Carboniferous,  Cali- 
fornia and  Nevada  : Ball,  120. 

Weber  formation.  Carboniferous,  Utah : 
Weeks,  2506. 


LISTS GEOLOGIC  FORMATIONS. 


813 


Weber  quartzite,  Carboniferous,  Utah : 
Boutwell,  271. 

Weber  quartzite,  Ordovician,  Utah  : Em- 
mons, 798. 

Wedington  sandstone  member,  Mississip- 
pian,  Arkansas  : Purdue,  1971. 

Weisner  quartzite,  Cambrian,  Georgia ; 
Watson,  2483. 

Weisner  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Alabama : 
Smith,  2229. 

Weitchpec  schists,  California : Ilershey, 

1133. 

Wellesley  formation,  Devonian,  Alaska : 
Brooks,  313. 

Wellington  beds,  Permian,  Kansas : Woos- 
ter, 2636. 

Wellsburg  sandstone  member,  Devonian, 
New  York  ; Williams,  2583. 

Wenonah  sand,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey ; 
Weller  2520. 

Westerly  granite,  Connecticut : ■ Gregory, 
1034. 

Westerville  limestone,  Pennsylvanian,  Iowa  : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

West  Hill  flags  and  shales,  Devonian,  New 
York  : Luther,  1634. 

West  River  shale,  Devonian,  New  York : 
Luther,  1633,  1634. 

Weverton  formation,  Cambrian,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Weverton  sandstone,  Cambrian,  Pennsyl- 
vania : Stose,  2318. 

Wewe  shales,  pre-Cambrian,  Michigan : 
Lane  and  Seaman,  1518. 

Wheeling,  Carboniferous,  Appalachian  re- 
gion : Stevenson,  2295. 

White  Pine  shale,  Devonian,  Nevada  : Law- 
son,  1526. 

Whiteside  granite,  Post-Cambrian?,  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina : Keith, 

1353. 

Whitsett  limestone  lentil,  Cretaceous,  Ore- 
gon : Diller,  724. 

Wichita  conglomerate,  Permian,  Texas : 
Case,  443. 

Wichita  division  of  the  Red  Beds,  Permian, 
Texas  : Case,  443. 

Wicomico  formation.  Pleistocene,  Maryland  : 
Clark  and  Mathews,  488 ; Shattuck, 
2184,  2185,  2188,  2191  ; Shattuck  et  al., 
2193. 

Wicomico  formation.  Quaternary,  Maryland, 
and  Delaware  : Miller,  1749. 

Wicomico  formation.  Pleistocene,  Virginia  : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Wilbur  limestone,  Silurian,  New  York : 
Grabau,  991. 

Wilcox  formation.  Eocene,  Mississippi  : 
Brown,  326  ; Logan,  1608. 

Wilcox  formation.  Tertiary,  Mississippi  : 
Criaer,  595  ; Crider  and  Johnson,  599. 

Williamson  shale,  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Clarke,  494  ; Ilartnagel,  1085. 

Willimantic  gneiss,  Connecticut  : Gregory, 
1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson,  1038. 


Wills  I’oint  clays.  Tertiary,  Texas  : Eenne- 
man,  958  ; Ries,  2058. 

Wilmore,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller, 

1748. 

Wilson  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Kansas  : 
Schrader  and  Haworth,  2144. 

Winchester,  Ordovician,  Kentucky  : Miller, 
1748. 

Windy  Gap  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Ap- 
palachian region  : Stevenson,  2295. 

Windy  Gap  limestone.  Carboniferous,  West 
Virginia:  Grimsley,  1044. 

Windy  Gap  limestone.  Carboniferous,  Penn- 
sylvania : Clapp,  476. 

Winooski  or  Swanton  marble,  Cambrian, 
Vermont  : Edson,  774. 

Winslow  formation.  Carboniferous,  Indian 
Territory  : Taff,  2332. 

Winslow  formation,  Pennsylvanian,  Arkan- 
sas : I’urdue,  1971. 

Winterset  limestone,  IVnnsylvanian,  Iowa : 
Beyer  and  Williams,  234. 

Wisconsin  drift,  Ifleistocene,  Iowa  : Calvin, 
387  ; Macbride,  1639  ; Williams.  2588. 

Wisconsin  epoch.  Quaternary,  New  York  : 
Veatch,  2434. 

Wisconsin  deposits.  Quaternary,  Pennsylva- 
nia : Woolsey,  2634. 

Wise  formation.  Carboniferous,  Virginia  : 
Stone,  2311. 

Wissahickon  phyllites  and  gneiss,  Algon- 
kian,  Maryland  : Clark  and  Mathews,  488. 

Wolcott  limestone,  Silurian,  New  York  : 
Clarke,  494  ; Ilartnagel,  1085. 

^^'olsey  shale,  Cambrian,  Montana  : Em- 

mons, 806. 

Wolverine  sandstone,  Algonkian,  Michigan  : 
Lane,  1509. 

Wolverine  sandstone,  Michigan  : Lane,  1507. 

Womack  gneiss,  Colorado  : Graton,  1026. 

Woodbine  formation,  Cretaceous,  Arkansas  : 
Veatch,  2436. 

Woodbine  formation,  Cretaceous,  Texas . 
Ries,  2058. 

Woodbury  clay,  Cretaceous,  New  Jersey  : 
Weller,  2520. 

Woodside  shale.  Carboniferous,  Utah  : Bout- 
well,  271. 

Woodstock  member.  Eocene,  Maryland : 
Shattuck  et  al.,  2193. 

Woodstock  quartz  schist,  Connecticut  : 
Gregory,  1034  ; Gregory  and  Robinson, 
1038. 

Woonsocket  conglomerate,  Massachusetts : 
Mansfield,  1674. 

Wrangell  lavas.  Tertiary,  Alaska : Brooks, 
313. 

Wreford  limestone,  Permian,  Kansas  : Woos- 
ter, 2636. 

Wyoming  conglomerate.  Tertiary,  Wyoming  : 
Sinclair,  2214  ; Veatch,  2437. 

Yakima  basalt.  Tertiary,  Washington  : 
Smith  and  Calkins,  2240. 

Yakutat  series,  Alaska  : Blackwelder,  240 ; 
Tarr,  2346  ; Tarr  and  Martin,  2356, 


314  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OP  KORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGY,  190G-1907 


Yarmouth,  Quaternary,  Iowa  : Calvin,  387. 
Yegua  clays.  Eocene,  Texas : Penhallow. 
1899. 

Yegua  clays.  Tertiary,  Texas : Fenneman. 
859;  Ries,  2058. 

Yellow  Creek  sandstone  member.  Carbonif- 
erous, Kentucky  : Ashley  and  Glenn,  77. 
Yellville  formation,  Ordovician,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory : Taff,  2332. 


Yogo  limestone,  Devono-Silurian,  Montana  : 
Emmons,  800. 

Yonkers  gneiss,  pre-Cambrian,  New  York  : 
Berkey,  207. 

Y'orktown  formation.  Tertiary,  Virginia  : 
Clark  and  Miller,  489. 

Yukon  silts.  Quaternary,  Alaska  : Brooks, 
313. 


MINERALS  DESCRIBED. 


Abriachanite,  1779. 

Actinolite,  1893. 

Agalmatolite,  1437. 

Albite,  2565. 

Allanite,  2478,  2493. 

Allophane,  2081. 

Amber,  1437. 

Amblygonite,  87. 

Amphibole,  28,  1705,  1893,  2505. 

Andalusite,  1437. 

Anglesite,  99,  346,  1017,  2081. 

Anhydrite,  1437. 

Anorthite,  857. 

Apatite,  1437,  2493,  2505. 

Apophyllite,  1437. 

Aragonite,  340. 

Aragotite,  1072. 

Arfvedsonite,  1779. 

Arsenopyrite,  1705. 

Astrophyllite,  251. 

Augite,  2478. 

Aurichalcite,  2081. 

Axinite,  1437. 

Azurite,  1437,  2081. 

Bakerite,  958. 

Barite,  99,  753,  1017,  2081,  2134. 

pisolitic,  2656. 

Barkevikite,  1779. 

Benitoite,  1620. 

Beryl,  753,  888,  1437. 

Biotite,  2478,  2565. 

Bornite,  539,  1705. 

Bronzite,  2478. 

Brookite,  1437,  1863. 

Calamine,  99,  340,  1017,  2081,  2484. 
Calcite,  93,  99,  251,  340,  753,  1017,  1119, 
1429,  1437,  2081,  2111,  2505-2.507. 
phosphorescent,  1110. 

Caledonite,  2081. 

Calomel,  1101. 

Carinthine,  2242. 

Cassiterite,  1025,  1115,  1437. 

Catapleite,  251. 

Celestite,  1427. 

Cerusite,  99,  340,  1017,  2081,  2484. 
Chalcanthite,  2081. 

Chalcedony,  1437. 

Chalcopyrite,  99,  .340,  539,  1705,  2081. 
Chalmersite,  1804. 

('hlorite,  2478. 

Chromite,  2478. 

Chrysocolla,  1437,  1705. 

Chrysolite,  2478. 

Chrysoprase,  1437. 


Cinnabar,  1705,  2111. 

Cobaltite,  703. 

Columbite,  753,  2493. 
Columbite-tantalite,  2478. 

Copiapite,  2081. 

Copper,  1912. 

Cordierite,  2478. 

Cordylite,  251. 

Corundum,  1437. 

Covellite,  2081. 

Crocidolite,  1779. 

Crossite,  1779. 

Cuprite,  2081. 

Datolite,  1426,  1437. 

Diamond,  1437,  1440,  1444,  1445. 
Diopside,  1437,  1952,  2242,  2478. 
Dolomite,  99,  340,  1017,  2081. 
Dufrenite,  2493. 

Eglestonite,  1101. 

Elpidite,  251. 

Endlichite,  274. 

Enstatite,  28,  1437,  2478. 
lOpididymite,  251. 

Epidote,  1437,  2242,  2478,  2505. 
Euxenite,  1524. 

Evansite,  2130. 

Feldspar,  1437. 

Fluorite,  93,  1437. 

Fosterite,  28. 

Galena,  99,  346,  539,  1705,  2081. 
Galenite,  1017,  2484. 

Garnet,  1437,  2242,  2478. 

Gastaldite,  1779. 

Gersdorffite,  539. 

Glaucophane,1779,  2242. 

Goethite,  1437,  2478. 

Goslarite,  2081. 

Greenockite,  340. 

Gypsum,  1437,  2081,  2111. 

Ilalloysite,  2004. 
llelvite,  2493. 

Hematite,  340,  1705,  2081,  2478,  2505. 
Hornblende,  1705,  1893,  2307,  247S. 
Howlite,  958. 

Hudsonite,  1893. 

Huebnerite,  1115. 

Hydrozincite,  99.  340,  1017,  2081. 
Ilypersthene,  2478. 

Ilmenite,  2478. 
lolite,  2478. 

Irvingite,  2511. 

Jade,  1437. 

Jamesonite,  1115. 

Jasper,  1437. 


LISTS — LOCKS 


315 


Karinthine,  1779. 

Kleinite,  1161,  2109,  2110. 

Kunzite,  1437,  2258. 

Kupft'erite,  28. 

Labradorite,  1437. 

Laneite,  1779. 

Lapis  lazuli,  1437. 

Lawsonite,  753,  2242. 

Leadhillite,  346,  2081. 

I.,epidolite,  87,  1437. 

Linnseite,  559. 

Limonite,  99,  346,  1017,  1705,  2081,  2478. 
Linarite,  2081. 

Magnetite,  1705. 

Malachite,  346,  1437,  2081. 
Manganotantalite,  2136. 

Marcasite,  99,  346,  539,  1017,  1538,  2081. 
Marignasite,  2513. 

Melanterite,  99,  2081. 

Meneghinite,  1115. 

Mercury,  1161. 

Microlite,  2493. 

Millerite,  539. 

Mimetite,  274. 

Molybdgiiite,  539,  933,  1705,  2565. 

Molybdite,  1053,  2137. 

Monazite,  2478,  2493. 

Montroydite,  1161. 

Napoleonite,  1437. 

Neptunite,  251. 

Niccolite,  539. 

Nickelite,  539. 

Noralite,  1779. 

Octahedrite,  1863. 

Olivine,  1865,  2478. 

Opal,  1437. 

Osannite,  1779. 

Pargasite,  1779,  2242. 

Pectolite,  1437. 

Pentlandite,  539. 

Phenacite,  1864. 

Phlogopite,  2478. 

Polydymite,  539. 

Powellite,  2137. 

I’seudoleucite,  1410,  1997. 

Purpurite,  2136. 

Pyrite,  99,  346,  539,  1017,  1428,  1538, 
1705,  2081,  2390,  2565. 

ROCKS  D 

Akerite,  2660. 

Alaskite,  2270,  2271. 

Albite-pyroxene  syenite,  159. 

Amphibole  gneiss,  1199. 

Amphibole  minette,  1199. 

Amphibolite,  1025,  1401. 

Amygdaloid,  2071. 

Analcite  trachyte,  1409. 

Andalusite  quartzite,  1199. 

Andesite,  607,  1052,  1-091,  1199,  1409,  2071, 
2240. 

Anorthosite,  10,  614,  1026. 

Anthophyllite  peridotite,  1401. 

Anthracite,  2071. 

Aplite,  149,  1934,  1935,  2271,  2414,  2494. 
Aporhyolite,  1193. 


l‘yrochlore,  2513. 

I’yromorphite,  346,  2081. 
l*yrolusite,  346,  2081. 

I’yroxene,  28,  2478. 

I'yrrhotite,  539,  1705. 

Quartz,  99,  346,  1437,  1705,  2081,  2478, 
2565. 

Redondite,  1452. 

Rhodusite,  1779. 

Riebeckite,  1779. 

Samarskite,  2478. 

Scapolite,  2535. 

Selenite,  93,  99,  1017. 

Serpentine,  2478. 

Siderite,  2134. 

Sipylite,  2493. 

Smithsonite,  99,  346,  1017,  2081,  2484. 
Soretite,  1779. 

Sperrylite,  539. 

Sphalerite,  99,  346,  1017,  1705,  2081,  2484. 
Spinel,  1437. 

Spodumene,  87,  1437,  2258. 

Staurolite,  2478. 

Stibiotantalite,  1892. 

Stilbite,  2565. 

Strengite,  2493. 

Sulphur,  99,  2081. 

Synchysite,  251. 

Tapiolite,  1115. 

Terlinguaite,  1161. 

Titanite,  1863,  2242,  2367,  2565. 

Topaz,  1437. 

Tourmaline,  1437,  2136,  2478. 

Tremolite,  1893. 

Turgite,  2478. 

Turquoise,  1437,  2664. 

Vanadinite,  274. 

Vesuvianite,  1437. 

Willemite,  419. 

Wolframite,  1115,  2478. 

Wollastonite,  27,  559,  2645. 

Wurtzite,  2494. 

Yttrocrasite,  1143. 

Zinc  blende,  933. 

phosphorescent,  1115. 

Zinnwaldite,  2136. 

Zircon,  2565. 

Zoisite,  849,  1864,  2242. 


Arkose,  2242. 

Augite  diorite,  1199. 

Augite  porphyrite,  1199. 

Augite  trachyte,  1409. 

Auvergnose,  1500,  1815. 

Basalt,  1052,  1091,  2071,  2240,  2447,  2493. 
P.elcherose,  1178. 

Biotite  granite,  118. 

Biotite  granite  schist,  2512. 

Biotite-quartz  gabbro,  1334. 

Biotite  schist,  118. 

Blairmorite,  1409. 

Bostonite,  1935,  2660. 

Breccia,  1026. 

Camptonase,  1935. 

Camptonite,  1934,  1935,  2660. 


316  BTBLTOGRAPHY  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  GEOLOGA',  1906-1907 


Camptonose,  1984. 

Clay,  2071. 

Coal,  2071. 

Concretion,  2071. 

Conglomerate,  539,  2071. 

Cortlandite,  159,  1178. 

Dacite,  1091. 

Diabase,  10,  539,  591,  614,  742,  1025,  1026, 
1199,  1656,  1762,  2240,  2493,  2494,  2512. 
Diallagite,  1178. 

Diopside  rock,  1372. 

Diorite,  118,  149,  425,  591,  742,  1178,  1199,  j 
1815,  2242,  2414,  2447,  2493,  2494,  2512. 
Dolomite,  2071. 

Dunite,  1401. 

Dunose,  1815. 

Eclogite,  1779,  2242. 

Epiamphibole  picrite,  1401. 

Epidiorite,  1401. 

Epidote  schist,  1779. 

Essexite,  10,  742,  743,  2367,  2660. 

Felsite,  1091,  1199. 

Eelsite  porphyry,  1199. 

Eoyaite,  1935. 

Gabbro,  10,  149,  425,  488,  614,  1178,  1199. 
Garnet  epidiorite,  1401. 

Gilfordal  camptonose,  1934. 

Glaucophane  gneiss,  1779,  2242. 

(ilaucophane  schist,  425,  591,  1779,  2242. 
Gneiss,  118,  1025,  1026,  1199,  1224,  1656, 
1779,  2242,  2414,  2493,  2494,  2512. 
Gneissoid  granite,.  118. 

Granite,  10,  118,  159,  164,  488,  539,  614, 
632,  742,  1025,  1026,  1091,  119.3,  1199, 
1372,  1656,  1762,  1815,  1934,  2037,  2071, 
2270,  2271,  2414,  2485,  2493,  2494,  2512. 
Granite  porphyry,  118. 

Grano-alaskose,  1935. 

Granodiorite,  632,  1178,  2240. 

Granulite,  1199. 

Gravel,  2071. 

Graywacke,  539. 

Greenstone,  1779,  2242,  2271. 

Greenstone  schist,  2512. 

Ilampshiral  camptonose,  1934. 

Ilarzburgite,  1401. 

Hornblende  andesite,  1052,  1091. 

Hornblende  gneiss,  118. 

Hornblende  kersantite,  1199. 

Hornblende  schist,  2242. 

Hornblende  tracho-umptekose,  1935. 
Hornblendic  grano-miaskose,  1935. 
Ilornblendite,  1178. 

Hypersthene  akerite,  2490. 

Hypersthene  andesite,  1091. 

Jasper,  591. 

Kersantite,  1199. 

Labrador  porphyrite,  1199. 

Lamprophyre,  603. 

Lassenose,  1815,  1934, 

Latite,  607. 

Latite  phonolite,  1026. 

Latite  porphyry,  2414. 

Laurdalose,  743. 

Laurelite,  1401. 

Lava,  2271. 


Lawsonite  gneiss,  1779. 

Leucite,  1410. 

Leucitophyre,  1026. 

Lignite,  2071. 

Limestone,  10,  1025,  1372,  1656,  2071 

2494. 

Lincolnose,  1815. 

Liparase,  1934. 

Liparose,  2240. 

Malignite,  632. 

Marble,  10,  1656,  2071,  2494, 

Metarhyolite,  1193. 

Miaskose,  1935. 

Mica  andesite,  1091. 

Mica  gabbro,  2490. 

Mica  schist,  1779,  1815,  2242,  2493. 
Microdiorite,  149. 

Minette,  1526. 

Monchiqiiite,  1026. 

Monzonite,  1526,  1815. 

Monzonose,  1815. 

Muscovite  granite,  2270. 

Nepheline  syenite,  10,  2660. 

Nephelite  syenite  porphyry,  1935. 
Nordmarkite,  742,  743.  • 

Nordmarkose,  1934. 

Norite,  488,  539,  1178,  1656. 

Obsidian,  164,  1526. 

Olivine  diabase,  1199,  2490. 

Olivine  gabbro,  1199,  1401. 

Olivine  syenite,  1026. 

Orthoclase  granite,  1199. 

Paisanal  liparose,  1935. 

Paisanite,  1935. 

Peat,  2071. 

Pegmatite,  118,  149,  488,  1025,  1026,  2414 
2494. 

Peridotite,  488,  539,  1178,  1401,  2240. 
Phlegrose,  1934. 

Phonolite,  1026. 

Phyro-nordmarkose,  1935. 

Placerose,  1815. 

Plagioclase  granite,  1199. 

Plagioclase  porphyrite,  1199. 

Porphyrite,  1199. 

Porphyry,  118,  1025,  1193,  1199,  1372 
1526,  2494. 

Pseudodiabase,  2242. 

Pseudodiorite,  2242. 

Pseudoleucite,  1410. 

Prowei’sose,  159,  603. 

Pulaskite,  742,  1934. 

Pulaskose,  1934. 

Pyroxene  andesite,  1091. 

Pyroxenite,  425,  488. 

Quartz,  1526. 

Quartz-augite  diorite,  1199. 

Quartz  basalt,  1091. 

Quartz-bearing  diorite,  118. 

Quartz  diabase,  1199. 

Quartz  diorite,  1199, '2240. 

Quartz  gabbro-diorite,  1334. 

Quartz  monzonite,  118. 

Quartz  monzonite  gneiss,  118. 

Quartz  porphyry,  1199,  1372. 
Quartz-sericite  schist,  1025. 


LISTS- 


ROCKS 


317 


(}uart5?  sj'enito  schist.  2512. 

Quartzite,  1199,  1779,  2493. 

Rhyolite,  164,  607,  1026,  1091,  1526,  2240, 
2512. 

Rhyolite  porphyry,  164. 

Sand,  2071. 

Sandstone,  10,  539,  591,  1656,  2071,  249.">, 
2494. 

Saxonite,  1401. 

Schist,  118,  1025,  1026,  1779,  2071,  2240, 
2242. 

Serpentine,  488,  591,  742,  1334,  1416,  2071, 
2240. 

Shale,  2071. 

Sitkose,  1815. 

Slate,  539,  2071. 

Smaragdite-epi-diorite,  1401. 

Spessartite,  1934. 

Syenite,  10,  614,  616,  632,  1026,  1779,  1934, 
2490,  2493,  2494,  2512. 


Syonite-aplite,  2660. 
Syenite-pori)hyrite,  1 199. 

Syenite  porphyry,  1199,  1935. 
Tinguaite,  742,  1409. 

Tonalose,  1815. 
4’rachi-nordmarkose,  1935. 
Trachiphyro-miaskose,  1935. 
Trachy-andesite,  1091. 
Trachydolerite,  1026. 

Trachyte  porphyry,  1372. 
Troctolite,  2512. 

Tufa,  2071. 

Tuff,  164,  539,  591,  1091,  2071. 
Umptekite,  1935. 

Umptekose,  1815,  1935. 

Unakite,  2485,  2486,  2493,  2494. 
Uralite  diabase,  1199. 

Vogesite,  1026. 

Wohlerite,  1935. 

Yamaskite,  2660. 


o 


■ i.  p 


DEPARTMENT  OE  THE  INTERIOR 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director 


Bulletin  373 


THE  SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL 

IN  BOILER  PLANTS 


WITH  A CHAPTER  ON  CENTRA!.  HEATING  PLANTS 


BY 

D.  T.  RANDALL  and  II.  W.  WEEKS 


AVASIilNGTON 

G O V K U N M E NT  F K I N 1’  I N G O 1’  1’  1 G K 

1909 


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CONTENTS. 


Introduction 

The  problem  and  its  solution 

Investigation  of  industrial  ])lants 

Scope  and  purpose 

Summary  of  conclusions 

Personnel 

Method  of  collecting  data , 

Sizes  of  coal 

Definition  of  boiler  horsepower 

Determination  of  total  heating  surface 

Tests  by  the  Geological  Survey 

General  statement 

Summary  of  conclusions 

Representative  boiler  plants  burning  coal  without  smoke 

General  statement 

Plants  with  mechanical  stokers 

Overfeed  stokers 

Chain  grates 

Front-feed  stokers 

Side-feed  stokers 

Underfeed  stokers 

Smoke  ])revention  at  boiler  plants  with  great  variations  of  load 

Iland-fired  furnaces 

Smoke  observations  at  Geological  Survey  fuel-testing  plants 

Tests  at  Norfolk,  Ya 

Iland-fired  tests 

Tests  with  mec-hariical  stoker 

Tests  at  St.  Louis,  Mo 

Comparison  of  methods  of  su])plying  air  for  coml)ustion 

Methods  compared 

Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity  with  air  admitted  through  grates  and  by 

automatic  devices 

Comj)arison  of  results  from  different  coals  with  varied  air  admission 

Relation  of  efficiency  to  ca]>acity  with  varied  air  admission 

Concdusions 

Influence  of  volatile  matter  in  fuel  on  the  smoke  ])rol)lem... 

Horsepower  from  different  coals 

Central  heating  stations 

General  conclusions  on  smoke  abatement 

Ribliography 

Survey  j)ublications  on  coal  and  fuel  testing 

Miscellaneous  j)ublications  on  smoke  al)atement 

Index 


I ’age. 

5 


6 

7 

7 

7 

8 
9 
9 
9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

12 

34 

48 

77 

99 

99 

139 

139 

139 

143 

144 
167 
167 


168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 
175 

184 

185 

185 

186 
187 


3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Figure  1.  Chain-grate  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  with  uptake  in 

rear 13 

2.  Chain-grate  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler 14 

3.  Chain-grate  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  with  uptake  in 

front 15 

4.  Chain-grate  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler 16 

5.  Front-feed  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  usual  setting 34 

6.  Front-feed  stoker  and  Cahall  boiler 35 

7.  Front-feed  stoker  and  Heine  boiler 36 

8.  Front-feed  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler 37 

9.  Front-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler 38 

10.  Side-feed  stoker  in  Butch  oven  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 49 

11.  Side-feed  stoker  in  Dutch  oven  and  Cahall  boiler 50 

12.  Side-feed  stoker  and  Heine  boiler 51 

13.  Side-feed  stoker  in  Dutch  oven  and  Stirling  boiler 51 

14.  Side-feed  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler 52 

15.  Side-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation 53 

16.  Side-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section 54 

17.  Underfeed  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 78 

18.  Underfeed  stoker  and  Heine  boiler 78 

19.  Underfeed  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler 79 

20.  Underfeed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation 80 

21.  Underfeed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section 81 

22.  Underfeed  stoker,  plan.  82 

23.  Underfeed  stoker  and  Scotch  marine  boiler 83 

24.  Load  and  boiler-service  chart, of  large  power  plant : 100 

25.  Automatic  steam  and  air  admission  device  and  water-tube  boiler  ...  103 

26.  Automatic  steam  and  air  admission  device  and  return  tubular  boiler.  104 

27.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 105 

28.  Down-draft  furnace  and  Heine  boiler 105 

29.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  elevation 106 

30.  A hand-fired  furnace,  plan 106 

31.  A hand-fired  furnace,  cross  section 107 

32.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  Scotch  marine  boiler,  elevation 119 

33.  A hand-fired  furnace,  cross  section 120 

34.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  return  tubular  boiler  : 121 

35.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation 122 

36.  A hand-fired  furnace,  plan 123 

37.  A hand-fired  furnace  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section 124 

38.  Elevation  and  plan  of  setting  of  hand-fired  Heine  boiler 140 

39.  Cross  section  of  setting  and  plan  of  bridge  wall  of  hand-fired  Heine 

boiler 141 

40.  I’roportion  of  smoke-])roducing  compounds  given  off  at  different 

temjieratures  by  several  coals 174 

4 


THE  SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL  IN 

BOILER  PLANTS. 


By  D.  T.  Kandall  and  II.  W.  Weeks. 

\ 

INTRODUCTION. 

THE  PROBLEM  AND  ITS  SOLUTION. 

The  burning  of  coal  without  smoke  is  a problem  which  concerns 
the  Government  directly  because  of  the  advantages  of  smokeless  com- 
bustion both  in  public  buildings  and  on  naval  vessels.  In  addition, 
smoke  abatement  is  a factor  in  conserving  the  fuel  resources  of  the 
United  States.  Hence,  as  part  of  its  general  investigation  of  the  best 
methods  of  utilizing  the  coals  of  this  country,  the  United  States  Geo- 
logical Survey  has  made  extended  tests  to  determine  the  conditions 
necessary  for  the  smokeless  combustion  of  bituminous  coal  in  boiler 
plants,  and  has  obtained  information  relating  to  the  setting  and  opera- 
tion of  boilers  at  industrial  establishments  where  coal  high  in  volatile 
matter  is  burned  without  smoke. 

Bulletin  334,  a preliminary  report  on  the  subject  of  smoke  abate- 
ment, treated  the  problem  from  a theoretical  point  of  view,  detailing 
the  steps  that  are  now  being  taken  by  municipalities,  manufacturers, 
and  citizens  to  stop  the  evil,  also  showing  the  possibility  of  a clean 
city.  The  present  bulletin  not  only  shows  that  bituminous  coals  high 
in  volatile  matter  can  be  burned  without  smoke,  but  also  that  large 
plants  carrying  loads  that  fluctuate  widely,  where  boilers  over  banked 
fires  must  be  put  into  service  quickly  and  fires  forced  to  the  capacity 
of  their  units,  can  be  operated  without  producing  smoke  that  is  objec- 
tionable. Proper  equipment,  efficient  labor,  and  intelligent  super- 
vision are  the  necessary  factors. 

INVESTIQATION  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PLANTS. 

SCOPE  AND  PURPOSE. 

In  the  investigation  of  industrial  establishments  a study  was  made 
of  the  conditions  in  thirteen  of  the  larger  cities  in  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  Maryland,  Michigan,  Missouri,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Penn- 
sylvania, between  400  and  500  plants  being  inspected.  Sufficient 
information  was  collected  to  make  the  data  from  284  plants  of  value 


5 


6 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


for  this  report.  In  nearly  every  city  visited  coal  was  supplied  from 
points  both  in  and  out  of  the  State,  so  that  although  but  nine  States 
were  visited,  the  facts  ascertained  apply  to  coals  from  a greater 
number. 

The  main  purpose  of  the  inspection  was  to  obtain  a better  knowledge 
as  to  the  influence  on  smoke  production  of  furnace  design  and  of  the 
conditions  under  which  combustion  takes  place. 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS. 

The  results  of  this  investigation  are  set  forth  in  detail  on  later  pages 
of  this  volume.  The  general  conclusions  to  be  drawn  can  be  summa- 
rized in  a few  paragraphs. 

Smoke  prevention  is  possible.  There  are  many  types  of  furnaces 
and  stokers  that  are  operated  smokelessly. 

Any  one  kind  of  apparatus  is  effective  only  if  so  set  under  boilers 
that  the  principles  of  combustion  are  respected.  The  value  to  the 
average  purchaser  of  a manufacturer’s  requirement  on  this  point 
lies  in  the  fact  that  he  is  thus  reasonably  certain  of  good  installation. 
A good  stoker  or  furnace  poorly  set  is  of  less  value  than  a poor  stoker 
or  furnace- well  set.  Good  installation  of  furnace  equipment  is  neces- 
saiy  for  smoke  prevention. 

Stokers  or  furnaces  must  be  set  so  that  combustion  will  be  complete 
before  the  gases  strike  the  heating  surface  of  the  boiler.  When  partly 
burned  gases  at  a temperature  of,  say,  2,500°  F.,  strike  the  tubes  of  a 
boiler  at,  say,  350°  F.,  combustion  is  necessarily  hindered  and  ma}"  be 
entirely  arrested.  The  length  of  time  required  for  the  gases  to  pass 
from  the  coal  to  the  heating  surface  probably  averages  considerably 
less  than  one  second,  a fact  which  shows  that  the  gases  and  air  must 
be  intimately  mixed  when  large  volumes  of  gas  are  distilled,  as  at 
times  of  hand  firing,  or  the  gas  must  be  distilled  uniforndy,  as  in  a 
mechanical  stoker.  By  adding  mixing  structui’es  to  a mechanical 
stoker  equipment  both  the  amount  of  air  i-equired  for  combustion  and 
the  distance  from  the  grates  to  the  heating  surface  may  be  reduced 
for  tlie  same  capacit}^  developed.  Tlie  necessaiy  air  siqiply  can  also 
be  reduced  l)V  increasing  the  rate  of  combustion. 

No  one  type  of  stoker  is  equally  valuable  for  burning  all  kinds  of 
coal.  The  plant  which  has  an  e({uipment  propeily  designed  to  burn 
the  cheapest  coal  available  will  evajiorate  water  at  the  least  cost. 

Although  hand-fired  furnaces  can  be  o])crated  without  objection- 
able smoke,  the  finunan  is  so  variable  a factor  that  the  ultimate  solu- 
tion of  the  ])roblem  depends  on  the  mechanical  stoker — in  other 
words,  the  ]iersonal  element  must  be  eliminated.  There  is  no  hand- 
fired  furnace  from  which,  under  average  conditions,  as  good  residts 
can  be  obtained  as  from  many  difierent  ])atterns  of  mechanical  stoker, 
and  of  two  equi})inents  the  one  which  will  recpiire  the  less, attention 


INVESTIGATION  OF  INDUSTRIAL  PLANTS. 


7 

from  the  fireman  gives  the  better  results.  The  most  economical 
hand-fired  plants  are  those  that  approach  most  nearly  to  the  continu- 
ous feed  of  the  mechanical  stoker. 

The  small  plant  is  no  longer  dependent  on  hand-fired  furnaces,  as 
certain  types  of  mechanical  stokers  can  be  installed  under  a guaranty 
of  high  economy,  with  reduction  of  labor  for  the  fireman. 

In  short,  smoke  prevention  is  both  possible  and  economical. 


PERSONNEL. 

This  investigation  was  carried  out  under  the  direction  of  D.  T. 
Randall,  L.  F.  Beers  and  H.  W.  Weeks  procuring  most  of  the  data. 
Mr.  Weeks  has  also  prepared  a large  portion  of  the  report.  In  the 
collection  of  the  information  mucli  assistance  was  given  by  the  city 
smoke  inspectors,  by  manufacturers  of  boiler-room  equipment,  and 
by  the  owners  of  the  ]ilants  visited,  and  to  them  especial  thanks  are 
hereby  extended  for  their  active  cooperation. 

METHOD  OF  COLLECTING  DATA. 

On  entering  a city  a list  was  obtained  of  the  ]ilants  where  mechan- 
ical stokers  or  special  devices  for  hand-fired  furnaces  were  in  opera- 
tion without  smoke.  Smoke  observations  were  taken  on  the  stacks 
at  these  plants,  or  records  at  the  smoke  inspector’s  office  were  reviewed 
to  determine  the  jilants  to  be  visited.  The  stack  was  always  watched 
at  times  when  the  ])lant  was  running  under  average  conditions,  and 
always  without  the  knowledge  of  the  engineer  or  fireman.  The 
length  of  the  observations  varied  from  one  hour  to  ten  hours,  although 
a one-hour  record  determined  whether  a stack  was  good  or  bad.  The 
observer  usually  checked  this  record  by  watching  the  stack  during 
several  shorter  periods  while  he  was  in  the  ciW. 

During  the  visit  to  each  plant  an  attenqit  was  made  to  obtain  data 
enough  so  that  the  furnace  and  boiler  setting  could  be  du])licated. 
All  information  except  that  in  regard  to  drafts  and  furnace  measure- 
ments was  sup|)lied  by  the  manager  or  the  engineer  in  charge  of  the 
plant.  The  engineer  usually  knew  the  a])])roximate  amount  of  coal 
burned  per  day  on  heavy  anil  light  loads  and  the  number  of  boilers 
used  to  carry  the  load.  Draft  readings  were  taken  to  obtain  tlie 
drop  in  draft  througli  the  l)oiler  and  to  learn  the  efi'ective  draft  which 
burned  the  coal.  S])ecial  notice  was  taken  of  the  methods  of  opera- 
tion to  determine  whether  in  ciise  the  ])lant  was  duplicated  the  sajiie 
results  could  be  expected  if  it  was  ojierated  by  the  average  fireman. 

SIZES  OF  COAL. 

The  size  of  the  coal  which  was  being  burned  at  the  various  plants 
inspected  is  stated  in  the  tables  as  run-of-mine,  sized  egg  or  nut,  and 
screenings,  except  for  the  Illinois  ])lants,  where  the  sizes  are  given 


8 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


as  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  or  5.  The  standard  for  sizing  cOal  is  not  uniform 
over  the  whole  State  of  Illinois,  but  in  Williamson  County  washed 
coal  is  passed  over  screens  with  round  openings  and  is  sized  and  num- 
bered as  follows: 

No.  1,  coal  passing  through  3-inch  screen  and  over  If-inch  screen. 

No.  2,  coal  passing  through  l|-inch  screen  and  over  1-inch  screen. 

No.  3,  coal  passing  through  1-inch  screen  and  over  |-inch  screen. 

No.  4,  coal  passing  through  f-inch  screen  and  over  pinch  screen. 

No.  5,  coal  passing  through  pinch  screen. 

About  half  the  washeries  in  Illinois  size  coal  according  to  the  above 
scheme. 


DEFINITION  OF  BOILER  HORSEPOWER. 

To  determine  the  percentage  of  the  rated  capacity  being  developed 
it  was  necessary  to  assume  the  amount  of  coal  each  plant  burned  per 
boiler  horsepower  per  hour.  To  a mechanical  engineer  the  term 
‘‘boiler  horsepower”  suggests  two  things — a measure  of  the  rate  of 
work  and  a measure  of  the  capacity  of  the  boiler. 

Eate  of  work. — The  measure  of  the  rate  of  work  of  a boiler  is  based 
on  an  arbitrary  unit  of  an  evaporation  of  30  pounds  of  water  per 
hour  from  a feed-water  temperation  of  100°  F.  into  steam  at  70 
pounds  gage  pressure.  This  unit  is  termed  a boiler  horsepower,  and 
was  suggested  as  of  possible  value  at  a time  when  a good  engine  had 
a water  rate  of  about  30  pounds  per  hour.  It  became  so  widely 
used  that  in  1885  it  was  adopted  by  the  American  Society  of  Mechan- 
ical Engineers  as  a standard  for  conducting  steam-boiler  trials.  The 
revised  code  of  the  society  defines  it  as  follows:  “The  unit  of  com- 
mercial horsepower  developed  by  a boiler  shall  be  taken  as  34 f units 
of  evaporation  per  hour — that  is,  344  pounds  of  water  evaporated 
per  hour  from  a feed-water  temperature  of  212°  F.  into  dry  steam 
of  the  same  temperature.  This  standard  is  equivalent  to  33,137 
British  thermal  units  per  hour.  It  is  also  practically  equivalent  to 
an  evaporation  of  30  pounds  of  water  from  a feed-water  temperature 
of  100°  F.  into  steam  at  70  ])ounds  gage  pressure.”  The  unit  of 
evaporation  is  thus  equivalent  to  965.7  British  thermal  units. 

Cajxicity  of  hollers. — The  measure  of  the  capacity  or  rating  of  a 
boiler  is  variable,  there  being  no  standard.  Under  a proper  method 
of  rating  the  proposed  rated  capacity  should  l)e  attained  when  using 
average  coal,  giving  av^erage  attention  to  firing,  and  using  only  part  of 
the  available  draft,  yet  obtaining  good  economy.  To  rate  all  boilers, 
whether  of  the  water-tube  or  fire-tube  type  or  a combination  of  the 
two,  on  the  basis  of  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  ])er  boiler 
horsepower  is  becoming  a general  jiractice,  as  this  method  comes 
within  the  required  conditions. 


TESTS  BY  THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


9 


DETERMINATION  OF  TOTAL  HEATING  SURFACE. 


The  determination  of  the  total  heating  surface  with  sufficient 
accuracy  for  ordinary  purposes  is  not  difficult.  A short  approximate 
method  for  any  boiler  is  to  figure  the  heating  surface  in  the  tubes 
and  divide  it  bv  0.85  for  a return  tubular  boiler  or  bv  0.90  for  a 
water-tube  boiler.  In  case  the  return  tubular  boiler  lias  an  arch 
over  the  top  for  gas  passage,  giving  a so-called  third  return,  it  is 
necessary  to  add  from  100  to  200  square  feet  to  the  result  to  obtain 
the  total  heating  surface. 

This  short  method  may  be  proved  by  two  examples,  as  follows : 

(1)  Take  a return  tubular  boiler  which  is  18  feet  long  and  6 feet 
in  diameter,  with  72  4-inch  tubes.  According  to  Kent,  the  square 
feet  .per  foot  length  for  a 4-inch  tube  = 1 .047 ; then — 

1.047  X 18  X72  = 1,357  square  feet  in  tubes. 

3.1416X6X18  = 339  square  feet  in  shell. 

(3.1416x9)  — (72x3.1416x0.172)  X2  = 44  square  feet  in  tube 
sheets. 

339 

Hence  the  total  effective  heating  surface  = 1357  4--^ +44  = 1570; 


but 


MI57 

1,570 


= 0.863  + , hence  approximately  85  per  cent  of  the  total 


effective  heating  surface  of  a return  tubular  boiler  is  in  the  tubes. 

(2)  Take  a Heine  water-tube  boiler  having  116  tubes  34  inches 
in  diameter  and  18  feet  long  and  a 42-inch  drum  21  feet  6 inches 
long.  According  to  Kent,  the  square  feet  per  foot  length  for  a 34-inch 
tube  = 0.916;  then  0.916  X 18  X 116  = 1 ,912  square  feet  in  tubes.  The 
approximate  dimensions  of  the  water  legs  are  6 feet  6 inches  by  4 
feet  = 26  square  feet;  the  tube  area  in  water  legs  = 8 square  feet;  and 
the  heating  surface  in  water  legs  = (26  X 2)  — (8  X 2)  = 36  square 

feet.  The  effective  heating  surface  in  drum  = ^ X ^1.5  ^ 


118  square  feet.  Thus,  the  total  effective  heating  surface  = 

1 912 

1,912  + 36  + 118  = 2,066  square  feet;  but  = 0.925  + , hence 

2,066  ^ 

approximately  92  per  cent  of  the  total  effective  heating  surface  of 
a Heine  water-tube  boiler  is  in  the  tubes.  In  other  types  of  water- 
tube  boilers  the  ratio  was  found  to  be  lower;  but  90  per  cent  may 
be  assumed  as  a fair  average  ratio. 


TESTS  BY  THE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

During  1904  to  1906  coals  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States  were 
burned  at  the  government  fuel-testing  plant  at  St.  Louis,  in  furnaces 
which  were  in  the  main  of  the  same  design.  Most  of  the  tests® 


O For  descriptions  of  the  plant  and  tests  see  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Nos.  261,  290,  323,  and  332. 


10 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


were  made  on  a hand-fired  furnace  under  a Heine  water-tube  boiler. 
The  lower  row  of  tubes  of  tlie  boiler  supported  a tile  roof  for  the 
furnace,  giving  the  gases  from  the  coal  a travel  of  about  12  feet  before 
coming  into  contact  with  the  boiler  surface.  This  furnace  is  more 
favorable  to  complete  combustion  than  tliose  installed  in  the  average 
plant.  A number  of  coals  were  burned  in  this  furnace  with  little  or  no 
smoke,  but  many  coals  could  not  be  burned  without  making  smoke 
that  would  violate  a reasonable  city  ordinance  when  the  boiler  was 
run  at  or  above  its  rated  capacity.  Boilers  liaving  furnaces  installed 
under  less  favorable  conditions  will  give  off  more  smoke. 

In  1907  the  steaming  section  of  the  St.  Louis  plant  was  moved  to 
Norfolk,  Va.,  where  subsequent  tests  of  this  nature  have  been  made. 
The  plant  at  Norfolk  was  equipped  with  two  furnaces — one  fired  by 
hand  and  the  other  by  a mechanical  stoker.  Both  were  operated 
under  Heine  boilers. 

In  the  course  of  the  steaming  tests  at  St.  Louis  and  Norfolk  some 
special  smoke  tests  were  made  and  the  influence  of  various  factors 
in  smoke  jiroduction  was  noted.  As  the  tests  were  made  as  far  as 
])ossible  under  standard  conditions,  with  a minimum  of  variation  in 
])oiler-room  labor,  the  results  bring  out  the  importance  of  other  fac- 
tors such  as  character  of  fuel  and  furnace  design. 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS. 

A detailed  discussion  of  these  tests,  with  numerous  tables,  is 
])resented  on  pages  139-1G7  of  this  volume.  A brief  summary  of  the 
general  conclusions  is  as  follows: 

A well-designed  and  operated  furnace  will  burn  many  coals  with- 
out smoke  up  to  a certain  number  of  pounds  per  hour,  the  rate  vary- 
ing with  different  coals,  depending  on  their  chemical  com])osition. 
If  more  than  this  amount  is  burned,  the  efficiency  will  decrease  and 
smoke  will  be  made,  owing  to  the  lack  of  furnace  capacity  to  suj)])ly 
air  and  mix  gases. 

High  volatile  matter  in  the  coal  gives  low  efficiency,  and  vice  versa. 
Tlie  highest  elhciencv  was  obtained  when  the  furnace  was  run  at 
low  capacity.  When  the  furnace  was  forced  the  eflicieiuw  deci’eased. 

With  a hand-fired  furnace  the  best  results  were  obtained  wlien 
firing  was  done  most  frequently,  with  the  smallest  charge. 

Small  sizes  of  coal  burned  with  less  smoke  than  large  sizes,  hut 
developed  lower  cajiacities. 

Beat,  lignite,  and  subbituminous  coal  burned  readily  in  the  tv])e 
of  tile-i’oofed  furnace  used  and  developed  the  rated  capacity  with 
jiractically  no  smoke. 

Coals  which  smoked  badly  gave  efiiciencies  3 to  5 per  cent  lower 
than  the  coals  burning  with  little  smoke. 

Bihpiets  w(Mc  found  to  be  an  excellent  form  for  using  slack  coal 
in  a hand-lired  jilant.  d'lu'v  can  be  bimied  at  a fairly  ra])id  rate 


PLANTS  BURNING  COAL  WITHOUT  SMOKE. 


11 


of  combustion  with  good  efficiency  and  with  practically  no  smoke. 
Pligli-volatile  coals  when  briquetted  are  perhaps  as  valuable  as  low- 
volatile  coals  when  not  briquetted. 

A comparison  of  tests  on  the  same  coal  washed  and  unwashed 
showed  that  under  the  same  conditions  the  washed  coal  burned 
much  more  rapidly  than  the  raw  coal,  thus  developing  high  rated 
capacities.  In  the  average  hand-fired  furnace  washed  coal  burns 
with  lower  efficiency  and  makes  more  smoke  than  raw  coal.  How- 
ever, washed  coal  offers  a means  of  running  at  high  capacity,  with 
good  efficiency,  in  a well-designed  furnace. 

Forced  draft  did  not  burn  coal  any  more  efficiently  than  natural* 
draft.  It  supplied  enough  air  for  high  rates  of  combustion,  but  as 
the  capacity  of  the  boiler  increased  tlie  efficiency  decreased  and  the 
percentage  of  black  smoke  increased. 

Most  coals  that  do  not  clinker  excessively  can  be  Inirned  with  1 
to  5 per  cent  greater  efficiency  and  with  a smaller  jiercentage  of 
black  smoke  on  a rocking  grate  than  on  a flat  grate. 

Air  admitted  freely  at  firing  and  for  a short  period  thereafter 
increases  efficiency  and  reduces  smoke. 

As  the  CO  in  the  flue  gas  increases  the  black  smoke  increases;  the 
percentage  of  CO  in  the  flue  gas  is  therefore,  in  general,  a good  guide 
to  efficient  operation.  However,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  deter- 
mining this  factor,  combustion  can  not  be  regulated  liy  it. 

The  simplest  guide  to  good  ojieration  is  pounds  of  coal  burned  per 
square  foot  of  grate  surface  per  hour. 

UEPRESENTATIVE  BOILER  PLANTS  BURNING  COAL 

WITHOUT  SMOKE. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

Bulletin  334,  the  preliminary  report  on  smokeless  combustion, 
takes  up  information  collected  and  conclusions  reached  while  assem- 
bling the  data  summarized  in  the  present  report  and  sets  forth  many 
facts  of  general  interest  that  are  not  discussed  in  the  following  pages. 
Hiis  paper  deals  especially  with  the  equipment  of  particular  boiler 
])lants  which  were  found  to  be  burning  coal  without  smoke,  and  with 
the  essentials  of  good  furnace  design.  A brief  summary  of  the  general 
conclusions  is  presented  on  pages  171-172.  The  details  on  which 
these  conclusions  are  l)ased  are  set  forth  in  the  following  pages. 

For  the  sake  of  clearness  the  imj)ortant  features  of  the  equi})ment 
of  the  boiler  plants  Ausited  are  stated  in  tabular  form. 

Although  there  were  A^ery  few  ])lants  at  wliicli  all  the  items  coveied 
by  the  tables  could  be  ascertained,  the  more  essential  details — those 
hearing  directly  on  the  subject  of  smoke  ])revention — were  obtained 
at  nearly  eveiy  plant.  The  density  of  the  smoke  is  stated  on  a 
jiercentage  basis,  0 meaning  a dean  stack  and  lOO  ])er  cent  meaning 
dense  black  smoke. 


12 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOH  OE  COAL. 


Ill  the  tables  the  furnace  dimensions  are  checked  by  letters  fioin  A 
to  II,  which  refer  to  the  dimensions  indicated  by  the  corresponding 
letters  on  the  illustrations  showing  typical  installations  of  furnaces 
under  boilers  of  various  types.  These  illustrations  are  intended  to 
show  especially  the  average  and  the  minimum  travel  of  the  gases 
from  the  fire  to  the  first  cooling  surface  in  the  boiler,  the  height  of  the 
furnace,  and  the  length  of  the  coking  arch. 

In  the  illustrations  some  makes  of  boilers  appear  more  frequently 
than  others.  This  does  not  imply  any  preference  for  certain  models. 
Boilers  of  widely  differing  patterns  have  shown  equal  efficiency  in 
steaming  trials,  and  it  is  coming  to  be  a general  belief  that  among  the 
types  of  boilers  ordinarily  used  at  power  plants  peculiarities  of  tube 
arrangement  count  for  less  than  proper  furnace  design.  This  report 
of  what  has  been  done  to  effect  smokeless  combustion  emphasizes  the 
importance  of  furnace  design  and  management  and  makes  no  com- 
parisons betw^een  boilers.  The  illustrations  show  details  of  furnace 
construction  and  the  importance  of  certain  features. 

For  convenience  of  treatment  the  following  order  is  adopted  in 
discussing  the  equipment  of  the  various  plants: 


Mechanical  stoker  plants. 

(а)  Overfeed  stokers. 

1.  Chain  grates. 

' 2.  Front  feed. 

3.  Side  feed. 

(б)  Underfeed  stokers. 


Hand-fired  plants. 

(a)  Furnaces  under  water-tube  boilers. 

(b)  Furnaces  under  return  tubular 

boilers. 

1.  Down-draft  furnaces. 

2.  Furnaces  using  steam  jets. 

3.  Furnaces  with  miscellaneous 
equipment. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 

The  use  of  mechanical  devices  for  firing  coal  reduces  labor  in  the 
boiler  room,  but  the  main  object  of  mechanical  stoking  is  to  feed  a 
steady,  regulated  supply  of  coal  and  air  to  the  furnace.  The  ad- 
vantages of  feeding  a fire  steadily  were  seen  in  the  early  days  of 
steam  engineering,  but  defects  in  design  or  faulty  installation  and 
management  kept  mechanical  stokers  from  coming  into  general  use. 
Within  the  last  decade,  however,  their  use  has  greatly  increased. 
They  are  of  two  general  types — overfeed  and  underfeed. 


OVERFEED  STOKERS. 

CHAIN  GRATES. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

The  earliest  mechanical  stoker  was  of  the  treadmill  type,  so  called 
because  the  arrangement  of  the  grate  bars  as  a traveling  belt  resembled 
the  apron  of  a treadmill.  It  was  jiatented  in  England  as  far  back  as 
1841.  Improved  in  details  of  construction,  this  type,  under  the 
name  chain  grate,  has  come  into  extensive  use  in  this  countiy.  The 
coal  is  fed  from  a hojiper,  which  extends  the  entire  width  of  the  grate 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


13 


and  has  a plate  at  the  back  for  regulating  the  depth  of  the  bed  of 
coal,  to  a continuously  revolving  grate,  the  top  of  which  is  made  to 
move  from  front  to  rear  by  power  applied  to  the  front  or  rear  sprocket 
shaft.  As  usually  installed,  the  surface  of  the  grate  is  horizontal,  but 
occasionally  chain  grates  are  given  a slight  incline.  Back  of  the 
hopper  and  extending  over  the  whole  width  of  the  grate  is  a fire-brick 
arch.  The  length  of  this  arch  differs  in  plants  equipped  by  different 
makers,  but  the  present  tendency  is  to  lengthen  the  arch  and  to  pro- 
portion its  length  and  slope  to  the  grade  of  coal  to  be  used. 

In  operation,  coal  from  the  hopper  begins  to  ignite  as  it  passes 
under  the  arch  and  the  grates  carry  the  burning  coal  toward  the  bridge 


Figure  1. — Chain-grate  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  with  uptake  in  rear. 


wall  at  a rate  which  permits  complete  combustion  before  the  chain 
passes  the  rear  sprocket  and  the  refuse  falls  into  the  ash  pit  below. 

The  majority  of  the  stokers  of  this  type  are  particularly  adapted  to 
a free-burning  coal  high  in  volatile  matter,  such  as  is  mined  in  the 
central  and  western  fields,  and  give  less  satisfaction  with  the  higher 
fixed  carbon  coking  coals  of  the  Appalachian  field.  As  they  can  burn 
the  poorest  grades  of  noncoking  coal  with  complete  combustion, 
they  offer  a valuable  means  of  producing  cheap  power.  At  all  the 
plants  visited  where  these  stokers  were  in  use  small  coal  was  burned. 

As  has  been  said,  the  chief  difference  at  present  among  chain  grates 
as  put  in  by  the  various  makers  is  in  the  length  of  the  fire-brick  arch. 

In  many  water-tube  boilers  this  arch  is  made  short,  and  the  gases 
of  combustion  are  led  to  the  tubes  by  the  shortest  path.  A furnace 
arid  boiler  with  stoker  thus  set  are  shown  in  figure  1 . In  this  setting 


14 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


the  distance  of  travel  for  the  gases  from  the  grates  to  the  tube  heating 
surface,  indicated  by  the  line  B,  is  reduced  to  a minimum  and  the 
average  distance  from  the  fire  to  the  first  coolmg  surface  encountered 
(A)  approaches  a minimum. 

This  type  of  installation  is  common  in  the  ]\liddle  West,  where  a 
higher  proportion  of  chain  grates  is  in  use  than  in  any  other  section 
of  the  United  States,  but  the  short  arch  and  the  brief  travel  of  the 
gases  to  the  first  tube  heating  surface  are  features  unfavorable  to 
smokeless  combustion. 

A water-tube  boiler  of  another  make  with  furnace  fed  by  chain 
grates  is  shown  in  figure  2. 


A method  of  setting  designed  to  lengthen  the  travel  of  the  com- 
bustil)le  gases  from  the  bed  of  coal  and  allow  them  to  mix  and  be 
completeh^  burned  before  entering  the  l)oiler  is  sliown  by  figure  3. 
Here  the  ty]ie  of  l)oiler  ilhisti’ated  by  figure  1 is  l)aflled  so  that  the 
uptake  is  in  front;  the  iire-brick  arch  over  the  grates  is  no  longer 
than  in  tlie  other  furnace,  but  it  is  supplemented  by  the  bottom 
ballling  made  of  C tile  supported  by  the  water  tid)es,  so  that  the 
least  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface  is  three  times  as 
long  as  in  the  mounting  shown  in  ligure  1.  The  bottom  baflling. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANTCAT.  STOKERS. 


15 


though  it  can  not,  on  account  of  its  construction,  l)cconie  as  hot  as 
the  ignition  arcli,  has  sliglit  chilling  eilect,  and  there  is  ample  oppor- 
tunity for  complete  combustion  before  the  gases  reach  the  first  cooling 
surface. 

Comparatively  few  chain-grate  stokers  were  found  under  tubular 
boilers.  An  example  of  the  usual  setting  is  given  in  figure  4.  Here, 
while  the  ignition  arch  is  short  and  the  shell  of  the  boiler  has  a cooling 
effect,  the  average  distance  from  the  grates  to  the  beginning  of  the 
tube  heating  surface  is  so  long  that  smokeless  combustion  can  be 


Figure  3. — Chain-grate  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  witli  ujjtake  in  front. 


obtained  with  ordinary  care  in  operation.  In  the  journey  from  the 
grate  to  the  rear  of  the  boiler  the  cooling  effect  of  the  boiler  shell, 
tliough  not  negligible,  is  much  less  than  it  is  often  thought  to  be, 
inasmuch  as  the  area  exposed  is  not  more  than  that  of  eight  or  nine 
tubes. 

DETAILt:!)  DESCRIPTION  OF  PLANTS. 

In  the  course  of  the  field  investigation  57  jilants,  ranging  from  300 
to  9,600  rated  boiler  horsepower,  at  which  chain  grates  were  installed 
were  visited.  The  detailed  information  collected  regarding  these 
plants  is  presented  in  Table  5 (pj).  19-32),  but  some  of  tlie  more 
important  facts  to  be  gained  from  a study  of  that  table  are  summa- 
rized here. 


16 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


The  coals  used,  all  small  sizes,  came  from  five  different  States  and 
the  average  depth  of  fire  in  burning  them  ranged  from  4.5  to  6 inches. 


The  kind  of  coal  and  the  de])th  of  fire  are  given  in  Table  1,  which 
incidentally  shows  that  the  chain-grate  stoker  has  been  found  to  work 
remarkably  well  with  Illinois  coals. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


17 


Table  1. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  with  chain  grates. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 

of 

plants.® 

Average 
depth  of 
lire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Number 

of 

plants.® 

Average 
depth  of 
lire. 

Illinois 

21 

Inches. 

5 

Ohio 

6 

Inches. 

5 

Indiana 

8 

5 

Pennsylvania 

6 

4.5 

K p.nt.ncky 

8 

4 

Miscellaneous 

10 

6 

a Two  plants  burned  both  Indiana  and  Illinois  coal. 


Forty  of  these  plants  maintained  uniform  loads;  the  remainder 
had  to  carry  variable  loads.  At  18  per  cent  of  the  plants  the  stokers 
were  under  boiler  units  of  200  horsepower  or  less  and  at  69  per  cent 
they  were  under  units  of  300  horsepower  or  less.  The  average  boiler 
horsepower  developed,  the  boiler  being  rated  on  10  square  feet  of 
heating  surface  per  horsepower,  ranged  from  23  to  158,  the  average 
being  93.  The  ratio  of  square  feet  of  heating  surface  to  square  feet 
of  grate  surface  varied  from  33  to  1 to  88  to  1,  the  average  ratio  being 
50  to  1. 

The  height  of  the  ignition  arch  at  the  front  of  the  furnace  ranged 
from  0.9  to  1.1  feet,  and  the  height  above  the  grate  at  the  rear  of  the 
arch  from  1.3  to  2.2  feet.  In  16  plants  out  of  46  the  forward  ends  of 
the  stokers  were  some  distance  in  front  of  the  boiler.  The  average 
height  of  the  ignition  arches  above  the  grates  is  given  in  Table  2. 


Table  2.— Average  height  of  arch  at  front  and  rear  at  plants  with  chain  grates. 


Type  of  boiler. 

At  front  of  furnace. 

At  rear  of  furnace. 

Average 
height 
of  arch. 

Number 
of  plants 
at  which 
meas- 
ured. 

Average 
height 
of  arch. 

N umber 
of  plants 
at  which 
meas- 
ured. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Aultman  & Taylor 

1.1 

6 

1.7 

6 

Babcock  & Wilco.x ; 

1.1 

13 

1.5 

13 

Heine 

1.1 

6 

1.6 

5 

Stirling 

.9 

16 

1.5 

14 

Miscellaneous  water-tube 

1 

3 

1.3 

3 

Return  tubular 

1.1 

5 

2.2 

6 

The  coal  as  received  burned  per  square  foot  of  grate  per  hour  of 
average  heavy  load  ranged  from  11.4  to  39  pounds,  the  average 
being  23.3  pounds. 

Table  3 presents  in  more  impressive  form  some  of  the  particulars 
recapitulated  above.  It  was  compiled  to  show  that  with  chain-grate 
stokers  installed  under  10  types  of  boilers  (live  different  makes  of 
water-tube  boilers  are  included  under  ^^Miscellaneous’’)  which  were 
run  at  about  their  full  capacity,-  at  no  plant  was  there  any  serious 
emission  of  smoke,  combustion  being  practically  smokeless.  As 


74897— Bull.  373—09 2 


18 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


bearing  on  the  proper  length  of  travel  of  the  burning  gases  for  coals 
from  different  States,  the  least  and  average  distances  from  grates  to 
tube  heating  surface  are  given. 

Table  3.^ — Summary  of  various  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Num- 
ber of 

Fur- 

nace 

Coal 

burned 

per 

square 
foot  of 
grate  sur- 

Percent- 
age of 
rated 
boiler 
horse- 
power 

Distance 
from  grates 
to  tube 
heating 
surface. 

Black 

smoke. 

plants. 

draft. 

face  per 
hour, 
average 
heavy 
load. 

devel- 

oped, 

average 

heavy 

load.a 

Aver- 

age. 

Mini- 

mum. 

Inch  of 
water. 

Pounds. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Per  ct. 

Aultman  & Taylor. 

Illinois,  Ohio,  and 
Pennsylvania. 

T 

0. 23 

19.  4 

83 

5.2 

3.2 

4.4 

Babcock  & Wilcox. 

Illinois,  Kentucky, 
Ohio,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

12 

.21 

24.0 

88 

5.2 

3.3 

2.7 

Heine 

Illinois 

7 

.22 

21.2 

113 

8.  4 

6.  4 

6.5 

Stirling 

Illinois,  Indiana,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Ohio. 

18 

.19 

23.5 

94 

7.0 

4.9 

5.  4 

Miscellaneous  water- 
tube. 

Indiana,  Kentucky^ 
and  Pennsvlvania. 

5 

.20 

26.2 

104 

8.3 

5. 5 

7.5 

Return  tubular 

Illinois,  Kentucky, 
Pennsylvania,  and 
Indiaiia. 

8 

.15 

24.9 

108 

19.0 

14.7 

2.8 

a Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 

The  draft  measurements  at  the  plants  with  chain  grates  are  summa- 
rized in  Table  4. 


Table  4. — Summary  of  draft  measurements  at  plants  with  chain  grates. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Measurement  taken  at — 

N uml)er 
of  plants 
at  which 
taken. 

Average 
draft 
(inch  of 
water). 

Aultman  & Taylor 

Furnace 

5 

0. 23 

Rear  of  boiler 

6 

.46 

Base  of  stack 

3 

.71 

Babcock  & Wilcox 

F urnace 

12 

.21 

Rear  of  boiler 

11 

.34 

Base  of  stack 

5 

..57 

Heine 

Furnace . 

5 

09. 

Rear  of  boiler 

2 

..58 

Base  of  stack 

4 

.77 

Stirling 

F urnace . . . . 

18 

. 19 

Rear  of  boiler 

17 

.47 

Base  of  stack 

7 

.96 

Miscellaneous  water-tube 

Furnace 

6 

.20 

Rear  of  boiler 

4 

.41 

Base  of  stack 

2 

.60 

Return  tubular 

Furnace 

8 

. 15 

Front*  tube  sheet 

4 

.43 

Base  of  stack 

.81 

Average  furnace  draft,  54  plants,  0.19  inch  of  water;  range,  0.07  to  0.45  inch.  Aver- 
age draft  at  rear  of  boiler,  40  plants,  0.43  inch  of  water;  range,  0.11  to  0.94  inch.  Aver- 
age draft  at  front  tube  sheet,  4 plants,  0.43  inch  of  water;  range,  0.25  to  0.61  inch. 
Average  draft  at  base  of  stack,  24  plants,  0.77  inch  of  water;  range,  0.26  to  1.30  inch. 
These  figures  show  approximate  average  drafts  as  follows:  Furnace,  0.20  inch  of  water; 
rear  of  boiler,  0.45  inch;  base  of  stack,  0.80  inch.  These  results  give  a drop  in  draft 
through  the  boiler  of  0.25  inch  of  water  and  a drop  from  boiler  to  stack  of  0.35  inch. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKEKS 


19 


w 

a 

g « 

-1^  r >-) 

P. 

CO 


00  o o o 
00  ICO  o 

1— I 05  O O 


oooooooo 

<NQOOOOOO 

lO  O cc  iO  lO  o 


• O O iO  O lO 

• lO  o 

• CO  o »o 

. lO  ^ O O ^ lO  lO 

• ooo 

! o o lo 

• lO 

• lO  IC 

• O ^ 1-H  CO 

' *0 

• to  rfi  CO 

• t>.  1^  O CO 

• O 00  o 

• CO  CM  CO 

• oi 

■ CM  O 

■ T-i  (>i 

. r-H  ^ (N% 

• fH  OI 

. CO  --H  ,-H 

• CM  T-H  1— 1 

• 1-H 

• ^ CM 

. ^ 

: ^ 

• O 

I d 

o;  o 0^ 
g 

Jr 

c/5  t-i 

O OP3 

w 


CO 


COM 


in 

bjo 

.9 

s 

(X* 

o 

CO 

'S^'O 

y o . 


q; 

X 

Bm 

'O 


, o H o 

O c3  ,S  C3 
^ CO  n'fCZJ 


d-?  O : 

'O  ^T3  lO  , 

• H • . OT 

o 


w 

(B  • bc 

M : a 

•S-^'5 

^ « 

05  w q; 

& 

OT3  “3 


0 0 3 


^ S • “ S : 

--  -^  . s c o 


o o 

XJ7U 


m 
tuO 

G 

-^‘S 

^ o 
“ fc-l-' 

-O  CB  S 

-t-i  G . 

D'T  o 


CO  "O' 


CB 

bX)  cB  be 

G ^G 

C ■"  G 
o)  G o> 
01  o o 
^ a>  »- 
be  o (h  o 

n CB  O CB 


G-^  . 

Sg|g"". 

feX-rX5 

C^l  1-H 


O TjJ  ^ 

_•  3 C3  .S  • -S 

O O 05  I O ^ ,. , 

^:^cp-i’';2;j5co 


rP  , - 

.s  • ^ 

I 


^ ■ Jji 

i2  ; 

in 

w 

S O C3 

c3 

O 

(L 


c3 

O 

o 


T) 

o 

G 


o 

33 


C 

o 

O 


"3  o o 

-►J  PTi  o JB  2 

oSli  ? 

r , •—  03  0>  Q 

^ :=i  '-'■^  ft 

35 


§.G 

ft33 

PO 


QO 


1 = 

P O 

OP 


30 


. O CB  O 

• "S  ^ 

(D  O 

~ be  o M i-. 


P i=i 

CD 

A ^ 
Po  P 


.2 

fRp'o 

-i-3  c3 

P P 

- i-.  d)  O O ^ 

Pot> 


rz;  s-« 


^ 0^ 


^^3;=;pi:3o5B 

C3 


5a  .t3  c3  .t3  CD  c3 

OP>PP> 


05  C3 


2 

G 

c3 

> 

M’G 

S 

2 

G 

O § 


PHl^P 


G 

"G  05 

‘S’P 


o , 


§^|.2 
o}!>^  hh  I> 


__  'O 

I 

Sg' 

. PS  W 

cQ  P 

9 ^ 

C3 


c/5  ® 

3 O 
8^ 


.3  o 
2x3 
G 


X3  I ^ 

2 o £: 

•2  X3  15 

c/5  . 

C3  ! Sh 

t>  . 

.O 


o3 

■S  o o G ■ 


c/2  * 

O u 


.3  t 


■>--•  W "T'  W ^ W W r-* 

O'^'rt  c3  0^  O 0) 

«-»  ^ ^•—  r-i  ^-IP)  ^ c/^ 


c3 

9 

•2p 
"3  G 
G 45 

S rH 

^ C 

pG.« 


»H  .2  t-  3 
^ c3  gj 
OPhOkh 


C3pJ  P — 
’J5  ' ^ ^ 

O 0)  o o> 

PrP  Ppd 

cr^i 

^ CC  2 CJ 

Q^( 


05 


000100000‘00»01000'^00000‘0 
OOOcMOOO'^C0O*005iOO<30OO’— lOOt" 
T— I o C50  lO  CO  CO  •'f  O >0  CO  lO  -x  CO  ^ OJ  »0  CO  CO  o 


-<  o 

O CM 
(05  CO 


05 

o 


o 

3 

G 

w 


c3 

H 

«y 

G 

C3 


-1^ 


o o o , . „ 

333  S 2 

05  G 

S-i  G 


o o o 


><  ><! 
p o 
O o 


pieJP! 
^ - 45  O 
O O O 


05 

c5SO 


g333  P'333  o 


3 , 

C3  C3 

pp 


oooaS  Srt'ri-i'^^joooooooooo 

p33 ^ g ® §333333333333 

0t-S2d »t. 


OS 


^ g c 

So-iic 


0> 

ce 

CO 


^ fl 
o p 
^ ft 


CB 


o 

G 

PG) 

PO 


_ o o o 

O 3 3 3 


ri5< 

3 O O O G O . _ 
2333-^3  o'C 


G 

05 

:W 


.0000-30 
G oPPPP  2P 


o o 


3 .2 


oooooooooGooo 


^ r- 

' 05p 

;po 


33  5 0'^'Q'^3'^'0'^'t3'^'O.G'-c333-*^ 


in 

Sn 


t-l(MCO’^iOOl^OOC50i-HMCO'^iOOt^OOOiOi-H 

t-H  ^ ^ ^ ^ t-H  r— ^ rH  (^'1  CS 


c^co'*=rioot^ooajOi-H(Mco*^icot'-cooi 

(N(NC^C^CSC^(N'MCOCOCOCOCC)COCOCOCOCO 


Green 


Table  b.— Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


20 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


c3 

O 

a 


in 

^ Ti 

oV.  a 

2 ^ 

o =3  ^ 

CO  ^ 


»-•  w 

® o aJ 

S 

r 

in 

O O'^ 
in  'u 


CO 


o o 
o o 
o o 


^ C3 

W 'w 

'2'^ 

S Ch  • 
=s  03^ 

■S  C3  ^ 

P q;  <^3 

Ph  M 


O! 

u 

0) 


o 


03 

wo 


o 

o 


T3  A! 

C « 

c3 

o3  _ 
o;  ^ 
PhC 
^ 03 

2 


<N  • O 
. TTr^ 


O O 

X3  t3  Pi  K 

O OJ  . 

o3  Sr;  O O O 


03  g 


G*^  _ ^ ^ 

0)  O O 00 
« ^ -O  T3  fl 
T3  OJ  ' ' ^ 


00 

O m 

1^2  • 
w O O 

W)fci}gh^ 

w 

I'S.is 

i«s  = 

OPh>W 


O' 


fl  i o' 
o a 


<zi  "m 

'O  'O 

f3  C 

o3  eg 
ti  03 

:^ph 


W) 

■•S 

’3 

<» 

<v  “ 

I-I  M 

3j  G 
m.G 

o ^ 

g3 

'T  ^ 

«l-^C0 


c3 

G 

O iX>  T3  c3 

: :i3  ti  ; ^ 
o c3  . c: 

loo 


aj2 
S2 
■S,  o 

tub  o 
.2  OTT3 

3 2 o o o 


c 

,5*5 
t4  « 

si 

(D  in 
G 
S G 


G w 

S’S 

^ o 
fcJOO 
.2  w 
X P 

b£^0 

G *C 

O c3 
>H> 


^73 

llSi^ 

^2325 


OOOOO'^OOO'^OOOOOOOO 

oo*^oocMoooooo»ooooooo 

CC'^^cr^OO’^COO^’^t^OCOCOwO'^ 


O) 

o 

73 

«M 

o 


.2 
*N 

G 

O)  Ld 

0^.0 


•¥ 
^ ^ o 
5 '3  i* 


I'O'G 


<u 

G 

4.» 

cc 


o 


o3 

wo 


G ° 
0-2 
W -5 


^•3 

. c 


c3 
G 
2 
'x  S 


G.2 

C3  O) 

G CG 

5 G _ 

<^.o 


m 

O O-G 
j'a'O  G 

Go 

;-i 

mO 


o o 


cn  _ 

2 2I2 

' G ■ t/> 


G 

OJ 

o£ 

j?o 


• ^ S-< 

. G CJ  I® 

.22  G G»^. 

O G 

g g. 


O G 

/'.ft 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKEKS 


21 


c3c3 

bj0:73  c«00a>^5^a;0 
O)  ce  ^3  ^ Ph'^  g.  ^ — 

PH  ^ o 


^t^(M^C^OOOO^(Mi-HOOOGOO'*!J’COOOT-HCiiOCOOt^t^OCOOO 

l^iOi-HOi^GOO’^(N^OOLOOiO(X)l^OOO’-'COr-HOOCOOOOlMCOCO 

—i  __d  I 


d <D 

o bJ3>>e 

^,bjDOOO<DQ>?J(U2 

« o3  .o  .cj  ftxj  a ^ ^ .2 

PH  O c3 


^OOO^OOO^OOCOCOCSIOO'^COi-HiO^O^COO’^t^'^COOtO 

t^iOOOSOGOOCOC^OOiOl^iCt^t^tOOOCOt-HOOCOl^CO^CSICCCO 


bjo 

■S 


o o ^ 
ft  o 

-*-i  rd 

t3  g 

O)  «2  fcH  . 

6 aS' 
S£  1 
I 

_ ^3  c3  O 
rt  as- a 

g M bJO^.^ 

O 


>. 

<1 


O) 

2 

S d 

^ o 


ooooiot^coc<ior^'^a5t^aii--o:'OOi— icooic^i 

CO(Ni— »1— li-H(MrHr-lr-(i— iC^ICS|C^J<Ni-hC'1^COC^1<MCO 


CO  iO  (N  i>«  iO  to  Oi  »0  <M 

TfO‘0’X>oodocotoGOoftoa5(X)^T-Hcdo:>'^a>'^ 

t— tCOCOC^'M^CVI^i— It-h^CCCOC^C^C^JC^t— ICOC^C-ICO 


O) 

bJO 

c3 


rd 

bjO 


Coal 

burned 

per 

day 

(short 

tons). 

Hours 
per 
day 
load 
is  on 
plant. 

1— I Ci  O (M  ^ 

Ol'^COCOl^C005GOC^a5'^0<NiOOcO*^OOCOC-1 
1-H  CO  lO  1— I 1— I rf  (M  1— I Cl  (N  ^ (M 


C^r-4i-lC^T-l(M  1-H  (M^,-HCqC^,-lT-li— I 1-Hi— ICS  r-ll-tf-l01.-H 


Coal 

burned 

per 

day 

(short 

tons). 

to  1-H  O 
1— « 1— 1 (M  CO  04 

Hours 
per 
day 
load 
is  on 
plant. 

TT  Tf  O 
04  04  f-H  04  04 

o 

o3 

(H 

C3 

PI 

CJ 


bjD 

. a 

Sis 

c3  a 

2a  1 

M UJ 

'T3  ^ 

— ft 

O ^ d 

OOft 


O lO  CO  O CO  lO 

^oc^eoc^i-^t-^oodcoooot^oioootDioiooo 

C^rjico  CO  lO»0»-Hi-Hr-<  COi— Ir- (C-4 


<N  T-l  t-Hi-HC^  i-H,-It-IC^t 


o> 


o ^ 

4^  bX) 

w CJ 

C2a 

|2.S 

K rj 


o222  “'S  03 

isaaa 


' CO 

3 >5 


'd 

C3 

O 


d 

4-> 

c3 


d 6 ’ ^ w 

*-•  H 0^  — 0 c3 

W M P O O rH 


^ I |> 

o 5fi  C 

o;^ph 


a; 

o 

0) 


O) 


O O O.u 

--  - - o 


G 
c3 

-r—  w ^ 

d.^P 

S-4  ' 


■ a 
o c ° 

a 2 

3 ^'^'oS 

C3  03  03  c3  c3 

PnQrtftft 


bjD 

.9 

•4^ 

o3 

CD 

ft 

d 
o 

§ 

a2^ 

o 2 
a ^ 

CQp 


03 


0^0pH  • t i * I I *0? 

i?oooooaC,oC.cEooooodoaC.£^oaoS'2o) 

Saa'O'oa  2'2.2'2.2'2a'T3'v3'aa'0'0.2'2.2'2a.2a2.Sa 

"^  ' ■ ’*  '■ 


p 

O' 

03 

« 


. G 

o 03 

a 


o3 

03 

a 
la 

'Si, 

ft  ^ 
— ft 

C;^ 


c3  d (d  d d fl 


. - 

C3  : c3 
03  03 

a la 
a 

^ „ a 

cO  C3  03 

OJ 

— ft  ft 

0 .9^ 

CO  " S 

03  . .. 


,a 

i bC 


o3  a 03  a 
K*  P P 


c3 

03 

a 
a 
^ a 
3 ^a 

JO  w> 

iii 

3~'  03 


C3 
03 

a 
a 
+^a  !=i 

o3  a o3 
03  bjj 

a a ja 
a a§ 

03  S ' 


a 3 

P> 


OOOOOfc-t-it^  S.ToO*-it-(troi3-a'(-iO>-'>-!-'oOOO 

I I («i-<  (I'l  4i^  i-i’i  —a  /ii  /1-s  n't n"!  n*)  I —I 


o o 
ftft 


is  is  iS'SiS^ 

o o o .la  o 

• • p s is 

• • o o o 

!S  IS  ;s  . IS  iS  s • • • ■ 

o o o ■ O O O ' ' ■ ■ 

: ; : : iaafhaa 

1 laiaPn 

PnfLPn  lOnaa  | i j J 

rHC^CO‘^‘Oftt>«OOa^O^(NCOTtiiOOI^OOOO^(NCO’^»fDtOt^0005 
rH  T— 1 T— t r^T— IrHr-ir— IrHr— iC^  CS  CN  CN  C^  04 


.1  Packinghouse I 14  I 38  I 14  I 38  1 28.7  1 28.7 

a Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


22 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSlTOK  OP  COAL. 


II =5  sail 


^ .i,-  *T^  ^ K?  fT-«  ^ ^ ^ 

OQj[3+^>h|>>T3S^C3C^ 

fr-t  biCirn  c30oa>a)^cjo 
cu  C3  3 (H  ^ 
pH  ^ O « 


'^Ot-lOOOO'l<r-l(NO>-Ht-~COOOl^0005t^.-iOt^(MI^CO(MC<5t^ 
000r-tl>.00‘00050t— lOOiO^OOO.— l(M02i— fO>— I000f00c200  05''r' 

<— I 1— « 1—4 


O0)-^IhP(>T3^C3(^ 

(ibooooa>4)9-’(ao 
^ c3X3.a  P,t3  a>x5—' 
Ph  O C3 


^OCOOOOO(M<M(MOt-tt^OO 
ococot-oo»ooia50i— <0000 


O lO  o 

O 05 


lO^OCOOOOOCOI^OO 

Oi—*o5t^coa5'vr't^oo^ 


bx) 

■S 

« 


•l  “s  ^ 
CD  O 3 
Pi  O 
HHi  P3 

'B.P 

g 


P ® 


C3  ® 


p 

p 

O 


|g)5 


a; 

W)  . 


O 05  ‘-0  00  o o 

rH 


O »0  uo  GO  CO  1-H  CO  1— ( 00 


05Tpiooot^»o^r-^05'^^<MJ^oo50*^co 

^r-Hf-Hr-lC^(N(MC^(NC^(MC^Ji-H(N01»-Hr-H(N'M 


g ^"p 

OJ  ^ CS 

> S.2 


(M  05  CO  (M 


OO^OO^OOi-H^OOlOit^Tf 

C0<N(N<MC0(MC^i-HC0OlrH^<M 


Light. 

Coal 

burned 

per 

day 

(short 

tons). 

! lO  (M 

0^0510010'^(N  •r>.»00’^OCOOOCOC^OiO’^(NCO’^^’^‘^i-H 

CS  »— i 1— I 1— 1 *1—1  1-H  (M  *—t  1— 1 iO  (N  CS  o (M  r-l  T— 1 r-l  *— ( tOi-H 

• 1—1  Cd  1— t 

Hours 
per 
day 
load 
is  on 
plant. 

- IC 

C^OI^C^i-Ii-hC-Ii-I  *(MCQC^r-l0^i-l(N(M(M(M(MrHC-lr-HT-fi-MM(Mi-l 

Heavy. 

Coal 

burned 

per 

day 

(short 

tons). 

lO  ^ . ic  »o  • 

O^OO^OOOOOI^OCOO’^OC^^CCO^OQOIO  •OCO’^l^C5rH  » 
iO(Mi— lC^r-iO(Mr-l  Nfi  i-H(NiOCQO<MiM**^CO  *COi— i 01^0  • 

1— 1 CO  • rH  » 

Hours 
per 
day 
load 
is  on 
plant. 

lO  1 lO  • 

'd 

c3 

d 

bjo 

c3 

> 


o 

d 

(h 

03 

O 


b£) 

B 

c3 
0^ 

^ • 

O)  0) 

o2  p 

C/2  — flj  o 
O P p 


P . 

^ O 
P 

- pr 


; c3 


Q W P4  ^ ^ 
' Q^C  P "" 


’ 5;^^— I'g  §*S  2^£o  S 

r2C0H-4^^2C.P5  ’.x^oS-i^^ 

c/^ChOPhC^J^CQQS  IcooScoE^ 


p 

liS  <s 

p >1 

fc-i 'd 

0-9^  G 


: 


'd 

d 

O 


d 

c3 


d-^H 


. . . .g  . *C^ 

^dodd'Soi^od'^dS'Sodir-Sfeoocoooooo 

O c3  ^ c3  ^ C3  ^ c3  ,0 

” — *C  • • ‘zz  ^ • 

C d - - ■ 


d 

p 


'd  "d  .2 " 
*C 

d 


00000 


T3  i dJ  i d3 

cte  c-s  G 

tss  •?,  -H,  <s  -P  p 

53  fcC  _ W)  b£ 

S +h'P3  h—  ^ 1-j  P3  h-T 
p:  _ x:  .c  _ x: 

■P.Sfl^c-^P:^ 

P C3  C3  C3 
ra 


P c3  P 


bjO 


Ufc-ifc-iUtMt-i-ooOOO^^OO 


_ _ _ _ _ __ 

9^'d'd'd'd'd'd't!^  P P 9^  P P 9^'d'd'd'd'd  9^’d'd 

I • i • •<  t 1 


••^boooooo 

:h:iPhPiPhPhPhP,Pi 


° p 
O ej 

?^i  P. 


o— '(Npo-riocor^c 

COCOMCCCCCOCOCCC 


IO5Oi-HCSt^'^*0c0r^00C5< 


>i--oicO'^»^wr'» 
> lO  1-0  O lO  lO  • o 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  uith  chain  grates — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


23 


O) 

C 0)  M 

C3  M 03  r1 

O)  m tuog 


o o oooooooo 

lO  1— 

rH  1-H  1— H rH  r—i  rM 

00 


O lOlOO  o ooo 

(MOiO  CO  *^C0^ 


00 


AO 


I OX) « 0) 

P o ^ • 

all§? 

5 S 3 CO  J 
“.d 


•S  ^ c3:;i- 

3?.^  3 oi 

P ;h  rr* 

W w 


O O OO  'OOOOO  o 


o ooo  o ooo 
o 


OO  OO 


w 


OaOOOOOOOOOOOOOOaOOOOOOaOaOOOOOOOOO 
OCO^’^'^'^OO’^AO’n^AOOO'^GOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOAOOOQO 
iOO^'AOOCOCDOO^'^cO'MOaOOaOOOO’— ‘OAOAOOAOOt^OAOiOAO 

CO*'  ec  t-h"  c^T  (n'  oico  CO  c-f  co'  t-T  »- 


o o o o 

1-H  O Q 

00  »-•  o o 

|(.o<M'^"^c^i-hi-hcoco'*^^coaococ^cs  c^ao'csco' 


O^T-HHtHTtHTt<OOTtHiO''^AOOO'^OOCOOOOOOOOOOAOOOOO  i-h0*^0 
tOOAO'tOCOOOOcO'^OC^OAO^»0  000^0‘OAOOAOOI^OAOAOAO  00i-H?CO 
COCOi-HC^(MC^JCOCO<MCOCNT-iC^r-iC^i— iCOC^'^'^C^i-Hi-hCOCO’^COaOCOC^IOI  C^aOC<|CO 


i^;'tHo53'Scg 

(h  1-H 


S'?  « fc 
>2  ^ 
^ o3  O 5 
d sh^  ^ 

m 


O O O O lO  O O O O lO  O lO  O lO  lO  O O 00  O O lO  o o o o o o o o o oooo 
iOO>0>Ot^>000'^'3<'OCO»OCCCD‘OOt'.  O »OiO»OOiCOt^OlO‘0‘0  OOIOO 

00-^i-hC^C^C^0O0OiMCO(Mi— ((Mr-HC^T-ICOIM  'f  01.-I1— Ie000-^001000(N01  co-^ooco 


Oi 


l-( 

cu 

fi 

d 


a) 

^.£fo 

<1 


tei-H  Ol  OJ(MOJr-l.-|lO.-l,-l 


00  iMco^o  cq  cs.-H(M 


<u 

• 

2 t>’d 

S C3  03 

> o o 


T-(  (M  COC^«Mi-HC^1AOCOrH  ^ CO  COOAO  C\  C'l'MC'l 


I 


-ti  CO  <N  O CO  Ol  ^ CO  CO  00  CO  Ol  OI  Cl 


lO  CO  Cl  CO  O 'O 


o 

pq 


0) 

SI 


a> 


Cl 


c/3  W C/3  c/3 

a;  0)  <X)  o 

D a p p 


00  00  OO  00 


'P 

I ■ ^ Eh 

d 

: 3 

o 

d 

: R 3' 
. tH  X5 

V HIM, 

CO 

Cl 


c/3  cc  c/3 
03  CO  a> 


CO 
■’  Cl 


o> 

X3 


CO 

C£3 

x' 

o 

o 


XXX  X X^  X 


000’^r2cCClt>» 
C1(MC1M^  *^C1^t-h 
t-H  f-H  1—1  1— I Cl  ^ hH  ^ 


o 

o 

o 

XI 

C3 

pq 


3 

X 

00 

1-H 

X 


Cl 

I 

Cl 


o> 

rQ 

p 

4-> 

00 

1-H 

X, 


tn  tn 
tn  D D 

-2  d 3 


0>  c/3  c/3 
pO  o;  03 

-Hi  p 3 


CC  00  00  00 « 

) rH  t“H  rH  rH  ( 

Ixx  ><  t-1 ' 

1 V V V V 
^ ^ ^ ^ : 
' O O (N  (M  ' 


X X 


-a  aT 

o aj 

V CO 

00  aJ 

.Q 

^ 3 


O)  00 
.3-1 
3 >< 

OO 

- 

HN  ^ O 

3 

00  O 
M >.H 

r-H 


CO  S CO 

s g e 
g^g 

^ "Hv 

^^22 


'§'§MCO 

co"  co" 

V V a;)  ^ 

OOC'  o S 

p p 

X 


CO  CO  CO  CO 
00  00  CO  Cl 
CO  d 03 
hH  d Cl  1-H 


03 

p< 

>> 

Bh 


CD 

,3 


c3 

=<3 

3 

C3 

s 

-u 

"a 

-I- 


OOOOOoOO 
'3'3'3'3'3  otStJ 

• X 

• S3 


o 


O) 

X 

3 


o 

o 

o 

d2 

C3 

PQ 


tX! 


OI 

3 


►j  ajK- 

Osid!  .J 
3 “« 


.1^  ■ • 

O ■ • • O JS  o 

o ooooSooo 
O Ta'dx)  O 0T5'3 
.3  • • ■ ^ > x;  - 

C3  • • ' C3  iS 

pq  : : :pq  pq 


QJ 

rd 

3 


01 

•4-> 

a 

oc 

3 


CO 

oT 

3 

'S 

w 


0^ 

Xi 

p 


o 

'g.d 

• o 


a; 

.3 


152  ®2 


cn 


r/^ 

'^1 


CO  AO 


M ’4<  CO 


AO  CO  1-H  AO 
CO  4>  •4<  lO  CO 


00  CO  »0  »0  CO  00  iCi 

4<  4i  4<  4<  4<  CO 


00 

I 

CD 


T 

CO 


„rl<  ;0  *0  lO  , 

4<  «0 


. 3 

o 3 

!z:  p< 


t-h  Cl  CO-^iOcOt^OOOlO  ,-H  (M  CO-^UO  CO  1^0003 


o 

IM 


Tti  lO  CD 
(M  IM  (M  (M 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  ehain  grates — Continued. 


24 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


i steam 

pressure 
at  gage 
(pounds). 

^OOOOOO  O i-OiCiOOO  O O OtOOOOOiOOO^^OO  o o 

lO'T'O^OiOO  ^ I-O  cC  *Oi-HCO»OXiOXi-OtO(N(Nt--0  X O 

^ T— < ^-1  1-H  »— 1 r*^  r-H  i— H r-^  ^ ^ f-H  r-i  »-H  r—l  rH  i— H ^ i— t »-H  t-H  rH  1 r-H  ^ 

i o i ci  o 

X OI  Ol 

rH 

Super- 

heating 

surface 

(square 

feet). 

• O O O O'O  o o ooooo  o o ooooo  -ooooooo  o o 

Heating 

surface 

(square 

feet). 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOt^t^  'OOO  *00100010^00010 
OOO^OOOOO^O'^T-HOOOiOt^X  *000  •X’^t-XOXr^O^t— ((M 
^000^000(NX00i— ‘t^ioo  ‘^OOC^Tt^iOO^Ot^i-HX 

cd  of  CO  cf  cd  '7^"  CO  cd  cd  ih"  cd  cd  th'  CO  CO  CO  of  • of  of  -of  of  of  of  of  t-T  i-T  of  cd  i-T 

Horse- 
power, 
boiler 
rated  on 
10  square 
feet  of 
heating 
surface. 

O O O O O O O O lO  ^ O O ^ lO  X O -OOO  • X X O O X O ^ ^ X 

lOOOO^ooooixccO’-HiOt^'T^oiio  *1^*0  0 *iooooi’n^ioo^r^^x 
X’T^O^XOIOl^XXO^i— lOlX^XXXOI  •OlOI^’^t^  -OlOiOJOIOli— 1 T— iC^lXt-H 

Builder’s 

rated 

horse- 

power. 

1 

1 

O O O O O O O O >0  lO  .— 1 O O O O 00  o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 
lOOOOOOOOC^O-ICOO^'OOiOIMi.OO'OOOi-OlOcClOOiO'-OiOlO  >o  o 

CO-^IC^COCOOIVCOCOCS.— IC^CC.-HiOC*3COC^'5<C^CO-T<COC<l(MCO(MC^t-l.— Ii-H  i—l 

Number  used  to 
i carry — 

Average 

light 

load. 

05<MC^r-l.— IIM.-H  >0  CO  V<  ^COCO.-HT-lV<IMOq(MIN.-i.-lC'J  C-1  00 

...  t— < 

‘C 

3 

Average 

heavy 

load. 

2 

2 

4 
2 
1 

3 
1 

5 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

8 

4 

Variable. 

3 

3 

1 

1 

3 

a 2 

3 
2 
1 
1 

4 

12 

j 

Num- 

ber 

in- 

stalled. 

XOI'^OIO^X^  lO  XXr-HO^Ol  X -’t^'T^Xf-Hi-H-tOr^XOJOlO^'^  O 

OI  1—t 

O 

PQ 


S 

CO 

tH 

X 


a 


C3 

b 

tc 

a o 


w c/3  ^ 

sag 


:3 

T3 


c/3  CO 

a a 


3 

Ui 


ic^73 

V. 

O CO  1— ' WKCO 

r— I 1— I T— ' O: 

X X X X X 


;c  cc  OJ  tn 
CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

c/3  C/D  c/3  c/3  c/3 
^ 03  G3  ^ 03 


a 

t-i 

T3 


CO 

CO 


* V ^ ^ V V 

. 

• V 

V 

w ytj  «Ju  uu 

1 V Ol  t-H  ^ ,H 

X S 

iHl^ 

1 X 

; X X X X X 

' HM 

; X 

• »h|^ 

X 

1 ^ X X X X X 

^ X 

■ o 

' Ol  O X 

• OJ 

• OJ 

O X 

• O O 01  V V V V 

X ^ 

• O O X ”7^ 

. 

• o 

• OI  01  O 04  O^  04  o« 

O 04 

X 

• OI  O^  rH  OI 

• ^ 

oi  ^ 

• -H  04  1-1  l>  O- 

T-H 

o o o o o 


o o o o o o 


tj) 

G 


CO 

a 

C3 

a> 


o 

X 


373 

Ut  ^ 

^ (M 

V 

co^ 

X 

V 


CO 


0^. 


c/3  CO  CO  CO 
03  03  03  <D 

3 n G 3 


CO 

C 

3 

CO 

cc 

GO 

X 


0) 

pO 

3 


00  • 


^ V <N  l>01 


CO 

CC 

L- 


CO 


o CO 

2g°c| 

3 


C 

d 3 

3, 


' 00  CO  C^  CO  C3  O 
I I I T I 
c^  ^ CO  CO 


1.0  lO  ^ o »o 

»t»  ^ »o 

CO 


»0  I -- »0  CO CO '-r  X 


lO 

■ lO  CO  ^ 


00  c.  o ^ oi  CO  -r  >o  cc  r X 03>  o 

OlOICOCOXCOCO  CO  COCOCOCO'^ 


X'*rtocct-xa3Q^oico'^-- 


»o 


15 


Usually. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


25 


0) 

o 

03 

a 

tM 

D 


o o a; 

*0^  ^ 3 


> 


<*-H 

oO 

<o 

Jh 

a) 

C3 

CP  O 

bJD 

(H  Oj 

a 

P 

3 

o 

w 

<o 

■tJ 

C3 

S a> 
2| 

u 

t£) 

5 2 
<C  3 

<4-H 

C3  a 

|2 

d "" 

Q 2 


C3 

tH  O J-* 

^ ^ 

^ o’ o 
O Xii 


. O CO 

■ to  00  O 

• CM  . . 

■ CO 

• . to 

: r 

. rr 

•Jr 

. w 

! CO 

. CJ 

lO  lO  IC  LO  O (M  lO  O I lO  LO  GC  Oi  CO  O O fC  (N  lO 

. . . . . . . (M 

rH  I K rH  . fH  rH 


lO 


C^i00500(Ma5Cv|0  I tOiCGCiOLOOi’^COO^CCl^OO 

.C^  . .o  . . . . CSC^  .<Mt^ 


OOOOOOOOOtO 

. . 

CO  CO 


OOOOOOOOOlOO 


O IC  o o o 


o 

o\ 


00 

o 


CO 

oi 


^ (D 

5 03^ 
tjj^Q 

a 

^ 2 


lOt^t^LOOOiOOOOOOiOiOOOOLOOOOCOOOOOOOOOO 

(M  . . (M 

00  00  00  0 00  05050500  . . .000  .l-^Oi— lOOOOOOOOOOO 

^ O O T-H 


00 

a 


o 

o 


»o 

00 


o 

00 


oO 

'S  ^ 

^ c3 

L 


'^000i0‘^0i0i000'*7’i00»0'^0'^i0  0t0^000000i0i0  0ic 

(M O}  , . 

o^ot^ooooot^o  ,or^  co  o o o oo  co  . o o oo  o o . o 

^ lo 


00 


CO  o 
CO 


to 


lO 

00  QC 

o' o'' 

??o6 


to 

00 


0) 

w o 

cd  Sm 

Mm 

s ^ 

o.S 

^ c3 
o ^ 

B.S 

M p 

5*" 


a^- 


cu 

tf) 

c3 

(h 

o> 

> 


S£ 

c3 

^ 2 . 

OJ 

frH  CO 

03^0) 

q;  ^ 

cs::^ 

W c 


a; 


to  to  O to  CO 
<M*  oi 


to  O O to  o 

iO  O CO 


COOOO  1 to0totot0t00to>-<00t00':00:00 


OJCOCOCOCOCOC^CO  <fTr*^COt'--COCOtOtO 

(.-o'  ^ 

CC  ^ 

O CO 


o 

CO 


CS  to  to 

. . I 

CO  , to  CO  .^co  tT  lO  CO  00  to  CO 


OtOOOOOOtoOOOOCOOtOCOt^COCO 

00 

— H T— H 

CO 


to 

to' 


o 


to  to 


to  r- 

co  CO 


05 

. . to 

05  . 

CO  to  CO 

00  . . 05 

. . • 

to  05 

00 

GO 

C5  O C5 

to 

T— 1 

to 

fC 

Tt^  to 

to 

tcToo 

-1  to  o 

00^^^ 

C5 

o 

. y-^ 

1’^ 

00 

CO  00 

to  to 

CO 

rH 

CO  05 

CO  CO 

05 

O5'’o0 

t - 00 

a 

w 


\ o 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOcj  po  ooooo 
flT3T3T3't3'P'CT3'0T3T3T3T3T3T3'C0'0'P'P’^'“ 
o3 


PL, 


O flxJ'O'O'OTj 

:A  :'S 

:PphEP  :E 


C'jTti-^COC^C^C<lOCCi(NTtifOrO<MOCrCI(M(NOJOiO'^CO(MrO®iCfO<M-^<M 


3 OJ 


°.a 

o C3 

z p. 


(C^co'^tocoi^ooooi— ic^co’^tocor'^(X)a50^(Mco*^tocor--ooc50r- 1 


a First  dimension  applies  to  large  boiler.  6 First  dimension  applies  to  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler.  <■  First  dimension  applies  to  small  boiler. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


26 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL 


O- 

o 

C3 

fM 

a 


Q) 

O . 

C3 

C3  ^ 


id  CO 


2^ 

c3 

if 

ci  ^ 

^ § 

o 

F—«  '*“* 

.S;  ^ 

u c3 

flj 

> M) 


oO 
!-  ^ 
C3  CO 
Qi  O 
s-i  C3 
G 


lO  ^ lO  »o  *o 


o ® 

2 ^ 

s 

G 


O O C5  05  o 


■0>  C-I  lO  00  05 
cd  cd  cd  TT 


iC  ^ lO  iQ  lO 


05  GO  O 05  05 


.w 


§ e s' 

S O C3 

§>i3  d c ' 

M g D 2 S 

S2S2I 


; O iC  O O < 


5000001000 

o o\ 


O) 

rC  • 

S c3  ^ 
bxflQ 
fl 

CJ  ^ 

1-5 


oooicorocor^cooio^oo 
. . ; . . 

050;c2  .c:xooiooc3c;C2  .000 

CiC 


oU 
:2  ^ 

.'2  ^ 

H 


Gj 
W O 

c3 

Sm  3 
bX;  c/3 

o .5 

c3 
(V  0; 
^ 4h 
0 

4-5 

c/3  2 


.SCO 


iOOiOI^OCSOiCOOCOCCOO 

OJ 

:iOOOGl^'^w  .Tf05  0 050XO 
1^  oc 


CO  t-^  IC  X O lO  O lO  O O 05 

'^■^»d*^d‘^'^'^'^0'^'*jfidocd 


Ol 

e 


bjo 

c3 

Sh 

O) 


X Oi  X 10  O 10  o ^ 

. . . . . . . 

0 0X0  . O O O ' 


; O 1-0  O O T 

• X X o ’ 


CO 

e 


Ol  o 

id  cd 


cd  oi 


00000000^ 


uoooooooooo 

O X 05  05  05  O 05  05  05 


IC  10  O O O O O O 1*0 

oot-^ooo'^’^ocd 


iC  O O iC  1-0  O * i-O  I''  1-0 

cdudcdcdci'^'^cd 


o lo  10  10  1-0  o o o 01 10 

(M  . 

oxi^x^or^iox  ^x 


r ^ 

pH  C3 

^ Si 

0;  CT*^ 
^ c<} 
c3  < 
o 5:1 


Jm  O 


'^lOO'^05  0JOCOt^t-H'^*^05XOC^C^OiO'^'^OOOCNiO 
1*0  05  . , .1*0  . . X lO  X vfi  o 05  . . 10  »0  CO  CO  CO  . 

Tfi  X X 05  ^ ^ 

O CO  f ^ CO  ^ 10  O CO 


o 


a 

5 


c^.SfSfS^fSfSfSfSfSfSfS'^  2 ^ ^,2  r-! 


«••■••••«•• 

• 

;'5A 

•!5  * • 

• •••••<•••■ 

: -P 

:o.H 

. . . 

c 

c3 

P c 
5 5 


S u: 

s OJ 


c^rO'^>r5rccc--iC^O)iO'»'*t'*»'co--i--(*»<0'^roc^C^iM*J'w*r' 
C^l  .-H 


p 

o ca 

Zo, 


O'!  CO  lO  o r-.  X 05  o ^ 

COCO'^COCOCOCOCO'^TJH'^'^'^^ 


'MCOTfiOOt^X050i-»(MCO'^iCOr^ 

Tji  ^ rjH  "ir  ^ ^ ^ i-o  1.0  i*o  1*0  ^o  i-0  1-0  ic 


a First  dimension  apj)iies  to  Heine  Boiler.  b First  dimension  appiies  to  iarge  boiier.  c First  dimension  appiies  to  return  tubular  boiler. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


27 


. <D  a; 

fc/}  bJO 

c3 

f-i  U< 


O +.5 

P'S 


M 

P 


OJ  0)  Ol  ® 

tJD  tfi  « . • M . 

03+J  OOOOOC3+j03r*c3o 

> .5f  >-.£f  > aJ  > 


. ® 

P C^c3 

.2f  0) 


o .4J 

P\rC 

tc 


q; 

bjo 

c3 

tM 

OJ 


0?^ 


0) 


c?'  • 

g ;h 


? *-• 
p 0?  5 

,J-H  M .i; 
^ ^ 
o 


(M  l>  CO  O 

00  1-H  O 


o 

06 


00  »0  O ^ CO  o o o 

05  C5  * t-4  oi  * r-i  <N  CO  - 


<N  O O 


00 
10  CO 


o 

<D 

0) 

o 

a 


;3 

o 

p 


P 13 
q; 

^‘a 


V g 
CO  O 


O 

f^a  2 

oog 


Tt<  lo  CO  o 

CO  iO  o 


o o 

CO 


O t^00000’*t^00t^’^^0 
o CO  CO  O 10  iO  O 10  10 


O 10 

<r=  <M 


00  ^ o 

^ '>C 


(NOOO  C^O 


00  00000000000  COOO  00 


^ ^ * 

isS| 


0000  00 


00  00000000000  000  00 


H ^ ^ w :3 

^ o 


10  o o o 00 
(NOOO  00 
(N  O 


O ^ O 
o o 


00000000000 

o »o  O O c^l  o o o o o 

o 1— I 1— I o CO  o 


1-H  o 00 

000  00 


^ A 

a;  o 


c3  O) 

> a 

t-.  o 
O)  •-=< 


tH  rP  01  'N  r~( 


o . 

S c 

ri-t  (i; 

isp 

Sh  « 
0)  ^ 
Xi  ® 
CJ  q; 


?c  bjo 


X?  Cj 

C a; 

o ^ 


a; 

.s 

5 


G 

c; 

G. 

o 

u 

0) 

G 

o3 


• c/: 

• c/5 

. O) 

! ^ 

. o 

, -M 

0.2 

w 53 

>1  C(3 

o > 

G^  - 

G fcH  ^ 

p« 


<1» 


CG 


o .G 


S3  G 

° " O ^ o ft 

/-N  c/5  C/5 
o 0^ 


G 


u 

a;  o 

pHt? 

asa 

c3  tJO  c3 

Q P 


G 

O) 

a 

o 

c/5 

a> 


a^ 

: a 

3 03ft 

G • 

• G 

bjO 

G 

a; 

P 


50 

P 


bJD 


P 


< o>  +-» 

‘ c/5 


1 uo  0 

* N 

i 

• 0 N N • 

• 0 0 

CO  ^ 

• GO  ^ 

0 

. CO 

• 05 

• lq  1 

• X ^ 

CO 

; ^ 

10  CO 
<M 


'G 

O) 

c/5 

o 

"o 

c/5  7 
G >> 


05 

PhO  g 

O G 

Sh 

O)  G <1^ 
Pi  O Ph 

a Pi  a 

G G 

Q[PP 


S O) 
aa 
O O 
w M . 
t;  aj 
a^  a;  M 
ft  ft  3 

a ^ 

QP 


C3  0) 
;h  o3 
ft 


_ « a;  +- 
C 0)  fto3 
aJ  ft  o *-' 
fto  ° 

® W M "o 

a;  a;  o) 

ftftftE 

a a as 

C3  (3  03 

PPP 


a) 


03 

ft  _ 
i c3 
flft 
o 


c 
a; 
ft 

Z 

O G o 


GOG 

P P 


I 

o 

00 


X 

CO  »o 

0 

CO 

X 

IC  X »c 

^ 00 

cc 

X 

0 

T-P 

X 

n’ 

I-  OJ 

CO 

VC 

IC  1^ 

r—l  1-H 

CO 

CO 

1-H 

T>H 

(M 

CO 

p£ 

d 

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1 

0 

1 

05 

1 

1- 

X 

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00  4^ 

1 

0 

1 

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1 

X 

4< 

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»o 

CO 

0 

N 

1— H 

(N 

o 

t-l 

o3 

a; 

2; 


; ft 

• .2  CO  =i 

tTo 

w OJ  ^ 

Sft  • 

a p 

r;  03  P 

fift  :? 
000 
O P 


0 I lO  CO 

01  IN  ^ Oi 


I-  o 

N CO 


I I I 


C'i 


a)  . . . 

• • • 

o o o 
ft  t3  O ft 


OO^t^OOOOt^fMiOiM 

.-Hr-(T-ioo(Moot-^o.-ioaco 


00  00  .• 

N ^ 


O 

(N  N 


I I A J.  I I I I A 

OOOOOOOOOO  t^oo 


tH 

0) 


o o 
ft  ft 


o 

ft 


o o 
ft  ft 


a) 

000000a 

ftftft  ft  ftft  ^ 


O 


o 
C 

.a 

ft  : 

o • 


5 3 
'ft 


o 

Pi 

000 

.3  ft  -ft 

p : : 
o . . 


o o 
ft  ft 


o 

ft 


o 

6 S 

^ 3h 


1-H  <N  CO 


o »-H  IN  CO  ^ 10  o r-  00  < 


^ <N  CO 
(N  N (N 


^ iQ 

oi  01 


per, .50.  I I of  grates  bare. 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Continued. 


28 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OP  COAL. 


D 
W) 
c3  , 


s t 

§ P ® 

( C — ' H CO 


o 

o 

o 

u 

Q) 

o 

s 

CO 


o 

T— - CO 

o;  C 
g s 

S-<  • 

0) 


^ r* 
03  §5 

4-^  q; 

CO  O 


Average. 

Do. 

Do. 

Light. 

Average. 

Do. 

Do. 

CO 

0 

0 00 

IQ 

00  (N 

10 

0 

0 10  CO 

0 

CO  ^ 

> 

c3 

Q) 


O 

CO 


.CL/  CL/ 

c^bC  ...  . tJD  . . . 

+l,^c3000  O +^c3000 

/d^^QPQ  Q 

W)  (JJ  OjO  Q)  ^ QC  ^ 

3W 


o 


CO 

Tji  ,-H  ci  oi  CO 


o o o 


O ^ M 

O _ CD  03 
c»§  03 


(NO  000000 


00000 


5 

fi.  c o 

So 

SS  "3 


00  000000 


00000 


.2 ^CLH  taB'^ 
0^0 g« 

o 


o 

o 


o 

o 


o 10  O CO 
N CO  (X)  ^ 


o 

o 

.0 


I «4H  I . 

2 

" " O fe.o 


xn  • 


: c 

< Q) 
c3 


0) 

-a  g 

G q; 
G ^ 

a ^ 

.2^ 

3 C3 
C CD 
O f- 
O 


G 

0) 

Ph 

o 


ID 

Pc 

s 

c3 

Q 


0^ 

+0 

C3 

S-. 

W) 


G 

D 

Ph 

O 


G 

D 

Ph 

O 


O)  . D 

Pep  Pe 

SS2 

03  ' — c3 

O Q 


■o 

p 

o 

o 

bjo 

P 

P 

P 


cp 

P 

'B 

H 


P 

D 

Pe 

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D 

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d 

Q 


c3 

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l1 

c3 

D 

tH 

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D 

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O 


T) 

IH 


D 

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S 

03 

Q 


pj 

D 

m 

O 

P 


o» 

G 
o 

c3 

2 p '.ij 
J£  P CD  ti 
ojP'  ag 
Ph  cn  P Pi 

P c/2  M 

U J-H  U 

^ C3  ^ 0^ 
Peb  PhPh 

S- p S 

03  O o3  P 


§ P 
Cl  ^ 

w . 

0^  <x> 


<D 

tH 

cG 

G 

2 

g-g 
G 0) 

c 

P c 

L 

0 

Gh  0 

a 

0 

u 

o;  0 _ 

0 ^ 

sa^sB'^ 

c3  G ' c3  G 

Q p qp  PQ  :pp 


be 

P 


P 

ES  'p  p 

^ o p 

« -S 


tc 

g 

s 

o 

o 

a; 

(-1 

pn 


O' 

u 


^ o 

^ o> 


c3 

(V 


»o 

GO 


OCO 
O !>• 


00 

r-l  CO 


O O 
'O'O 


c 


tH 

tH 

G 

G 

G 

G 

® p 

0 

0 

0) 

^ s 

Chh 

^ 1-H 

00' 

Ih  0 

Dh=^ 

Sh  ' 

0 1 

0 

0 

a» 

► GO 

Ej  00 

^ CO 

& ' 

0 0 

0=? 

0 ' 

p 

p 

p 

p 

CM 

00 

00 

CO 

hH 

0 

ot 

rt 

1 

1 

1-H 

0 

io 

CM 


• 00 


C3 

<1^ 

o ^ 

^ *-• 
^ g; 
o ^ 

Pip 

p 


00  .. 
3cM 
^ec 

D. 

=-" 

Ph  02 

Ph  > 
■C' 

^ o 

p 


fO 


• C3 

L.-  P .1 


0)  o> 


p ® 

■;, 

P S ( 
pH  O ® 

pp 


(M  >C 
CO  ^ 


o o 
P P 


4. 

CO 


c3 

^ 06 

& o 

p 


O P,  o 
--  g-O 

cc5 

Q 


o o 

O CO  CO 


1*0  ^ CO  00  CO 
esj  CO  i-(  ^ ^ (N 


go'  ot 

(N  O 


4^ 


I I 
CO  a> 
(N  o 


CO 


I I I 
Ci  ^ ^ 

^ CO  -H 


o 

6 3 


O) 


(N 


o o 


'G 

o> 

o o o Si 

. . . c 


0) 

c ■ 

c o o o o o o 
.E'G'G'G'C'G  tj 

-^  : : : : : : 
o 


00000 
'T  TS'O'TD'O 


»o 

CO  CO 


00  05  O *-•  CM 
CO  CO  CO 


CO  IC  CO  I-  (X> 

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


29 


O 


O)  0^ 

cuo  . . biO  . 
^ O -♦-i'  ^ o 


bJO 


bXJ  S > bJ0> 

3 


o o o o o o 

CO  rH 


o CO  COt^OOOQOO 

<:0  ^ lO^OcC’OCD^O'X) 


o o ooooooo 


o o ooooooo 


2 

‘C 

C3 

> 


OJ 


o3  a;  •• . 

C3  J- 
n bX) 

c ® ° 

(D 

P^c3  |3 
® 

jo's  i 

s 

aji  o 

s 

C8 


j=:  a 

' <B 


Q « 


c 

<o 

D- 

o 

u 

m 

a 

p 

3 

Q 


'P) 
p 
o 
o 

p 

pp  § 

gn  D O 

° CO 
0^  Sm 
a;  fcjD  oj 
&<  ^ 
S q3  S 

c3  > c3 

Q^Q 


<D 

a 

S 

C3 

Q 


lO  • 

* lO  CO 

fcO  • 

• <M  O 

• ^ 
: 

o 

o 

• o 

. o O (M 

JO 

OJ 

• 00 

• iC  iO  o 

• o 

’ 

! 

• • 

lO  t- 

. lO  > 

. to  . 

• 1 

P CO 
o<^. 

w . 

O o 


bjO 


<D 

C/i 


<M  O O CO  GO  o 

1-H  t-h  ^ ^0  ^ ^ (N 


J,  ' ' ' 

O 01  O 00 


o 

'd- 


o 

t3 


. d ^ 
, Q)  S Q)  g 
o o o § S Si  § 
'^'^’^.d-S'd-S 
: : :.5o^o 


Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  (jrates — Continued. 


30 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Xi 

c3 

O) 


O 

O 

w 

GP 

o 


>> 


u 

c3 


c; 

e. 

6 

c3 

rC 

W 

c 

:3 

o 


f ^ CO 

G-.  CO  P 
. C3  > 

pa® 

C3  +:i 

«.2; 


c 

i 2 

Cm 

5-= 


O 

c 

*-  CO 

c3 

CO 


'C  M 

|^.s 

Coo 

O 

g-, 

sc  C .1 
; C s_ 
MO 

..’S  o 
■S:3.^ 


O 

G 

X 

CO 

c3 

C 

O) 

o 

u 

a; 

P. 

o 

o 


• Jai  CO 
G? 

^ ^ S 

;i  “ “ 

C c sj 

<B  C-.o 

fc-i  hs  o 
Q)  c3  04 

O 

^ CJ 
> C3  O 

.Pm® 


c3 

g:> 

c3 

u 

tx 


CO  » 


a;  .ir 


CO 


c . 

C3  O 
C.^'O 
*— I O c3 

B 

CO  ^ ^ S-.  U| 
c3  G .G  OJ 
^ ^ :g  ^ 

C-7^  C O 

<t  2*^-c  o"3 
C c 

c3 


Gh  ^ 

c ^ o "P  ^ 

c loi-  2 ■ c 

C3  C - O O 


— .a 

^ 2 


c 

hZ 
2 S 

M Cl 


c — 6 oj 

c Jr'5  o.E-^ 

Q)  ..J  7;  !- 

0 S-c  t- 

^ o o 7;  C 
c2- O 2 = 

1 S-5.S<;^2 

CO  O 

C O o •-  ^<>4 

g ii  c'  0 
-S  5f  c £ p 

^ c3  ^ 

Pi 


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CO  ^ 

C C!  t£ 
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o c-C 

M — 2 
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o .-:  03 

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Table  5. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  chain  grates — Contiimed. 


32  SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


a Diameter, 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


33 


SUMMARY. 

The  chain-grate  stoker  was  found  in  plants  carrying  uniform  loads 
and  in  plants  where  loads  were  extremely  variable.  With  a uniform 
load  and  a proper  setting  there  should  never  be  any  smoke  with  this 
equipment,  but  when  a variable  load  is  carried  a faulty  method  of 
operation  may  cause  the  emission  of  dense  smoke.  In  a chain- 
grate  plant  having  a variable  load,  with  the  fire  carried  up  to  the 
water  back,  a sudden  release  of  load  will  require  a reduction  of 
draft.  Too  often  the  damper  is  nearly  closed,  so  that  the  coal  on 
the  grate  and  the  fresh  coal  fed  to  hold  the  fire  are  burned  with  a 
imited  air  supply,  causing  the  stack  to  smoke  badly. 

Plants  equipped  with  the  chain  grate  can  be  made  to  carry  a very 
variable  load  with  good  results  by  changing  the  thickness  of  the  fire, 
the  speed  of  the  grate,  and  the  position  of  the  damper  to  suit  the  load. 
The  draft  should  not  be  reduced  below  a certain  value,  which  can  be 
determined  for  each  plant  by  gradually  closing  the  damper  and 
watching  the  stack.  In  a plant  where  the  maximum  variations  of 
load  are  nearly  the  same,  it  might  be  necessary  to  vary  only  the  speed 
of  the  grate  and  the  position  of  the  damper.  The  damper  regulator 
is  often  the  cause  of  a smoky  stack,  because  it  is  usually  set  to  choke 
off  the  entire  draft,  a condition  which  is  never  necessary. 

Both  the  speed  of  a chain  grate  and  the  slope  of  the  ignition  arch 
are  important.  Too  often  the  grate  is  run  so  fast  that  volatile 
matter  is  being  driven  from  the  coal  as  far  back  as  the  center  of  the 
grate;  usually  in  this  case  there  is  not  only  a loss  from  incomplete 
combustion  of  the  gases  but  also  losses  from  unconsumed  carbon 
in  the  ash  and  from  injury  to  the  grate.  Live  coals  in  the  ash  pit 
will  not  only  warp  a grate  but  gradually  burn  it  up.  The  grate  should 
not  be  run  so  fast  that  it  will  be  hot  when  reentering  the  furnace. 
In  one  plant  where  a high  draft  was  carried  a sloping  arch  was  removed 
and  an  arch  built  parallel  to  the  grate.  With  the  sloping  arch  the 
stack  smoked,  but  with  the  flat  arch  it  was  entirely  clean. 

With  chain-grate  equipment  a plant  may  run  very  inefficiently 
if  the  fire  is  carried  only  on  the  front  half  of  the  grate,  as  sometimes 
happens.  When  coal  is  burned  in  this  way  with  a proper  setting,  it 
is  because  the  fireman  finds  it  the  easiest  way  to  carry  a variable  load 
and  have  a clean  stack,  demanding  less  of  his  attention  in  operation. 

At  some  plants  the  boiler  is  forced  by  firing  considerable  corJ 
through  the  inspection  door.  Although  the  desired  result  is  accom- 
plished by  this  practice,  the  plant  becomes  the  equivalent  of  a hand- 
fired  plant  and  the  stack  will  invariably  smoke  badly. 

74897— Bull.  373—09 3 


34 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


FRONT-FEED  STOKERS. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

Inclined-grate  stokers  were  patented  years  ago.  As  a result  of  the 
competition  between  different  makers  and  the  consequent  improve- 
ment in  details  of  construction,  the  present  types  have  been  evolved. 
They  have  been  installed  at  many  places  and  handle  a great  variety 
of  coals.  All  those  in  extensive  use  have  grates  with  mechanically 


Figure  5. — Front-feed  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  usual  setting.  1,  Air  space;  steam  jets 

enter  furnace  at  this  point. 

operated  grate  bars.  From  the  difference  in  position  of  the  hopper 
supplying  the  grates,  these  stokers  are  conveniently  divided  into  two 
classes — front  feed  and  side  feed. 

In  the  front-feed  type  the  hopper  is  in  front  of  the  boiler,  extending 
from  side  to  side.  Immediately  back  of  it  is  sprung  a coking  arch, 
usually  short.  A reciprocating  pusher  feeds  the  coal  to  a dead 
plate  beneath  the  front  of  the  arch,  where  it  begins  to  ignite.  The 
construction  and  movement  of  the  grate  bars,  which  cause  the  burning 
coal  to  move  down  the  grate,  vary  in  different  makes  of  this  type. 

These  stokers  can  force  a fire  quickly  and  are  often  given  severe 
treatment,  but  tests  have  shown  that  with  the  average  setting,  in 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


35 


... ... 

r To  O ? OOQO  0 o S V.%^  c 


>o^»oq  op%*.*  • * >*  c* 


Figure  6. — Front-feed  stoker  and  Cahall  boiler.  1,  Air  space;  steam  jets  enter  furnace  at  this  point. 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


36 

which  the  grates  are  placed  close  to  the  heating  surface,  more  than 
average  attention  is  required  to  keep  dovm  smoke;  consequently 
such  stokers  should  be  so  set  that  when  the  fireman  pushes  green 
coal  dovm  the  grate  there  is  sufficient  space  for  the  combustion  of  the 
gases  before  they  strike  the  tube  heating  surface.  Failure  to  provide 

such  space  usually  results  in  a smoky  stack. 

To  intensify  the  combustion  most  stokers  of  this  type  aie  fie 
quently  set  with  an  air  space  at  the  front  of  the  ignition  aich,  through 
which  steam  jets  enter  the  furnace.  The  accompanying  illustrations 
show  some  boilers  having  stokers  set  in  this  manner.  Figure  5 


represents  a Babcock  & ^\ilcox  boiler  vith  stack  at  the  leai  and 
liaffled  so  that  the  gases  from  the  burning  coal  travel  but  a short 
distance  before  they  strike  the  bottom  water  tubes. 

Figure  6 shows  a stoker  of  the  same  make  as  msBilled  at  a plant 
having  Cahall  water-tube  boilers.  Here  the  fire-brick  arch  back  of 
the  hopper  covers  a larger  proportion  of  the  length  of  the  grate  than 
in  the  setting  illustrated  by  figure  5,  and  as  the  boilers  are  vertical 
the  furnace  is  in  a Dutch  oven  the  arch  of  wliich  covers  the  space 
lietween  the  ignition  arch  and  the  front  tubes  of  the  boiler.  The 
travel  of  the  gases  to  the  first  heating  surface  is  much  lengtliened  in 
this  setting  and  ample  space  is  provicled  for  combustion  when  forcing 

the  fire. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


37 


A Heine  water-tube  boiler,  with  uptake  in  the  rear  and  a furnace 
fired  by  a stoker  of  the  front-feed  type,  are  shown  in  figure  7.  In 
this  installation  the  bottom  baffling  of  tile  on  the  water  tubes  lengthens 
the  course  taken  by  the  gases  in  reaching  the  first  heating  surface. 
Ample  space  is  provided  for  complete  combustion  when  the  boiler 
is  carrying  heavy  loads. 


Figure  8. — ^Front-feed  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler.  1,  Air  space;  steam  jets  enter  furnace  at  this  point. 


Figure  8 shows  the  usual  methods  of  placing  a front  overfeed 
stoker  beneath  the  arch  that  is  part  of  the  regular  setting  of  the 
Stirling  boiler.  Figure  9 represents  a similar  stoker,  with  longer 
ignition  arch,  under  a return  tubular  boiler. 

DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OP  PLANTS. 

Detailed  information  was  collected  at  32  plants,  ranging  in  size 
from  200  to  2,500  rated  boiler  horsepower,  where  front  overfeed 
stokers  were  used.  This  information  is  presented  in  condensed  form 


38 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOX  OF  COAL. 


ill  Table  9 (pp.  40-47),  in  which  the  same  order  of  particulars  is 
followed  as  in  Table  5.  In  Table  9 the  grate  area  of  the  front  over- 
feed stokers  includes  the  area  of  both  the  sloping  grates  and  the 
dump  grates. 


Figure  9. — Front-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler.  X,  Point  at  which  air  and  steam  jets  enter. 


The  different  plants  burned  various  sizes  of  coal,  but  at  11  plants 
the  stokers  were  handling  run  of  mine.  The  depth  of  fire  ranged 
from  3.5  to  7 inches.  The  source  of  the  coal  and  the  depth  of  the  fire 
are  summarized  in  the  following  table: 


Table  6. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  ivith  front  overfeed  stohers. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 
of  plants. 

Average 
depth  of 
fire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Number 
of  plants. 

Average 
depth  of 
fire. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Tllinoi.s 

10 

4 

Pennsylvania 

4 

4.. 9 

Indiana 

3 

4 

Virginia 

1 

Kentiickv 

9 

3..') 

West  Virginia 

2 

5 

Maryland 

8 

4 

Miscellaneous 

1 

t 

Ohio 

1 

a 

At  40  per  cent  of  the  ]ilants  the  stokers  were  under  boiler  units  of 
200  horsepower  or  less,  and  at  4 plants  the  stokers  were  in  a Dutch 
oven,  this  setting  having  been  installed  at  two  plants  because  the 
boilers  were  of  a vertical  water-tube  type.  At  6 of  the  plants  vis- 
ited the  boilers  had  available  load  and  at  2.6  a uniform  load.  The 
least  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface  that  was  determined  was 
28.4  to  1 and  the  liighest  58.3  to  1,  the  average  being  40  to  1.  The 
coal  as  received  burned  ])er  scjuare  foot  of  gi*ate  surface  ])er  hour  aver- 
aged 15.6  ])ounds;  the  smallest  coirsuinjition  of  coal  })er  scpiare  foot 
of  grate  suil’ace  })er  hour  was  6.4  j)ounds,  the  largest  34.7  pounds. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


39 


The  percentage  of  the  rated  boiler  horsepower  developed  on  mean 
heavy  load  (the  boiler  being  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface 
per  horsepower)  averaged  84,  the  lowest  and  highest  values  being  55 
and  111  per  cent,  respectively.  The  percentage  of  boiler  horsepower 
developed  by  different  makes  of  boilers,  the  coal  consumption,  and 
the  least  and  average  distances  from  the  grate  to  the  tube  heating 
surface  have  been  summarized  for  ready  reference  in  Table  7. 

Table  7. — Summary  of  various  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Kind  of  coal. 

N um- 
ber of 

Fur- 

nace 

Coal 

burned 

per 

square 
foot  of 
grate  sur- 

Percent- 
age of 
rated 
boiler 
horse- 
power 

Distance 
from  grates 
to  tube 
heating  sur- 
face. 

Black 

smoke. 

plants. 

draft. 

face  per 
hour, 
average 
heavy 
load. 

devel- 

oped, 

average 

heavy 

load.o 

Aver- 

age. 

Mini- 

mum. 

Inch  of 
water. 

Pounds. 

Feet. 

Feet . 

Per  it. 

Babcock  & Wilcox. . . 

Illinois,  Maryland, 

Virginia  and  West 
Virginia. 

9 

0.31 

16.8 

87 

6.3 

5.8 

7.5 

Heine 

Illinois,  Kentucky, 
and  West  Virginia. 

4 

.22 

12.4 

81 

5.0 

5.0 

14.1 

Stirling 

Iliinois,  Indiana, 
Maryland,  and 
Pennsylvania. 

5 

.24 

14.5 

86 

7.1 

7.1 

5.6 

Miscellaneous  v/at2> 
tube. 

Indiana,  Kentucky, 
Maryland,  and 
Pennsylvania. 

7 

.32 

19.7 

91 

7.2 

5.7 

7.7 

Return  tubular 

Illinois,  Maryland, 

and  Ohio. 

7 

.21 

13.2 

78 

17.6 

15.6 

5.2 

a Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 


The  average  drafts,  as  determined  at  the  furnace  front,  at  the 
rear  of  the  boiler,  and  at  the  base  of  the  stack,  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing table: 

Table  8. — Summary  of  draft  measurements  at  vlants  with  front  overfeed  stokers. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Measurement  taken  at — 

Number  of 
plants  at 
which 
taken. 

Average 
draft 
(inch  of 
water). 

Babcock  & Wilcox 

Furnace 

8 

0.31 

Rear  of  boiler 

5 

.36 

Base  of  stack 

6 

.87 

Heine 

Furnace 

3 

.22 

Rear  of  boiler 

4 

.48 

Base  of  stack 

3 

.76 

Stirling 

Furnace '. 

5 

.24 

Rear  of  boiler 

4 

.52 

Base  of  stack 

4 

. .69 

Return  tubular 

Furnace 

7 

.21 

Front  tube  sheet 

4 

.54 

Base  of  stack 

3 

.66 

Miscellaneous  types 

Furnace 

6 

.32 

Rear  of  boiler 

4 

.43 

* 

Base  of  stack 

4 

.76 

Range  of  furnace  draft,  29  plants,  0.09  to  0.02  inch;  average,  0.26  inch.  Range  of 
draft  at  rear  of  boiler,  water  tube,  17  ])lants,  0.25  to  0.74  inch;  average,  0.44  inch. 
Range  of  draft  at  base  of  stack,  20  plants,  0.38  to  1 .30  inches;  average,  0.76  inch.  Aver- 
age drop  of  draft  from  furnace  to  rear  of  boiler  in  water-tube  boilers,  0.16  inch.  Aver- 
age drop  from  furnace  to  front  tube  sheet  in  return  tubular  boilers,  0.33  inch. 


ABLE  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers. 


40 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


41 


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Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower . 


Table  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers — Continued. 


42 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


S 

^ ^ U £ijO 

^ U-i  3 ^ 

•*1^  Cl  w 

cn  ^ 


U) 


tc 

C 


^ fcO  o 

O CS  lO 


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u 

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3 


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0 

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0 0 CO 

CO  CO 

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0 0 -O' 

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0 

0 

CM 

CM 

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• X CM  0 0 05 

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• CM 

CO* 

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CM 

CM 

CO  cm""  cm"  CO 

CM  I— 1 

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i-H  -t-H 

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c3S  >- 

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0 

lO 

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0 

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C/D 

1^ 

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c ? 

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0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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X CO 

0 to 

r^  CM  0 CO 

»0  0 lO 

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rated  c 
lOsqua 
feet  0 

3 

0 

0 

10 

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CM 

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10 

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X XX 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


43 


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Tahlk  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers — Continued. 


44 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


• I-O 

J-  • 

• lO 

• X 

• tC 

^ c3  S 

• o 

! -o  o 

:x 

• LO 

■§o  °'c 

' lO 
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^ ri 

Ui 

c5 

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s .s 
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.is  c 


^ ' 
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^ - P a; 

2 't:  o 2 


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Ci  > 


tr.  ^ 
§ C 


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z:  o 
P 


L.O  »-0  lO  IC  CC  I-O  CO  IQ  ^O  CO 

i-OXt^l^C5XXXXO'^’^XiCiO^OiC;CiCXXC:w— 

i-0 

X 


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w 

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c3 


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to  irf  ic  w 


to  lO 
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to 

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® First  (limonsion  applies  to  O’Brien  boiler.  b First  dimension  appli  es  to  small  boiler. 


Table  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


45 


Load 

during 

observa- 

tions. 

Average. 

Light. 
Average . 

Do. 

Light. 

Average. 

Do. 

Light. 

Do. 

Heavy. 
Average. 
Do  . 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Light. 

Average. 

Do. 

Do. 

Light. 

Do. 

Average. 

Heavy. 

Light. 

Average. 

Average 
percent- 
age of 
black 
smoke. 

O Ci  LO 

X X IC  Oi 

t— 1 

CO  O X 
1-H  d 

t^dd  cOi— fXi— lie  tH  lOXX 

cioi^o  oooo  *d  CO  leot-^xd  *:oo 

^ ?-^  ^ 1—1  »— ♦ T— t 

hour 

0. 

Stack 

clean. 

O 'OOXIOCIOO 
kO  IC  O d LO 

d o o 

lO 

^ o »e o o o X le  lo  d ^oioixo 

lO  loio  o'ocodioie  lO  le*^  xioio'^o 

w 

u 

o 

o 

o 

Ul 

o 

o 

g 


^ s 

OJ 

> 


o o « 

O _o 
00 


OCSI^O(MOOOOOC^OOOOO 


OOOCCO^  Cl  iCOOOOdOOO 
Cl 


O 

00 


^ Si 

Cl. 


O O O <M  O O O O O O O O O O O O OOOOOO  O OOOCCt 


Total 
length  of 
observa- 
tions 
(min- 
utes). 

X OSiXXXiOO  OOO  OOOO  OOOOCIX  X OdOOXOOO 

X ;c  le  Oi  O Oi  Oi  O iO  Cl  -o  to  O Cl  to  W to  Ci  Oi  o to  X Oi  O to  to 

X 1—1  tO^ 

Num- 
ber of 
obser- 
vations. 

lo  1—1  d 1—1 1—1 1—1  d ^ ^ 1^  Cl  1—1 1^  ^ 1—1  ^ 1^  1^  1—1 1—1 1—1  1—1 1“^  Cl  d 1^  1— ^ 1—1 1—1 

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a 

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G ' 

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73 

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c3  c3 
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ts  ps  & aat: 

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Cl  Cl  o ^ Cl  X Cl 


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r^t^t>i^t^x  X xxxxxxxx 


a Several.  fc  Various  lengths.  c Front  water  leg.  Variable. 


Table  9. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  front  overfeed  stokers — Continued. 


46 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


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48 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


SUMMARY. 

A review  of  the  remarks  in  the  preceding  table  shows  that  with 
the  front  overfeed  type  of  mechanical  stoker,  success  in  smoke  abate- 
ment has  been  attained  by  one  of  three  methods — the  continuous  use 
of  steam  jets,  a generous  admission  of  air,  or  careful  operation. 

SIDE-FEED  STOKERS. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

Like  the  front  feed,  the  side-feed  stoker  has  been  in  use  for  many 
years,  the  first  American  patent  for  this  t}^pe  having  been  taken  out 
in  1878.  Several  firms  now  make  such  stokers,  which  differ  chiefly 
in  the  manner  of  feeding  coal  and  getting  rid  of  clinkers  and  ash.  In 
all  the  coal  is  fed  from  two  magazines,  one  at  each  side  of  the  boiler. 
At  the  bottom  of  each  magazine  is  a flat  built-up  iron  and  steel  plate 
called  the  coking  plate;  beneath  this  is  an  air  duct  and  on  it  rests 
the  coal-feeding  mechanism.  Over  this  feeding  device  is  a heavy 
casting,  the  arch  plate,  on  which  rests  a fire-brick  arch  extending 
over  the  whole  grate  area  and  having  along  the  upper  side  an  air  duct 
connected  with  the  fire  space  by  small  openings  in  the  skew-backs 
supporting  the  arch.  These  openings  are  designed  to  admit  hot  air 
above  the  coal  at  a point  where  the  volatile  hydrocarbons  are  given 
off.  The  movable  grate  bars  and  a clinker-breaking  device  at  the 
bottom  of  the  V-shaped  space  between  the  grates  are  actuated  by  a 
small  engine  that  forms  part  of  the  equipment. 

Stokers  of  the  side  overfeed  type  are  characterized  by  large  coking 
space  per  foot  of  grate  area  and  an  ample  combustion  chamber. 
Tliey  have  been  installed  at  both  large  and  small  plants,  and  are 
successfully  carrying  both  uniform  and  variable  loads.  In  the  field 
investigation  here  reported  no  other  type  of  stoker  was  found  doing 
as  well  under  so  great  a variety  of  conditions.  Its  chief  defect  seems 
to  lie  in  the  devices  for  getting  rid  of  the  ash.  Thougli  supposedly 
automatic,  they  often  require  the  service  of  a fireman.  This  intro- 
duces an  element  of  varying  value  in  the  operation  of  the  plant. 

The  two  makes  of  this  stoker  that  are  most  used  formerly  differed 
in  arch  construction,  one  having  only  side  arches  over  the  coking 
plates.  As  now  installed,  the  arch  in  both  makes  extends  over  the 
grate  area  and  tlie  two  styles  differ  merely  in  the  devices  for  dis- 
tributing coal  to  tlie  grate  and  for  getting  rid  of  refuse.  One  employs 
for  coal  distribution  a shaft  rotating  through  a small  arc  to  move 
stoker  boxes  on  the  coking  ])lates;  as  the  boxes  work  forward,  they 
push  coal  toward  the  edge  of  the  ])lates.  Between  the  lower  ends  of 
the  grates  and  supported  by  a bearing  shaft  is  a hollow  iron  bar  with 
j)rojections  on  its  suilace;  this  bar,  when  rotated,  grinds  iq)  the 
clinker.  The  .other  make  feeds  the  coal  by  a screw  and  has  heavy  iron 


Figure  10. — Side-feed  stoker  in  Dutch  oven  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


49 


disks  actuated  by  a reciprocating  bar  for  crushing  clinker.  Both 
these  stokers  are  frequently  set  in  Dutch  ovens. 


Figure  10  shows  the  stoker  first  mentioned  in  a Dutch  oven  having 
a chamber  above  the  arch  for  heating  the  air  admitted  over  the  coal, 
74897— Bull.  373—09 4 


50 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


V//y>/A 

V///////A 

Figure  11.— Side-feed  stoker  in  Dutch  oven  and  Cahall  boiler. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKEKS. 


51 


as  set  at  a battery  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers.  This  setting,  with 
its  ample  combustion  chamber  and  fairly  long  travel  from  the  grates 


Figure  12.  Side-feed  stoker  and  Heine  boiler.  1,  C tile  on  lower  row  of  tubes,  forming  a tile-roof  furnace 


Figure  13.— Side-feed  stoker  in  Dutch  oven  and  Stirling  boiler. 

to  the  tube  heating  surface,  allows  nearly  perfect  combustion  of  th( 
hydrocarbons  from  the  bed  of  coal. 


52 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Figure  14. — Side-feed  stoker  and  Stirling  boiler.  1,  Continuous  screw  for  distributing  coal. 

arch  and  the  rear  end  of  the  baffling  becomes  a tile-roofed  furnace. 
The  gases  are  given  a long  journey  from  lire  to  heating  surface,  and 
the  construction  insures  a smokeless  fire  under  heavy  loads  and  forced 
feed. 

The  chief  difference  in  the  two  patterns  of  side-feed  stokers  under 
discussion  are  shown  in  the  accom})anying  illustration  of  these  stokers 
under  Stirling  boilers.  Figure  13  shows  the  stoker  lirst  mentioned 
set  in  a Dutch  oven.  The  feeding  device  is  not  shown,  but  the 
rotating  clinker  bar  is.  In  figure  14  the  screw  for  feeding  coal  and  the 


The  other  make  of  stoker  as  installed  under  a Cahall  boiler  is  shown 
in  figure  11.  As  the  boiler  is  vertical,  the  stoker  is  placed  in  a Dutch 
oven.  In  this  setting  also,  the  combustion  chamber  is  large  enough 
to  permit  thorough  mixing  of  tlie  gases  from  the  burning  coal  and  a 
moderately  long  travel  from  the  grates  to  the  first  row  of  water  tubes. 

A side-feed  stoker  set  in  a Dutch  oven  under  a Heine  boiler  is 
shown  in  figure  12.  The  ignition  arch  extends  over  the  grates,  and  by 
baffling  the  bottom  row  of  tubes  the  soace  between  the  back  of  the 


Figure  15.— Side-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKEKS 


53 


54 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


device  for  crushing  clinker,  the  special  features  of  the  other  make  of 
stoker,  are  evident.  One  stoker  is  set  in  a Dutch  oven;  the  other  is 
})laced  beneath  the  arch  that  is  a characteristic  feature  of  the  Stirling 

boiler.  Both  in- 
stallations exhibit 
a meritorious  fea- 
ture of  the  side-feed 
stoker — the  large 
combustion  space 
over  the  grates. 

The  fact  that  a 
large  number  of  the 
plants  visited  have 
a side-feed  stoker 
under  a return  tu- 
bular boiler  indi- 
cates that  this  type 
has  given  satisfac- 
tion when  used  with 
tubular  boilers. 
Details  of  a sample 
installation,  show- 
ing the  particular 
features  of  the  side- 
feed  type  that  have 
been  mentioned  in 
this  discussion,  are 
presented  in  figures 
15  and  16,  which 
represent  sections 
through  the  stoker 


Figure  16. — Side-feed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section.  tUld  boiler.  Figure 
1,  Coal  magazines;  2,  hot-air  ducts;  3,  air-admission  openings  under  cok-  1 5 sllOWS  the  high 
mg  plates.  over  the  grates 

and  the  long  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface.  The  situa- 
tion of  the  coal  magazines,  of  the  hot-air  ducts  above  the  arch,  and 
of  the  air  jiassages  under  the  coking  plates,  as  well  as  the  ample  size 
of  tlie  combustion  chamber,  are  made  plain  by  figure  16. 


DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OF  PLANTS. 

In  all,  76  plants  with  side-feed  stokers  were  visited;  at  44  the 
stokers  were  installed  under  return  tubular  boilers,  at  30  under  water- 
tube  boilers,  and  at  2 under  boilers  of  both  tyjies.  The  plants  ranged 
in  size  from  50  to  6,750  horsejiower.  The  coal  used  came  from  Illi- 
nois, Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  West  Virginia, 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


55 


and  ranged  from  slack  to  run  of  mine.  Eleven  ])lants  were  burning 
slack.  The  other  65  used  small  nut  or  nut  and  slack. 

Plants  with  water-tube  boilers. — At  the  30  plants  where  stokers  of 
this  type  were  installed  under  water-tube  boilers  alone  the  kind  of 
coal  used  and  the  depth  of  fire  were  as  follows : 

Table  10. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water- 

tube  boilers. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 

of 

plants.® 

Average 
depth  of 
lire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Number 

of 

plants.® 

Average 
depth  of 
nre. 

Illinois 

6 

Inches. 

5 

Pennsylvania 

7 

Inches. 

5 

Indiana 

1 

6 

West  Virginia 

4 

5 

Kentucky 

1 

7 

Miscellaneous 

5 

6 

Ohio 

7 

5 

a One  plant  used  both  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  coal. 


At  35  per  cent  of  the  plants  with  side-feed  stokers  under  water-tube 
boilers  the  boiler  units  were  200  horsepower  or  less.  The  coal  as 
received  burned  per  square  foot  of  grate  })er  hour  ranged  from  10  to 
41  pounds.  The  percentage  of  the  rated  horsepower  developed  on 
average  heavy  load  (the  boiler  being  rated  on  the  basis  of  10  square 
feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower)  ranged  from  37  to  189. 
These  and  other  details  are  summarized  in  the  subjoined  table. 

Table  11. — Summary  of  various  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under 

water-tube  boilers. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Num- 
ber of 

Fur- 

nace 

draft 

(inch 

of 

water). 

Coal 

burned 

per 

square 
foot  of 
grate 

Boiler 
horse- 
power 
devel- 
oped, 
average 
heavy 
load. (a) 

Distance 
from  grate 
to  tube- 
heating 
surface. 

Dis- 
tance 
from 
front  of 
furnace 
to  front 
of 

boiler. 

Black 

smoke. 

plants. 

surface 
per  hour, 
average 
heavy 
load. 

Aver- 

age. 

Mini- 

mum. 

Pounds. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Per  ct. 

Babcock  & Wilcox. 

Illinois,  Ohio,  and 
W est  Virginia. 

8 

0.24 

22.6 

91 

8.5 

5.7 

(b)  6.9 

5.2 

Stirling 

Illinois,  Ohio, 
P ennsylvania, 
and  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

Illinois,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  Ohio, 
and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

9 

.30 

23.1 

85 

9.4 

6.5 

4.1 

2.8 

Miscellaneous 
water  tube. 

15 

.22 

23.7 

81 

7.9 

5.5 

(c)  4.1 

6.0 

a Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 
b From  7 plants. 
c From  13  plants. 


The  average  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface  at  these  plants 
was  59.1  to  1,  the  range  being  from  33  to  1 to  72  to  1.  The  grate 
area  of  this  type  of  stoker  was  taken  to  be  equal  to  the  distance 


56 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


between  the  coking  plates  multiplied  by  the  distance  from  the  front 
of  the  furnace  to  the  rear  of  the  grates. 

Natural  draft,  supplied  by  a chimne}^,  was  used  at  most  of  the 
plants.  The  furnace  draft  varied  from  0.10  to  0.35  inch  of  water, 
but  most  of  the  readings  were  between  O.lo  and  0.25  inch.  The 
draft  measurements  are  summarized  below: 

Table  12. — Summary  of  draft  measurements  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stockers  under 

water-tube  boilers. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Measurement  taken  at — 

N umber  of 
plants  at 
which 
taken. 

Average 
draft 
(inch  of 
water). 

Babcock  & Wilcox 

Furnace 

7 

0.24 

Rear  of  boiler 

7 

.43 

Base  of  stack 

2 

.58 

Stirling 

Furnace 

8 

.36 

Rear  of  boiler 

7 

.47 

Base  of  stack 

5 

.81 

Miscellaneous  water  tube 

Furnace 

12 

.22 

Rear  of  boiler 

T 

.51 

Base  of  stack 

8 

. 67 

Furnace  draft,  27  plants,  0. 10  to  0.  53  inch  water;  average  0.  27  inch.  Draft  at  rear 
of  boiler,  21  plants,  0.  18  to  0.  90  inch;  average,  0.  47  inch.  Draft  at  base  of  stack,  15 
plants,  0.  18  to  1. 10  inches;  average,  0.  71  inch.  The  approximate  average  drafts  were 
as  follows:  Furnace,  0.  25  inch;  rear  of  boiler,  0.  50  inch;  base,  of  stack,  0.  75  inch. 
These  figures  show  a draft  drop  of  0.  25  inch  of  water  through  the  furnace  and  of  0.  25 
inch  from  boiler  to  stack. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  plants  with  side-feed  stokers  under 
water-tube  boilers  are  given  in  Table  13. 


Table  13. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


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57 


Table  13. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


58 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  13. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


59 


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Table  Vi —Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


60 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  13.— Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


61 


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Table  13. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — ContiiuuMl. 


62 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Plants  with  return  tubular  boilers. — Side  overfeed  stokers  were  in- 
stalled under  return  tubular  boilers  at  48  plants,  with  rated  boiler 
capacity  varying  from-  50  to  180  horsepower.  At  two  of  these 
plants  the  stokers  were  set  in  a Dutch  oven.  The  kinds  of  coal 
burned  and  the  thickness  of  fire  were  as  follows : 

Table  14. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants,  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under 

return  tubular  boilers. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 
of  plants. 

i 

Average 
depth  of 
fire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

N umber 
of  plants. 

Average 
depth  of 
fire. 

Illinois 

7 

Inches. 

5 ! 

Pennsylvania 

11 

Inches. 

0 

Indiana 

3 

4 

West  Virginia 

8 

6 

Kentiiekj^ 

5 

4 ' 

Miscellaneous 

8 

5 

Ohio 

6 

5 

Other  details  given  in  Table  15  regarding  the  setting  and  operation 
of  side-feed  stokers  at  these  plants  may  be  briefly  summarized  thus: 

Draft  through  fire,  0.17  inch;  coal  as  received  burned  per  square  feet  of  grate  surface 
per  hour,  average  heavy  load,  20.6  pounds;  percentage  of  rated  boiler  horsepower 
developed,  average  heavy  load  (boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per 
horsepower),  90;  average  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface,  14.5  feet;  aver- 
age vertical  distance  from  clinker  grinder  to  coking  arch,  3.75  feet;  per  cent  of  black 
smoke,  5.6.  Approximate  draft  averages  gave  a furnace  draft  of  0.15  inch  and  a drop 
through  the  boiler  of  0.25  inch.  The  drop  from  the  boiler  to  the  stack  averaged  0.20 
inch. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  plants  with  side-feed  stokers  under 
return  tubular  boilers  are  given  in  Table  15 


Table  15.^ — Details  of  observations  at  })lants  uith  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKEKS. 


65 


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Taule  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Coiitiiiuod. 


66 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continr.ed. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


67 


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tH  rH  r— 


00  40  1^  »o 


(M  40  C<J  01 

rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH 


COiOl^COOl'^  COCO  CO  COOOCO  COt^cOt^ 

co»— 'rHTfcop^o>coi-^t'-i— ic6o’-Hr^0540’*^i'-oi-^c0‘0cdt-^'^'^'^'^ 

<MC^CO(N(MrH(N(MrHCO’^COt-HC<|rHrH(MrHrHC^|rHrHrHrHC^rHrHrHrH 


d 

o 

c 

be 

C3 

kH 


.p 

be 


> 

C3 

03 

K 


T3  . 


iO  -a 


'-.2d  Pti 

3 U3  O 
K ® ^ — (P 
P 


<00  00'^05t—  C^lOicO’^’^O^Oi 

< rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  0^  rH  rH 


(N 

05  05  00 


oi  o 


40  00  40  oi 

Tf  CO  40  CO  05  ci 


00  rH  O O 

^ rH  rH  rH 


"p  b+j  . 

0)  ^ fr-t 


CO  40  CO  CO 


40  40  00 


C0c00'^t^c000^000c0»-Hc^00^000'^400c0t^0040c0i0c^ 

CO  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  OI  OI  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH 


^.5d  P'S 

° P Mi2 

fs  p-^-  P 


rH00  00’^05l^00  05-n^*^^OrHG5Tt<r^(MC-lO<N'^rH00(M^O'^lMO 

1-HrHrHC^  rHrH  C^C^C^rHrH  ,-HrHrHrHrHi-HC^rHrHrHrHrHC'lT-HrH 


C3 

P 

O 


be 

M a 

p2 

03  .P 

II 

o is 

CO 


o 

3pB  S' 

pp 
c3P 


be 
M_P 
.2  p 
pp 
p p^ 
S-^P 


be 


03 

(1)  be  03  be 
Pp  P 


o 

Sp 


Op 


C9 

O 

P 


o3 

12: 


pp  P' 


. be  ^ 

>5  rH  ^ 

o^^SS-^p 


pp-lp 


”a'p 


p 

o 

15 

p 

C3  S 


®-g  P 
P o 
comPh 


03 


PPPOcbO 


u > 

03  *-< 

&s 

03  o 

<>i'pok;^pK(5p 


_ c?p  ~ 
o ij 

' u 

c3 


C 

o ^ g ■ 

' o > ^ 


04*-H  ^ Oc£H  03^13 

^ Q Phc3^  c3  ® 


Ji"-2S'2o^OOOOOOOOOOOOOO-^5S'^0^00'^' 
.o  ca.o  c3r-»2'0'0'^'0T3'0T3^'::3'0'0'c5'0'T:?.2<2.2'^»2'^'0.'^ 

I « • • I I » , *J.  , 


-2  s ^ 

-O  O 


d s 


*Z3  ‘r  *2  t- 
^ ^ 


03 

Ph 


CS 

03 

P3 

p 

p 

d 


bc 


P d 
be  03 
•PP 
PP 
P P 
d d 


d P d 

b L >• 


d 

03 

P 

P 

■P 

be 

if 

d '~' 


d 

03 

P 
P 

PP  P 
o3  P d 
03  be 
PP 

'2'S  M 
C G ;:2 


5r'OOOOOOOOOH‘^OSHOOOOO^tHtHOO^^^-^OSH 

PpPPPPPPPP  P Pp  Pppppp  P P Ppp  P P Pp  P 

? 

- * - - _-  _ ._ 

(P  : : : : ; : 


o o 

.CL,  CL 


. o o o 
I Ph  P-,  CL 


o o o 

:clphCl 


03 

& 

o 

p 

03 

CO 

o 

P 

>- 

03 

P 

03 

03 

d 


d 

P 

O' 


P 

O 

P 

03 


o 

CL 

e 


. P 

•t) 


°.  P 

O d 

P, 


o^iMforiocot^oooio.-^iMcorictot.'OOCTiO'-ic'jroriibor^oo 

C'Je'1C<l(N(MC<IC<IC'^MC^C0CCC0C0C*5f0r0f0CbC0d'r'ti.^ddddd 


l AiJLE  io. — Letails  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


68 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Assumed 
amount 
of  coal 
burned 
per  horse- 
power 
per  hour 
(pounds). 

lO  lO  tO  to  to  to 

lO^tOtOtO'^'^'^tO'^'^tO'^'^'^tOtO 

Percent- 
age of 
builder’s 
rated 
horse- 
power de- 
veloped 
on 

average 

heavy 

load. 

O'^c^i^t^ooccoiot^aicocNOooast^ 

’^GOOO'^OOtOaJOrHCOOiOOOOOCiO 

Percent- 
age of 
boiler 
horse- 
power de- 
veloped 
on 

average 
heavy 
load  .a 

G^'^i-HC<JOOcOI^'^C^l’— '(M05Ol^C0r-t05 

^cot'--t^cooo*^oO'^co05r^'^coi^GOoo 

T-^  r— 1 1— H 

Coal  burned  per 
square  foot  of  grate 
per  hour  (pounds). 

Average 

load. 

00-^  I^IOC^JOS  • r-i  ^ -^GO  (M 

CsjTji^OOC'icO'^O  •’^c4o  ‘^tOCOC^ 
: : 

Average 

heavy 

load'. 

(M05  tOtOC'lcO’^  COl-tM'^OO’-'iM 

0 to  05  0 to  CO  ^ CO  (M  00  to  0 ’-H  to  »o  01 

i-HrHi-l(N(NCNr-l(Mr-lC^(M(Mi— lr-lr-((NC^ 

c3 

5 

o 

iJD 

03 


bJD 


I— « ^ C3 

O G 

^ Qh  ■ 

o ^ o c/,^ 
2 o 


T— t lO  ^ 

« oi  O O GC 


I O CO  OCO  o 

I t-H  »— I t-H  1-H  1-H 


> 

c3 

o 


"3  . 

o a ^ G 

^ S z^3 

_ ^ p. 

CO 

° (.H  O c/3^ 

-a 


lO  lO  CO 


lO  to  tO  ‘O 


c3 

j:: 


p 

O 

>» 

Cl 


O J- 
c3 
cu  ?■ 


p 

a-  o 
o 

'o:  c-> 

— c3 

C 


o:p 


_,  . . i C 

Q S-l  03  Ut  Q 

O ^ Pr*-*  ^ ^ 

P '0^.0  'p  • 

r;  : =3  o ; 

o :fe2P^  :s  : 


2^ 

^co 


Q> 

U 

P 

4-5 


-2  : s 


0^00000000 
O'O'O'O’O'O 


d 

cr 

o 


OOOOO-i 
'O  'O  'O  *0 .2 


C^rfOOOOiCOO 

rH  rH  rH  i-H 


u 

o 

o 
■ p 
o 

CO 

Ul 

o 

4:3 


tuo 

.s 

d 

o 


c3 

d 

CO 

o 


T3 

0 


o 

c 


•G 

.p 

* u 
; c3 

• > 

• • 
• 1 

• . 
• . 

‘ 4^ 

1 • ■ • 

. • • • 

^ * 

•*4; 

: 03 

c3 

. 

X . . . 

X 

! 

•3  : : : 

• c 

C3 

ct 

Cw  ' • ' 

• 03  c3 

c3 

x:  .. 

w . • . 

^ c; 

w I ' 

•4^ 

sx 

x;  . . ! 

X 

tc  » , , 

, U X 

-2f 

c ^ 

CS— ' ■ • 

h c 

p"  0 0 0 c 

u u u 

c 

c 

uT  0 

> P -3 

"•3 -3 -3 -3 

P 9 P'3-3  P-3 

C3  tf 

• 1 • 

Cj  0 

c 

0 * * • 

0 0 

0 

0 

X 

• • • 

p-H 

C ?3 

/'/P 


C50^oirO'^toc>t^ooo50^<Mco'^io 
‘O  lO  O »0  tO  lO  tO  lO  ‘O  cO  cO  CO  CO  cO  o 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


G9 


0 0 0^0 
Oi  1— I 00  o 


00 


OOlOOOOOOOO 

J^OOOOOOOOC^J'-'O 

r*H  1-H  T— ( 1-H  1-H 

ci 

o 


o o 
o o 


^ <35 

^ 3 s o) 

^ CO  O’  q; 

m .9 


ooooo 


oooooooooo  o o 


oo  oooo 


00 

lO  ‘O 

0000^ 

CO  CO 

to 

00 

3 0 

0 9 

O) 

to  tO 

00  0^  TT  Ci  Oi 

0^ 

(-<  • 

t-h  cT 

1-H  0 

Sh'S^ 

cr  o; 

0 

0 

0 

HH  ^ 

CO  ^ 

rH 

1-H 

tOOOOOO^QiOO 
O O Ci  O O TT  00  lO  o 
lO  O lO  O lO  <M  (M  O 

O'-!  T— H I— H 1-H  1-H  1-H 


o 

U'' 

O 


0^0 
iM  CO 
04  O 


o o 
00  ^ 
lO  O 


o o o 

04 

Tp  TJ1  C^J 


o 

CTj 

o 


0 o 

01  00 


o 

?q 


Horse- 
power 
boiler 
rated  on 
10  square 
feet  of 
heating 
surface. 

lOiO  CO'S'f^'cf'9<  05  .— lO<3505C5'J'G0>0t^3  01003  01  .lOr^ 

lO  lO  00  05  3 05  05  O >0  O O >0  lO  IM  Cl  O t'  C'  1 w (M  3 3 01  • C-1  00 

1-H  1-H  ^ 1-H  04  T-H  t-H  1-H  1-H  i-H  04  i“H  i“^  i~l  0"4  i“H  r—H  T— H 

''  '•X>  - ^ ^ ^ * 

2 * 2 S *o  00  3 00  1 

3 3 <M  05  lO  O O . 

3 C-I  ^ ^ 

Builder’s 

rated 

horse- 

power. 

0^0  00‘0  0c0  O ^oooooooooo  OO"^  oo  oooo 

O cc  C^4  CO  00  O o O ‘O  *0  to  o to  o C^4  to  O O C4  tO  tO  Cl  X »0  O 

1-H  t-H  ^ I-H  C-4  1^  1^  1^  1^  T-H  C-4  t-H  i-H  t-H  C^4  i^  1“H  i-H  t— ( i-H 

to'  ^ 

O ot  o lO  ^ 

•s  O p'j  X 

o 

j Number  used 
to  carry— 

Aver- 

age 

light 

load. 

05  >0  <M  O'!  C-1  01  3 3 (M  (M  Ol  3 3 3 i Cl  CO  3 Cl  ■ Cl  ■ Cl  3 Cl  CO 

Aver- 
1 age 
! heavy 
1 load. 

d Cl  (M  Cl  3 3 CO  Cl  Cl  3 3 3 Cl  Cl  CO  3 Cl  CO  Cl  3 Cl  3 Cl  CO 

Num- 
ber in- 
stalled. 

1 

OO  ’^'l!t^<^^CO<^4  COCOCOOli-HrH'^CC'^'^  CO  to  CO^O-4CO 

M 


(N 
. .tt 
05 

a;  <N 


•.Q 

: s S3 

w -1^  2 

'2  m'" 
-Cj  3 g o 

h|M4H»  ^ 

CO  (M 

^ 00 
- r;  V 

2 ^ 


^ CO  CO  rO 

- - - J3 


o 

o 


o? 


a; 


o 

0 B 


CO  CO 
O)  O' 

p p 


0)  CO 
^ Oi 


O) 

CO  pO 


Qj  ^ - 

'2  ^ < 
P o , 


04 


‘ 00 


'«!t<  xyi  '•T'  ( 


(M 

22  00  , . ^ 


k'sO  < 

r-H  ' 

i X' 


O 04  f 
> O I 


> 00  00 
I i“H  1-H 

1 S-1  (-1 


O i 


y,  I'l 


o ., 

05  V 

.CO 


g ^'1 


M 

CO  M ’5  . M 

' Qj  3 OT  OI 
2-^ 
-s^ 

'rt|r)3*o 

M’  V rji  V 

O ^ CO  ^ ^ 
-M  p CO 

^ -00  S ^ - 

k . 1— < 

y, 

J CO 


3 -M  Mi  ; c I 


oi  2 
3' 


■'ji 


00> 


M M 
O)  O) 
-0.3 

52 


^ Tt< 

iC  ■*f 


t <cO 


O 00  o 

F— H F^  1“H 

y y y 


O (M 


? s 

(M  ^ O' 
CO  O'  ' 


.3 

3 

3! 

3 

+C) 

So 

O) 


ooooo 
*3  "O?  '3  '3  '3 


O 

3 


OOOOOOOOOO 

333'3'33'3333 


^4 

O 


O O) 

o ^ 
3 fcX) 
2 

s| 

O 


1h 

3 

0 
xi 

3 

01  OT 

--  s 

.3  O 

3 
“ 3 


3 
o 
3 

3 o o 
33 


O 

3 


OOOOO 


p 

o 

3f_-  3 

0^0 

333 
3-^  3 o 

ffl'4^3 


.o=y 
2m 

01  CO 


3 

3 

^.5. 

S o 
B'^- 

o 


0000 

3333 


o 

3 


o o 
33 


o 

3 


01  M 

.9  § 

3 

S 3 o o 


■ai 

CO  O 

! 

< 

3t05 

Coni 

( 

( 

• • 1 • 1 ♦ H-t  (-H  O fH  1 

'43  g 3 § • 

: : : : : icoooo  : 

• * .P  p • * 

: : o : : 

• . CO  O • • 

Thick- 
ness of 
fire 

(inches). 

1 

CO 

o »o  O »o 
I _L  1 

CO  CO 

CO’^CO'^OtO  .TfTTiO 
^ : 

O lO 

X 4i 

o r»  rf  o »o 
1 1 _L  1 

Tf  O CO 

S 3 
O cj 


OOOO^C^4CO^‘OOl^  00  O 

OJ'MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO  CO  CO 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


70 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Steam 
pres- 
sure at 
gage. 

OOiO»CiO  O OO  OO  OOlO  OO  lOOO  ‘OO 

C5  C5  W Tp  00  f— ( XX  t— 1 O X X Ci  O 0 0 05  xo 

Superheat- 
ing surface 
(square 
feet). 

OOOOO  O OO  OO  OOO  OO  OOO  OO 

Heating 

surface 

(square 

feet). 

1,585 

9()0 

(ilO 

1,750,  1,550 

1,500,  1,420, 
1,840 
1,380 
870,  1,270 

1,800 
1,570,  1,785 

1,372 

800 

1,080,  1,835 

2,200 
2,085,  930 

1,575 
1,080 
1,440,  735 

910 

1,802 

Horse- 
power 
boiler 
rated  on 
10  square 
feet  of 
heating 
surface. 

159 

90 
01 

175,  155 

100,  142 
184 
138 
87,  127 

180 
158,  179 

137 

80 

108,  184 

226 
209,  93 

158 
108 
144,  74 

91 
180 

Builder’s 

rated 

horse- 

power. 

150 

100 

75 

50 

125 

1140,  200, 
\ 250 

150 
80, 125 

175 

150 

125 

70 

200 

150 
150, 100 

100 

90 

123,56 

75 

150 

er  used 
rry— 

Aver- 

age 

light 

load. 

^(M<Mt-1TP  ^ tp  ^ ^ ^ lO  X (M  r-H  (N  1-H  ,-H 

Numb 
to  ca 

1 

Aver- 

age 

; heavy 
; load. 

C^tp  T-ICS  CO(N  (N(N(N  C^i-H 

Num- 
ber in- 
stalled. 

1 

1 

<M  (N  r-H  X TP  lO  lO  (M  (M  X (M  (N  (M  (M  i-< 

O 


an 


o 


• • X 

X ^ • 

: V 

: u 

! V 

: V 

• ^ 

• 

• 

• • 

• o 

• ^ 

• !c^ 

• 

I ^ 

I ^ 

! ! 

1 to 

I 

^ X 

! ^ 

• • X 

I 

i 

! TP 

t/T  ^ 

' M 

I ^ 

! ^ 

• CO 

I CO 

5 

O c:  ^ 

O 

; o 

. G 

. . c 

. o 

CO  O 

w ^ 

w pC  . 
. r:  M rn 

z/j  . 

C'  Cl  « C/i 

CO  pll 

Cl 

. 

m 

CO  CO 

ri  r.\ 

o oc 
X X 


Tp  ^ 
00 


X 

o o 


) ^ 

I x^^ 

I CO  V 

I 


^ ^ ^ 7^ 

V ^ ^ C 

^ ^ TP  ^ ^ 

oi2  .,00  oj  . 

■im 

^ 00  <N 

r-K 


« ^ :: 
1-s  ^ n w ^ 

^ TP  ^ 


<x-^^ 


CO  ^ '• 

2« 

X:: 

^ (M 
iC  CS 


--'M.  _ w5 

^56.- 

O ^00 
X 

(N  X :; 

^00^ 

h-  t-H 


^ TP  o ^ 
oc  CO 
^ ,.00 
TP  • 


V Tp  ^ 

CO ; ' 


, 

00  ,cs  00 
o ^ ^ ^ 


Xi  5 

C IM 

O t^ 


S o o o o 


o o 
•.  (-• 

o« 
C tc 

2 ^ 
5“3 

g| 

o 


.2 


^ -<2 
= c3 


O O 


O O O 


o o c o 


i-,  —I 


o 


o 

J= 


.5  o 


■S 


o 

o 


:2'5 

■ CO  IC 


o 

o 

c 

o 


c ~ 


~~-a 


o o 
'Ca 


o o o 
'O'C'O 


o 

x; 

c 

_c 

O 0) 


(M 


.14  O 

O ^ « ‘I' 
•-  -2  b — 
s:  o 

He  = 


o ^ 
d 3 
a 


I -^  - o 00 
a 00 


: TP 

I 

CO 


IC  UO  : 
I I 
CO  Tp  I 


•^r^xciO  ^ <Nco  Tpio  c^t^QC  CiQ  ^caco  VK? 

Tp  Tp  ^ lO  io  iOlO  iOO  »Ow  ;s:c:c 


oVariable. 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  luith  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


71 


C3 

a 

D 

P=-l 


o <_  o 

« C3  o 


■g  js  p: 

a 


■£fo  P 

o:, 


'cj 

0 

^ - 1 
cs  g 

c3 

q; 

(h 

.5 

"3  ^ 

0 bX) 

o.S 

«*-« 

0 

CO 

o>  c; 

0 

2 

tx  0 

^ (M 
(m’  cc  CO  CO  ci 


5 pis 


O ^ (M 
oi  CO  CO  CO  oi 


CO  CO 

O'?  ^ 

CO 


I-  CO  LC 
rr  CO  CO  ■ 


o\ 

CO 


CO  ^ CO  CO 


I lo  Cl  <X) 
TjicOCO'^COCO'^COCOCO 


o 

o o 

P il 

a"" 

s—> 

[/3  G 


O)  TT 

o ^ 

(t3  -j-<  J- 

p Pii^ 
3 o r . 


Q 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO'sCOOOOOOOOOOO 

o 


w q; 
rH  O . 

I ^ 

tX)  CQ 


S 


O o o >o  lO 


lO  O ‘O  ‘O  »-0 

Tt<  Tji  rji  Tji  lO  lO  'O  lO  CO  lO  I O O O CC  40  cO  cC  LO  lO  lO 

lo"  CO  4o"'  CO 


40  40  40  40 


40  CO 


40  40  40  40  40  »0  40C0 

40  CO  40  Tf  40  40  40  40  40  4.0  CO  40  ^ 40  CO'  40  40  40  lO  40  CO  40*  • O 


c3  fc- 

ex  w:) 

^ tJD 

O.S 

^ c3 

O 0) 

c3  ^ 
oo  ^ 

5^ 


ttcq 

5"^ 


4.0  40  40  40  40  40  4.0  >0  40  40  40  4.0 

00  cO  TP  CO  ^ 00  40*  40*  CO  »0  40  *0  40  40  40  40  40  CO  CO  (M  CO  CO  OI 

rH  1-H  >-H  f-H  rH  t-H  t-H  r— t i-H  r-H  r~^  y—<  f-H  »-H  rH  i-H  i-S  t-H  i-H  »-H  i-H 

4-0 

(M* 


Tt< 


(M  CO 


CO 


40 

40 


o 

bi. 

c3 ' 

<X>  N 

> 


40  40 


40  40 


40  40  4.0  40  40  40 

^ 00  cc  t'- 1^*  CO  CO  o CO  00  00  00 t'-*  05 1^*  t^*  00  00  CO  »o  lo*  'O  4.0  40*  co 


CO 


40  40 
40 


c3  • 


+-J 

o 


O c3  _ 


C0'^00'^C0OO»0c0<MOrHa5  40C0C0‘01O40  40'^r^40  40  C040C0C0O(Mt-^ 
CO^^OICOCICCMM^OIOICIC^'MCOCOC^COOI'^C^'MOIJMCOIMCOCOC'IC^IIM 


OOi'^'^iMCOOl'^COCCCCMMt— (t—t'^(M'^'^C0  4O’^'^CO'^iMCO<M 


Ol  O-l  1-!  00 


a 

c3 

Oh 

o 

6 


o.— i(MCO'5'iOCOt^OOC5Ci— iC^ICO'^'iOOt^OCOlOi— iC'ICO'^iOtOt^OOCSO 

C^(NlM(MIM(MC'J(NOX(MCOCOCOCCCOCOe«5COCOCC-T’-^'T'-^-T'-^TJi-i<-<j<'.tUO 


Table  15. — Details  of' observations  at  'plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


72 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


:3 


o ^ 0^ 

rt  o ^ 


S'? 

o „• 

S 

03 

C/2  O ^ 

'u  ^ .S 

— 

w c3 

^ o:-  o> 

^ 

7!^  j-i 
Qj  O 


FO 


c 

S 


(V  ti  03  '3 
^ C o O 
3 P cO  tH  . 

fi  rH  r-i  O y— -V 

.52  S 2 w 

O S'-  O 


I — 


° 03 

X5 

tjt  c Q 

3 !i  ' — 

:3 

h:;'” 


03 

3 £0 


CO 

CSI 


10 


CO 

TJ1  rji 


CO 

TfJ  Tf 

cf 


to  C2 
C0‘  CO 


to  02  10 

CO  CO  (M‘ 


to  to 

>0000000  0000 00 


to 

(N  to 

^ lO  O to*  to  to  O O to  to  to  to  o 

to  lo'  zo  CO 

o 

to 


to  U-  to  to 

to*  to  to  to  to  "^*  CO  O to*  to  to  to  o 

^ 10 

CO  to 


o 

ci  ^ 
*-•  3 

tx  c/3 

a 

O.S 

Cj  Qj 

s ^ 


Minimum 

(B). 

to  to  to  to 

COCOtOtOtO*'^COCOCO'^COcOCOCOtO 
i~(  r— H 1— H 1-H  r-^  fH  Cl  r— 1 

^ tcT  02 

tT  • ^ 

CO 

to" 

to  to  to  to  to  to 

02 

cOtOGOU-t^cOOOcO*C:*cOtOOOOtor^ 

1—1  ^ 1—4  1-H  ^ r— 4 ^ Cl  1—1  1— t d 1— < 1^ 

02 

o'  CD  tC 

> w 

1-H  Cl  t-H 

CO 

c3  fcM 

c a; 

Ui  '— 

C3  S 


-*-3 

^ 02 
0^0 


CO  to  O C2  to  OJ  CO  CO  CO  to  to  OJ  to  CO 

CO  (M  CO  C^J  OJ  OJ  ^ CO  CO  Cl  (M  rH  1-*  CO 


C2 

CO 

CO 


o 

CO 


i ^ to  to  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  »0  CO  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl  ^ 


a 


o 


Table  \h.— Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


73 


O ' A 

o 2 g C o 
>SS3i|sB 


o<  w 

<D 

03 

03 

03 

w p 

tX) 

Ui 

U) 

bjO 

43  0 

c3 

■4-^  • 

c3 

c3  . 

•4-P 

G 

O'p 

tD  P 

i~< 

CD 

> 

43 

2tp 

0) 

> 

p 

M) 

fc-i  0 

P 

PO 

Do 

{m 

G ^ 

< 

P 

P 

P 

0^  <v 

U.  rtL 

^ cz  . . . r*  c5 

^ O O O 

^<1 


'-L 


0 

♦ 1—1 

CO 

»0  CO  04 

t-  01 

»o 

1-H  c4 

rH 

iO 

1-H 

0 

r-H 

! 

1-H 

0 0 1-H  ^ 0 
04  CO 

1-H  * 1-H  CG  0 Oi 

r-H 

0 0 

cs 

0 

on 

• 

0 0 0 0 

C5 0 0 00  0 

00  0 

cc 

10  CO 

• 

CO 

10  »o 

10  ^ 

'sG  to  ^ 

10  0 

o 

CO 


o 

<D  • 

s ^ 

O o> 

ss 

a;  S 

tc^ 

c3 


C3 

o B 
CO'S 


o oj 

Pnfl  O 

<»S  *^2 


O I J 

Qi 

^ pH  C 
o " OJ  03 
^ o O’^ 

^ 00  .o 


o c3 

^ p 
^ o 


000^0  OOOOOO^ 


OOOOO  OOOO^ 


CO 


o o 

C'^ 


o o o 


::r  I ^ 

i~^ 

- c/3  P M 

QJ  .2 
H O 


4:: 

O . 

0) 


O’ 


= ^ 
,i^ 

-.j 

2 

C 0/ 

o ^ 


PhC 

QJ 

'So 
p;  M 


o 

o 

73 


(h  •—  • — 


Ph 

I 

.43 


0)  Ph 

~ B^p’S 
B « 

^ g C3  ^ J-H  — 

CO  CZ  rH 

g — ’p  p P p 
'PpS'^2'^ 
0)  ” (2 
o ^ ;_r  0) 

C3  ^ CL  G CL 

G 2 G ^ 

£ o g clS 
3 ^ G c5  O c3 

ph  pp  p 


0) 

o £2 
o§ 

*2  -*-j 
2 c/3 

c/3 

p|.. 
O cjtp 

P 


PhO 

o-p 

c/3 

o.tf 
o Ph 

'S'P 

+3  M 
j4  P,®^ 
CU'P'P 

2^2  p 

O c3  c3 

c/3  CO 
^ S-.  u 
^ Qi>  QJ 
Ph  Gh 
o s s 

i;  c3  « 

PP 


CO 

c/3  Lm 

^ s 

p ^ 

CL 

C3  a;  ^ CD 
• c/3 

C O ^ ^ 


_ W "^CJ)  — 

c ...  oi  go  P 

Ph"  p.P 

02  43  O O Ph 

CO  O C/3  ■*^  c/3  c/3 

>-<  Q S-t  tn  S-H  Lh 

g Ph^  p.  S Ph  P,  Ph  o 
PhS.^S  PhS  S S'® 
OrtP^CSOCwCScS 

p p ppp 


•p 

p 

rt 

(-< 

® p 
p o 

p 


Ph 

0:43 

o 

CO  g 

o p. 

O O 


CO 


0) 

P. 

O 

CO 


^ P . . 

.tf  CD  ^ 0/ 

p,  O P-^ 
I G c3  P ^ 
P tn 

CO  c3  O c3 

<ip  P 


43 

o 


fcXj 

p 

p 

p 

0/ 

p 


2^' 

CS  .1.^ 
PQ  OT 


43 

o 

QJ 

pq 


• 01 

0 

• 0 

0 

• to 

■ 03 

<G 

• r 

• 00 

• 

• • 

00  »o 

O QO 


I 

O 


• 00  • 

to 

00 

to 

• 1-- 

• 0 1-H  to  C3 

2 oP 

. tth  I 

CO 

CO 

• CO 

• Tt<  •n’  t-h 

Sp  2 
P33  05 

• d * 

• 1 • 

1 

I 

1 

• 1 ] 1 

• 00  • 

0 

CO 

• Ol  00  03 

• CO  • 

CO 

CO 

• to  CO  0 

<D 

O 

C3 

G 

tM 

G 


t 

o 

10 


lO  t^ 
^ CO 


C 

S 


o 

I 

§ 


a» 

G 

2 

5 

o 


I I I 
00  GO  t^ 
00  O 


o 

'p 


I 

o 


A I ' I I A I 
O 00  O CO  05  00 


I I 

_ - . . 00  o 

o o CO  oi  i-H 


o 

T3 


o o 

'p’p 


o 

"p 


OOOOO 

'p'p'p'pp 


0000000 

'p'pp'pppp 


o o 
"PTO 


o 

. p 

O P 

^.■p. 


>0  CO 

IM  O') 


05  o ^ Cl  00 

Ct  CO  00  00  00 


ic  CO  r~  00  05  o t-h  Cl 

00  00  00  CO  00  00  M’ 


a Combustion  chamber.  b Several.  < Various  lengths. 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


74 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


D <D  w 

'O  55  « 

r—  O 

I 


to 


bX) 

C3  • 

>1  o T- 


(D 

W) 

c3 

0) 


4-S  ■ ^ - 

sz  ^ ^ 

uQ  go 

3 O 


03 

bX) 

G 

t>> 

03 

tuO 

G 

* •4— > 

. 

r^G  . 

4>^ 

43 

> 

6 6 
PQ 

G 

03 

2 

c^p: 

O M 

Do 

^ Ut  o 

G 43  ^ 
43 

pG 

fcjO 

O) 

W) 

C3 


0‘ 


rj  I I 

fctti  IV  5^ 

CO  G O .ilS  O 
4)  ^ r*!  _ 

Oi  P 2 P 

> ^ o p 3 


03  03 

> ci 

a;  •!-< 
03 


CO  o 


o o 


o 

a 

<x> 

43 

O 

2 

CO 


o 

.a 

c;  ■ 

s ^ 

O 4) 


'S.S 
0)  2 
o3 


« s 

I ••>  4.' 

m o 


o o)  .iij 

2 

O 

oog 


■2 

28=^2 


O 1— I o O 0000»0  (M  O 1-H  (N  OO  O O O i— i O O 

CO 


o o\  OOO  O OOOOO  OOOCSI  OO  ooooo  o 


^ I . 

2£i:p.S^ 
g 2 2 

P P O w P 

A o 


■ 2 ° ® 3 

^3  ;h  03  C3  5 

O ►>  2 

^ o 


o 

OOO 

O 

o 

o o o o 

to  to 

o 

o 

CO 

to 

CO  CO  CD 

o 

CO 

O O O 1— 1 

1-H 

to  CO 

lO 

‘G^'G^  G^ 

o 

CO 

*0,0^0 


o . 

_s  ^ 

4)  ■ 


4) 

;m 

4» 

03 
bJO 

G 

-4-' 

G 03 

O Jh 

u 


03 

(-• 

43 

ft 

2 

G 

t:j 

G 

G 

03 

;-i 

O 

O 


ft 

I 

03 

o'd 

.2  43 
4->  03 

p 

o >, 

p b 
m2 
c3  P< 


'2S  2 ^ 

^ P.  P s-I 
C/3  O 43 


43 

ft 

i 

xs 

p3 

P 

C3 


O 

o 

'O 


2-p 

T3 
P 

C3 


Ph  ^ 

^ c/3 

P.2 

r..  “ G 
P ID 

P/P,0 

c/3  c/3 


ag  ft 

C/3  ^ 

<<  Q 


■ p p D _ 

g P.P.P.O 

Pi2  2 2^ 

O G G G 

OCQ 


. p 

. !-i 

.tP 

! P-d 

c 

m !i 
: 0,0 

• ® 2 

I M o 

p.^ 

S-p 

C3  pH 

Q 


CO 
Si 
P 

P/ 

G S 

P'0  P 

P/  P/ 

o ._  o 

CO  £ .to 
„ ,P  11  Si 

P G pP3  ^ P 

G 2 G G o 2 

P G 

Q 


ftg  ft 
2 ftS.L 

G P G X3 

Q fiH 


. o 
. o 
•-o 

2,-ii 
^ ft 

22 

O to 

p ^ p 

P,  P G 

° ^co 


2 2 2 P..2 

G G G O H 

CQQ  H 


p 

PI 

o 

p 


M 

_P 

2 

G 

D 

« 


p o 

g2 

M CO 


M 

P 

2 

43 

03 

03 

ft 


: 4) 
. 43 


O 


tM 

G 

03 

ft 


G 

Ut 

G 

ft 


lO 

o 


I 

o 

o 


o 

I 

o 


o 

I I 

o 

O CO 


00 


to  00  00 

1-H  O 1-H 


o 

I 


2 


I I 
O 00 

I— • o 


2 


to 

•xs' 


2 


I I 

TP 

1-1 


T3 

P 

5 


p 

p 


.c 

o 


o 

T3 


OOO 

'P’C'P 


O 

■C 


OOOOO 


o o o o 

'C'P’C'P 


o o 

'P’C 


^_o_o.o_o 


° p 
o G 

5^  P, 


fSi 


o n iM  rc  TP  lo 

G;  O CO  as  CO  to 


Upper  rear.  Several.  r Various  lengths.  d Combustion  chamber. 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  ivith  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


75 


u 

s 


Si  ^ O' 


o 

-i-d 

CO 


O 4^ 
N O) 
<V 


0 o 
$1 

8 S 

,8  g 

03  _0 

6 

Hi  TJ 

4*1  QJ 

rH  4-^ 

1 I 


c 

p. 

B 

C3 

'C 


'V 

O) 

o 

ce 


C3 

bJ5 


o 


o> 

pd 

o 

Si 

c3 


O 

o 

C3 

* d 

^ d 

t— ^ 

o 

e .3 

DC 

O 

C3  P 

'd  ^ 


d.73 
g o g 

^rii!  W 

Ph 


t3 

o33 

fl  4^  +0 

>-5  C3  Pi 

C3  Q;  q; 

000 

O i-,  (H 

O O; 

. &Ph 
00 

,S  “ 
g 3 

o p o 

3 

o .3 .3 


p’  3 3 

^00 

Td  '■ 

OT  M 
<B  0^  Qj 

000 

S6S 

CO  CO  02 


a 


c3 

T3 

pi4 

O 

C3 


S) 


d 

*2 

S 


d ^ 
o 

3 pq 


o 

pix; 

o 

2 

CO 

pi^ 

O 

d 


O) 

t£) 

d 

CO 

CO 

d 

Ph 

CO 

d 

b£i 


Ph 

O 

4-^ 

Si 

c» 

> 

o 

tJ 

a; 

pd 

o 


o 

pq 


o P 

11  d 
^ CO 
CO 

d 

d P- 

0) 

O 


CO 


8 

o-'« 

a 

O 

..^.+4 

Si 
3 Qj 

0 t> 
P!  O 
P 73 
■43  <V 

Si 

1 ^ 

o-g 

3 ® 


g 

3 

O 

d 

<*  -M 

d 

OJ 

cj  o3  ' 
b£b£^ 

d d 9^ 

CO  W pH 
CO  ^ _ 

PhPh<^ 
M w t3 
C3  J3  rj 
biOMg 


.32 


o o g 

+4  44  M 

4-  t-  M 

Qj  CD 

> > 0^ 

O OT3 

'Pi'02 

CD  CJ  O 

C 

00—  . 
is  b CO  0> 
d fc£  tUD 
CO  CO  d d 
Si  Si  -d  CO 

O OJ  'ts  ^ 
d d 
o o a;  Ph 

pqpqpH 


TT5 

0^ 

Si 

O) 

>■ 

o 

o 


d 

fcj 

p:^ 

o» 

o> 

p^ 

o 

4^ 

d 

c; 

d 

cd 

Oh 


0) 

pili 

o 

pin 


0) 

> 

d 

pd 


d 

a> 

o 

<0:- 

P 


d 

d 

O 

0) 

3 

8 

CD 

T4 

"o 

_g 

w 

be 

Pi 


73 

o 


o 

o 

73 


P2h 

I 

.P4 

m 

a 

J3 


. b; 
o ^ 
be  c3 
c^3  c^ 

M O 4h 

j3  4-  4, 

a 


CD 


cn  b3 

ES 

be 
be 


l4  g 

o .0 


c» 


.a 

o 

a 

1 P^CDC-) 
I o o fo 
:-g^d 

'0^0 

’ > o 44 

I o > b~ 

4.; 

•04730 

lg3  o C 
’ 3-^  0 
i 

1 M c3 

; S- 

• CD  V5  CD 

‘ rd  ^ *d 

• o ^ d 

i ^ 'o  ^ 


CO  tr>  o (M  o 

CC  1-H  CS  CN 


00 

0 

CO  05  05  *0>  CO  SO  05  0 0 

CO 

CO  CO 

0 CO  0 

id 

cd 

03-^7<'7'-^cO‘Ob6cic4'.e5co‘f5ci 

06  0 

bb  Ci  b’ 

o' 

rH  »H  iH  rH  CO  tH  CO  ’H  iH 

05  rH 

CO 

o CO  TjH  id  lO 

XX’^  y. 

CO  lO 


CO  o3 

o 

OJ 

oi 

CO*" 

o 


CO 

cd 


CO  CO  ^ CO  ^ lOcoidC 
lO'^^oi'^'^oiocd'^cd'^^o 
QC3ac>pHC3oe;^saOti 
tjh  uO 

cd 


X 


CO  so 

a e 


CO 


^ 0) 
*^t£ 


SOO  O O lO  00 
00  CO  O SO  CN  GO  Ci 

T-H  Cj  ^ 


OOOOOCOSOOOIOOOOOOOOSOO  0000 
CiCiC^OOsOGC<M<MCO’*T'OOCO»OOt^O  OOC^lO 

in  iH  O'!  01  iH  iH  i1  t— H *-H  *-H  i4  iH  rH 


lO 


■-Sc 
^ 2 
r\  pi-i 


CO 


- PP  ■— < ^ c3 

3 o d 


1 p 
; <1^ 


b£ 

d 


o 

0/ 
- Si 

pq 


(O  ^ 


^ — 4H  Si  ^ 

3-83: 

C 2 o c3  o 0^ 
O'  «d  d X 

id  ^ pi-  w 

S-H  CO 


H O O O ' 


H 01  O 01  ^ ^ O 


H CO  o 


o 

d 


d 


lO 

X 

o 


TJH 

X 

lO 

cd 


CO  so  O O 
1— I 1H  CO 


so  so  05  CO  ' 


H 00  (M  00  O O 05  O 00  CO  O O sO  O O 

H 1H  1H  05  <M  1— t UO 


CO 


O 

d _d 


too 

(N  01 


t"-00050»-4  0'5CO'^sOO*^00050T^<^5CO  O^iQOt^  00 

(05<M<MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO’^'^'^d<  Tfi'^IHTjH'^  TJH 

^ t-4  1-H  1-H  iH  i-H  i“H  iH  *-H  i-I  iH  i-H  t-H  t— H i— I i-H  rH  i-H  rH  rH  ^ I rH 


<v 

3 

d 

s 

e 


Table  15. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  side  overfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


76 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


0) 


O 

.s 

w 

a 

.2 

. c3 
w > 
fcJO  J-. 

.^2  CO 

C3  O 
C . ^ 

O C3 
c3 

CO 

rH 

■s  ? 

o 

o 

5;  t-i 

P< 

Cl 

. 

Si 

ci  taC 
(*.  c3 
2 M 
^ I/! 

© C3 

M C3 
O ^ 


p 

tH 

P O 

o 

+4 

G 

.s  p 

O)  , 

ft  1 

ft 

•Sf 

‘S 

S 

O) 

(-H 

pS 

I- 

p 

o 

G 

CO 

^ . 

^ l-n't 

S2<l 

o 

o 

s 

w 

.li! 

o 

c3 


U S5 

> s 

o-^ 

11 

2| 

o 

u,  o 


a|| 

.5 

5S.22I 

§riS<  g 2 

rt 

G o 
G « p: 
^ o 


G 

> 

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(h 

. o 

o 

0.  ^ 

o ^ 

****  CO 
Cl 

c 'Zf 
o o 

_ci  O 

i:  tx) 

■r  CO 
!?  c3 

CO 

O O 

G G 


Qj 

Q 
o 

G 

G 'U  - 

5 ^ 2 

_ 4-  Oh  Q.  G ^ 

QJ  O O <U  S 

^ TTI  !^  © © C3 

2 

O C3 
M.C! 
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s 

P'2 


ri4 

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© 


o A Q.  ^ 
fi  a w+3 
T3  A o 
o c3 


,G  cu 

^ bD 


^ O 
b4  ' 


G . 


O- 

S’ 


.p  ^ +j 

,2  “ g 2 !=i 

n.  ^ © O -P 

O .S  P “ 

g p > .2  o ' 

^ ^ ^ O > 

O rH  1^  Q*' 

j j ru  'Z)  5 -M 

d^o  ^ o 2 

*2  "S  +2  ^ 

o ^ g2  p g p 

© w y p © 

a-  0)  s^.25 
o ftopi  §P3 

cecq  ■ 


© 2 
. © P 
■P  PiTJ 

P s.s 

p:-^2 
”2  p 3 
p .2  'P 


P +3  © 

© p ^ 

be  ^ a 

^ P 

O ^ p P5  P 

:^ou  mo 


P 

a 

P CO 

O P 
r^C  be 
p ix 

P2 

© Ph 
© o 

2 S 

M >. 

P P 

2P 

p © 

p S 

© p 

P M O 

OT  © Q 

© r;2 
P P 

o« 


P 

OT 
!i  6C 
O 2 
O.G 

. c3 

•SS 

be  i. 

.So 

P 2 
© p 

O +j 

p g 

.S" 

A o 

p*^ 

P Cl 
be 

PP 

2 

p 

■^O 
© ^ 

p 2 

e s 

P o 
p p 
© © 

'^1 


o 
fcJO 
c3 

CO 
CO 

p< 

tx  o ^ 

p p 

Go 

O CO 

a 

o 


O 


S) 

0) 


G 


G 

O 

O 

O' 

ft 

G 

G 

P 


o 

G 


O ft 


? ^ 

<L 


1f  G 

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p!  S 

G 

44) 

CO 

"© 

^ "To 


pS) 

P P P Oh 

% M 

Pi  P .2 
o © 

O OT  ^ |> 

pip  g S 

Si  ^ 2 

op  P S 

8-2  o 


,i2  p 

So 

o rG 
>-•  o 
ft 


G 


G 

'3  o P © 
p 2 P 
00  o p O 

t>  ccW 


Area 

(square 

feet). 

9 

19.6 

20 
19.6 
12.  56 

10.  7 
12.  56 

. *P 

05  CO  CO  00 
©5  4 00  cio  ta 
Cl  Cl 

o • 
lO  • o 

CN  i ci 

o> 

t-H 

^ lO  (M 

I lO 

lO 

stack. 

Size 

(feet). 

3x3 
a 5 

»0  lO 

X ® 

X e 
ci 

CO  c4  o 'O  CO 
^ C3  e e Q 
Ol 

• CO 
cj  ; 0 

a 2. 

4x4 

'(U^J ) 
^qliieii 

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100 

90 

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Number  , 
of  elbows 
between 
Iroilers 
and 

stack.  ' 

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a Diameter. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


77 


SUMMARY. 

The  importance  of  installing  the  side-feed  stoker  with  an  arch 
over  the  entire  grate  can  not  be  too  strongly  urged.  At  nearly  every 
plant  observed  where  this  stoker  had  been  installed  with  a short 
ignition  arch  only,  trouble  was  experienced  in  keeping  down  smoke. 

Some  of  the  stacks  having  this  stoker  under  them  smoked  badly 
liecause  the  fireman  took  advantage  of  the  opening  into  the  furnace 
and  fired  a part  of  the  coal  by  hand. 

There  was  some  trouble  in  maintaining  a unifonn  feed  of  coal  at  a 
few  of  the  plants  visited.  This  seemed  to  happen  when  very  fine 
coal  was  supplied.  With  this  stoker  as  ordinarily  set,  a banked  fire 
can  be  maintained  and  the  boiler  thrown  into  service  with  only  a 
small  amount  of  smoke.  The  stoker  has  the  valuable  feature  of  a 
large  coking  plate  area. 

UNDERFEED  STOKERS. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION. 

Stokers  of  the  underfeed  type  differ  radically  from  those  described 
in  the  preceding  pages.  The  fresh  coal  is  forced  into  a horizontal 
retort,  beneath  that  which  has  already  ignited,  and  burns  in  a long 
heap  that  forms  in  the  middle  of  the  furnace.  The  unburned  refuse 
is  largely  fused  to  a clinker,  which  slides  down  the  sides  of  the  heap 
and  is  hooked  out  by  hand  through  the  front  of  the  furnace.  The 
method  of  burning  compels  the  use  of  mechanical  draft,  a fan  being 
employed  to  force  air  through  openings  in  tuyere  blocks  along  the 
sides  of  the  retort,  at  the  level  where  the  volatile  hydrocarbons  from  the 
heap  of  burning  coal  are  given  off.  Two  makes  of  this  stoker  tliat  have 
been  put  to  the  test  of  use  under  average  power-plant  conditions 
differ  chiefly  in  the  feeding  mechanism  and  the  device  for  handling 
the  jiartly  burned  coal  after  it  leaves  the  retort.  In  one  pattern  the 
coal  is  forced  in  continuously  by  a cone-shaped  screw  driven  by  a 
small  steam  engine,  and  tlie  jiartly  burned  coal  falls  on  a flat  grate 
through  which  air  is  drawn  by  a chimney.  In  the  other  pattern  the 
coal  is  pushed  beneath  the  burning  heap  in  large  charges,  and  the 
partly  burned  coal  that  rolls  down  the  sides  of  tlie  heap  falls  on  a dead 
plate,  where  combustion  is  completed  by  the  excess  air  that  enters 
through  tuyere  openings.  This  method  of  burning  coal  has  proved 
to  be  the  better,  and  the  plan  of  using  air  from  tlie  tuyeres  for  com- 
plete combustion  has  been  generally  adopted  as  correct.  The  newer 
models  of  underfeed  stokers  are  always  installed  with  automatic  con- 
trol for  coal  and  air. 

In  all  underfeed  stokers  the  air  and  the  distilled  gases  are  intimately 
mixed  and  intensely  heated  by  rising  through  the  incandescent  coal, 
so  that  combustion  is  complete  within  a very  short  distance  from  the 


78 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Figure  17. — Underfeed  stoker  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


79 


retort.  Hence  the  combustion  space  required  over  the  fuel  bed  is 
less  than  with  any  other  type.  By  reason  of  its  compactness  and  the 
small  combustion  ^pace  it  demands,  the  underfeed  stoker  sometimes 
gives  good  results  when  installed  in  the  36-inch  corrugated  flue  of  an 
internally  fired  boiler. 

The  customary  method  of  placing  this  stoker  under  a Babcock  & 
Wilcox  boiler  with  uptake  in  the  rear  is  shown  by  figure  17.  In  the 
setting  of  the  Heine  boiler  (fig.  18)  the  C tile  on  the  lower  stow  of 
water  tubes  make  a tile  roof  for  the  furnace. . This  increases  the  travel 
of  the  gases  from  the  fire  and  ])ermits  complete  combustion  of  the 


carbon  before  the  gases  are  chilled  by  contact  with  the  tubes.  In  the 
regular  setting  of  the  Stirling  boiler  (fig.  19)  the  stoker  is  placed  under 
the  fire-brick  arch.  The  construction  of  one  of  the  makes  of  under- 
feed stokers  is  shown  by  figure  20,  an  elevation  of  a stoker  under  a 
return  tubular  boiler;  figure  21,  a cross  section  through  boiler  and 
stoker;  figure  22,  a plan  of  the  stoker. 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  compactness  of  the  underfeed 
stoker  and  the  small  amount  of  space  required  above  the  grate.  An 
illustration  showing  such  a stoker  set  in  the  corrugated  flue  of  a 
Scotch  boiler  is  given  in  figure  23. 


80 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


I 


Figure  20.— Underfeed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


81 


Having  the  advantage  of  positive  draft,  the  underfeed  stoker  allows 
a plant  to  be  run  without  regard  to  weather  conditions  that  may  make 
the  attainment  of  high  draft  by  a stack  impossible.  The  effects  of 
weather  changes  on  furnace  draft  are  considerable  and  are  very  notice- 
able at  plants  which  require  all  the  available  draft  to  carry  their  loads. 
Another  valuable  feature  of  this  stoker  is  the  ease  and  economy  with 
which  a variable  load  may  be  carried.  The  change  from  heavy  to 


Figure  21. — Underfeed  stoker  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section.  1,  Dead  plates;  2,  retort;  3,  tuyere 
blocks;  4,  air  chamber;  5,  space  through 'which  air  passes  before  entering  retort. 


light  coal  charges  or  vice  versa  can  be  made  without  loss,  because 
when  the  fuel  supply  is  altered  the  air  supply  is  at  once  regulated  to 
the  amount  of  coal  being  burned. 

It  sometimes  happens  that,  to  meet  the  competition  of  other  types, 
a single  underfeed  stoker  is  installed  under  a boiler  unit  as  large  as 
200  horsepower.  It  is  easy  to  show  that  such  overloading  of  a stoker 
is  not  good  business  economy,  particularly  in  localities  where  ])oor 
coal  is  supplied.  On  the  assumption  of  an  average  ratio  of  heating 

74897— Bull.  373—09 0 


82 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


surface  to  grate  surface  of  50  to  1,  a 200-horsepower  boiler  should 
have  40  square  feet  of  grate.  Now  while  it  is  possible  to  burn,  say 
30  pounds  of  average  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per  hour, 
or  1,200  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  for  a 200-horsepower  boiler,  it  is  not 


considered  good  ])ractice  to  try  to  Inirn  over  700  to  SOO  ])ounds  of 
coal  per  stokc'r  per  hour  with  an  underleed  stoker,  as  heavier  feeding 
gives  ({uestionable  results.  Tlie  consequence  of  trying  to  feed  1,200 
pounds  of  dirty  coal  j)cr  hour  with  one  stoker  of  this  type  is  evident. 


Figure  23. — Underfeed  stoker  and  Scotch  marine  boiler,  i,  Pipe  through  which  air  is  admitted  under  retort;  y,  air-admission  openings  in  tuyere  blocks. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS.  83 


84 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


It  is  the  general  opinion  that  it  is  harder  to  keep  down  smoke  at 
the  small  hand-fired  return  tubular  boiler  plant  than  anywhere  else, 
but  the  underfeed  stoker  has  replaced  many  hand-fired  furnaces  at 
such  plants.  The  only  variable  element  in  the  operation  of  this  stoker, 
once  it  is  correctly  installed,  is  the  cleaning  of  fires,  but  if  the  fireman 
is  careful  to  burn  down  the  fires  before  breaking  them  up  there  will 
be  no  necessity  of  making  smoke. 

DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OP  PLANTS. 


The  underfeed  type  of  stoker  was  found  at  48  different  plants  in 
eight  different  States,  the  size  of  the  plants  ranging  from  75  to  3,500 
rated  boiler  horsepower.  These  plants  burned  coal  from  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  West  Virginia,  the  cost 
of  which  ranged  from  $1.03  to  $2.75  per  ton,  the  conditions  at  the 
different  plants  varying  widely.  The  size  of  the  boiler  units  ranged 
from  50  to  500  horsepower;  at  33  plants  the  units  were  200  horse- 
power or  less,  and  with  two  exceptions  one  stoker  per  boiler  was 
installed  at  these  plants.  All  but  five  of  the  plants  had  automatic 
regulators  for  coal  or  air.  But  two  of  these  stokers  were  set  in  a 
Dutch  oven;  this  setting  was  used  because  the  boilers  were  of  the 
vertical  type. 

Plants  with  water-tube  boilers. — Underfeed  stokers  were  foimd  under 
water-tube  boilers  at  22  plants,  at  4 of  which  the  fuel  was  run-of-niine 
coal.  At  13  plants  the  load  carried  was  uniform,  and  at  9 it  was 
variable.  The  thickness  of  fire  ranged  from  8 to  18  inches.  The 
kind  of  coal  burned  is  stated  in  the  following  summary: 


Kind  of  coal  bufned  at  'plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  'water-tube  boilers. 


Illinois 

Indiana 

Kentucky . . - . 

Ohio t 

Pennsylvania. 
\\’est  Virginia 


Number  of 
plants,  o 

5 

..  1 

..  1 


8 

1 


Some  averages  of  the  observations  at  these  iilants  are  given  below: 


Difference  of  draft  between  ash  pit  and  furnace,  3 inches  of  water. 

Coal  as  received  burned  per  stoker  per  hour,  average  heavy  load,  560  pounds; 
extremes,  3:10  and  1,060  pounds. 

Percentage  of  rated  lioiler  horsepower  developed  average  heavy  load  (boiler  rated  on 
10  scpiare  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower),  92;  extremes,  58  and  146. 

Average  distance  from  grate  to  heating  surface  (dead  jilates  to  shell),  4.9  feet; 
extremes,  3 and  7.5  feet. 


o One  plant  burned  both  Ohio  and  I’cimsylvania  coal. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


85 


Least  distance  from  grate  to  heating  surface  (dead  plates  to  shell),  3.8  feet;  extremes, 
2 and  5.3  feet. 

Smoke,  black,  2.4  per  cent. 

Average  draft  conditions:  Pressure  in  ash  pit,  17  plants,  2.45  inches  of  water;  range, 

I to  4 inches.  Draft  in  furnace,  19  plants,  0.33  inch;  range,  0.01  to  1 inch.  Draft  in 
rear  of  boiler,  13  plants,  0.48  inch;  range,  0.17  to  1.07  inches.  Draft  at  base  of  stack, 

II  plants,  0.80  inch;  range,  0.24  to  1.50  inches.  The  approximate  pressure  and  drafts 
deduced  from  these  readings  are  as  follows:  Pressure  in  ash  pit,  2.50  inches  of  water; 
draft  in  furnace,  0.35  inch;  draft  at  rear  of  boiler,  0.50  inch;  draft  at  base  of  stack, 
0.80  inch.  This  gives  a drop  of  about  3 inches  through  the  fuel  bed,  of  about  0.15  inch 
through  the  boiler,  and  of  0.30  inch  from  the  boiler  to  the  stack. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under 
water-tube  boilers  are  given  in  Table  16. 


Table  1G. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers. 


86 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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1 

Table  16. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  ivith  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


87 


a 

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a Boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 


Table  1G. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


88 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


o 10°  to  24°  F.  superheat. 


Tabi>e  16. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


PLAKTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


89 


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ft. 

<*>( 

o 

6 


cOt^OOCCO^CICO't'iOcOt^OOOJO' 


a Two  on  328  horsepower;  one  on  200  horsepower. 


Table  16. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Coiitirmed. 


90 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Load 

during 

observa- 

tions. 

Average. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Light. 

Do. 

Do. 

Average. 

Do. 

Do. 

Heavy. 

Average. 

Do. 

HeavJ^ 

Do. 

Light. 

Average. 

Light. 

Average. 

Heavy. 

Average. 

Do. 

Aver- 
age 
per- 
cent- 
age of 
black 
smoke 
from 
obser- 
vations. 

CO  cc  CC  CO  r-H  00  cc  coco  o 

1— LO  OO  * *OrHlO 

1— < 

04  CO  -H 

OOO  CO  ‘ CO 

Average  for  one  hour 
(minutes). 

Stack 

clean. 

OOOO  CO  ooa:>ooooco 

ic  IC  lO  »0  ‘O  w lO  X*  O iO 

8.; 

OOO  O 05  IC  lO 

O O 40  ^ lO 

80  to  00 
per  cent 
black. 

1 

tTj  lO 

OOOO  OO  o ooooo  'oo  OOIO  OO 

100  to  80 
per  cent 
black. 

OOOO  oo  OOOOOOOO  OOO  OOOO 

Total 

length 

of 

obser- 

vations 

(min- 

utes). 

O O O 1-H  oo  O OOOOOOO 

O O O O ox  CO  o o o o o o ^ 

CO  O O 

OOO  00X0 

0 0 05  04  O iC  O 

1-H 

Num- 
ber 
of  ^ 
obser- 
vations. 

1 

1-H  r-H  05  Ol  04 

O 

O) 

o 


Si 

_o  . 

. d 
rS  O) 

a 

^ '-i 


c a> 
o ^ 


- ^ 
C cu 


Qj  g 

o S 

d 

ag 

o3  d 

Q 


a 


6 

O) 

^ C/5  C 

o2  o ^ 

o O o 1-. 

a;  >i<D 

tL  2 

*-■  b ^ X 
O;  Cd  (i;  O 

< 


<V  Sr— 

g-rS  S 
o o) 

aj  " Pr 
— rS  C OT 
o)-r  2 !» 

Pi  |S  g<  bt 
O P c3 
. c/2  s 

M m 

0)  a;  o)  ^ 

pppg 

c3  c3  c3  c3 

GOQ 


*-•  (D 

O 


CO 

i-rX 


^ o 
■-  p 
0)  T3 
P 02 
g P 
g 53 


p 

- 

S 


02 

P 

02 

c 


T3 

d 

02 


02  i> 

C/2  =—  7r 
O) 


C™3  I * • 1^^  • 

02  C 

o 

CO  iC  • *05  • X 

lO  « • • • 

PQ 

♦ 1 1 

o • 

: ; : : o • ; • 

K ay 

I>  • 

• • ’ *4^  • ' • 

PT^qj 

r-r.  ^ 

o • 

X X o 

• 05 

04 

O • X O • ‘X  • 

. o 

' 05  • 

05 

^ u 

lO  »-0  r-l 

■ cc 

'Tf' 

Tfi  • 04  iC  ■ '4^  • 

. o 

• ?-H  • 

0) 

^ O !0 

o 

1 

ci 

1 . o a ■ • r ‘ 

CO  • • • lO  • 

4 

p p 

X 

CO  • • • IQ  • 

• X 

P! 

05 

e 

»o  • • • • 

c 

o5 

X X 04 

lO  04 

iO 

O X O CO  »Q  04  »Q  • 

O 04  IQ  04 

04  X X O 

CO  X 

cc 

CO  04  04  04  X CQ  • 

IQ  ^ 1-H 

O 

c3 

o 

4s 

1 

04 

1 1 1 • 

o iQ  • 

ci)  li 

1 

X 

1 

o 

cc 

04  i-H  04  • 

Tf  T-^ 

04 

X 

ptH 

o 

(V 

CO  »o 

»o 

X 

T-I  04 

04  r^CC 

»0  04 

CO 

D 

t/D 

- p 

CO  oi  CO  ' 

1-H  04 

04  T-t  04  04  ’ •n'  Oi  04 

X i4  CO 

04  04  CO 

• 

yj 

0^ 

"Si 

1 

o 

ci 

p 

05 

o 

o> 

ay 

o 

0)  o 

O 

J-  o 

S'" 

2 

S c 

cS 

C 

C3 

>/ 

. >i 

O) 

c 

odd 

6 

d o d d o o c o 

6 6 6 

odd 

d 

'C 

'w'w'O'w  W w'w'sj 

'w  'w  '>j 

's«.  'w  's.5 

p 

o 

^ C 
6^ 


o GC  o 
o o 


a Lower  rear  boiler.  b Upper  rear  boiler.  c See  remarks.  Several. 


Table  16. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  water-tube  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS 


91 


B 

Ph 


.2 

*c3 

o 

o> 


a 

o 

V 

tM 

««-l 

o 

73 


O (/) 

tH 

S C 

O) 

. o 


0^ 


^ a 

OOP 

-2  *S 
^ CS 

s « o 

CD  a,  > 
P.(5  ? 

oO 

CO  — 

o • 2 

•4^  'rt 
r-  ^ ^ 

cs 

s o 

^ O O) 

t£  g 

0+^2 
. C3 

« rT'O 

fc  « 

• , 

O q; 

c/3  (O  O 
C3  g 

c 


ex 

o 


<o 


p 

o 

o 

Sm 

o 

p4 

LO 

cc 


p 

o 

o 

v-l 

o 

p. 


-=<  ^ rA  > 

■c  o)  Cm  1 


CQ 

O 

(h 

p 

o 

rP 

o 

p 

<D 


O 

P 


P 

<D 

> 

o> 

CO 


oS2 


is  ® £ 

C3  4->  2 
P 


p 2 
o B 
^ o 
^co 


o 

cp 

tXj 

a 

’p 

p 

o 


o 

p 


o 

p 


^p 

2 ^ 

O o 
0)  0) 
o ^ 

.ss 

S O 
R cs 

i;. 
"--8  ^ 


c 

OJ 


2 aj  .is 
o 


o 

c/3 

p 

^ p 

"•3 
® — 
^ o 


O) 

”3 

o 

CD 


T3 

g 

O 

ft 

o 

o 


:'5 


^ C 

S P 2 

f^c3- 

P 

CO  ^ 


P 
PP 
O ^ 

Pm  p 
o 
.p: 

CO  P 
O 


P CO 

. o 


2 2"^ 
S 

fc,  OJ 
♦-  o 


0) 


.:a;  I- 
0-2  2 
<ss  is  ^ 


. ft 
c3 

CO  > 

S3  o 
Ho 


® o gj 
^ ^ >P 

" is  d 
:p  a 

C8  o>  ^ 
ft  2 o 

sl= 

d 

P 03 

g 

o D . 
d3  gSi  gj 
ti  5 c3  '-' 

CO 


w ^ 

S g 

GO  O 

01  M 

^ O 

P( 

P P ^ 

»“  rp 
p o P 
o 

d =«  'S 

SO™ 
I/J 


!-i  <M 

^‘^'2 

(_  o 

d ^ o 

'—'  0) 
■ >,d  5 

>.=  aj  o 
ft3  “ 
d o 
aJT 


a; 

ft's 


o 

■ C3  — c 

CQ  SS 
“ ,-ft 

S -M'ft 

ca  P.S3 
^ p ti; 

= d S 

2 ai  S3 
o Qi 

^ "P  zc 

w a;i  ^ o3 
d ft  ~ o 


S 

Qj  Si; 

■ o 


cd 


S3 
o 

l-l  _ 

^ c 2 . 

O w g 

O o > 

™ c3  c3 
O +-■  +J 
OCBCO 


c3 


5 >°  2 
''sj  o-S 

S3  0)  ■*^  cn 
a^ft  c d 

a3ft  5RH 
^ a)  c3 
' c«  S<  > 

is  is  d '-' 
a.*  a^  s o 
.-d  S3  d m 
O O c/ift 

PQpq  O 


;co 


O 

"P  ^ 


p 2 

O CO 

^ p 
OPJ 

2 2 a5 
"gH  g 

P ^ 00 

P c/3  O) 

^ P 7^ 
-.2^ 

• "p  M 
P ^ 
^ > 73 

,S  fc'2 

o SS  C 
-d  o 
o o 
0) 

2 OS3 
d ■ 

2t; 

ft  03  ” 

^ ft'g 
sift 
d .. 
d 5 


co" 


CO 


03r 


: o 


Qj  Ct  ^ 
O 

03  CO 


03 

bJj^ 

r-  TO 


c3  s- 

3 3 
o o 
oo 


2 ^ 
d _0D 

■ ’3 
m 


o 2 8 

iS  5 2 
— 5 o 

o .2  “ 

oo 


Area 

(square 

feet). 

lO 

C3  CO  CO  <M 

to  00  O 
T-H  CO  CS  ‘O 

12. 56 
11.1 

29.  86 
19.6 
36 
16 

11.  6 
6.3 
28.3 
36 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  to 
GO  Ci  00  oi 

04  T-H  04  T-H 

CO  CO 
CO  o o 

cr! 

28.3 

to 

CO 

01  GO  to 

ft 

2^ 

rji  o O 00 

Tfi  CO 

C0  to  CO  CO  O O 

CO  to  CO 

to  CO  CO 

CO 

p 

2 03 

o o o o 

e X 

eexj«'e><ex 

e e s e 

e e o 

e 

m 

c»^ 

CO 

to 

CO 

o ci  CO 

O 00  o o 

to 

COtOOOOOClO 

to  O to  o 

to  O 00 

to 

00  to  00  CO 

CO  00 

CO  00  00  O O to 

CO  O 04  04 

to  to 

1— t CO 

t-H  r-H  1-H  Ol  r— 1 i-H 

04  r-H  T-H 

03  03 

*th 

HH  ^ 

M W ^ 

& P W . 

o o o 

r-t(MO(MO01.-i00 

^ 1-H  o O 

1-H  04  04 

s O)  -+^  O C3 
^.8  “ft  “ 


bC 

.5 

ft 

« 

o 

0> 

l-l 

m 


ft  -i.i> 

•"  l=!  d 

ft  o d 
o ^ 

I S ^ 

ft  S 


® 4id 

b3  03 


M O -M  . 
is  CO  M X— s, 

tx2^  2-2 "S 
2 2 2 *S  03 

^ r/5  Hi 


O 00  O (M 
CC 


OOOQOCOOO»OCC 
CO  00  t-(  c^1 


IC  »0  CO 
(M  O 


2 p 
O P 


CO  ‘O  :c  00  O 
t-- 1-  r-  I--  t'- 


O ^ CO 
00  00  00  00 


»o  CO  r— 

00  00  00  oo 


a Diameter.  b Square  feet. 


92 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Plants  with  return  tubular  boilers. — Underfeed  stokers  were  installed 
under  return  tubular  boilers  at  26  plants.  The  fires  carried  ranged 
in  thickness  from  12  to  18  inches.  Four  of  the  plants  burned  run- 
of-mine  coal.  Seventeen  carried  a uniform  load,  and  9 a variable 
load.  The  kinds  of  coal  burned  were  as  follows: 

Kind  of  coal  burned  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers. 


Number  of 
plants.® 

Illinois - 1 

Indiana 4 

Kentucky 1 

Ohio 3 

Pennsylvania 8 

West  Virginia 4 

Miscellaneous 7 


Various  particulars  regarding  these  plants  are  condensed  in  the 
following  statement : 

Coal  as  received  burned  per  stoker  per  hour,  average  heavy  load,  513  pounds;  range, 
225  to  750  pounds. 

Percentage  of  rated  boiler  horsepower  developed,  average  heavy  load  (boiler  rated  on 
10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower),  74;  range,  57  to  135. 

Average  distance  from  grates  to  shell,  2.8  feet;  range,  2 to  3.75  feet. 

Smoke,  black,  2.6  per  cent. 

Approximate  average  pressure  in  ash  pit,  1.75  inches. 

Approximate  average  draft  in  furnace,  0.20  inch;  at  front  tube  sheets,  0.30  inch;  at 
base  of  stack,  0.50  inch.  This  gives  an  average  drop  of  2 inches  between  the  ash  pit 
and  the  furnace,  0.10  inch  through  the  boiler,  and  0.20  inch  from  the  boiler  to  the 
stack. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under 
return  tubular  boilers  are  given  in  Table  17. 


oTwo  plants  burned  both  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  coal. 


Table  17. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


93 


CO 

03 

C >> 

O ^ 

ft 

CO  ^ 


o o 
o o 

O CO 
c^i-T 


c3 

o 

o 


^ O 

S3 

-u  IT 
to  t-. 

o oft 
Oft  « 
w ft 


m 


! o I ■ 

O lO  O lO  i o 

10000*0  .lOi-Hi— <1— (OO 

05  1—1  CO  o ■ o 

rrOI-OO  tCOiOiOiOI-O 

• > • 

r-l  (M  • oi 

C'l  r-H  f-H  » rH  1-H  ^ 1-H  CO 

' ^ • ' 

; : 

i • 

. CO  • ' 

o 

■ t-h  • • 

oi 

. ^ . . 

QJ 

to.S 

. O)  fl  ■ 
O g D 


ft 

o 

cS 

"m 

ft 

S o 
“t3 


• ft 

O O 
C c3 


O ^ 

cSftft  ^ OJ 

c3  O « 3 o3  O ■ <» 

3 Si2 

ftSSCMPnS 


bC 


•S  ft  .S  ft 

0)  ® O)  c3  G 
« ® ft  ft 


O ’ 


t.  <o  G 
O rri  ^ 


ftftftft  3 

^ r-i  ^ -i-i  ^ 


^.s=.sgs 


ft 

V 

3 


ft 


3 

o 

O 

3 

o 

to 

3 c3 

§ s 
a- 

ftft 


.2  .2  2 
G 3 
^ ‘Sb  ^ 


O O O 05 

ftftftft  o o 


to  is 

® ft  ft  ,03  ft  .0^  53 


toOOOOOOO 

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OJ 

s 

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o 


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03 

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o 

ft 

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o 

a 

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o 


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: oSftftft^  5 

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ft  O 

OZ 


o ft 

Wo 


to 
to  —I 

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AhS 


lOiO-HtNJOS'iOOt^OOOSOi— MMCOS’tOOr^OOCbO.-lC^CO 
)000502030>a5<35050505<350000000000.— Ir-H.— I.— ( 
irt.-(.-i,HT-(r-ir-ti-li-Hi-i.-HC<l<N(NC^<N(MC^(N(NC^<NIN<N<N 


Table  17. — Details  oj  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


94 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Q)  S— 

dj  S 

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^ 03  O' 


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05  o ^ c^i  CO  -t  »o  CO  r-  00  Oi  Q — <M  CO  ‘O  00  o:  o ^ CM  CO 

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aBoiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower. 


Table  17. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


95 


5 CD  0^  ^ O) 

^ bjo 
^ ^ cd 

^ ft  w bjO 


0 o 

01  Oi 


o o o o 
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05 


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Table  17. — Details  o f observations  at  plarits  uith  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


96 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  17. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  ivith  underfeed  stokers  under  return  tubmar  boilers — Continued. 


PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


97 


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74897— Bull.  373—09- 


a Near  stack.  b Several.  c Various  lengths.  d See  remarks. 


Table  17. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  underfeed  stohers  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


98 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


*C 

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PLANTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKERS. 


99 


SUMMARY. 

The  underfeed  stoker  affords  a means  of  increasing  both  the  econ- 
omy and  capacity  of  ])lants  which  by  gradual  growth  have  added  so 
many  boilers  to  a single  stack  that  the  draft  capacity  of  the  stack  has 
been  exceeded,  and  natural  draft  does  not  su])plythe  necessary  amount 
of  air  to  permit  the  required  amount  of  coal  to  be  burned  with  high 
efficiency. 

A very  much  smaller  stack  will  suffice  with  the  underfeed  stoker 
than  with  some  other  devices,  as  it  is  only  necessary  to  have  enough 
stack  draft  to  carry  away  tlie  gases  of  combustion,  all  the  air  neces- 
sary for  burning  the  coal  being  forced  through  the  fire. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  stoker  is  meeting  with  most  success  in  dis- 
tricts where  low-asli  coal  is  used. 

The  notes  show  that  the  greatest  difficulty  in  keeping  down  smoke 
came  when  cleaning  fires,  but  in  general  at  the  plants  visited  there  was 
little  trouble  on  tliis  account. 

In  this  stoker  the  ash  accumulates  at  either  side  of  the  retort. 
The  furnace  teni])erature  is  so  liigh  that  most  of  the  ash  fuses  and 
is  pulled  out  of  the  furnace  in  large  pieces.  Both  for  this  reason 
and  to  permit  coni])lete  combustion  of  tlie  fuel  it  is  advisable  to  have 
the  dead  i)late  on  which  tlie  clinkers  accumulate  of  sufficient  width 
to  permit  cleaning  lires  without  breaking  up  the  fuel  bed. 

SMOKE  PREVENTION  AT  BOILER  PLANTS  WITH  GREAT  VARIATIONS  OF 

LOAD. 

The  data  already  jiresented  show  that  bitumnious  coals  high  in 
volatile  matter  can  be  burned  Avithout  smoke.  Smokeless  combus- 
tion at  large  {ilaiits  caiTAung  loads  that  Ihictuate  Avidely,  A\iiere  boilers 
over  banked  fires  must  be  ])ut  in  service  quickly  and  fires  forced  to 
tlie  capacity  of  the  units,  is  no  less  possible.  The  accompanying  load 
diagram  (fig.  24)  sIioaa^s  the  variations  in  boiler  horsepower  in  serAUce 
and  in  poAver  output  at  a plant  of  about  10,000  horsepoAver.  The 
sudden  increase  in  out])ut  and  in  boilers  in  service  betAveen  5.30  and 
8.30  a.  m.  and  the  heavy  peak  load  in  the  early  evening  are  strikingly 
brought  out.  Yet  the  stacks  at  this  plant,  thougli  frequently  Avatched 
at  the  time  of  peak  load,  AA^ere  quite  clean.  No  better  demonstration 
than  this  of  Avhat  can  be  done  by  proper  equipment,  efficient  labor, 
and  intelligent  superAosion  could  be  giA^en. 

HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

None  of  the  problems  of  combustion  luiA^e  received  more  experi- 
mental treatment  than  the  liurning  of  coal  in  hand-fired  furnaces. 
Hundreds  of  devices  for  smokeless  combustion  have  been  patented. 


100 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


but  almost  without  exception  they  have  proved  failures.  This  record 
may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  many  of  the  patentees  have  been 
unfamiliar  with  all  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome,  or  have  begun  at 
the  wrong  end.  Numerous  patents  cover  such  processes  as  causing 
the  waste  gases  to  reenter  the  furnace,  and  schemes  for  collecting 
and  burning  the  soot  are  legion.  So  many  manufacturers  who  have 
been  looking  for  some  cheap  addition  to  a poorly  constructed  furnace 


Figure  24. — Load  and  boiler-service  chart  of  large  power  plant  with  mechanical  stokers.  The  total 
rated  boiler  horsepower  used  to  supply  the  demand  for  power  varied  from  about  2,000  to  12,000.  This 
plant  is  absolutely  smokeless. 


to  make  it  smokeless  have  experienced  inevitable  failure  that  the 
work  of  educating  the  public  to  rid  cities  of  the  smoke  nuisance  has 
been  hard,  long,  and  only  parth^  successful. 

The  total  number  of  steam  plants  having  boilers  fired  b}^  hand  is 
far  greater  than  the  total  of  ])lants  with  mechanical  stokers,  but  if 
the  comparison  is  based  on  total  horsepower  developed  the  figures 
show  less  (lifFerence.  Particularly  is  tliis  true  in  sections  of  the  Middle 
West,  where  mechanical  stokers  are  generally  used  at  large  plants. 


HAKD-FTRED  FURNACES. 


101 


As  a general  rule  hand-fired  plants  do  not  have  proper  furnaces,  and 
methods  of  operation  are  far  from  conducive  to  good  combustion. 
Coal  is  usually  fired  in  large  quantities,  and  little  opportunity  is  given 
for  the  air  and  gases  to  mix  before  the  heating  surface  is  reached  and 
combustion  is  arrested.  In  all  the  hand-fired  plants  visited  success 
in  smoke  prevention  has  been  obtained  chiefly  by  careful  firing.  The 
coal  was  thrown  on  often  in  small  quantities;  the  fire  was  kept  clean, 
enough  ash  to  prevent  the  passage  of  air  through  the  fire  never  being 
allowed  to  collect  on  the  grate;  and  more  air  was  supplied  at  firing 
than  after  the  volatile  matter  had  been  distilled.  Even  with  sudi 
precautions  the  plants  might  have  made  objectionalile  smoke  at  times 
but  for  the  fact  that  usually  some  method  was  employed  for  mixing 
the  gases  and  air  before  they  reached  the  heating  surface. 

COKING  FURNACE. 

One  pattern  of  furnace  that  requires  less  attention  from  the  fireman 
and  less  care  in  operating  than  the  usual  hand-fired  types  was  found 
at  several  plants.  This  is  known  as  the  coking  furnace,  which  in  its 
earliest  form  was  the  invention  of  James  Watt.  With  this  furnace 
large  charges  of  coal  may  be  fired  at  one  time.  The  coal  is  shoveled 
or  fed  from  magazines  to  a dead  plate  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  furnace, 
where  the  volatile  compounds  distill,  and  the  coal  is  later  pushed 
back.  Ilnfortunatel}",  in  the  model  of  this  furnace  generally  used 
the  magazines  are  open  after  the  coal  on  the  dead  plate  has  burned 
down,  so  that  the  coal  is  consumed  with  a large  excess  of  air. 

STEAM  JETS. 

A clean  stack  with  hand  firing  is  not  as  good  evidence  of  efficient 
operation  as  it  is  with  almost  any  type  of  mechanical  stoker,  because 
of  the  special  devices  used  with  hand-fired  boilers  to  prevent  smoke. 
Steam  jets  are  the  most  common  of  such  devices.  Usually  they  are 
not  automatic,  and  at  many  plants  they  are  allowed  to  run  longer 
than  is  necessary  or  else  are  not  used  at  all.  Any  steam  jet  that 
will  so  mix  the  gases  and  air  at  the  times  of  greatest  need,  when  coal 
is  fired,  as  to  prevent  smoke  will,  if  allowed  to  run  continuously, 
probably  waste  more  of  the  energy  in  the  coal  than  it  will  save.  At 
the  same  time  a steam  and  air  admission  device  allows  a regulation 
which,  if  properly  made,  will  keep  a stack  clean  and  save  coal. 

The  steam  jet  is  found  in  an  improperly  designed  furnace  or  in  one 
where  the  air  supply  is  too  small.  It  is  an  expensive  device,  all 
conditions  being  considered.  The  only  purpose  it  can  serve  is  to  mix 
the  air  and  gases  intimately  and  prevent  the  comliustible  gases  from 
coming  too  quickly  into  contact  with  the  heating  surface.  The 
claims  sometimes  made  that  the  use  of  a steam  jet  will  increase  the 
thermal  value  of  the  fuel  are  erroneous. 


102 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


It  takes  the  same  amount  of  heat  to  dissociate  a pound  of  steam 
into  hydrogen  and  oxygen  as  is  given  off  when  a pound  of  steam  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  Moreover,  the  fact 
must  not  be  overlooked  that  to  burn  hydrogen  in  the  average  furnace 
is  extremely  difficult,  and  therefore  if  some  steam  were  dissociated  by 
a jet  it  is  probable  that  part  of  the  hydrogen  would  escape  to  the 
stack  unburned.  The  same  quantity  of  oxygen  that  is  formed  by  the 
dissociation  of  a pound  of  steam  would  be  required  to  burn  enough 
hydrogen  to  form  another  pound  of  steam,  therefore  there  would  be 
no  oxygen  available  from  dissociation  to  burn  the  coal. 

In  a water-gas  plant,  sometimes  cited  by  makers  of  steam-jet 
attachments,  the  heat  required  to  dissociate  the  steam  is  supplied  by 
the  coke  and  is  later  utilized. when  the  gas  is  burned.  The  process  is 
as  follows:  Air  is  blown  through  the  fuel  bed  until  combustion  is 
fairly  well  started.  The  air  is  then  shut  off  and  steam  is  blown 
through;  this  is  dissociated,  the  fuel  loses  its  heat  and  if  the  operation 
continues  too  long  the  fire  goes  out;  but  after  a certain  length  of  time 
the  steam  is  turned  off  and  air  is  passed  through  until  the  fuel  bed  is 
in  condition  to  give  up  more  heat.  Tlien  steam  is  turned  on  again 
and  the  process  repeated.  After  several  hours  of  operation  several 
thousand  ciiliic  feet  of  gas  have  been  formed  from  the  union  of  the 
dissociated  oxygen  (T  the  steam  with  the  glowing  carbon  of  the  coke, 
but  there  has  been  no  gain  in  thermal  units. 

Another  fact  to  be  remembered  in  using  steam  jets  is  that  all  steam 
entering  the  furnace  must  be  heated  to  stack  temperature,  and  the 
heat  required  for  this  is  supplied  from  the  coal. 

As  most  air  is  required  in  a furnace  at  the  moment  of  firing  fresh 
coal,  and  the  requirement  diminishes  as  the  volatile  matter  in  the 
coal  is  distilled,  steam  jets  need  close  regulation  for  good  economy. 
To  make  this  regulation  independent  of  the  fireman  several  devices 
for  automatically  turning  the  steam  on  and  off  have  been  patented. 
Figure  25  illustrates  one  of  these  devices  at  a furnace  under  a water- 
tube  boiler,  and  figure  26  gives  a section  through  a return  tubular 
boiler  with  similar  equipment.  Opening  the  fuinace  door  turns  on  the 
steam,  and  a da.sh  pot  suitably  connected  shuts  off  the  jets  after  a 
short  interval. 

MIXING  DEVICES. 

There  is  no  (piestion  as  to  tlie  value  of  mixing  the  air  and  gases  in 
a hand-fired  furnace,  and  if  the  mixing  could  be  done  bv  some 
effective  arrangement  of  fire-brick  piers  the  losses  resulting  from  the 
use  of  steam  jets  would  be  avoided,  but  to  build  arches  nnd  piers 
that  will  stand  the  intense  lieat  fi-oiii  intimate  mixing  and  combustion 
has  proved  a difficult  matter,  ^[oreover,  the  piers  and  arches  take 


HAND-FIEED  FURNACES. 


103 


up  room  and  diminishing  tlio  space  in  n furnace  will  usually  reduce 
the  available  furnace  draft,  so  that  less  coal  can  he  hiirned  even 
though  there  is  more  perfect  combustion.  The  easiest  and  most 
nearly  perfect  solution  of  the  problem  is  a mechanical  stoker  properly 
set  under  the  boiler. 

DETAILED  DESCRIPTION  OP  PLANTS. 

During  the  field  investigations  71  hand-fired  plants  run  without  the 
emission  of  dense  smoke  were  visited.  The  t}^pes  of  boilers  installed 
at  these  plants  were  as  follows:  Return  tubular,  44;  water-tube,  22; 


Figure  2"). — Automatic  steam  and  air  admission  device  and  water-tuLe  Loiler.  1,  Dash  pot  used  to  control 
length  of  t ime  steam  jets  are  in  operat  ion;  2,  air  admission  through  furnace  doors. 


Scotcli  marine,  5.  Tallies  20  to  25  give  all  the  essential  data  that 
could  lie  collected  regarding  t)tese  ])lants. 

Plants  'With  vxtter-tuhe  and  Scotcli  marine  hoilers. — Hand-fired 
furnaces  operated  under  water-tube  or  Scotch  marine  boilers  were 
found  at  27  jilants.  Tliese  furnaces  were  of  the  following  patterns: 
Plain,  Dutch  oven,  Buiice,  Dorrance,  down-draft,  Puddington,  and 
twin  arcli.  Brief  descrijitions  of  throe  of  these,  including  the  down- 
draft  patteru,  are  appended,  and  some  of  the  otliers  are  described 
in  the  discussion  of  hand-fired  furnaces  with  return  tubular  boilers 
(])p.  117-124). 


104 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


One  of  these  furnaces  is  virtually  a Dutch  oven  with  a long, 
rearward-sloping  arch  that  entirely  covers  the  grate  and  projects  into 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


105 


under  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  shows  how  the  travel  of  the  biirnino: 
gases  is  lengthened. 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  down-draft  furnace  is  an  upper 
grate,  which  may  he  formed  of  tubes  through  which  water  circulates, 


connected  to  headers  and  supported  by  lugs.  The  fresh  coal  is  thrown 
on  this  grate,  whence,  after  partial  burning,  it  falls  to  a grate  of  ordi- 
nary construction  a foot  or  more  below,  where  combustion  is  com- 


Figure  28. — Down-draft  furnace  and  Heine  boiler.  1,  Water-tube  grate;  2,  C tile  on  lower  row  of  tubes» 

forming  a'tile-roof  furnace. 

pie  ted  by  the  excess  of  air  drawn  through  the  upper  and  lower 
grates.  The  air  and  the  distilled  gases  from  the  fresh  coal  are  heated 
and  intimately  mixed  in  passing  through  the  fuel  bed,  facilitating 


106 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


combustion  in  the  space  between  the  grates.  One  of  these  furnaces 
under  a horizontally  baffled  Heine  boiler  is  represented  in  figure  28. 

The  third  furnace  has  back  of  the  bridge  a fire-brick  wall  with 
two  arched  openings  at  its  base  separated  by  a projecting  angle.  The 


Figure  29.— A hand-fired  furnace  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  elevation.  X-X',  Line  of  sectional  plan, 

figure  .30. 

long  ininiiniim  distance  from  grate-  to  first  tube  heating  surface  is 
shown  l)y  figure  29.  The  ])lan  of  the  furnace  (fig.  80)  and  the  cross 
section  (fig.  81)  show  the  construction  of  the  mixing  wall. 


r 


1 liese  27  plants  ranged  in  size  from  75  to  1,500  liorsepower.  Seven 
were  equipped  willi  steam-jet  devices.  Ten  had  a variable  load  and 
17  a uniform  load.  At  t)  plants  the  coal  supplied  was  either  run-of- 
mine,  egg,  oi*  lump.  The  coal  as  fired  burned  ])er  stpiare  foot  of  grate 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


107 


surface  per  hour  varied  from  10.8  to  10.4  pounds  and  averaged  23.0 
pounds.  The  average  ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface  was 
49.6  to  1,  the  lowest  being  26  to  1 and  the 
highest  73  to  1.  Thirty -five  per  cent  of 
the  furnaces  were  installed  under  boiler 
units  of  150  horsepower  or  less  and  50  per 
cent  under  units  of  200  horsepower  or  less. 

Forty-four  per  cent  of  the  jilants  had  either 
rocking  or  dumping  grates.  All  plants  ex- 
cept one  with  induced  and  one  with  forced 
draft  ran  on  natural  draft.  Thirteen  of  the 
plants  were  fired  by  the  spreading  method,  8 
by  the  alternate  method,  and  3 by  the  cok- 
ing method.  The  kind  of  coal  used  and 
the 


Figure  31. — A hancl-firod  furnace, 
cross  section  along  line  figure  30. 

1,  Openings  in  mixing  struct  ures. 


average 


depth  of  fire  are  summarized  in  the  following  taliie: 


Table  18. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire,  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  icater- 

tuhe  and  Scotch  marine  boilers. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 
of  plants. 

Average  ; 
depth  of 
fire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Number 
of  plants. 

Average 
depth  of 
fire. 

Illinois 

14 

Inches. 

7 

Pennsylvania 

1 

Inches. 

11 

Indiana 

2 

8 

West  Virginia 

4 

7 

Maryland 

2 

1.5 

Miscellaneous 

3 

8 

Ohio 

1 

4 

Details  regarding  fivpe  of  furnace,  kind  of  coal,  amount  consumed, 
draft,  furnace  setting,  etc.,  are  summarized  below: 

Table  19. — Summary  of  various  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under 

vuiter-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers. 


Type  of  boiler. 

Kind  of  furnace 
and  number  of 
plants.^ 

Kind  of  coal. 

Babcock  & 

Dutch  0 v e n 2, 

Illinois  and  West 

Wilcox. 

plain  1,  twin 
arch  1. 

Virginia. 

Heine 

Dorrance  1,  Haw- 
ley .3,  Pudding- 
ton  1. 

Illinois,  Maryland, 
Ohio,  and  West 
Virginia. 

Scotch  marine.. 

Burke  2,  Hawley 
1,  plain  2. 

Illinois  and  In- 
diana. 

Miscellaneous. . 

Dorrance.  3,  Dutch 
oven  1,  Uawley 
3,  plain  4,  Burke 
2.  twin  arcli  1. 

Illinois,  Indiana, 
Maryland, 
Pennsylv  a n i a. 
and  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

X? 

CD 

O 

C3 


Inch 
wafer. 
0. 24 


,41 


.21 
, 30 


Lbs. 
20.  b 


30.  .'■) 

19.7 
24.  b 


(D 

S a 

“O'®, 
oj  > 

O 

CD 

^ O ^ 

M Cfi  Sh 
QJ  CD 

P O > 
S -P 


107 

103 

84 

104 


Distance 
from  grates 
to  tube- 
heating 
surface. 


(D 

bO 

c3 


Ff. 

11 


8.0 

4.2 

9.4 


.s 


Ft. 

8 


0.2 

.3.  0 
7.2 


"oA 

So 

oS 

' o 

a:) 

o ^ 


Ff. 

4.8 


0. 

4.3 

2.9 


C3  0^ 

o 

bL^ 

S s 

O M 
bc 
o C 
o ^ 
C c5 

77  rC 


§ ^ 

*-p  C3 

O)  o 


Ft. 
3.  1 


2.0 

1.7 
2.  9 


QJ 

O 

s 

CO 

44 

o 

.rt 

s 


P.Cf. 

4..') 


4.3 

4.0 

4.r> 


" One  plant,  has  l)oUi  Uawley  and  plain  furnaces. 

^ Boiler  rated  on  10  squarci  feet  of  heating  surface  jkt  horsepower. 


108 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OE  COAL. 


Tlie  draft  observations  may  be  briefly  summarized  thus; 

Average  furnace  draft,  25  plants,  0.29  inch  of  water;  least,  0.07  inch;  most,  O.GO 
inch.  Average  draft  at  rear  of  boiler,  11  plants,  0.54  inch,  least,  0.32  inch;  most,  0.70 
inch.  Average  draft  at  base  of  stack,  19  plants,  0.75  inch,  least,  0.50  inch;  most,  1 
inch.  From  these  readings  were  deduced  the  following  approximate  draft  averages: 
Approximate  average  draft  in  furnace,  0.30  inch  of  water;  at  rear  of  boiler,  0.55  inch, 
at  base  of  stack,  0.75  inch.  This  gives  an  average  drop  of  0.25  inch  of  water  through 
the  boiler  and  of  0.20  inch  from  the  boiler  to  the  base  of  the  stack. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under 
water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers  are  given  in  Table  20. 


Table  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers. 


HAND-FIEED  FURNACES. 


109 


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Tabu*:  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers — Continued. 


110 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL 


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n Boilor  nUed  on  10  squaro  fool  of  hoating  surfaoo  ]ior  horsopowor. 


Table  20.— Details  of  observations  at  plants  irith  hand-fired  f arnaees  under  'irater-tnbe  and  Seoteh  marine  boilers — ('ontiiiiied. 


HAN D-T HIED  FURNACES. 


Ill 


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Table  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  ivith  hand-fired  furnaees  nnder  ivater-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers — Continued. 


112 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


O 


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oj.r 


CO  S C3 


be  (D  (B 
C O >2  . 

nil 


o o o o 


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o 


o 

o 

iO 


lO  o 

lO  (M 


00 


o 

o 

o 


di  H 


o 

(M 


ooo 

1-H  (N 


o 

o 


2 (B  OT 

B c3  O o 


o 

lO 

(N 


O 00 

rH  (N 

o" 

o 

(M 


lO  iC 
I>  o 


o 

o 

CO 


o o 

O lO 
<N  t-i 


Number 
used  to 
carry— 

Aver- 

age 

light 

load. 

(N  1-H  (N  tH  (N  rH  (M  COi-I 

Aver- 
age 
heavy j 
load. 

tH  tH  (N(M  (M  tH(M  C0i-h 

I ' 

s s ^ 

111 

r-J  CO 


(M  CO  CO’^  OQ  T-H  CO  1 


.2 


tM 

i-tiCS 

CO 

CO 


4:2 


G ^ CO 

00  Jm  t-H  B 


S HINs. 

r-<  O CO 

1-H 

1-H 


o> 

rQ 

CO 

O s 

1^  ? 

X 'S 
^ o 

lO 


Ol 

32 


xT 


B 

O- 


Lh 

O) 

!S 

is 

c 

2 
'C . 

6 


03 

J X3  .'  A 

Eh-:;Teh'22 


03 

.Q 


^ 

f3  :s  C '3 

. (3  g c3  2 rt 

d S-i  Si  c 

o S 


. a> 

<i;Xi 


Ui  0^ 
o;  4-5 
^ id 
c3  > 


bJO 


; q;  d. 

QC 


CO 


® S >'S 

p—  *d  ^ s- 

3 t:  3'  3 ^ -n 
-42  3)  +-'  B 42 
coW  Oco 


I 3 

i 2 

! I 


o ^ 


3 tc 

03  3 

2| 

o 


o 

3: 

o 


o 

T! 


O 

.3 


d ^ 


c/3  ^ ^ 


d <1^ 
§*. 


0 0) 

CO  _C 

^ cd 'd 

03  Vt  O 


C3 


%u4 

O 33  O 2^:3  3 
B 2 3 o 3 
2 'n  -s:  o 
'C  <a  ft 


10  00 

4 


'4.  o!>“ 


lO  »-0  « 

CO  I'-  ’ 

i 6 

CO  cC 


o 00 

lO  10  Ci 

e'T  ^ ^ 

® C3  o 10 

^<N  (M 


JO  t>£  B ^ 

ks--sii 

<353 


lO 


(M 

® at 


■3  tX 

O 3 

^ cd 


o 


fcX 

c 


CO 


(M 

CO 


O) 

d 

d o c 


lO 
CO  CO 


tc 

c 

!S 

o 

o 


^d 
"-;  0) 

' u 
! CL. 
.CO 


X 
CO  CO 


CO 


a Variable. 


Table  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers — Continued. 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES 


113 


OJ  O 

.Si  rt 

c3 
Si  -u 
tt)  OT 

> ^ 


IM  MpJ-l 

O C'  • 


bJO 

S 

_ „ c3  O si 

w 


s.p- 


s 


o ^ ^ 

3 O < 


w ^ 
<V  5 


o oj 

^"2 


o 

a 

4J  • 

05 

P . 

CO  o 

03  Si 

P ^ 

^ w 

s 

a sf 

0.3 

. H 

C3 
a;  CD 

ce  2 

+-5  ^ 

72  3 


(D 

W)  . 
c3  ^ 

<D*< 

<1 


CC  lO 
(N 


lO  <M 


o »o 
1-H  c4 


lO  o 

(N  lO 

iOt>.Ot^OOOOOt>^OOJ>OcO 


lO  h-  00 

cOOOO*OOcOcO 


lO  00  CO  00  to 
COt-COCO’^’^OOO 


to 

lO  CO  to 
CO  O >o  ic  to  to 

crT 


to 

CO 

of 

00  CO  to  oc  CO 


to 

Ol 


to 
Tf  to 


to 

00 


<N 

to  to  to  to  to  »o  co'to 
’^t^C2C4c0cdt0^t0C^r-H02 


lO  lO  to  to  ctT  tO 

IvO(MCOOia2o6»-Hl>rP^c4 

T-H  i-M  ^ ^ 


CO  CO 
OI  oi  CO 
CO 


to  to 
to  (N  CO 


CO  CO  »0  to 
COOcCOCO'^tOOOO 


to  to  to  to  to  to 

t^OtOtOcO'^'^t^cOtO 


^ to 

to  00  to  05  to 


'^OOtOC^tOCO'^tOoOO 

»0  o' 


to  lO  to  to 

05C000O05'«1<C^C0 


to  to  to  to 

I o ^ 05 1-H  c4  to 


<x> 

o 

& 

u> 

3 

Pm 


c«  ^ 

O)  CD 

fc-  O 05 
c3.t:'*-' 
o o £ 

O 2 ^ 

^ Ph  c/2 


c3 


CCXCOOtOOOGOO 

CO'^(NC^‘^CM'^CO 


00  CO  CO  O 00  *P  to 
CO  CN  CO  to 


to  to 

CO  to 


• coo}tot^r^t>-^^coto 
-COtOC'^C^’^C^C^'^tOCO 


to 


<D 

4-5 

tM 

tc 

«4~l 

o 

p 

3 


t3 

G 

w 


be 

c 


Mo 

.S  .S  si 

^ ® 

• i 4^  /»N  4^  •i—’ 

^_^5_^503gc3 


bjO 


O.G 
S’0  4si 


ci 

a 

33 

G 

C3 

03 

G2 

3 


G 
G3  P 

HS 

p o 

? 3. 


b£' r$ 

•Si  . 

0-3  0-|-^  O 
0.2  0.2 iS  o . 


c3 


c3 

5d 

T3 
G 
c3 
4) 

be.2  bjo  ' ' • be 

o.S  >I.S  o d d.S 


C3 


o 


c3 

S-i 

•o 

G _ 

& ta 

'§'« 

tD 


! G O 03 

.QQW 


> S 2 

c3  • 3 o 3 o3 

PL 


03  o3  ^ 

G3  > .G 


C3 

qa 

o 

> 

c3 

;q- 


.3 

O • . • > • 0>  o o 

03  o >.  ; b^o  > o ^ o 

>3’>o’>u32ri«P'33'C!'3 

^ ^ ^ S-I  fc-  * 'P  ' ' 


o o 


TO  •3q3TOq0C3^C^UJTOO!5.O3 

M ipqoWWoPKPLWQWPHOW  :PL 


a M 

3 o 


OOCO^C^CO'^.-liMiMOOqD(MC^S-^CO(Mr-i(Mf(5<Mc<bO*5Tfi(N.-lO<5'^i 


G 
O 03 


'fiOSOt^OOOSO^O'IOOTfisOCOt'OO  05  Oi— IC'lOO-'t'sOcOr^OOOiO 
(IMiM'MC5|(Mc^c^c.1(>)  (N  COOOOOCCIOOOOOOOOOOOO-^ 
C^C^(MIM(M(N(N(NM(NIN(M(NINC5|  (N  (N(NIMC51(M<M(N(M<M!NM 


74897— Bull.  373—09 8 


o In  down-draft  furnaces,  area  of  upper  grate  only.  6 First  dimension  applies  to  small  boiler,  c First  dimension  applies  to  large  boiler. 


Table  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers — Continued. 


114 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


3 ® c/3 

® 

g 

.p 

tX) 

d P 

p . h 

o 

biD 

fc.  K- 

a>  o3 
> ® 

igh 

Do 

ea\ 

Do 

p.s 

3 

<3P 

P P 

Or*  O O 


q; 

fcJO 

c3 

Ui 

<D 

> 


> 6 6'^  6 6 6 ^ 


O O) 

Cud  , CjO 

J.J  ^ 
fc-  ^ 

<3^  TV  <X> 

> .5f  > 


a 


<D  rr 


> u tc-r  a 

<1  Pi  ^ 


CO 
lO  lO 


lO  CO  o 


(M  CO  O 

* lO  o c4  o o o 


rr 

o 


CO 

O 

a 

o 

u 

o 

o 

s 


p 

o 

.p 

G CO 

o a; 


P p 

bJD  b 
c3  w 

tH 

O 

> 


d 
o S 

CO  *3 


rH  Oi  O O O < 
lO  lO  ^ TT  CO  O < 


O o 

lO  lO  o 


o ^ 

Pi 


O O O— ' o o 


OCOOO  CO  oooc^^oooo  ooo 


o 

00  C 


o 


O^MOOO  oooo 


ooooooooo  ooo 


Total 
length 
of  obser- 
vations 
(min- 
utes). 

1 

00  O fN  o lOCMO  o 0^0'^0500l>  CM  CO  O *0 

C"J  OO  O ^t>*0  O COi— lOi-HOOiOOO  r>-00cG  'CM 

1-1  CM  ^ ^ C'^  CMi-hcOt-Hi-hCMi-h 

-O  fO  rO  -O  ^ ] .o 

Num- 
ber of 
obser- 
vations. 

CM  1-i  rfi  1— t 00  tT  1— 1 1—1  1—1  C0 1—1  CM  tH  CM  ^ CO  i-H  i— » i— l 

w w 

o 


c3 

<v 

u 

Pi  . 
.2  P 
p s 

'§  £ 
d ® 


d to 

.2  C 


d 

o 

o 


o 
o 

■d  . 

— d3.-  Oi 

® Q.a 
d . C«  > o 

Od  °-c-3 

® ® ^ M 

r^"-  O Jp  --  OJ 

— c3  ' '*  *—> 

5 S_  fc.,  ® ^ 

d<  o c3  d.  d 

do  ^ 

S-j  O Sm  t-  7 

0>  C3  0^  D i> 

C-  G,  oj 

d^  g d d 

c3  O 173  C3  P 

Q Oa 


T3 

O 

CO 

o 
"o 
>> 
p ^ 

O Ui 

O Pi 

0)  (K 

Pi  Pi 

a s 

c3  c3 

QQ 


CO 

/-i 

C O 

OJ 

PiS 

Jp  CO 

O c3 

CO  P 


Pi 


ag  a^3 

S5c  c *- 
PhP  o 
C3  O c3  O 

P OP 


CO 

cS 

a 

a;  r:^ 

g-C 

O c3 

CO 

b-< 

03  03 

PiP- 

s s 

cS  ci 

PP 


(-1 

o 

o 


Pi 

I 

P 

CO 

P 

P 

03 

Pi 

O . 

CO 

^ 03 

G Pi  O 

aSS 

O c3  W 

P 


d 

® 

a 

o 

k.< 

® 

a 

g 

S 

P 


tx 

d 

d 

c3 

® 

p 


® o 
^ d 
Co  -4^ 

p “ 


u 

d 


® 

® 

P 


I-,  d 

P 


00 

■ *o 

lo  ! ! 

oo 

! to  lo 

• • :0 

00  i 

1 - 

to  . . 

to  . 

UO  05 

• 00  00 

» • 

t>.  . . 

d 

1— i 

to 

(M 

lO  • 

I lO 

• to 

lO 

o 

I ! 

O CM 

s 

t>.  • 

. 00 

« Tt1 

Oi 

05 

o 

• cb  • 

O C5 

d 

• 1-H 

» 1^ 

• 1 

. o 

. uo 

• d 

o • 

•iT  • 

d . 

• 

CO  • 

!•  ! 

d • 

o C 
(-,  ® 
c3  d 
® o 
p- 


c3 

d 

ii 

d 

P 


O 

I 

•■o 


d 
® 
a 

"O  o 

03  V 

^ CO  Q,  03  w 

Q Pi  ^ 


Pi 

S P^ 


o 

b 03 

S CO 

pi 

CO  ^ 


S-i  ^ C 

§ d C3 

CO 


03  G 03  03 


w ^ .1—  w w 03  • 

a—  a a a g a o 


a 


G ' 

tc 

03  i 

g 

® 

G 

Pi  • 

ad 

03 

O • 

G 

o •- 

G- 

w * 

G 

. E«  m 

O 

S od;  d „ — 

P O CO  P P ^ P 

PQ<QQ  Q 


d'^  S 


• fc-  u 

T:  03^  03 
03  G. -2  C- 


iCOGOcOQ  »0'O00Ci  O l^t^O 

ilOCOr-HlO  lO^TTO  i— «C^C^ 


Q ci 

^ <N 

o 


(>i  4'  ih 


aS  d £ 

OT  d c3  d 


CO*^  CG 
CM  CC  1-H 


lO  CM  Oi 
CM  *-(  O 


4, 

CM  1 


I 

CM 

CM 


d 

>» 

03 

• • «•••«  (III  • l•l«(•••  •«! 
*•  '••••  lit*  * *«• 
*•  ••••«  ••*•  • (t* 
**  *•*•«  !•«•  f II. 
**  •••»«  •••■  • •••«•«••  •• 

03  ! 03 

P 

d 

OO  ooooo  oooo  O OOOOOOOO  oos 

= s == 

P 

g 

!d 

P 

dd  ddddd  dddd  d dddddddd  dd 3 

• • ••••I 

••  »•«••  t<*(  • •«••••••  ••  ^ 

iti 

szpx: 

PPP 

c 

o p 

Pi 


10:0  r^oooo— < 

?3  ?3  CM  ?3  ?3  ^ CM 


C^l  CO  O 
CM  C<l  CM 
CM  CM  2m  CM 


o 


r^ocosO—'CMco’^ 

CMCMC^JCOCOCOCOCO 

CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 


: C3  O 
. j CO 
CM  CM  CM 


a Several.  b Various  lengths.  ^ Upper  rear  boiler. 


Table  20. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  and  Scotch  marine  boilers — Continued. 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


115 


s 

(D 


o 

0) 


^ S'E 

■ 5 ^ 

o 

CO  a; 


o3 


CO 


. 'O 

w 3 *r' 

H 

w .2'^ 
tn  a> 
0 "S  OT  Oh 

o S 2 
'S  -2  ‘2 

n-2  > 

^ ^ O C 
D,c3  ^ s- 
0^  0)  ^ 
q;  w ri  «*-* 

Ox; 

o 

. 

0*4^  (T)  . 

O w ^ (/} 


I +J  c/3  • 

G fe'O 
2 ® 2 2 

’ c ^'2 

S O 1 IZI 

2 (M  2:  w) 

o 5S  2 
i c/>  ^ 'C! 

go  Mc3 

2 c!  C “ 

be  2 
C O 
'02 


c3 

O 

O 


Cotr°?/_h±!b?cn  °b/ 


.2 .2  G 2 -i/: 


CO 

G 

o 

G 


— O >2 

o3  e3  O)  c/3 


.G 

o 

_G 

C) 

O X 


OJ 

CO  .„ 
c-  G 

SMS 
o3  O Q • 
QJ  c*— IxJ 
G d3 

CO  CO  CO 

G.lil  ^2 
<bi  O G O 

■2  ij  CO 

H*0!® 


c3G  e 

0)  -M  ^ 

S 'O  ic  W)  ^ CO  • 

^ 2 ? UJU_„ 

^ Ch 

QD  ^ 1^ 


G 2 ^ 

c W ^ 2 

_ G 

2 2‘S 

. ,2  o, 
-■"gg“^§ 
mJ°03.G  CO  ^ 

^o-2?’2 

IZ  [>  >-H 


bX)*c3 

C O'^ 

O t-  X 

c3 

^ *-i2 

tXi  O 


C^cg 
« 2 

^ CO 

0) 


bt6^.2 


cQ 

G 


i o S 2 


2 S = 
o 

b£c^ 


tH 

P'2 
G 


G 2 

CO 

IH  o 

QJ  C3 


C3  rG  r*3 

..j  h* 


O 

.G  P 

. ocG 

CO  C G fl. 

..  O G g . 
C ’-*2  +j  ci  g 
O G o3  C 

P G - 2 

.22  p..So:.P 

'V  • 


C3  . 


' C3 


n-(  ? O 

^ ^ G 


o ^ ^ O)  O)  o 

c =3  .i:r  w 

!i3  ^ S 5 

CO  CO  <D  ^ j-> 

p| 25 G “ 2 ^ - 

2 A'S  §G-  2“ 
o . 'S  ..  G ^ 2 
G bcS_0  C.2 
O G'^'PP’-T^ 

C3‘g  O Oo""*M 

GG  5 beS  g, 

X!  H Q 


C3  2 

G 


C3 

I 2 G 

geS 

■p  o ® 

G 4J  o 
P G'^TS'eS 

25—  2 G 

Eg  c3  g 5 

o (H  QD  .is 

p &> 

G o >-' 

§G- 
gG.S 

»s  o;> 

O •^'OO 

^gIo| 
GG  gQ 


G 3 P 

cScN® 

G ^ ^'35'E  2.2  .. 

5|‘3|8p.s^5g- 

»f-i  ^ C3  fH 

^.  • M Ci  W p be  w--  I 

fS  ^ ‘o  c3  . ^ O 

G ^ ^ 2 G K be^  G ^ 

■t?  G o 2 CO  - 

be  2 o G " 


>2 

^ CO  CO  CO 


- fc-  ' 
it  0)  O 


O) 
be-^ 
o;  O 

•7i  S 

J3  o ^ 

.-  -i; 

.2G-g-3g« 
c 2 — -x:  > P 
G r-  22  e.  .o 

CCcCG—cS,- 

o o beO  fl;-^ 

.E  •"  -G  - g 

c3  m9  G O P 

^ .2  2 -g  G 
Q T3  C3  C (D  ft 
ego  O'THo 

•'■'  5 M V/i  G 

^ G . 'S  G G 
be^g-  a 
>1  G — +?  P G 
XJ-G-a^-go 

« OJ  G ^ 
a?  73  If  o 

G P -CO  G .2  22 

t-  I-  CO  — a G 
G G c3  2 c3 

^ P'0 

o .o  5 P 5 o a P 5 


G « a 
g p o 
> " 2 
^ *20 
be.o  +j 

G 42  G 

G—  C3G 

O t>  •— ' 
OJ  C ^ 
-tJ  03  G 
a;  G CO  *-' 

® pJ-P  2 

4J  O — 
G (-1  G 
G c3  G 2 

'-  ■ cjX£  a 

*-■  o o 


G 

a 


a 


CO 


'cn. 


! o 

; "o  '-'  • 

' G G CO 

: — ^ be 

G G.S 

: o j^G 

;a5'G 

> ' 4^  ^ 

^ S-«  tn 

O 


G wg 


og-” 

° ago  p-  ^ 

g55  p. 


G 

a5 


03  G _ 
^ CO  . 


p-2  5^0  o 


o o a Jr;  o o 


CO  ^ ^3  /'I') 

— /-N'-aj  e ►^co  ^ 

O 3 is  ^ t_,  ” ^ ^ ft2  ^ rig  (—• 

'^«*-i«4-<oc3a3^0-La^ 

GoOogGua|gO^*OoOG«3-P 


CO  p 
0^  Jm 

a-p 


G 

G - 


CO  . 


CO  O) 

.2  0 


£ g"  p £ 'P  M u,  o — 2 i 

2G’-’^G_^g-SUG8gg-J^2- 

-a^^Pg5T’Soo^&i2'”G 
•gG  o o go  G o g 


..  O 

>-'  G 

O g P 
I-  I O 

O 4.4> 


O ’ 


G>>aGGG^c  "g  .GPo'—r/^ 
G^  P ?.g5  E G 5f  O P G a- 


G o P 

O P G 
■Jo  - ^ ' 


■a  o -s 


mG  o, 
G 

a beo 
a ■'f 

CO  .— 

--5  p 

_ G 03 

S G;^ 

cd  CO 

d^i  2 ' 


e 

o> 

o 

Ui 

o» 

ft 

lO 

o 


; <34 


gg'p 

O C3 


G-P"^^ 


ogop'§g5S.2p.Spp£x:SgP°. 
g 3 'a  ’+3  P -P  P g g K G .S  5 G ^ +2 'm  >2  ■ 
DD  3 3! 


O 

P- 

CO  73 


o 

t7  ^ 

g'P  . 

ft  CO  ^ 

a p S 

o3  ' 


03  5 


Area 

(square 

feet). 

1 

12.  56 
14.7 

■*^ 

a; 

<v 

e ■ e 

ID 

N 

in 

CO  CO 

(N 

o 

lO 

. o 

rfi 

oo  . 

N 

N 

r— 1 

C5 

»o 


o 

03 

CO 


73 

c e 

o3 

o) 

~ 

<1^  re  CO 

o 


e ^ <11  — 


0^ 


lO 

<N 


CO  O CO 

W G C3 

CO 


o 


lO 

e 


O 

o 

O 

o 

lO  00 

O 

lO 

(N 

, ^ 

,*o 

o 

o 

CO  o 

O 

lO 

lO 

o 

Ileighi 

(feet). 

rH 

(N 

IN  T-H 

(N 

1-H 

CO 

e: 

o 


o) 

.N  ^ 


o; 

q; 

tM 

<D 

hing 

■4-^ 

c3 

a; 

o 

S 

U4 

c3 

4^ 

*o 

D 

O 

C3 

4-^ 

CO 

o 

c3 

CO 

Sh 

O' 

c3 

c3 

c3 

o 

u, 

a 

0) 

e 

a; 

0) 

CO 

»o 


o 

><1 

>o 

CO 


o 

1-^ 

CO 


o 

c3 


t.1 

c3 

0^ 


o 


r-»  O 

ge2i^  o g5 

220^^8 

Gi;_g  g^- 

r/1  " 


O <N  (N 
i-H  C004 


G 
O C3 
Z ft 


LO 

(M 


CO 

rH 


h-  00  o 

rH 

C^  <N  <N 


o 

c^ 

C<l 


IN 

N 

IN 


CO 

N 

(N 


« Diameter. 


116 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOX  OF  COAL. 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


117 


Plants  with  return  tubular  boilers. — The  size  of  the  44  plants  having 
hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers  varied  widely,  the 
smallest  being  50  horsepower  and  the  largest  1,000  horsepower.  At 
45  per  cent  of  these  plants  run-of-mine,  egg,  or  lump  coal  was  burned. 
The  cost  of  coal  at  31  plants  averaged  $2.49  per  ton,  ranging  from 
$1.60  to  $4.10.  Uniform  loads  were  carried  by  34  plants  and  varied 
loads  by  10.  On  the  average  90  per  cent  of  the  rated  boiler  horse- 
power (boiler  rated  on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horse- 
power) was  developed  on  mean  heavy  load.  The  furnaces  in  use  at 
the  different  plants  included  10  types,  as  follows: 

Furnaces  used  at  plants  with  hand- fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers. 

Number  of 
plants. 


Dorrance  (with  Dutch  oven) 1 

Down-draft 10 

McMillan 5 

Twin  arch 1 

Wooley 1 

Burke  (western,  with  Dutch  oven) 2 

Burke  (eastern) 1 

Plain 21 

Cornell  economizer 1 

Puddington 1 


Of  these  furnaces,  20  had  steam-jet  attachments.  Eleven  were 
equipped  with  either  rocking  or  dumping  grates.  At  33  plants  either 
the  spreading  or  the  alternate  method  of  firing  was  used;  5 plants 
used  the  coking  method. 

The  average  length  of  travel  of  the  gases  to  the  tube  heating  sur- 
face and  the  height  of  the  combustion  chamber  are  indicated  by  the 
following  figures: 

Average  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface,  44  plants,  16.6  feet;  shortest, 
13  feet;  longest,  24  feet.  Average  least  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface, 
44  plants.  14.2  feet;  shortest,  11  feet;  longest,  22  feet.  Average  vertical  distance 
from  grates  to  shell,  31  plants,  2.3  feet;  shortest,  1.5  feet;  longest,  5 feet.  Average 
ratio  of  heating  surface  to  grate  surface,  44  plants,  45  to  1;  lowest,  26  to  1;  highest, 
67  to  1. 

The  draft  readings  taken  at  these  plants  may  be  summarized  as 
follows: 

Average  furnace  draft,  39  plants,  0.23  inch  of  water;  range,  0.03  to  0.55  inch. 
Average  draft  at  front  tube  sheet,  15  plants,  0.41  inch;  range,  0.27  to  0.68  inch. 
Average  draft  in  breeching,  25  plants,  0.51  inch;  range,  0.22  to  1.42  inches.  Average 
draft  at  base  of  stack,  16  plants,  0.66  inch;  range,  0.35  to  1.10  inches. 

The  following  approximate  draft  averages  were  deduced  from  the  above:  Furnace, 
0.25  inch  of  water;  front  tube  sheet,  0.40  inch;  breeching  0.50  inch;  base  of  stack, 
0.70  inch.  Approximate  average  drop  through  the  boiler,  0.15  inch. 

For  convenience  the  furnaces  and  devices  in  use  at  these  plants  are 
discussed  in  three  groups — down-draft  furnaces,  steam  jets,  and  mis- 
cellaneous furnaces  and  devices. 


118 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


The  essential  features  of  the  down-draft  furnace  are  described  in 
the  account  of  hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  boilers.  Its  set- 
ting and  operation  at  the  10  return  tubular  boiler  plants  where  it 
was  found  in  use  are  taken  up  here.  All  the  down-draft  furnaces  at 
these  plants  were  set  under  units  of  150  horsepower  or  less,  and  none 
were  set  in  a Dutch  oven.  Nine  of  the  plants  carried  a uniform  load. 
At  4 of  the  plants  the  coal  fired  was  run-of-mine,  nut,  or  egg.  The 
average  cost  of  coal  at  6 of  them  was  $2.68  per  ton.  At  all  10  plants 
firing  was  by  the  spreading  method.  The  kinds  of  coal  burned  and 
the  average  depth  of  fire  carried  were  as  follows: 


Table  21. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  with  down-draft  furnaces  under  return 

tubular  boilers. 


Kind  of  coal  burned. 

Number 

of 

plants. 

Average 
depth 
of  fire. 

Kind  of  coal  burned. 

Number 

of 

plants. 

Average 
depth 
of  fire. 

Illinois 

1 

Inches. 

7 

Pennsylvania 

2 

Inches. 

10 

Kentucky 

4 

8.5 

West  Virginia 

2 

11 

Ohio 

1 

9 

The  draft,  coal  consumption,  percentage  of  rated  boiler  horsepower 
developed,  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface,  and  smoke 
observations  show  the  following  averages: 

Draft  through  fire,  0.30  inch  of  water;  range,  0.03  to  0.36  inch. 

Coal  as  received  burned  per  square  foot  of  grade  surface  per  hour,  average  heavy 
load,  20  pounds;  least,  13.3  pounds;  most,  24.4  pounds. 

Percentage  of  rated  boiler  horsepower  developed,  average  heavy  load  (boiler  rated 
on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower  ),  96;  range,  58  to  157. 

Average  distance  from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface,  17.1  feet.  Least  distance 
from  grates  to  tube  heating  surface,  14.7  feet. 

Smoke  emitted,  5.6  per  cent  black. 

The  plants  visited  that  had  steam  jets  in  the  furnaces  numbered 
20,  one  of  which  is  included  also  in  the  group  with  down-draft  fur- 
naces. At  all  of  them  the  furnaces  were  run  under  boiler  units  of 
150  horsepower  or  less.  The  coal  burned  came  from  eight  States.  At 
10  plants  the  size  of  coal  was  lump  or  run-of-mine;  the  cost  ranged 
from  $1.50  to  $4.10  per  ton,  the  average  being  $2.32.  Eighteen 
plants  carried  fairly  uniform  loads.  Nineteen  had  furnaces  with  fiat 
grates.  The  kinds  of  coal  and  the  thicknesses  of  fire  carried  are 
shown  below. 


Table  22. — Kind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  with  steam  jets  in  furnaces  under 

return  tubular  boilers. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Number 

of 

plants. 

Average 
depth 
of  fire. 

Kind  of  coal. 

N umber 
of 

plants. 

Average 
depth 
of  fire. 

Indiana 

Inches. 

4.5 

15 

Tenne.ssee 

1 

Inches. 

9 

Marvland 

I 

We.st  Virginia ... 

5 

8.5 

Ohio 

3 

G 

Mi.scellaneoiis 

5 

7 

Pennsylvania 

3 

7.3 

Figure  32.— A hand-fired  furnace  and  Scotch  marine  boiler,  elevation 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES 


119 


120 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


The  draft  through  the  fire,  the  coal  consumption,  the  furnace  set  - 
ting, and  the  smoke  given  off  were  noted  at  only  20  plants.  The 
average  of  the  measurements  were  as  follows: 

Draft  through  fire,  0.23  inch  of  water;  range,  0.15  to  0.37  inch. 

Coal  as  received  burned  per  square  foot  of  grate  surface  per  hour,  average  heavy 
load,  17.6  pounds;  least,  11.2  pounds;  most,  25.3  pounds. 

Percentage  of  rated  boiler  horsepower  developed,  average  heavy  load  (boiler  rated 
on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower),  78;  range,  46  to  174. 

Average  distance  from  grate  to  tube  heating  surface,  15.9  feet.  Least  distance 
from  grate  to  tube  heating  surface,  13.7  feet.  Vertical  distance,  grate  to  shell,  2.2  feet. 

Smoke  emitted.  4.2  per  cent  black. 

The  miscellaneous  group  includes  all  the  hand-fired  furnaces  under 
return  tubular  boilers  not  already  described.  Three  of  these  furnaces 
with  their  distinctive  features  are  briefly  described  below.  Three 


others,  including  the  down-draft,  are  described  in  the  account  of 
hand-fired  furnaces  under  water-tube  boilers  (pp.  104-106). 

In  the  first  furnace  the  coal  is  fired  from  side  hoppers  in  the  fur- 
nace wall  to  a combustion  chamber,  virtually  a Dutch  oven,  having 
short  sloping  grates  at  the  sides  with  a wide  rocking  grate  between 
them.  The  furnace  is  thus  practically  a hand-fired  side-feed  stoker. 
The  Dutch  oven  construction  gives  a hot  combustion  chamber  and 
lengthens  the  travel  of  the  burning  gases.  An  elevation  and  a cross 
section  of  such  a furnace  placed  in  front  of  a Scotch  boiler  are 
presented  in  figures  32  and  33. 

Another  furnace  having  distinctive  features  intendetl  to  insure 
com})lete  combustion  and  prevent  smoke  is  shown  on  page  121. 
In  this  pattern  (see  fig.  34)  the  furnace  gases  pass  through  circular 
openings  m the  bridge  wall.  Immediately  beneath  these  openings 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


121 


are  small  rectangular  holes  by  which  air  that  comes  through  a passage 
in  the  bridge  enters  the  furnace.  The  object  of  this  construction  is  to 
admit  air  in  such  a way  that  any  unconsumed  carbon  in  the  gases 


will  be  brought  into  contact  with  the  necessary  air  for  burning  it 
without  cooling  the  combustion  space. 

Another  furnace  intended  to  effect  smokeless  combustion  by  special 
fire-brick  piers  and  arches  in  the  combustion  space  is  shown  in  fig- 
ures 35-37 . Its  characteristic  features  are  two  furnaces,  each  with 


122  ■ SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Figure  35. — A hand-fired  furnace  and  return  tubular  boiler,  elevation. 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


123 


an  arch  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  grate,  virtually  making 
small  Dutch  ovens ; a wide-arched  passage,  in  which  are  openings  for 


air  admission,  in  the  wall  back  of  thegrates ; and  another  arched  passage 
of  greater  height  back  of  this.  This  construction  gives  a long,  irregu- 


124 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


lar  combustion  space,  evidently  intended  to  permit  thorough  mixing 
of  gas  and  air.  Figure  35  is  an  elevation  of  the  furnace  as  usually 
installed  under  a return  tubular  boiler;  figure  36  is  a horizontal 
plan,  and  figure  37  a cross  section. 


oooooooooa 

oooooooooo 

oooooooooo 

oooooooooo 


AIR  INLETS  IN  BRIDGE  WALL 


Figuke  37. — A hand-fired  furnace  and  return  tubular  boiler,  cross  section. 

The  observations  on  seven  different  styles  of  furnaces  were  averaged 
to  obtain  the  figures  given  in  the  tables  below.  All  of  these  furnaces 
were  installed  under  boiler  units  of  150  horsepower  or  less.  Xine 
were  equipped  with  either  rocking  or  dumping  grates. 

The  coals  burned  and  the  thicknesses  of  fire  carried  at  the  15  plants 
classed  as  miscellaneous  were  as  follows : 


Table  23. — ICind  of  coal  and  depth  of  fire  at  plants  with  miscellaneous  hand-fired  fur- 
naces under  return  tubular  boilers. 


Number 
of  plants. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Average 
depth  of 
nre. 

8 

Illinois 

Inches. 

6 

2 

Indiana 

4 

1 

Fennsvlvania 

4 

West  Virginia 

7. 7 

HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


125 


The  average  draft  through  the  fire  and  the  average  coal  consum]i- 
tion  were  as  follows: 

Table  24. — Average  draft  and  coal  consumption  at  plants  with  miscellaneous  hand- 

fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers. 


Kind  of  furnace. 

N umber 
of 

furnaces. 

Furnace 

draft. 

Coal  as 
received 
burned  per 
square  foot 
of  grate 
surface 
per  hour, 
average 
heavy  load. 

Inch  of 

water. 

Pounds. 

McMillan 

5 

0.  14 

22 

Dorrance 

1 

.23 

47 

Twin  arch 

1 

.27 

Wooley 

1 

.21 

If) 

Burke 

2 

.11 

18 

Puddington 

i 

. 12 

13.2 

Plain 

4 

.28 

14.6 

The  averages  of  various  items  are  as  follows: 

Coal  as  received  burned  per  square  feet  of  grate  per  hour,  average  heavy  load, 
21.8  pounds. 

Percentage  rated  boiler  horsepower  developed,  averaged  heavy  load  (boiler  rated 
on  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface  per  horsepower),  91.7;  lowest,  53;  highest,  184. 

Average  distance  from  grate  to  tube  heating  surface,  16.3  feet.  Least  distance 
from  grate  to  tube  heating  surface,  14.1  feet.  Vertical  distance,  grate  to  shell  or 
arch,  2.1  feet. 

Smoke,  6 per  cent  black. 

Details  of  the  observations  at  all  the  plants  with  hand-fired  fur- 
naces under  return  tubular  boilers  are  given  in  Table  25. 


Table  25. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers. 


126 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Table  25. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


128 


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HAND-FIEED  FUKI^ACES. 


129 


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74897— Bull.  373-09 9 


Table  25. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  luith  hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


130 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


1 

steam 
pres- 
sure at 
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Spreading.  ..I  Var.  i 100-120  i 4 i Once  in  9 hours 72"  x 18',  70  4"  tubes ; 2 i.  1 r 1 ; 125  i 159  i 1 590 


HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


131 


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Table  25. — Details  of  observations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers — ('oiuiiiii-  d. 


132 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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HAND-FIRED  FURNACES. 


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Table  25. — Details  of  ohscrvations  at  plants  with  hand-fired  furnaces  under  return  tubular  boilers — Continued. 


134 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Priails  (>f  ()t)srrv(ili()iifi  at  j>lanl.s  with  hand-Jircdfariiarcs  uiidcr  rvtani  tabular  boilers — ('oiil  iiiiied. 


138 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOX  ‘ OF  COAL. 


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OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


139 


SUMMARY. 

The  remarks  in  Tables  20  and  25  show  that  in  many  of  the  hand- 
fii’ed  furnaces  an  attempt  was  made  to  lengthen  the  travel  of  the  gases 
from  the  grates  to  the  heating  surface.  The  design  of  some  furnaces 
showed  recognition  of  the  value  of  mixing  the  air  and  the  gases,  and 
arches,  retorts,  piers,  or  steam  jets  were  used  to  accomplish  this  end. 
Where  steam  jets  were  used  they  were  usually  installed  so  as  to  be 
automatically  thrown  in  and  out  of  service. 

The  regulation  of  air  admission  was  accomplished  at  some  plants 
by  cracking  the  furnace  door  after  firing,  at  others  b}-  taking  air 
through  the  dead  plates  or  through  openings  in  patent  furnace  doors. 
These  openings  in  the  dead  plates  and  furnace  doors  were  usually 
automatic  with  the  opening  of  the  doors  and  were  slowly  closed  by  a 
weight  and  dash  pot.  This  arrangement  allowed  the  most  air  to 
enter  the  furnace  at  the  required  time. 

All  hand-fired  furnaces  which  will  burn  coal  without  objectionable 
smoke  approach  the  theory  of  the  mechanical  stoker,  but  owing  to 
the  variability  introduced  by  the  personal  element,  they  can  not  under 
average  conditions  give  as  good  results. 

SMOKE  OBSERVATIONS  AT  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 

TESTS  AT  NORFOLK,  VA. 

The  boiler  plant  at  Norfolk  was  equipped  with  two  furnaces — one 
fired  by  hand,  the  other  by  a mechanical  stoker.  The  hand-fired 
furnace  had  plain  grates  and  mixing  structures  in  the  combustion 
chamber.  The  mechanical  stoker  was  of  the  underfeed  type.  Figure 
38  shows  the  elevation  and  plan  of  the  boiler  setting;  figure  39  gives 
a cross  section  of  the  setting  and  the  plan  of  the  bridge  wall.  All  of 
the  coal  used  in  the  tests  was  of  the  same  general  grade ; it  coked  and 
was  low  in  volatile  matter.  An  expert  fireman  was  employed.  Each 
test  lasted  about  eight  hours. 

IIAND-FIRED  TESTS. 

The  hand-fired  furnace  was  set  under  a Heine  boiler  which  had 
C tile  on  the  lowest  row  of  tubes.  The  tile-roof  furnace  thus  formed, 
in  combination  with  the  mixing  structures,  proved  to  be  a good 
design  for  burning  coal  low  in  volatile  matter.  With  this  boiler  six 
tests  were  made,  a number  too  small  to  permit  the  drawing  of  any 
very  definite  conclusions.  The  plant  developed  from  78  to  155  per 
cent  of  the  builder’s  rated  capacity  and  made  very  little  smoke;  on 
no  test  did  the  smoke  average  10  per  cent  black.  The  boiler  efficiency 
on  the  six  tests  averaged  66.90  per  cent,  varying  from  65  to  69.  The 
dry  coal  burned  per  square  foot  of  grate  per  hour  ranged  from  13.7  to 
27.6  pounds. 


Sheet  iron  casing 


140 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


The  tests  showed  that  tlie  percentage  of  volatile  matter  in  the 
combustible  is  an  element  always  to  he  considered.  Even  v ith 


small  variations  tin'  p('rcentage  of  (‘Hiciency  follows  it  closely.  High 
volatile  matt(‘r  giv(*s  low  (‘(licic'ncy,  and  vice  versa. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


141 


The  highest  efficiency  was  obtained  when  the  plant  was  run  at  low 
capacity.  The  most  carbon  monoxide  was  found  in  the  flue  gas  and 
the  greatest  unaccounted  for  loss  in 
the  heat  balance  when  the  ])lant  was 
run  at  high  capacity,  showing  that 
forcing  the  furnace  decreased  the  effi- 
ciency. The  smoke  determinal  ions  do 
not  seem  to  harmonize  with  some  of 
the  expected  relations ; but  these  read- 
ings A^ary  a great  deal  and  are  not  as 
reliable  as  some  of  the  other  items.  In 
determining  efficiency  it  must  not  be 
OA^erlooked  that  incomplete  combus- 
tion is  not  the  only  V8.rying  elemenl. 

In  all  six  tests  the  percentage  of  black 
smoke  was  so  small  that  a variation  in 


temperature  could  make  tlie  smoke  determination  {ind  the  efficiency 
noncomparable. 


142 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Five  tables  compiled  from  the  data  collected  during  these  tests  are 
given  below: 

Table  26. — Results  of  hand-fired  smoke  tests  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  basis  of  boiler  efiiciency 

72*. 


Efficiency 
72*  (per 
cent). a 

Black 
smoke  (per 
cent). 

Combus- 
tion-cham- 
ber tem- 
perature 
(°F.). 

Volatile 
matter  in 
combus- 
tible (per 
(cent). 

Percentage 
of  builder’s 
rated  ca^ 
pacity 
developed. 

CO2  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

64.91 

5. 5 

2,192 

20.36 

81.0 

6.26 

64. 93 

6.2 

2,. 523 

19.31 

129.5 

66.29 

5.6 

2,442 

19.  97 

154. 8 

6.73 

6 / . 69 

8.2 

2,678 

17. 05 

102.2 

10. 93 

68. 61 

8.6 

2,264 

16.78 

78.3 

6.96 

68. 94 

8.4 

2,016 

16.48 

80.6 

7.04 

a p:fTiciency  72*  figured  from  pounds  of  combustible  ascending  from  the  grate,  the  ash  being  determined 
by  analysis  of  the  dry  coal. 


Table  27. — Results  of  hand-fired  smoke  tests  at  Norfolk,  Ya.,  on  basis  of  unaccounted 

for  loss  in  heat  balance. 


Unac- 
counted 
for  (per 
cent). 

CO2  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

CO  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

Percentage 
of  build- 
er’s rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Loss  up 
stack  (per 
cent). 

Black 
smoke  (per 
cent). 

5.02 

6.73 

0 

154.8 

23.67 

.5.6 

9.  42 

7.04 

0 

80.6 

18.14 

8.4 

9.86 

6.26 

0 

81.0 

21.51 

5. 5 

11.02 

6.96 

.06 

78.3 

16.  43 

8.6 

13.05 

10.93 

.09 

102.2 

14.97 

8.2 

Table  28. — Results  of  hand-fired  smoke  tests  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  basis  of  black  smoke. 


Black 
smoke  (per 
cent). 

Combus- 
tion-cham- 
ber temper- 
ature (°  F.). 

Efficiencj' 
72*  (per 
cent). 

Volatile 
matter  in 
combusti- 
ble (per 
cent). 

Percentage 
of  builder’s 
rated  ca- 
pacity de- 
veloped. 

CO2  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

5. 5 

2,192 

64. 91 

20.  36 

81.0 

6. 26 

5. 6 

2,442 

(>li.  29 

19.97  ■ 

1,54. 8 

6.  73 

6.2 

2.  .523 

<)4.  93 

19.  31 

129.  5 

8.2 

2,678 

67.  <)9 

17.  05 

102.2 

10. 93 

8.4 

2,016 

(•>8.  94 

16.  48 

80.6 

7. 04 

8.6 

2, 264 

68. 61 

16.  78 

78.3 

6.  96 

Table  29. — Results  of  hand-fired  smoke  tests  at  Norfolk,  T7/.,  on  basis  oj  combustion- 

chamber  temperature. 


Combustion- 
chamber  tem- 
perature (°  F.). 

Efficiency  72* 
(per  cent). 

Percentage  of 
builder’s  rated 
capacity  de- 
veloped. 

Black  smoke 
(per  cent). 

2,016 

C18. 94 

80.6 

8.4 

2,192 

64.  91 

81.0 

5. 5 1 

2, 264 

(«.  61 

78.  3 

8.6  1 

' 2. 442 

66.  29 

1.54.  8 

5. 6 1 

I 2. 523 

64.  93 

129.5 

6.2  ! 

2,678 

67.  C.9 

102.2 

8.2  ' 

1 

OBSEEVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


143 


Table  30. — Results  oj  hand-Jired  smoke  tests  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  basis  oj  CO 2 in  fine  gas. 


C02in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

Combus- 
tion-cham- 
ber temper- 
ature (°  F.). 

Efficiency 
72*  (per 
cent). 

Volatile 
matter  in 
combusti- 
ble (per 
cent). 

Black 
smoke  (per 
cent). 

Pounds  of 
air  per 
pound  of 
coml)Usti- 
ble. 

6. 26 

2,192 

64. 91 

20. 36 

5.5 

34. 96 

6. 73 

2,442 

6().  29 

19. 97 

5.6 

32.  74 

6. 96 

2,264 

68.  61 

16.  78 

8.6 

31.81 

7.  04 

2,016 

()8. 94 

16.  48 

8.4 

31.74 

10.  93 

2, 678 

67.  69 

17.  05 

8.2 

20.  (i4 

TESTS  WITH  MECHANICAL  STOKER. 

At  the  same  plant  2Z  tests  wei*e  made  with  an  underfeed  stoker 
under  a Heine  boiler.  The  boiler  was  baffled  so  as  to  form  a tile- 
roofed  furnace.  It  contained  2,031  square  feet  of  heating  surface 
and  was  rated  by  its  builders  at  210  horsepower.  The  boiler  efficiency 
72*  averaged  67.4  per  cent  and  varied  from  61.83  to  73.71  per  cent. 
On  arranging  the  test  data  and  calculated  results  on  the  basis  of  effi- 
ciency it  was  shown  that  there  was  no  general  relation  between  effi- 
ciency and  any  other  item.  The  combustion  on  all  the  tests  was 
nearly  perfect,  the  highest  average  percentage  of  black  smoke  being 
5.3.  The  percentage  of  rated  capacity  developed  ranged  from  53.8 
to  175.  The  average  percentage  of  COg  in  the  flue  gases  ranged  from 
5.97  to  11.61.  The  average  combustion-chamber  temperatures  varied 
between  1,792°  and  2,575°  F. 

The  results  of  these  tests  are  shown  in  Table  31  on  the  basis  of  black 
smoke  observed,  and  in  Table  32  on  the  basis  of  dry  coal  burned  per 
hour. 

Table  31. — Results  oj  smoke  tests  with  underfeed  stoker  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  basis  of  black 

smoke. 


Black 
smoke  (per 
cent). 

CO2  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent.) 

CO  in  flue 
gas  (per 
cent). 

Percentage 
of  builder’s 
rated  capac- 
ity devel- 
oped. 

Coml>us- 
tion-cham- 
ber  tem- 
perature 
(°  F.). 

0 

6. 81 

0 

54.8 

1,792 

0 

9. 01 

0 

74.8 

1,978 

0 

7. 38 

0 

70.7 

2,014 

.5 

7.88 

0 

75.8 

2,192 

.8 

7.  99 

0 

57.7 

1,920 

.8 

8.58 

0 

93.0 

2,070 

.9 

10. 00 

0 

94.9 

2, 196 

1.0 

5.  97 

0 

83. 1 

2, 136 

1.1 

7. 66 

0 

58.9 

2,053 

1. 1 

9.58 

0 

7.3.5 

2, 133 

1.2 

9.58 

0 

71.4 

2,003 

1.3 

7.  55 

0 

131.5 

2,381 

1.8 

8.  76 

0 

124.7 

2,311 

1.9 

7.  62 

0 

56.4 

2,016 

2.0 

9.  61 

.05 

106.  3 

2,205 

2.2 

8.58 

.06 

105.  0 

2,192 

2.2 

10.  74 

.04 

126.  0 

2,352 

2.3 

6.  85 

. 10 

124.  0 

2,296 

3.4 

9.  49 

.04 

91.9 

2, 336 

3.9 

10.  74 

.03 

115.3 

2,298 

3.9 

11.61 

. 11 

175.  0 

2,  575 

5.3 

11.25 

. 16 

127.9 

2,347 

144 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Table  82. — Results  oj  smoke  tests  with  underjeed  stoker  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  basis  of  dry 

coal  burned  per  hour. 


Dry  coal 
burned 
per  hour 
(pounds). 

Black 

smoke 

(per 

cent). 

Ethcien- 
cy  72* 
(per 
cent). 

CO2  in 
flue  gas 
(per 
cent). 

CO  in 
flue  gas 
(per 
cent). 

Combus- 
tion- 
chamber 
temper- 
ature 
(°  F.). 

376 

0 

69.58 

6. 81 

0 

1,792 

396 

.08 

67.60 

7. 99 

0 

1,920 

414 

1.1 

6().  52 

7.  66 

0 

2,053 

421 

1.9 

65. 04 

7. 62 

0 

2,016 

4t)9 

1.1 

73.71 

9.58 

0 

2, 1.33 

482 

1.2 

68.  <)2 

9.58 

0 

2,003 

489 

0 

68.  44 

7.  38 

0 

2,014 

497 

0 

70.  01 

9.  01 

0 

1,978 

531 

.5 

66.  62 

7.88 

0. 

2, 192 

570 

1.0 

(58.  47 

5.  97 

0 

2, 136 

636 

.9 

69.41 

10. 00 

0 

2,196 

682 

.8 

(53.  44 

8.58 

0 

2,070 

711 

2.2 

69. 62 

8.58 

.06 

2,192 

735 

3.4 

68.98 

9.  49 

.04 

2, 336 

813 

2.0 

63.  91 

9. 61 

.06 

2,205 

872 

2.2 

68.00 

10.  74 

.04 

2, 352 

879 

3.9 

63.  90 

10.  74 

.03 

2, 2'98 

887 

2.9 

65.  97 

10.  7(5 

0 

894 

1.3 

(59. 13 

7.  .55 

0 

2, 381 

901 

2.3 

(54.  51 

(5. 8.5 

. 10 

2,29(5 

921 

5.3 

(58.  .59 

11.25 

. 16 

2,347 

938 

1.8 

(51.83 

8.  7(5 

0 

2,311 

1,209 

3.9 

68. 11 

11.(51 

. 11 

2, 575 

It  will  be  noted  that,  as  has  been  pointed  out  by  Breckenridge," 
a high  percentage  of  CO2  is  not  necessarily  an  indication  of  high  econ- 
omy. IVhen  the  air  supply  is  reduced,  the  furnace  temperature, 
CO2,  CO,  and  smoke  are  all  increased  after  a certain  capacity  is 
reached. 

Theoretically,  better  results  should  be  obtained  with  only  enough 
air  to  supply  the  necessary  oxygen,  but  in  practice  with  most  equip- 
ments there  is  a limit  to  the  capacity  of  the  furnace  for  burning  the 
volatile  matter  in  the  coal,  and  the  limited  supply  of  air  results  in 
incomplete  combustion,  which  more  than  offsets  the  effects  of  high 
furnace  temperature  and  high  COg. 

The  following  general  relations  have  been  deduced  from  a study  of 
the  data  collected:  lYhen  the  percentage  of  black  smoke  was  the 
highest,  the  CO2  and  the  CO  in  the  flue  gases,  the  capacit}",  and  the 
combustion-chamber  temperature  were  highest,  and  vice  versa;  there 
was  no  definite  relation  with  boiler  efficiency.  This  may  be  taken  to 
mean  that  a stoker  properly  installed  can  be  operated  under  wide 
variations  in  capacity  with  different  conditions  of  operation,  and  yet 
run  smokelessly  and  with  high  efficiency. 

‘ TESTS  AT  ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

The  ])lant  at  St.  Louis  had  two  hand-fired  Heine  boilers;  one  fur- 
nace had  a Hat  grate,  the  other  a rocking  grate.  Either  natural  draft 
or  forced  draft  siqiplied  by  a fan  could  be  used.  The  bottom  row  of 


o Brc'c  ken  ridge,  L.  P.,  A study  of  four  hundred  steaming  tests:  Bull.  U.  S.  Cteol.  Survej'  No.  325,  1907. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


145 


water  tubes  in  each  boiler  was  incased  in  tile,  forming  tile-roof  fur- 
naces. In  most  of  the  tests  these  furnaces  contained  some  sort  of 
structure  to  mix  the  air  and  the  gases  from  the  fire,  and  thus  hasten 
combustion.  An  expert  fireman  working  under  the  direction  of  a 
competent  engineer  was  employed  in  all  tests. 

The  following  tables  and  deductions  are  compiled  from  tests 
made  at  this  plant  and  supplement  the  observations  in  the  field  and 
at  Norfolk,  as  they  throw  light  on  several  points  which  have  hereto- 
fore been  little  considered  or  at  least  not  fully  determined.  All 
the  tables  have  a bearing  on  the  problem  of  smoke  prevention  and 
they  are  presented  because  they  may  be  of  assistance  in  its  solution. 

Table  33  shows  the  results  of  six  tests  made  to  determine  the  best 
method  of  hand  firing  a high-volatile  Illinois  coal,  nut  size,  using 
natural  draft.  The  proximate  analysis  of  the  coal  as  fired  showed 
the  following:  Volatile  matter,  about  36  per  cent;  ash,  about  10  per 
cent;  moisture,  about  13  per  cent;  British  thermal  units  average, 
10,948. 

Four  different  methods  of  firing  were  used — ribbon  (firing  alter- 
nately in  narrow  strips  across  the  full  length  of  the  grate),  coking, 
alternate,  and  spreading.  In  every  test  a reasonably  thin  fire  was 
carried,  from  2 to  3 inches  of  incandescent  fuel  above  the  clinker. 
When  firing  by  the  spreading  method  three  shovelfuls  of  coal  were 
thrown  on  the  back  of  the  grate  and  two  on  the  front.  When  firing 
by  the  ribbon  method  the  fire  doors  were  kept  cracked. 

The  average  of  tests  500  and  504  was  taken  as  representative  of 
the  alternate  method  of  firing.  On  test  500  the  furnace  doors  were 
closed  tightly  after  each  firing;  on  test  504  they  were  kept  cracked. 
This  cracking  of  the  furnace  doors,  while  it  caused  a slight  reduction 
in  smoke  compared  with  test  500,  proved  to  be  wasteful  because  the 
combustion  space  was  not  constructed  so  as  to  make  the  excess  air 
of  value  in  hastening  combustion.  A compromise  method,  cracking 
the  doors  for  a short  time  after  firing  and  then  closing  them,  ought 
to  give  as  good  if  not  better  results  for  alternate  firing  than  those 
shown  in  the  table. 

The  ribbon  method  of  firing,  where  the  coal  was  fired  most  fre- 
quently with  the  smallest  amount  per  firing,  gave  the  highest  effi- 
ciency and  practically  no  smoke.  The  usual  spreading  method  of 
firing  gave  the  lowest  efficiency  and  caused  the  most  smoke.  The 
results  with  the  alternate  and  the  coking  methods  showed  that  one 
was  about  as  good  as  the  other. 

74897— Bull.  373—09 10 


146 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Table  33. — Results  of  comparative  tests  on  Illinois  coal  to  determine  best  method  of  firing. 


No. 

of 

test. 

Kind  of 
draft. 

Method  of 
firing. 

Effi- 

ciency 

72*. 

Black 

smoke. 

Average 

interval 

between 

firings. 

Coal 

per 

firing. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
rated 
capac- 
ity 

devel- 

oped. 

Observation  of  stack  for 
one  hour. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Minutes. 

Pounds. 

503 

Natural. . . 

Ribbon 

62.22 

5.0 

2.3 

50 

106.  7 

Twenty  per  cent  black 
smoke  15  minutes;  clean 
45  minutes. 

502 
a 500 

do 

Coking 

■ 

60.  49 

15.0 

7.4 

140 

95.0 

Twenty  per  cent  black 
smoke  48  minutes,  very 
seldom  as  high  as  40  per 
cent;  clean  12  minutes. 

One  hundred  per  cent 
black  smoke  4J  minutes, 
80  per  cent  4J  minutes, 
60  per  cent  3 minutes,  40 
per  cent  H minutes,  20 

a 501 

• do 

Alternate . . . 

59.  87 

15.8 

3.5 

70 

106.5 

per  cent  6 minutes;  clean 
41  minutes. 

Forty  percent  black  smoke 
6 minutes,  20  per  cent  24 
minutes;  clean  30  min- 
utes. 

501 

1 

[ 

1 

do 

Spreading  . . 

57. 56 

32.0 

9.3 

170 

92.7 

One  hundred  per  cent 
black  smoke  15  minutes, 
80  per  cent  1|  minutes,  60 
per  cent  1^  minutes,  40 
per  cent  4-^  minutes,  20 
per  cent  6 minutes;  clean 
32  minutes. 

505 

Forced 

Alternate 

60.  20 

14.9 

3.4 

85 

131.6 

Sixty  per  cent  black  smoke 
4j  minutes,  40  per  cent  3 
minutes,  20  per  cent  24 
minutes;  clean  29  min- 
utes. 

a Average. 


Table  34  is  instructive  because  it  shows  the  possibility  of  utilizing 
high-ash  coals.  Although  the  grate  area  was  too  small  to  obtain  the 
rated  capacity  of  the  boiler,  steam  was  produced  at  a reasonable 
efficiency.  Owing  to  the  distribution  of  the  combustible  in  the  coal 
as  fired  and  to  the  low  rate  of  the  combustion,  no  smoke  was  pro- 
duced. 

Table  34. — Results  of  tests  on  high-ash  coals. 


No. 

of 

test. 

Pheld  designation 
of  fuel. 

Kind  of 
draft. 

Clink- 
er in 
refuse. 

Vola- 

tile 

matter 

in 

com- 

busti- 

ble. 

Ash  in 
coal. 

Per- 
cent- 
age of 
rated 
capac- 
ity 

devel- 

oped. 

Effi- 
ciency 
• 72*. 

Black. 

smoke. 

CO  in 
dry 
flue 
gas. 

Mois- 
ture in 
coal. 

451 

Argentina  No.  1 

Forced.. 

Per  ct. 
60 

Per  ct. 
39.  32 

Per  ct. 
50. 16 

34.  20 

Per  ct. 
51.01 

Per  ct. 
0 

Per  ct. 
0. 15 

Per  ct. 
6.  94 

458 

Argentina  No.  1 

do 

48 

34.  41 

31.33 

52.90 

57.82 

0 

.26 

16.  48 

479 

( washed ) . 

Washer V refuse 

do 

69 

36.  35 

41.82 

72.  60 

57.08 

0 

.40 

10.83 

Average 



59 

36.  69 

41. 10 

53.  23 

55.30 

0 

.27 

11.42 

OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS 


147 


Tables  35  and  36  were  compiled  to  show  the  effect  of  size  of  coal 
on  efficiency  developed  and  smoke  produced.  All  coal  used  in  the 
tests  summarized  in  Table  35  had  an  average  diameter  of  over  1 inch; 
that  used  in  the  tests  summarized  in  Table  36  had  an  average  diam- 
eter of  less  than  one-half  inch. 

Table  35. — Results  of  tests  with  coals  having  an  average  diameter  oj  over  1 inch. 


Field  designation  of  coal. 

No.  of 
test. 

1 

Average 
diameter 
of  coal 

Effi- 

ciency. 

72*. 

Black 

smoke. 

Percent- 
age of 
rated  ca- 
pacity 
devel- 
oped. 

Pounds 
of  air  per 
pound  of 
com- 
bustible. 

Alabama: 

No.  2 B 1 

383 

Inches. 
1 1. 12 

Per  cent. 
65.  83 

Per  cent. 
30.0 

93.9 

23.  73 

Do 

Illinois: 

No.  19  B 

Do 

No.  22  A 

382 

175 

205 

324 

Do 

No.  24  B 

325 

337 

No.  25 

338 

Do 

No.  26 

339  i 
341  j 

1.97 

65.13 

19.7 

97.8 

20.33 

Do 

342  i 

No.  27 

353  1 

No.  28  C 

452 

No.  29  B 

461 

No.  34  B 

509 

Indiana: 

No.  13 

432 

No.  14 

431 

Do 

430 

1.27 

66.82 

12.0 

90.3 

20.55 

No.  15 

428 

No.  17 

441 

Kentucky: 

No.  5 

276 

1 

No.  6 

271 

[ M4 

67.  27 

19.  4 

96.  2 

19.  74 

Do 

270 

Ohio: 

No.  4 

254 

No.  5 

186  i 

No.  7 

269  [ 

No.  8 

287  t 

1.29 

66.  20 

25. 1 

99.6 

19.  26 

No.  9 A 

249  1 

No.  10 

469  i 

No.  11 

474  1 

Do 

475 

Pennsylvania: 

No.  5 •. 

. 

286 

] 

No.  5 (washed) 

194  1 

1 1.29 

66.  90 

23.8 

99.6 

19.67 

Do ( 

195  I 

No.  19 

498  ' 

J 

Tennessee: 

No.  1 

344 

Do 

345 

Do 

346 

No.  2 

369 

1.  58 

24. 1 

106.  6 

21.38 

No.  3 

350 

66.  26 

Do 

349 

No.  4 

356 

No.  7 A 

372 

Virginia: 

No.  2 

247 

j-  1. 03 

66.  90 

41.4 

9.5.9 

17.  63 

No.  2 (washed) 

260 

West  Virginia: 

No.  16  A 

.304 

1 

No.  21  (washed) 

274 

i 1.20 

68.  59 

12.8 

109.  3 

19.  89 

No.  22  B 

438 

No.  23  A 

439 

J 

Wyoming: 

No.  2 B 

196 

1 

Do 

213 

i 1.22 

61.72 

18.6 

83  6 

20.61 

No.  3 

212 

Do 

211 

J 

148 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Table  36. — Results  of  tests  ivith  coals  having  an  average  diameter  of  less  than  one-half  inch. 


Field  designation  of  coal. 


Alabama: 

No.  4 

No.  5 

Do 

Arkansas: 

No.  7 A 

Do 

Illinois:  o 

No.  19  A 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Indiana:  No.  4 b 

Indian  Territory:  No.  9 

Maryland:  No.  1 

New  Mexico:  No.  4 B.. 
Pennsylvania: 

No.  8 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

No.  15 

Do 

No.  16 

No.  17 

Tennessee:  No.  9 A 

Virginia:  No.  6 

West  Virginia: 

No.  13 

No.  17 

No.  19 

Do 

No.  22  A 

Do 


No.  of 

Average 

Efficiency 

Black 

Percent- 
age of 
rated 

Pounds 
of  air  per 
pound  cf 
combus- 
tible. 

test. 

diameter. 

72*. 

smoke. 

capacity 

devel- 

oped. 

Inches. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

377 

1 

478 

1 0.39 

67. 25 

8.5 

91.  4 

26. 53 

480 

1 

293 

294 

} .37 

67. 20 

0 

79.3 

26.  50 

160 

161 

163 

.36 

66.  40 

13.5 

90.3 

19.  27 

170 

171 

166 

.45 

66.  38 

2.0 

74.  7 

23.  64 

449 

.35 

65.  20 

3.0 

97.0 

23.  77 

222 

.34 

65. 28 

8.2 

80.1 

21.  45 

395 

.39 

65. 12 

18.0 

100.6 

25. 13 

242 

239 

238 

237 

236 

.36 

66. 87 

3.6 

87.5 

23. 14 

472 

473 

471 

506 

365 

.44 

64.  24 

12.0 

98.8 

24.93 

507 

.46 

63. 39 

3.0 

101.8 

25.84 

180 

225 

289 

285 

.46 

68.93 

9.8 

86.9 

22. 18 

447 

446 

a Test  129  omitted,  no  smoke  having  been  recorded, 
b Tests  164  and  176  omitted,  clinker  having  caused  trouble. 


These  two  tables  show  that  both  large  and  small  sizes  of  coal  from 
the  same  State  were  burned.  All  tests  in  which  owing  to  some  factor, 
such  as  trouble  with  clinker,  the  air  distribution  was  not  due  to  the 
size  of  the  coal  were  omitted  in  compiling  results.  Table  37  gives  a 
comparison  of  the  a\^erage  results  of  Tables  35  and  36.  It  shows  that 
with  either  large  or  small  coal  about  the  same  efficiencv  resulted. 
Unfortunately  for  direct  comparison  the  large  coals  burned  more 
readily  and  produced  higher  capacities  than  the  small  in  nearly  every 
test;  also  with  the  large  coal  less  air  was  used  per  pound  of  combus- 
tible. Nearly  all  the  small  coals  burned  with  little  smoke,  while  all 
the  larger  sizes  caused  considerable  black  smoke. 

Table  37. — Comparison  of  average  results  of  tests  with  small  and  large  sizes  of  coal. 


Number 
of  tests. 

.Vverage 

diameter. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Black 

smoke. 

Percentage 
of  rated  ca- 
pacity de- 
veloped. 

Pounds  of 
air  per 
pound  of 
combus- 
tible. 

Inches. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

31 

0. 39 

<)6.88 

7.4 

88.6 

23. 07 

53 

1.46 

65.  97 

21.3 

98.3 

20.28 

OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


149 


Table  38  is  of  especial  interest,  for  it  shows  that  lignites,  peat,  and 
subbituminous  coals  with  47  to  67  per  cent  of  volatile  matter  in  the 
combustible  can  be  hand-fired  with  the  production  of  only  a small 
amount  of  smoke.  The  average  indicates  that  the  boiler  was  run  up 
to  the  rating  at  an  efficiency  of  about  60  per  cent.  The  smoke 
averaged  less  than  10  per  cent  black. 


Table  38. — Results  of  tests  on  lignites,  peat,  and  subbituminous  coals. 


Field  designation  of  fuel. 

No.  of 
test. 

Kind  of 
draft. 

Clinker 
in  ref- 
use. 

Volatile 
matter 
in  com- 
busti- 
ble. 

Per- 
centage 
of  rated 
capac- 
ity de- 
vel- 
oped. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Black 

smoke. 

CO  in 
dry  flue 
gases. 

Unac- 
counted 
for  in 
heat 
])al- 
ance. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Arkansas  No.  10 

340 

Forced . . 

0 

53.  77 

104.0 

GO.  25 

0 

0. 34 

Florida  No.  1 (briquets). 

38G 

Natural. 

29 

G7.  24 

113.2 

58. 19 

13 

.10 

9.34 

Montana  No.  2 

470 

. . .do 

0 

42. 07 

113.2 

G8. 11 

18 

.02 

G.  00 

Montana  No.  3 

477 

. . .do 

58 

41.  7G 

115.2 

G5.  78 

12.5 

.07 

8.G5 

North  Dakota  No.  3 

20G 

Forced . . 

57 

5G.71 

90.7 

57.  4() 

0 

0 

13.  32 

( 291 

. . .do 

0 

54.  88 

89.1 

G1.37 

0 

0 

G.  88 

Texas  No.  4 

\ 298 

. ..do 

0 

55.  14 

104. 1 

52.  01 

12 

0 

17.59 

[ 303 

. . .do 

28 

53.  07 

9G.4 

53.  05 

14 

.24 

14.  84 

Washington  No.  1 B 

290 

Natural. 

0 

47.  99 

81.8 

G5.  04 

10 

.07 

8.  89 

Wyoming  No.  G 

400 

. ..do 

14 

47. 19 

93. 1 

57.  84 

3.5 

.04 

IG.  22 

Average 

18.  G 

51.98 

100. 1 

59.91 

8.3 

.08 

11.30 

Tables  39  to  41  supplement  one  another.  Table  39  gives  the 
average  results  of  tests  which  showed  a high  percentage  of  black 
smoke;  Table  40  gives  the  coals  used  in  these  tests  and  contains  some 
remarks  explanatory  of  the  high  percentage  of  smoke  in  particular 
tests;  and  Table  41  gives  the  results  of  tests  with  coal  which  made 
little  smoke. 

A comparison  of  Tables  40  and  41  shows  that  the  coals  which 
smoked  the  worst  clinkered  the  most.  The  smoky  coals  also  had 
higher  percentages  of  volatile  matter  in  the  combustible,  were  burned 
at  higher  capacities,  and  gave  a lower  efficiency  than  the  less  smoky 
coals. 

Among  the  comparatively  smokeless  tests  were  two  on  Utah  coal 
and  two  on  Missouri  coal  in  which,  for  some  unaccountable  reason, 
the  coals  burned  with  a low  efficiency;  with  these  four  tests  omitted 
from  the  average,  the  low-smoke,  tests  gave  an  average  efficiency  of 
66.93  per  cent,  with  a percentage  of  builder’s  rated  capacity  developed 
of  96.6.  The  high-smoke  tests  gave  an  average  efficiency  of  64.32 
per  cent,  with  a percentage  of  rated  capacity  developed  of  99.2, 
showing  a good  percentage  in  efliciency  in  favor  of  the  low-smoke 
tests.  There  are  many  briquet  tests  included  in  Table  41,  and  Table 
42  shows  that  as  a general  rule  the  briquets  made  very  little  smoke. 
The  other  tests  which  gave  low  percentage  of  smoke  were  made  with 
coals  low  in  volatile  matter,  or  slow  burning,  or  else  some  means 
besides  the  automatic  operation  of  the  air-admission  doors  was 
employed  to  supply  more  air. 


150 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Table  39. — Results  of  tests  showing  35  per  cent  or  over  of  black  smoke. 


[Tests  using  natural  draft,  34;  forced  draft,  5.] 


Clinker  in  refuse per  cent. 

Volatile  matter  in  combustible do. . . 

Percentage  of  rated  capacity  developed 

Efficiency  72* per  cent. 

Black  smoke do. . . 

CO  in  dry  chimney  gases do. . . 

Unaccounted  for  in  heat  balance do. . . 


Average.  Range. 


49.9 

0 

to 

67 

42.  88 

36.38 

to 

51.58 

99.2 

84.4 

to 

129.9 

64.  32 

56.  64 

to 

69.36 

41.8 

35.0 

to 

54.8 

.28 

.07 

to 

.73 

12.  55 

5.  71 

to 

19. 03 

Table  40. — Coal  giving  over  35  per  cent  black  smoke. 


Field  designation  of  fuel. 


No.  of  ■ 
test,  i 


Remarks. 


Illinois: 

No.  7 E 

No.  13  (washed) 

No.  15  (washed) 

No.  16 

Indiana: 

No.  5 

No.  0 (washed) 

No.  7 A 

No.  8 (washed) 

No.  9 A 

Nos.  9 A and  9 B (briquets) 

No.  10 

No.  10  (washed) 

Kansas:  No.  6 (washed) 

Missouri:  No.  7 (washed) 

Ohio: 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No.  4 (washed) 

Do 

No.  5 

Do 

No.  7 


No.  9 A 

No.  9 B (washed) 

No.  9 B (washed  and  dried) 
Pennsylvania: 

No.  5 (washed) 

No.  6 

Tennessee:  No.  2 

Virginia: 

No.  2 

Do 

No.  2 (washed) 

No.  4 

West  Virginia: 

No.  15 

Do 

No.  21  (washed) 

Wyoming:  No.  2 B 


516 

144 

152 

150 


Forced  draft;  automatic  air  admission  not  operated. 
Automatic  air  admission  operated. 

Clinker  removed  with  difficulty;  automatic  air  admission 
operated. 

Automatic  air  admission  operated. 


153 

159 

158 

184 

168 

334 

167 

177 

323 

332 


Heavy  clinker  formed  on  grate;  automatic  air  admission 
operated. 

Automatic  air  admission  operated. 


Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Forced  draft;  clinker  solid;  automatic  air  admission  not 
operated;  maximum-capacity  test. 


203 

202 

220 

219 

190 

186 

269 


246 

241 

243 


Automatic  air  admission  operated. 

Clinker  adhered  to  grate;  automatic  air  admission  oper- 
ated. 

Automatic  air  admission  operated;  coal  caked  badly. 

Clinker  fused  into  grate;  automatic  air  admission  oper- 
ated. 

Automatic  air  admission  operated. 

Do. 

Clinker  adhered  to  grate;  automatic  air  admission  oper- 
ated. 

Automatic  air  admission  operated. 

Do. 

Do. 


195 

217 

367 


Do. 

Maximum-capacity  test;  doors  cracked  after  each  firing; 
combustion  wall  down  during  test. 


251 

247 


260 


240 


Automatic  air  admission  ojierated. 
Do. 

Do. 


Clinker  fused  into  grate;  automatic  air  admission  oper- 
ated. 


216 

215 

267 

213 


Forced  draft;  automatic  air  admission  operated. 
Automatic  air  admission  operated. 

Do. 

Forced  draft;  maximum-capacity  test;  automatic  air  ad- 
mission not  operated. 


Table  41. — Results  of  tests  showing  less  than  6 per  cent  black  smoke. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


151 


a 

0) 


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s 

a? 

CO 

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CO 

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CO 

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0 

0 

0 

ci 

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0 

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£ 

0 

a> 

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P 

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p. 

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C 

o 


a 

c3  ■ 


c3 

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03  OJ 

Q L 

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Unac- 
counted 
for  in 
heat  bal- 
ance. 

Per  cent. 

8.18 
G.  19 

8.57 

8.80 

CO  in 
dry 

chimney 

gases. 

Per  cent. 
0.10 

.15 

.08 

. OG 

.11 

Black 

smoke. 

Per  cent. 
2.3 

1 

0 

2.5 

1.7 

2.7 

Effi- 

ciency 

72*. 

Per  cent. 
G6. 88 

GG.  17 
70. 31 

G4.58 
G5. 34 

Percent- 
age of 
rated  ca- 
pacity 
devel- 
oped. 

93.0 

1 

85.2 

111.8 

92.  G 
83.4 

Moisture 
in  coal 
as  re- 
ceived. 

Per  cent. 
4.22 

5.21 

3.11 

11.94 

i 

11.49 

Ash  in 
dry  coal. 

Per  cent. 
IG.  18 

10.98 

17.77 

13.41 

14.04 

Volatile 
matter 
in  com- 
bustible. 

Per  cent. 
35. 13 

15.  IG 

21.21 

j 

42. 01 
43.28 

Clinker 

in 

refuse. 

Per  cent. 
i 39 

1 

(35 

\ 

> 49 

41 

No.  of 
test. 

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Table  41. — Results  of  tests  showing  less  than  6 'per  cent  black  smoke — Continued. 


152 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS 


153 


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Pahlk  42.  /xCHulls  of  tests  on  briquetted  eoals. 


154 


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OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS 


155 


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156 


SMOKELESS  CO:\rBUSTlOX  OF  COAL. 


Table  42  is  a compilation  of  results  from  all  tests  made  on  briquets 
at  the  St.  Louis  fuel-testing  plant.  The  briquets  all  had  a pitch 
binder  and  gave  off  little  or  no  smoke,  showing  that  the  tile-roofed 
furnace  used  is  satisfactory  for  burning  such  briquets.  The  vola- 
tile matter  in  the  combustible  varied  from  23  to  46  per  cent  and 
averaged  about  38  per  cent.  The  smokeless  combustion  of  coals  so 
high  in  volatile  shows  that  briquetting  has  an  appreciable  effect 
on  burning,  especially  in  the  furnaces  of  steam  boilers  at  the  rates 
of  combustion  common  in  stationary  practice.  The  average  per- 
centage of  the  rated  capacity  developed  on  these  tests  was  100.6. 

Table  43  is  compiled  from  results  of  tests  made  on  raw  coals  and 
the  same  coals  washed.  All  the  coals  were  washed  at  the  fuel-testing 
plant,  and  the  reductions  or  additions  in  moisture,  ash,  and  sulphur 
are  of  interest.  Most  of  the  washed  coal  either  burned  freelvf  was  non- 
coking)  or  seemed  to  burn  more  rapidly  than  the  raw  coal.  In  fact, 
the  average  percentage  of  rated  capacity  developed  was  considera- 
bly greater  with  the  washed  than  with  the  unwashed  coal.  This 
result  does  not  indicate  that  the  combustion  chamber  was  more 
effective  in  one  case  than  in  the  other,  for  the  table  shows  that  the 
washed  coals  burned  with  lower  efficiency  and  made  more  smoke. 

The  average  results  show  that  the  washed  coals  developed  96.6 
per  cent  of  the  rated  capacity,  with  an  efficiency  of  64.82  per  cent, 
and  the  unwashed  coals  89.9  per  cent  of  the  rated  capacity,  with  an 
efficiency  of  66.95  per  cent.  This  difference  in  efficiency  in  favor 
of  raw  coal  is  more  consistent  and  greater  with  the  poorer  coals  than 
with  the  best. 

The  table  emphasizes  the  difficulty  of  burning  wet  coal  in  any  but 
a properly  designed  furnace.  However,  with  a good  furnace  wash- 
ing should  be  of  advantage,  as  the  washed  coal  burns  more  rapidly 
than  the  unwashed. 

Table  44  is  compiled  from  the  results  of  tests  made  on  the  same 
coals  raw  and  briquetted,  natural  draft  being  used  in  every  test  but 
one.  It  shows  that  the  briquets  usually  burned  with  1 to  3 per  cent 
greater  efficiency,  developed  higher  capacity,  and  were  consumed 
much  more  completely  than  the  raw  coal.  Briquetting  thus  offers 
to  hand-fired  plants  a means  of  developing  highcapacit  v.  The  plant 
can  be  run  practically  without  smoke  and  obtain  good  efficiency  by 
the  use  of  briquets. 

Table  45  is  a comparison  of  results  of  tests  made  on  the  same  coals 
burned  with  natural  and  with  forced  draft.  Whenever  forced  draft 
was  used  the  attempt  was  made  to  attain  high  capacity.  UsualH 
this  was  accomplislied  at  the  expense  of  efficiency.  In  the  tests  with 
forced  draft  tlie  average  })ercentage  of  l)lack  smoke  was  about  double 
that  in  those  with  natural  draft.  The  combustion  space  not  being 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


157 


designed  for  high  rates  of  combustion,  an  average  variation  in  capac- 
ity of  92.6  to  108.4  caused  an  average  drop  in  efficiency  from  64.31 
to  60.94.  This  table  demonstrates  that  forced  draft  supplied  through 
the  average  grate  and  fuel  bed  will  neither  intimately  mix  the  air  and 
gases  nor  allow  coal  to  be  burned  at  high  and  low  rates  of  combustion 
with  equal  efficiency. 

Table  46  is  a comparison  of  results  of  tests  of  the  same  coals  burned 
on  flat  and  on  rocking  grates.  In  all  the  tests  but  one  higher  effici- 
ency (from  1 to  5 per  cent,  with  an  average  of  2)  was  obtained  with 
the  rocking  grate.  The  average  difference  in  proportion  of  rated 
capacity  developed  was  about  2 per  cent  and  was  in  favor  of  the  flat 
grate.  However,  as  the  rocking  grate  had  an  area  of  36.4  square  feet 
and  the  flat  grate  of  40.55  square  feet,  it  is  evident  that  the  rate  of 
combustion  per  square  foot  of  grate  area  was  at  least  equal  on  the 
rocking  grate  to  that  on  the  flat  grate,  or  perhaps  slightly  greater,  but 
as  the  total  weight  of  coal  burned  on  the  flat  grates  was  greater  it 
involved  an  increased  tax  on  the  efficiency  of  the  combustion  space. 
The  average  figures  for  over- all  efficiency  of  the  plant  show  that  more 
coal  was  lost  in  the  ash  pit  with  the  rocking  grate  than  with  the  flat 
grate,  but  this  loss  did  not  counterbalance  the  efficiency,  which  still 
shows  a gain  of  a little  more  than  1.50  per  cent  in  favor  of  the  rocking 
grate. 

The  ash  in  the  dry  coal  varied  from  5.39  to  23.16  per  cent  and  the 
sulphur  from  0.58  to  4.78  per  cent.  In  the  sole  test  in  which  the 
rocking  grate  failed  to  show  better  results  the  dry  coal  contained 
about  4.50  per  cent  of  sulphur.  With  both  flat  and  rocking  grates  the 
sulphur  caused  trouble.  The  clinker  fused  to  the  grate  bars  so  that 
the  rocking  grate  as  constructed  was  practically  inoperative  and  was 
actually  used  as  a flat  grate.  However,  as  more  difficulty  was  ex- 
perienced in  getting  the  clinker  off  the  rocking  grate,  the  time  of 
cleaning  and  inefficient  operation  was  longer  with  that  grate  and  the 
tests  showed  less  efficiency,  but  as  most  plants  would  not  have  a rock- 
ing grate  to  burn  coal  so  high  in  sulphur,  this  point  is  unimportant. 
In  practice  about  2 per  cent  of  sulphur  is  assumed  to  be  the  maximum 
content  desirable  for  a coal  to  be  burned  on  rocking  grates,  but  this 
limit  may  be  exceeded  if  experience  shows  that  the  sulphur  is  in 
organic  form  or  that  the  sulphur  and  ash  combined  have  no  ill  effects. 
The  high  sulphur  and  ash  in  the  Wyoming  coal  did  not  cause  trouble; 
in  fact,  the  test  was  exceptional,  for  the  coal  did  not  clinker  at  all. 

The  black  smoke  was  about  5 per  cent  less  in  the  rocking-grate  tests 
than  in  those  with  the  flat  grate.  While  this  reduction  is  small  the 
gain  in  efficiency  with  the  rocking  grate  shows  the  advantage  of  hav- 
ing some  means  of  keeping  the  fire  clean.  Such  a grate  would  be  of 
value  in  hand-fired  plants  for  decreasing  smoke  and  increasing  the 
efficiency  of  operation. 


Table  43. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  on  washed  arid  raw  coals. 


158 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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OBSEKVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


159 


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to 

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05 

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05  0 

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CM 

05 

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X 

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CM 

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CO 

CO 

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rH 

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to 

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to 

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CO 

X 

0 

0 

X 

rr  05 

05 

CO 

CM 

X 

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CM 

CM 

d 

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05 

d 

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d 

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d 

Tp 

d 

r-H 

r-H 

rH 

i-H 

1-H 

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1-H 

1-H 

1-H 

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0 

05 

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0 

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0 

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X 

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1-H 

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CM 

06 

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CO 

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1- 

oi  TP 

Tp 

to 

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CM 

CO 

Table  43. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  on  washed  and  raw  coals — Continued. 


160 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL 


S 

O) 


O 

3 a 

C3  O 

...3 

t>.o 


a 

o 

3 

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t_  C3 
, C3  O) 


c3 

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O < 


o 

e-d 

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3 C3 

S 

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fr-.  o 

CO 


;>4  Co 

c3 

c3 


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c;  o 


T!  ki 
c '3 
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c3«’3QJ!-, 

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to  CN 

CO  CO 

10 

10 

® I . 

3-- 

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o 


32  C^3 

_^73  O 


CM 

00 

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0 0 

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0 

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CM  0 

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10  I-O 

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s 


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cs 


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CO  2 b 
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0 

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cb  ->b  *b 

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C/i  — < C3 

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0 

05 

CM  ^ 

to  '-0 

Tf^ 

00 

0 

*0  X 

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00 

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i-o  0 

0 

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0 

t ^ 

cb 

CM 

cb  lb 

lb 

CM 

05 

cb 

00  l>^ 

Description 
of  coal. 

Washed 

Raw 

Washed 

Raw 

Washed 

Raw 

Washed 

Raw 

Washed 

Raw 

Washed 

Raw 

L Washed 

\Raw 

. 

0 

CO 

CO 

r-  CO 

I-O 

CO 

CM 

® t/5 

CM 

05  l-O 

rr 

oi 

y.°s 

OJ 

CM 

CM 

CM 

OI  CM 

TT  TT 

TT 

CM 

CM 

Table  44. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  on  raw  and  briqueittd  coals. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


V3 

I 

I 


I 

o S 

a 9 vh 

t— , o ^ 


^ S oi 
.9-3  =3 

O O 
O 

X) 


U) 

a 

'C 

tc 

03 

(-1 

03 

.a 

a 

03 

M 

o 

Ih 

,a 

■fj 

03 

3 

Sf 

’C 

P4 


a 

o3 

(-> 

O 


bi 


« 03  J3 
M ^ 03 
U 03  M 

§>- 
6 g 03  3 

a — 

piH  PQ 


trt 

_a 

Td 

a? 

O c3 

c3 

O 

O 


1-H  i-H  CO  O t» 

O O O 00  00 


»— iCOt^C^JOi  CO  TtHOiiOOOOt^iO 

Oi  lO  O 00  0 00000-^0^ 


05  1-H  05  00  05  :0 O 00  00  00  00  00 


rH  l>  |>  O t>.  t>.  00 


^ ^ lO  to 

5i  O o o 


o 


05  io  I>*  (M  O O 

O O ^ O r-t 


O CO  00 (N  <M  Tf  o 
COOOOOOO  1-t 


05  lO 

o o 


o ^ 
ce  o 

s s 

c/2 


•g 

^ o o *o 

^ CO 

Oh 


lo 


lO  O 00  lO 
lO  O CO  O lO 


X LO  »o  o o 


O lO 


a . 

03  * 

o C;) 

se^ 

H 


^ 

C O /I'l 

a;  0^  o 5*^ 

o 0)4^  C3  > ^ 

Jh  b£)  c3  Q,  0>  ft 

0^  ce  o 

ft  CO 


<N 

to 

00 

o 

to 

<■50 

CO 

00 

O 

00 

05 

00 

CO 

oq 

05 

CO 

CO 

CO 

05 

CO 

s 

lO 

05 

CO 

o 

CO 

05 

CO 

o 

CO 

CO 

04 

to 

CO 

CO 

o 

cq 

<M 

oq 

00 

o 

(N 

o 

05 

05 

to 

o 

CO 

CO 

05 

00 

to 

05 

to 

to 

CO 

o 

CO 

00 

05 

to 

00 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

O 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

TJH01005  COCOC^C^1-0  05 


O (M  O 05  05  1-H  o (N  t>.  05  00  CO  l>  iO 


1—1  00  05  o 
05  o o o 


lO  1— t CO 

05  o 05  1— I 


lO  t^05^iOOOCOOO-^ 
O 050505005rHOi— *CO 


■42^  S3 

II 

> S.9_g 


hJ  CO  1-H  CO  »C  05  O CO 

5*  05  00  CO 00  CO  O 00  CO 


o 00  00  O lO 
^ CO  CO  CO  CO 

Oh 


T-<  oq  lo  to 

TJH  Tt<  Tji 


00 

1-H  CO  t>-  05  CO 

to 

O5cooqco’^r>.t^co^ 

CO 

00 

00  (M  f-H  05  05 

totoo5Tj<oqi>.iotoco 

00  00 

05 

O 05  to  04  00 

05 

oocoo5r^Tt<t^tooo 

05  00 

CO 

^ t-4  t— 1 oq 

CO 

cooqr-toqoqcoco'^'^ 

CO  CO 

u o 
O)  w 

C o 

o a 


S o CO 

lO  lO 


CO  :c  (M 
(N  to  CO 


'^05-^i-HOTt<OCOO 

toco^'^'*t’co'^cq 


^ CO 

to 


'O'a 

.s| 


c3 

Sh 

9 o o o 

(jj'O'd'd 


9 

43  a 

a 43  o O O O 

o es'd'a'a'a 


o 

-o 


o o o o o 

'd 'd  a3 'd 


o 

as 


ooooooooo 


o o 

a) -a 


**-<  • 
O +.3 

o oq  CO  to 

00  O CO  1-H  00  00 

CO 

00  O 05  CO  o 

CO 

t^t^CO00r-H00  00  O5i-H 

to  CO 

1-H  00  »— I t"** 

1— 1 I-H  CO  CO  00  to 

to 

1-H  to  05  05 

CO 

rHCOt>-COU*-0050’-H 

Ttl 

. C/2 

o ^ 

4-5 

CO  CO 

CO  CO  TfH  rH 

^ rf*  Tt« 

CO 

CO  CO 

•a 

43 

k. 

cG 


o 

O 


a 

a 

tuO 

1 

a 

a 

"o 


43 

a 

.3 

'C 

JD 

3 

6 

K1 

a 

a 

a 


£f^ 

S 43  9 43 

jpikjpi 


43 

a 

.3 

'Eh 

as 

43 
bJO  I 


rill 

43 

a 


05 

43 

05 

05 

43 

43 

05 

a 

0 

a 

a 

0 

.2" 

.3 

.2^ 

.2^ 

.3 

a* 

.2" 

‘u 

*C 

*£h 

'ip 

'C 

*n 

XU 

a 

a 

a 

—4 

43 

^->4 

43 

<13 

43  a 

.W)  a fe 

a • a 


aa 

43  © 

9 a 

OT  OT 
+l>  4H> 

43  <23 

a a 
.3.3 

'E2  'EP 
aa 
43a 


C3  a a 43  c3  43 
apiMPnapH 


43  43  a 43  9 a 

ppt»p5api 


43 

a 


tfmPPaP5aPiaM 


o 


74897— Bull.  373—09 11 


o 

iz; 

a 

a 

_a 

a 


a 

> CO 
^ 6 
C3/^ 

a 

05 

ft 


C5  ^ 


o 

12; 


o 

)2; 


CO 

CO 

05 

a 

0 

05 

Eh 


o 

^2; 


161 


Table  44  ■ — Comjmrison  of  results  of  tests  on  raw  and  briquetted  coals — Continued. 


162 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


a 

S 


Ba 

U4  " 

2 o 
.S'S 

2 >^.S 

|1£ 

rQ  O S-. 

'C£< 

® aj  o3 

cro  a 
•C  g > 
P3m 


U 

o 

O O O 
^ ^ c3 
^ O) 
^ ® t- 

-o  Is 

^ !h  C3 
3.- 

T3  > 
QJ  OJ  IM 

H.'^S 

•^i-s 

mo 


i ® C =3 


a S 

P o 
1) 


, o 

fc.  +j  ^ 

° =3  § 

QJ  03 

xi 


t 

IP 


C.5 


O ® 

O <» 
'd 


M g 

O 

C3  O 

S S 


CO  M 
O (N 


55 

» 

t 

p 


(N 
tjh  cc 


>> 

O 

G . 

O)  * 


W 


g o'g-'g'S'd 

O O -2  c3  > S 
5j0  Q.  ^ ^ 

C3  tH  O 

^-i  O 


O lO 

gsoo 

Cj  05  !>• 
^COCO 


CO  lO 
O CO 


CO  00  CO 


lO  o 
o ^ 


CO  iO 
CO 


o Ez:^ 

pi  r— 

O *1— • 

> S S 3 


(M  TfH 

55  05 
^ . . 

Cj  05  00 

^cocc 


Clinkor 
in  refuse. 

Per  cent. 
25 
38 

CO  ^ 
<M  CO 

32.8 

48.3 

;’  j 

» • 

i 1 

; ,* 

S u 

o o 

o o 

XSTP 

-0X3 

lO  to 

(N  05 

O to 

1-H  lO 

CO 

CO 

O 0) 


T3 


tc 

CO 

C3 


.2" 

'C 


c 

c4 

<v 

ex  > 
1-  2 
S3  C3 


O 

S 

_o 

a 

c 

.rf 

CO 

o 

X! 


.2 


c 

o 

o 


o 


5“ 


C3 

0> 

03  e3 

mm 


o 

d 

o 

fcC 

d 

S 


c3 

p 

i- 

3 ® 

.2*^ 

U cd 


Cj 

tl 

CS 

u 

o> 

> 


Table  45. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  of  the  same  fuels  when  using  natural  and  forced  drafts. 


OBSEKVATIONS  AT  SUKVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS 


163 


Unac- 
counted for 
in  heat  bal- 
ance. 

(X)  CO  CD  00  00  lO  CO  CO  lO  CO  05  o CO  O ^ 00  (N  ^ CO  CO 

,00'^^'^  ID  CO  00  O O CD  CO  CD  00  CD  CM  CO  O ^ 

g05I>i-HCD  O iO  00  CO  CO  00  CD ^ 00  00  »D  05  CD 

^ rH 

a, 

13. 39 
10.  84 

CO  in  dry 
flue  gases. 

.CM^t^CO  o 1-H  CD  ^ Tji  CM  t>*  ^ CO  »D  O CD  iC  CD  CO  cD 

-«Oi-i»DO  i-It-hOO^Ot-i  OOO  CMrHTf^CMiDO 

Co  o o 

.21 

.08 

Black 

smoke. 

. O5I>-C0  OO^iOOOO^O  ID  CD  CM  O 

"SOOOO  ’^05’»l5ot^CMCM*l^05I>o6o  OrH'^cDCMO 

^ 1-H  r-i  1-1  CM CM  CM  1-1  CM  ID 

O 

21.2 

12.2 

Efficiency 

72*. 

,1>CMCM*^  O CO  N*  CM  CO CO  CD  ID  CO  CO  CO  O i-H  00  CD 

«*JOC005CD  CMiD05C0CM05CDO'^^C0C0  CM^COOOO 



S ID  05  CM  Q CM  CM  CO  00  00  CD  CM  CO  l>  CO  »D  O O CM  CD  i-h 

^CDCDCDCD  OcDcDCD»D^iDcDcDcDcDcD  OCDCDCD^DCD 

a, 

60.  94 
64.  41 

[ 

Percentage 
of  rated  ca- 
pacity de- 
veloped. 

P-00COO5  CD  1-H  CM  05  CD  O O O O ID  00  !>.  O 05  CO 

iD  CM  CD  O tH  CM  00  ID  CD  CD  05  iD  00  ^ CD  CM  05  CO 05  00 

OOt'^OOO  COf-H050000CMrH05000t^  TT050000500 

rH  t-H  rH  rH  i-H  tH  rH 

35.  9 ; 108.  4 

35.  7 92.  6 

1 

Volatile 
matter  in 
combusti- 
ble. 

,t>-l>-»HCO  i-H  00  CD  ^ ^ 00  O ^ »D  CM  ^ 00  CM  ^ 00  rH 

^'OO^DO  00O5CMOcDcD'^Tt<»Dt^00'^  t^rH05t^iDO 

SO5O5CMC0  iDiDtDCMcDcDTriDCMC00505  ’^‘DCMCM’-'Q 

;ji— li-HrHi— 1 "^^'^’^^^^'^COCOCOCO  ,-Hi-H'^^lD»D 

a. 

Clinker  in 
refuse. 

g CM  00  CD  »D  rH  CD  CM  CM  rH  »D  CD  ^ ID  !>•  CM  rH  05  CD  O O 

2 iO  tD  CM  CO  ID  ID  »D  CO  CD  CD  CD  »D  ID  LD  ID  ID  cD  »D  rfi 

CJ 

as 

48.9 

45.5 

Kind  of  draft. 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

Forced 

Natural 

f Forced 

iNatural 

No.  of 
test. 

Tt<CClO500  lO  O (M  (M  r-l  (M  o O QO  lO (M  CO  lO  CC  O " 

05  05  0 0 O Q 05  05  (M  (M  fO  CO  O 05  00  C50  00  t-S  l ^ r-S 

(M  (N  CO  CO  50  lO  tT  Tji  CO  CO  CO  CO  lO  CO  CO  'T (M  <N  <M  iM 

Field  designation  of  fuel. 

Arkansas: 

No.  7 A 

No.  8 (washed) 

Illinois: 

Colluisville 

No.  9 C (briquets) 

No.  23  B (briquets) 

Missouri,  No.  7 (washed) i 

Pennsylvania,  No.  17 

Tennessee,  No.  8 

West  Virginia  : 

No.  5 A 

No.  15 

Wyoming,  No.  2 B 

Average  of  11  tests 

Table  4G. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  on  the  same  coals  with  flat  and  rocking  grates. 


164 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL 


Effi- 
ciency 
of  boiler 
and 
grate. 

. (M  w o O ^ 00  00  O 00 CO  CC O O w 

^ ^ o 00  00  lO  CO Oi  00  <N  ^ O O CO  CO 

^t^cor^ioxt^  <M(NC50CO’^’^(N'^10  <M*-iOiOOC5»OOOiO 

cjcocococococo  cocoocococococococo  c0c0c0coc0c0»0»0 

CO  X 
O L- 

d d 

CO  CO 

Ash  in 
dry  coal. 

Ot^^OlMC^i-HiOcOO  OOCOOOO^OOcO 

o cc  c<i  O) TT  to  T-t  CO  00 1-H  th  oo  o cc  i>- o i— < 

o 30  00  o o 1-5  .-5  00  cd  1-5  !N  o o o o o o 00  td  CO  05  id  id  o cd 

^ ^ ^ 1-H  ^ 

Cs 

10.  34 
10.53 

Sulphur 
in  dry 
coal. 

1 

•♦SO'^OOOOi-HCO  cO’^t^OOCCKNiCOOkO 

gSiO'^ioiocoio  oococooot>-oooooo  ooooc>o»-<^cot^ 

^ t-h  1— I cs  OQ ^ OQ  fc  CO  (M  1-H  1— 1 ^ 

$1. 

a. 

2.  01 
2.  13 

Unac- 
counted 
for  in 
heat 
balance. 

.*i.^C^iOi-HiOt^C2>  COt^i— i^COiOiOiOOO  1— 1»— (•^’^TTCCcOiO 

giOOXCOCOCO  ICIOCOCVKMC^COOICOOO  (N?OOCOCCt^^I> 

CJ  (N  o4  ci  1-5 ci  00  Oc  OS  cd  CO  t-5  CO  1-5 1-5  (N  lO  :d  t-5  od  i-i  ® 

^ T— H ^ rH  1—1  1-H  1— i rH  i-H  ^ rH  i— H ^ 

10.99 
17.  40 

CO  in  dry 
chim- 
ney gases. 

*...!'^cO'^CCOi-<  00O00'^?0<M**^t^c0*^  OCO*^  lOcOcOi— t 

5*  CO  fC  1-f  ^ <M  OQ  1-H  O O 1-H  1-H  i-(  (N  (N  o 1-H  oa  o O O O 1-H 

o • ■ ■ * 

Black 

smoke. 

Hi^OOOOOOO  OXC^OCOOOCCOOO^  00(N  OOO  CO 

^OOCOCOCCOO<M  (MCSILOCOCCC^iCCOiM'^  C^COOOCO^OO 

c;>  OI  ro  1-H  r-4  CO  ,-H  ^ r-H  t-H  t-H  CQ  CO  cc  TT  CO  ^ 

r\ 

18.2 
23.  1 

i 

Effiicien- 
cy  72*. 

-i^iO?CCiI>-t^cO  OOt^CiX'^iO'^l'-CC^  Tf^cOiOCCOOcOO 

gi-HCOO(N(MC^  COCOX^'^Ot-hOOO  ^Ot^cOOJ^OC^ 

cjdt^do6i-5d  coHroc^ocdcoccdd  o6o5ddocdi-Ho6 

CO  CO  CO  CO  l>- CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  cO  r- cO  cO  lO 

CSJ  JO 
CO 

l>  lO 
CO  CO 

Percent- 
age of 
rated 
capacity 
devel- 
oped. 

t^oocococct^  L-OOiOCOCi(N<NOcOcO  C^-^OOcOiOt^COCO 

’^codt^'^'^  rroidooGOt>^ccidr^d  id^^-^ddcdood 

CiOCiXCsO  t^xt^t^r-t^occooo  t-XXt^CiXXt^ 

^H  * 

85.5 

87.8 

1 

Volatile 
matter  in 
combus- 
tible. 

oiocskcxx^t^t^x  x^oi^r^t^^io 
5S^COCO*Ot^cO  Xi-Ht^OlcOCS'^XX"^  cot^coxoooo 

yoociididcct^  oliii^t^ocoot^clciqiCt.:  oii5lc4e4cdcooc 

1.0 
»0  C2 

L-  L- 
CO  X 

Clinker 
in  refuse. 

•i^iOt^iOXr-iO  TrXCCC^OrHT-^CCt^iO  cOcOcOXCOiOOO 

CJ 

41.  7 
42.8 

Kind  of  grate. 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

Rocking 

Flat 

/Rocking 

\Flat 

No.  of 
test. 

irjrt^i-H^Li^iO  co^Tfco?CtOi-HXcO*-H  ’^iOiOCi'^cOOcO  • 

TT’it’t^cOOL-  cOiOcOr^COcOOXL.'tL'^  i-h^oCXCOcOi-hO  • 

i-Hr-i-Hi-HC^i^ 

e e ! 

! 

ion  of  coal. 



U 

•A 


O 

72 


X 


o 


o 


o 


o 

2 


d 


o 

>> 

O 

c 

52 

c 

o 

X 

5 

c 

X 


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ci 

‘E 

'tt 

L.0 

O: 

'w' 

o 

M 

.2 

r> 

d 

6 

d 

c 

'Ei 

72 

'Z 

z 

b. 

X 

> 

> 

c 


c 

o 

>> 


72 

X 

u 

X 

c3 

Ln 

X 

> 


a Clinker  fused  into  grate  and  was  removed  with  dilliculty. 


Table  47. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  on  the  same  coals  showing  the  variation  in  boiler  efficiency  72*  as  the  percentage  of  black  smoke  increases. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  SURVEY  FUEL-TESTING  PLANTS. 


165 


rb.) 

s 

0) 


to  I ”• 

>-<  Ss  'd 

o . • • oj 

o ^ 

rrt  a O O) 


a 03 

o 


C3 

D c3. 


Sh  q;)  Frt  4-^ 

a i4  a S “ 

O O O CL- 
w ^ 'to  ^ <u  ^ 

. ..  2 .22  w i^.S 
1?.S  '§  ,!=i  S 2 ° 5 

•i52-5='d  t ^ 

o3  ^ o3  Qj  o 

a.2  §.sa  S-§ 

^2  2 o 

_±i  O CD  O C8 

o <1 


'0 .2 

S 03 

O.tl 

a 

O Q 

] a 


0)  ^ 

(-4  Lh 

s 

u 

a 

pO 


q;* 
CD  ii 

o C3 


U 

-M 

.s 

o 

CO 

J=1  .P-, 

^ KA  CO  ' 

- a 
2-aSS 

'g'S.bi 

p gii  Cl'S 


"S'S 

D C3 

= 1 

11  - 

CO  • CO 
CO  • CO 

'a  .^.2  ’a 

rS'O  *^rS 

'U  S-H  'u 
. c«  p,o;  a 

^ U(  9^ 


o3 

tH 

q:» 

Ph 

o 

p 

o 


c3 


a > a § 

P=4  <5o 


03  a 
.2  2 .2  ■ 
a § 


0 2 5.2  2 

c i ^ 

.2  +^73x3 

w a § a 


• I 4.S 

!>>o  !-, 

■n  ti  o 

0^2^  <2 
^ w 

a 

°a 

_o 

-rt  'w 

■ - o 2 

^ « g 

a^'O 

*-•  *P 

a;  o 

goS 

05 


CD 

a 

a 

as. 


C/2  ^ 'D3 

-P  o>  0) 

(X)  '♦“=>  t-* 
3 C3  D 
Ph  *-<  X2 
CD 

"C 

.a  o 

r?  ^ 

S.2.S 

a ?2.g 

T3  a 'S 

a 


t>  ° 
3 

te  a 
0.2 


4) 

ft 

O 

+J 

o 

a 


a 


■a 

aft 

. a 03 


2.2 

03 

2 0 


g 

O ft 

a a 


fto  133  O 

pq 


_ c«  Wj  O 

^.2  a-E^ 

« Sa- 

Sa'^  g 

ft  fe'a 

a ^ 

^ g 03  .2 

. 2 ft  g o 

4 a c3--ft 

g22  S 2 . 

“Is  si's 

o p2  p .p  44> 

44>  O c^  CO  S P 
> 


o 

■p  ^ 

S . -M 

p ^ p 

a te  ft 

4 tH  O 

03  ft  a 

4 0.2 

. . c c^ 

-S2 

ft ’m  g 
.2  --a 

3 g c3 

o^a  .2 

rrt  a 03 
w ^ o 
c'ceft 
. a 4 2 
ft  ft  g 

_ 03  O 
03  g a 

° ^ ft 


iO 

C5 

00 

CO  CD 

O (N 

CO  <N 

05 

00 

CD 

00 

s 

CO 

00 

o 

05 

lO 

05 

CD  rf  O 

lO 

00 

t-H 

3 a — 03  a 

2 5 (-1  4 o3 

ft)  0=2 

CD 

1-H 

c5 

05 

00 

05  00 

05  05  CD 

cd 

oi 

05 

rH 

T— ( 

4 ft 

Ps 

C5 

00 

00  05 

05  CO 

05  <35  O 

00 

a 2 r/E 

S 

O 

o 

o 

ca  o 

O rH 

OOO 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

^ g 4 

O a ^ 

CJ 

K 

o 

o 

o 

O 33  W) 

O 

fft 

ft  O 

4ft 
03  O 

S s 


§ O 
I;.. 


lO 

o 


lO 

cd 


o ^ iC 
(NO  o t-H 


O lO  lO 
CD  O 


o 

00 


.2^ 
^ >> 


-si 

CO 

04 

«M 

00 

00  CO 

CO  ^ 

<N 

O 

CD 

cD 

00 

CD 

CD 

00 

CO 

CO  1—1 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CD 

rfi 

lO 

CD 

00 

(N 

o 

r> 

id 

»d 

id 

CD 

CD  O 

tj5  rfi 

id 

CD 

05 

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Table  47. — Comparison  of  results  of  tests  cn  the  same  coals  showing  the  variation  in  boiler  efficiency  72*  as  the  percentage  of  black  smoke  increases 

Continued. 


166 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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METHODS  OF  SUPPLYING  AIR  FOR  COMBUSTION. 


167 


Table  47,  compiled  from  the  results  of  tests  made  on  the  same  coals, 
shows  the  variation  in  boiler  efficiency  as  the  smoke  increases.  The 
tests  of  each  coal  compared  were  made  with  the  same  boiler  and  same 
grate.  All  the  tests  but  two  were  made  with  natural  draft;  but 
inasmuch  as  the  use  of  forced  draft  only  increased  the  rate  of  com- 
bustion, as  was  shown  by  Table  45,  the  tests  are  comparable  both  as 
to  efficiency  and  smoke. 

In  general  the  results  show  that  as  the  percentage  of  rated  capacity 
developed  increased  the  percentage  of  black  smoke  increased  and  the 
efficiency  decreased.  This  proves  that  the  combustion  space  was 
not  efficient  over  a wide  range  of  working  conditions,  but  there  was 
a limit  for  rate  of  combustion  for  each  kind  of  coal,  above  which  effi- 
cient operation  was  impossible.  The  table  also  demonstrates  that 
with  hand-fired  furnaces  the  combustion  space  to  be  most  efficient 
must  have  some  means  of  mixing  the  air  and  gases.  The  results 
with  Maryland  and  Indian  Territory  coals  show  that  the  most  smoke 
was  made  on  the  tests  showing  low  capacity.  Methods  of  operation 
may  account  for  this  efficiency  variation,  as  with  the  Maryland  coal 
the  automatic  air  admission  was  used  on  the  high-capacity  test  and 
not  on  the  low.  The  discordant  results  in  the  tests  of  Indiana  coals 
are  probably  due  to  the  variation  in  air  admission.  The  beneficial 
effect  of  the  automatic  air  admission  in  reducing  the  smoke  and 
increasing  efficiency  is  noticeable  in  several  tests. 

The  three  tests  on  Alabama  coal  were  run  at  about  equal  efficiency 
over  a wide  range  of  capacity,  but  as  the  methods  of  operating  were 
dissimilar  these  apparent  discrepancies  could  easily  result. 

High  smoke  values  gave  high  unaccounted  for  values  in  the  heat 
balance.  Usually  the  percentage  of  CO  in  the  flue  gas  was  much 
greater  when  the  smoke  was  high,  showing  a cause  for  the  decreasing 
efficiency  and  increasing  visible  evidence  of  loss  noted  with  high 
rates  of  combustion. 

COMPARISON  OF  METHODS  OF  SUPPLYING  AIR  FOR 

COMBUSTION. 

METHODS  COMPARED. 

As  supplementing  the  data  already  presented  to  show  the  results 
obtained  in  tests  at  the  fuel-testing  plants,  a number  of  tables  have 
been  compiled  to  show  the  relative  value  of  different  methods  of 
supplying  air  for  combustion.  The  following  methods  are  compared: 
(1)  Air  supplied  continuously  by  means  of  openings  in  grates;  (2)  air 
taken  continuously  through  the  grates  and  an  extra  amount  supplied 
automatically  at  times  of  greatest  distillation  of  volatile  matter; 
(3)  air  taken  continuously  through  the  grates  and  more  supplied  at 
times  of  firing  by  cracking  the  furnace  doors.  All  full-length  St. 
Louis  tests  (except  the  briquet  tests)  and  the  hand-fired  Norfolk  tests 
have  been  used  in  this  compilation. 


168 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


RELATION  OF  EFFICIENCY  TO  CAPACITY  WITH  AIR  ADMITTED 
THROUGH  GRATES  AND  BY  AUTOMATIC  DEVICES. 

To  permit  fair  comparison  of  the  boiler  efficiency  and  rated  capacity 
developed;  tests  were  selected  on  which  the  same  kind  of  coal  was 
used  and  the  same  method  of  supplying  air  for  combustion.  These 
tests  include  two  series,  'one  in  which  the  automatic  air-admission 
device  for  the  furnace  was  not  operated  and  another  in  which  it  was. 
The  results  of  the  first  series  are  given  in  the  following  table: 


Table  48. 


— Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity,  automatic  air-admission  device  not  operated. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Arkansas 

106.3 

Per  cent. 
62. 92 

Virginia 

101.8 

Per  cent. 
63.39 

Do 

85.7 

65.07 

Do 

99.7 

67.13 

Do 

85.0 

65.90 

Do 

92.3 

68.25 

Do 

80.9 

67.64 

Do 

81.6 

65.77 

Do 

72.8 

69.32 

Wyoming 

99.9 

56.98 

New  Mexico 

108.2 

67. 19 

' Do..T 

95.2 

59.63 

Do 

108.1 

65.83 

Do 

93. 1 

57.84 

Do 

103.9 

63.86 

Do 

88.2 

64.08 

Virginia 

147.7 

60.  23 

Do 

81.0 

63.34 

The  above  table  shows  that,  in  general,  when  the  air  was  supplied 
by  means  of  the  air  spaces  in  the  grates  the  boiler  efficiency  was 
highest  at  the  lowest  capacities  and  decreased  as  the  capacity 
increased. 

Data  from  the  second  series  of  selected  tests  are  presented  in 
Table  49. 

Table  49. — Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity,  automatic  air-admission  device  operated. 


Kind  of  coal. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Kind  of  coal. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Maryland 

113.9 

Per  cent. 
68. 54 

Wyoming 

88.3 

Per  cent. 
61.06 

bo 

93.2 

67. 64 

' Do..t 

79.3 

58. 20 

Do 

80.1 

65. 28 

Do 

67.0 

67.62 

This  table  shows  that  the  automatic  air  admission  is  not  always 
of  equal  value.  With  the  Mar^dand  coal  too  much  air  was  supplied 
at  the  capacity  of  80.1  per  cent,  for  even  at  the  highest  capacity 
given  neither  the  greatest  possible  reduction  of  air  supply  nor  the 
higliest  efficiency  had. been  reached.  With  the  Wyoming  coal  not 
enough  air  was  supj)lied  at  88.3  per  cent  capacity  to  maintain  the 
same  efficiency  as  at  67  per  cent. 


METHODS  OF  SUPPLYING  AIR  FOR  COMBUSTION 


169 


COMPARISON  OF  RESULTS  FROM  DIFFERENT  COALS  WITH 

VARIED  AIR  ADMISSION. 

In  Table  50  the  volatile  matter  in  the  coal  as  received,  the  percent- 
age of  rated  capacity  developed,  the  efficiency  72*,  and  the  smoke 
readings  have  been  averaged  for  the  coals  from  each  State  according 
to  the  method  of  supplying  air  for  combustion.  The  data  show  that 
no  unvarying  rule  can  be  formulated  to  cover  all  coals,  but  in  general 
a higher  capacity  and  a higher  efficiency  resulted  when  additional  air 
was  supplied  at  times  of  firing.  Many  of  the  smoke  averages  do  not 
fall  as  might  be  expected. 


Table  50. — Relation  of  air  admission  to  results  when  burning  different  coals. 


Kind  of  coal. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

lilinois 

Indiana 

Indian  Territory  . . . 

West  Virginia 
(Jamestown) 

Kansas 

Maryland 

Missouri 

Montana 

New  Mexico 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wyoming 


Method  of  supplying  air. 

Num- 
ber of 
tests. 

Volatile 
matter  in 
coal  as 
fired. 

Percent- 
age of 
rated  ca- 
pacity de- 
veloped. 

Efficien- 
cy 72*. 

Black 

smoke. 

1 Automatic  air  admission  off 

5 

Per  cent. 
27.3 

95.5 

Per  cent. 
66.  56 

Per  ct. 
14.4 

•^Automatic  air  admission  on 

2 

29.7 

78.3 

65.92 

0 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

4 

28.1 

98.8 

66.  88 

8.0 

Automatic  air  admission  off 

6 

15.0 

89.1 

65. 18 

0 

f....do 

32 

32.5 

91.7 

58.  56 

24.7 

< Automatic  air  admission  on 

40 

32.2 

91.9 

66.  05 

18.3 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

11 

31.6 

92.7 

65.  04 

5.4 

(Automatic  air  admission  off 

1 

34.1 

103.9 

67.15 

31.4 

1 Automatic  air  admission  on 

35 

34.8 

90.1 

65. 13 

21.9 

1 Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

1 

33.5 

93.1 

65.36 

28.2 

[Automatic  air  admission  off 

1 

13.6 

97.0 

65. 20 

3.0 

(Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

1 

35.4 

90.5 

68.10 

19.5 

[Automatic  air  admission  off 

2 

16.9 

128.5 

66.99 

6.9 

< Automatic  air  admission  on 

2 

17.1 

80.8 

66.93 

7.0 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

1 

15.3 

78.3 

68.61 

8.6 

/Automatic  air  admission  on 

13 

33.1 

92.2 

66.47 

20.1 

(Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

1 

33.7 

68.4 

67.  08 

(Automatic  air  admission  off 

3 

15.0 

95.7 

67. 15 

6.8 

(Automatic  air  admission  on 

1 

14.0 

95.9 

68. 56 

0 

(Automatic  air  admission  off 

1 

32.0 

129.4 

56.64 

42.5 

(Automatic  air  admission  on 

6 

32.5 

97.7 

63. 12 

12.8 

Automatic  air  admission  off 

2 

31.7 

114.3 

66. 95 

15.3 

( do 

3 

33.8 

106.7 

65. 63 

17.3 

(Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

4 

32.6 

107.9 

67. 08 

17.8 

[Automatic  air  admission  off 

1 

36.6 

81.3 

69.01 

13.1 

< Automatic  air  admission  on 

24 

36.6 

92.1 

65.69 

33.1 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

2 

39.0 

118.4 

68. 02 

13.0 

(Automatic  air  admission  off 

12 

22.7 

91.4 

67.  43 

6.2 

(Automatic  air  admission  on 

10 

31.2 

93.5 

67.67 

23.7 

[Automatic  air  admission  off 

4 

32.8 

89.8 

65.71 

20.1 

< Automatic  air  admission  on 

12 

32.1 

103.0 

66.02 

14.2 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

7 

33.0 

110.2 

65.16 

21.9 

Automatic  air  admission  off 

2 

30.6 

96.6 

56.69 

6.0 

1 do 

5 

22.5 

104.6 

64. 95 

10.4 

(Automatic  air  admission  on 

9 

34.7 

92.3 

66.77 

34.2 

(Automatic  air  admission  off 

1 

35.6 

108.4 

63. 98 

17.0 

< Automatic  air  admission  on 

1 

34.5 

81.8 

65.04 

10.0 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

1 

36.5 

97.4 

66. 65 

33.5 

[Automatic  air  admission  off 

2 

20.6 

80.7 

70.71 

0 

•{Automatic  air  admission  on 

27 

32.7 

93.8 

67.59 

21.5 

[Furnace  doors  cracked  after  firing. 

2 

34.3 

103.9 

69.10 

16.0 

/Automatic  air  admission  off 

5 

37.0 

91.5 

60. 37 

21.6 

(.\utomatic  air  admission  on 

3 

35. 0 

78.2 

62.29 

3.2 

170 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


RELATION  OF  EFFICIENCY  TO  CAPACITY  WITH  VARIED  AIR 

ADMISSION. 

Table  51  gives  averages  for  all  tests  made  with  automatic  air  ad- 
mission not  operated,  automatic  air  admission  operated,  and  furnace 
doors  cracked,  not  classified  according  to  States. 

Table  51. — Relations  of  air  supply  to  averages  of  results. 


Volatile 

Percent- 
age of 

Black  smoke. 

Method  of  supplying  air. 

Number 
of  tests. 

matter 
in  coal 
as  fired. 

rated 

capacity 

devel- 

oped. 

ElBcien- 
cy  72*. 

Amount. 

Niunber 
of  tests. 

Automatic  air  admission  off 

88 

Per  cent. 
28.0 

93.8 

Per  cent. 
62. 95 

Per  cent. 
11.8 

59 

Automatic  air  admission  on 

185 

33.2 

92.9 

66.06 

21.6 

162 

Furnace  doors  cracked 

35 

31.2 

99.7 

66.21 

15.4 

28 

The  subjoined  list  shows  the  names  of  the  coals  which  fell  in  the 
final  grouping  of  Table  51: 


AUTOMATIC  AIR  ADMISSION  NOT  OPERATED. 


Indian  Territory.  Pennsylvania. 

Arkansas.  Alabama. 

Maryland.  Texas. 

West  Virginia  (Jamestown).  Illinois. 

West  Virginia.  Missouri. 

Virginia.  Montana. 


Tennessee. 

Indiana. 

New  Mexico. 
Washington. 
Ohio. 
Wyoming. 


AUTOMATIC  AIR  ADMISSION  OPERATED.  ^ 


Maryland . 

West  Virginia  (Jamestown). 
Alabama. 

Pennsylvania. 

Illinois. 


Missouri. 
Tennessee. 
West  Virginia. 
Kansas. 
Indiana. 


Virginia. 
Washington . 
Wyoming. 
Ohio. 


FURNACE  DOORS  CRACKED. 


West  Virginia  (Jamestown). 
Alabama. 

Illinois. 

New  Mexico. 


Indiana. 
Kansas. 
Tennessee. 
West  Virginia. 


Indian  Territory. 
Washington. 


Ohio. 


Tables  52  to  54  give  averaged  results  showing  the  relation  of  effi- 
ciency to  capacity  under  the  three  methods  of  air  admission  when 
high-volatile  coals  are  burned,  all  the  tests  on  low-volatile  coals 
lieing  excluded. 


Table  52. — Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity,  automatic  air  admission  not  operated. 


Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

F.fficiency 

72*. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

108.4 

Per  cent. 
63.98 

96.6 

Per  cent. 
56. 69 

106.3 

61.97 

95.5 

66. 56 

105.3 

66. 39 

86.4 

1)4.  69 

98.0 

66. 19 

80.7 

70.71 

METHODS  OF  SUPPLYING  AIR  FOR  COMBUSTION.  I7l 

Table  52  shows  that  the  highest  efficiency  was  obtained  with  the 
lowest  capacity  and  that  the  efficiency  decreased  as  the  capacity 
increased. 

Table  53. — Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity,  automatic  air  admission  operated. 


Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

96.6 

65.70 

88. 1 

65.  65 

93.5 

67.67 

78.3 

65.  92 

92.2 

66.47 

IS.  2 

62.  29 

92. 1 

65. 69 

Table  53  shows  that  the  lowest  efficiency  was  obtained  when  run- 
ning at  the  lowest  capacity  and  that  the  efficiency  increased  as  the 
capacity  increased. 

Table  54. — Relation  of  efficiency  to  capacity,  furnace  doors  cracked  after  each  fring. 


Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

Percentage 
of  rated 
capacity 
developed. 

Efficiency 

72*. 

118.4 

Per  cent. 
68.02 

97.4 

Per  cent. 
66.  65 

107.9 

67.  08 

92.7 

65. 04 

103.9 

69. 10 

90.6 

65. 87 

98.8 

66.  88 

90.5 

68. 10 

Table  54  shows  that  the  highest  efficiencies  were  obtained  when 
running  at  high  capacity  and  that  with  one  exception,  the  reverse  was 
true.  Supplying  air  by  cracking  the  door,  while  it  results  in  high 
efficiency,  is  more  liable  to  furnish  a variable  supply  than  an  auto- 
matic device,  as  it  introduces  the  personal  element. 

With  the  furnace  door  cracked  after  firing,  the  lowest  efficiency  was 
65  per  cent.  With  the  automatic  air  admission  operated,  the  lowest 
efficiency  was  62.3  per  cent.  With  the  automatic  air  admission  not 
operated,  the  lowest  efficiency  was  56.7  per  cent. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

Air  supply  should  be  regulated  to  suit  the  combustion  of  different 
kinds  of  coal. 

With  the  same  coal  burned  in  the  same  furnace,  a proper  amount  of 
air  supplied  at  times  of  greatest  distillation  of  volatile  matter  will 
aid  in  obtaining  higher  capacity  and  higher  efficiency  than  can  be 
had  without  such  regulation. 

When  air  is  supplied  in  the  same  manner  to  the  same  coal  in  the 
same  furnace,  the  efficiency  is  practically  determined  by  the  rate  of 
combustion. 

On  the  average,  cracking  the  furnace  door  resulted  in  highest 
capacities  with  the  highest  efficiencies,  from  which  it  would  seem  that 


172 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OP  COAL. 


in  general  not  enough  air  was  supplied  by  the  automatic  air-admission 
openings. 

Air  should  be  supplied  automatically  to  the  furnace,  as  this  over- 
comes in  a measure  the  personal  element. 

In  the  average  furnace  the  gases  and  air  are  not  mixed  thoroughly 
and  it  is  possible,  especially  by  cracking  the  furnace  doors,  to  admit 
large  amounts  of  air  into  the  furnace  and  reduce  the  visible  products 
of  incomplete  combustion  at  the  expense  of  efficiency.  (See  tests  of 
Illinois  coal  in  Table  50.) 

INFLUENCE  OF  VOLATILE  MATTER  IN  FUEL  ON  THE 

SMOKE  PROBLEM. 

From  a study  of  the  tables  giving  the  results  of  the  tests  made 
under  Heine  boilers,  it  appears  that  in  all  tests  coal  with  low  volatile 
matter  was  burned  most  efficiently  and  with  the  least  smoke.  High- 
volatile  coals  are  more  difficult  to  burn  without  loss  than  low-volatile 
Coals,  but  the  difficulty  is  not  directly  proportional  to  the  percentage 
of  volatile  matter.  Some  coals  with  less  than  30  per  cent  of  volatile 
matter  give  off  more  smoke  than  others  having  40  per  cent.  Ob- 
servations of  the  behavior  of  coals  when  thrown  into  the  furnace 
indicated  that  some  coals  gave  off  their  volatile  matter  at  lower 
temperatures  than  others,  and  that  there  was  a difference  in  the 
nature  of  the  volatile  matter. 

This  phase  of  the  composition  of ‘coals  is  now  undergoing  laboratory 
investigation  under  the  direction  of  N.  W.  Lord.  When  these 
investigations  are  completed  valuable  data  will  be  at  the  command  of 
engineers  who  are  called  on  to  design  furnaces  for  burning  coal. 
Horace  C.  Porter,  who  is  conducting  the  experiments,  has  furnished 
the  following  preliminary  statement,  which  shows  that  among  the 
coals  tested  there  is  a wide  difference  in  the  character  of  the  volatile 
matter: 


Table  55. — Results  of  heating  10  grams  of  air-dried  coal  ten  minutes. 


Highest 

Gas  composition  (calculated  to  undiluted  gas). 

tern- 

Kind  of  coal. 

pera- 
ture  in 

Tar.a 

Water. 

Gas. 

Illumi- 

naiits.a 

coal  in 
retort. 

CO2. 

CO. 

CIIi. 

C2H6.<^  6 

H2. 

N2. 

At  heating  temperature 

of  500°  C. 

“ C. 

P.  ct. 

P.  ct. 

C.c. 

Connellsville,  Pa 

335 

8 

30.0 

0 

0.  5 

6.  5 

7.0 

0 

C50.0 

Zeigler,  111...' 

325 

90 

14.8 

0 

5.3 

8.0 

0 

C71.9 

At  heating  temperature 

of '600°  C. 

Connellsville,  Pa 

441 

4.9 

3.2 

190 

0.3 

8.2 

5. 9 

36.9 

23.7 

2.0 

C17.0 

Zeigler,  111 

440 

(i.8 

13.0 

173 

15.  7 

7.0 

14.4 

19.0 

22.2 

2.8 

C18.9 

n Sinoke-fonniiiK  matter. 

S Includes  all  hif'her  paralTin  calculated  as  C2H6. 
c Includes  small  amount  of  air. 


HOKSEPOWER  FROM  DIFFERENT  COALS. 


173 


Table  55, — Results  of  heating  10  grams  of  air-dried  coal  ten  minutes — Continued. 


Highest 

tern- 

Gas  composition  (calculated  to  undiluted  gas.) 

Kind  of  coal. 

pera- 
ture in 
coal  in 
retort. 

Tar. 

W ater. 

Gas. 

CO  2. 

Illumi- 

nants. 

CO. 

CH4. 

C2H6. 

H2. 

N2. 

At  heating  temperature 
of  700°  a 

Connells  ville,  Pa 

° C. 
5ti2 

P.  ct. 
11.0 

P.  ct. 
3.5 

C.  c. 

583 

3.0 

7.2 

5.4 

44.1 

17.7 

13.5 

9.1 

Zeigler,  111 

545 

7.8 

14.0 

471 

8.5 

5.1 

13.7 

59.6 

0 

1.1 

12.0 

Sheridan,  Wyo 

580 

8.2 

18.5 

1,020 

28.8 

3.7 

20.0 

18.6 

6.8 

15. 1 

7.0 

Pocahontas,  W.  Va... 

599 

4.2 

1.9 

675 

1.9 

4.4 

3.9 

44.4 

16.1 

28.5 

.8 

At  heating  temperature 
of  800°  a 

ConneUs ville.  Pa 

687 

12.6 

4.5 

1, 375 

1.5 

5.5 

6.9 

24.9 

12.1 

33.1 

a 16.0 

Zeigler,  111 

680 

9.3 

13.9 

1,251 

1,780 

1,590 

3.8 

3.8 

16.0 

27.7 

6.1 

33.7 

a 8. 9 

Sheridan,  Wyo 

7.9 

19. 1 

19.8 

2.7 

21.4 

14. 1 

4.0 

30.0 

8.0 

Pocahontas,  W.  Va... 

6.5 

2.4 

1.2 

3.4 

4.8 

24.4 

11.6 

43.2 

11.4 

c Includes  small  amount  of  air. 


The  differences  in  the  ease  with  which  various  coals  give  off  their 
smoke-producing  constituents  are  strikingly  shown  by  the  accom- 
panying diagram  (fig.  40),  in  which  all  these  volatile  substances  are 
grouped,  the  total  percentages  given  off  being  represented  by  the 
vertical  scale  and  the  temperatures  by  the  horizontal  scale.  The 
behavior  of  the  Illinois  coal  at  temperatures  between  600  and 
700°  C.  contrasts  strongly  with  the  progressive  distillation  of  Con- 
nellsville  coal,  and  the  decline  in  production  of  volatile  compounds 
at  temperatures  over  700°  shown  by  Wyoming  coal  is  notably  differ- 
ent from  the  even  increases  shown  by  Illinois,  Pocahontas,  and  Con- 
nells ville  coals. 

HORSEPOWER  FROM  DIFFERENT  COALS. 

The  facts  presented  in  Table  56  were  obtained  by  averaging  more 
than  200  tests  on  coals  and  lignites  from  17  different  States.  All 
these  fuels  were  hand  fired  under  a Heine  boiler.  The  furnace  was 
set  with  flat  grates,  which  were  26  inches  from  the  U tile  on  the  lower 
row  of  tubes,  measured  at  about  the  center  of  the  grate.  Natural 
draft  was  used  in  nearly  all  the  tests.  The  damper  was  usually  set 
so  as  to  get  a draft  of  about  0.6  inch  of  water  in  the  hood,  this  giving 
from  0.12  to  0.30  inch  in  the  furnace,  varying  with  the  coal  and  the 
condition  of  the  fire.  On  the  assumption  that  the  boilers  at  the 
average  good  plant  are  run  at  approximately  the  same  efficiency  as 
those  at  the  government  testing  plant,  the  figures  given  in  Table  56 
for  coal  per  boiler  horsepower  per  hour  may  be  used  as  a basis  for  an 
approximate  determination  of  the  total  boiler  horsepower  at  any 
plant  by  dividing  the  amount  of  coal  used  per  hour  by  the  figures  in 
the  table  opposite  the  State  from  which  the  coal  is  supplied.  For 


174 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL, 


(^H  — sasBa  uoqjBOOjpitq  XAcaq  sn(d  jbx) 

JU33  jad  ‘spnpoad  ain^iOA  3upnpojd-aj|oius 


Temperature  of  coal  (°C.) 

P'lGURE  40. — Proportion  of  smoke-producing  compounds  given  off  at  different  temperatures  by  several  coaE. 


CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 


175 


instance,  a consumption  of  460  pounds  of  best  Illinois  coal  per  hour 
indicates  that  the  total  boiler  horsepower  developed  would  be  about  1 00. 

Table  56. — Efficiency  7f*  and  coal  burned  per  boiler  horsepower  per  hour. 


state. 

Num- 
ber of 
tests 
aver- 
aged. 

Effi- 

ciency, 

72*. 

Coal 
burned 
per  boiler 
horse- 
power 
per  hour. 

Alabama 

3 

Per  cent. 
66 

Pounds. 

4.2 

Arkansas 

4 

^ 67 

3.9 

Colorado  (lignite) 

1 

61 

6.0 

Illinois  (best  coal) 

23 

66 

4.6 

Illinois  (fair  and  poor 
coal) 

21 

61 

5.0 

Indiana 

27 

63 

4.7 

Indian  Territory 

4 

64 

4.5 

Iowa 

5 

61 

5.5 

Kansas 

8 

63 

4.4 

State. 

Num- 
ber of 
tests 
aver- 
aged. 

Effi- 

ciency, 

72*. 

Coal 
burned 
per  boiler 
horse- 
power 
per  hour. 

Kentucky 

13 

Per  cent. 
65 

Pounds. 

4.0 

Maryland 

' 3 

66 

3.8 

Missouri 

7 

63 

5.1 

New  Mexico 

2 

60 

5.5 

Ohio 

26 

64 

4.2 

Pennsylvania 

21 

67 

3.6 

Virginia 

12 

65 

3.7 

West  Virginia 

36 

67 

3.6 

Wyomnng  (lignite). . . 

8 

59 

6.1 

CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 

The  possibility  of  reducing  smoke  in  cities  by  the  use  of  central 
heating  plants  was  taken  up  as  part  of  the  general  study  of  the  smoke 
problem.  There  is  no  doubt  that  in  winter  the  small  heating  plants, 
both  in  residences  and  in  store  buildings,  contribute  largely  to  the 
smoke  nuisance.  This  is  because  the  small  plant  is  poorly  designed 
for  burning  any  but  low-volatile  fuels.  'WTien  an  attempt  is  made  to 
burn  the  cheaper  coals,  such  as  large  stations  utilize,  dense  black 
smoke  results,  often  lasting  for  several  minutes  after  each  coaling. 
Moreover,  the  plant  is  not  large  enough  to  warrant  careful  operation 
and  the  coal  is  fired  in  large  quantities  and  at  long  intervals.  To 
obviate  the  difficulties  of  combustion  high-priced  coal  is  burned,  this 
being  especially  true  in  congested  areas.  It  is  evident  that  if  for  the 
heating  plants  of  several  buildings  could  be  substituted  a central 
station  where  a power-plant  boiler  of  standard  type  could  be  installed, 
a correct  furnace  constructed,^  cheap  fuel  utilized,  and  the  plant 
operated  intelligently,  much  of  the  nuisance  and  discomfort  from 
the  small  plants  would  be  overcome. 

The  central  heating  plant  is  not  a new  thing;  in  fact  some  of  the 
plants  have  been  in  operation  for  twenty  to  twenty-five  years. 
Development  in  this  direction  has  been  very  slow,  however,  until 
within  the  last  five  or  six  years,  when  the  idea  has  received  renewed 
attention. 

The  data  presented  in  Table  57  were  obtained  by  sending  a circular 
letter  to  each  of  the  central  heating  plants  supposed  to  be  in  oper- 
ation in  the  United  States — 150  in  all.  Of  these,  77  responded,  57 
giving  the  information  as  tabulated;  twenty  stated  that  they  were 
out  of  business  or  inactive.  The  location  of  the  130  is  given  in  the 


176 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


statement  below.  The  tabulated  statistics  may  be  taken  as  fairly 
representative  of  central  heating  plant  conditions.  It  will  be  noted 
that  the  plants  are  most  numerous  in  the  States  where  coal  is  rela- 
tively cheap. 

Location  and  number  of  central  heating  plants. 


Number 
of  plants. 


Arkansas 1 

Colorado 2 

Connecticut 1 

Georgia 1 

Idaho 1 

Illinois 24 

Indiana 17 

Kansas 1 

Massachusetts 2 

Michigan 3 

Minnesota 3 


Number 
of  plants. 


Montana 1 

Missouri 4 

New  Hampshire 1 

New  York 10 

North  Dakota 2 

Ohio 24 

Pennsylvania 25 

Rhode  Island 1 

Texas 1 

Washington 1 

Wisconsin 4 


Table  57. — Details  of  operation  of  central  heating  plants. 


CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 


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Table  57. — Details  of  operation  of  central  heating  plants — Continued. 


178 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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♦ 


Table  57. — Details  of  operation  of  central  heating  plants — Continued. 


CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 


179 


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Total 
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mains 
(feet). 

38, 173 
10, 560 
14, 784 
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7,920 

2, 640 
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j a 15, 840 
1 b 31, 680 

1 

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15, 840 

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T\hlk  57. — Details  of  opcralioji,  of  central  hcatmg  plants — ('ontiniicd. 


180 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


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Very  little.  Pair.  c Nearly  100. 


Table  57. — Details  of  operation  of  central  heating  plants — Continued. 


CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 


181 


s 

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Table  57. — Details  of  operation  of  ventral  heating  plants — rontiiiuod. 


182 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOK  OF  COAL. 


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183 


CENTRAL  HEATING  STATIONS. 

Of  the  57  plants  included  in  Table  57  only  12  were  operating  for 
the  express  purpose  of  central  heating.  The  remaining  45  were 
supplying  either  light  and  heat,  power  and  heat,  or  power,  light,  and 
heat.  Steam  heat  is  furnished  by  38  plants,  hot  water  by  17,  and  a 
combination  of  steam  and  hot  water  by  2.  The  plants  which  have 
been  installed  in  the  last  five  or  six  years  show  about  an  equal  propor- 
tion of  steam  and  hot-water  heating.  The  plants  range  in  size  from 
300  to  16,000  horsepower;  only  25  per  cent  are  of  600  horsepower  or 
less.  Sixteen  of  the  plants  have  mechanical  stokers.  The  price  of 
coal  ranges  from  $4.60  per  short  ton  in  Montana  to  90  cents  in  Illinois, 
the  average  cost  from  all  the  plants  being  $2.05  per  short  ton.  Both 
direct  and  indirect  radiation  are  used,  but  by  far  the  greater  propor- 
tion is  direct.  The  greatest  distance  to  which  heat  is  sent  from  the 
station  varies  considerably,  but  a reasonable  distance  seems  to  be 
about  4,000  to  5,000  feet. 

Payment  for  the  use  of  steam  is  made  in  two  ways — (1)  at  a flat 
rate,  based  on  square  feet  of  radiating  surface  installed  or  on  1,000 
cubic  feet  of  contents  heated,  or  (2)  at  a meter  rate,  based  on  1,000 
pounds  of  condensed  steam.  The  price  paid  per  square  foot  of  radi- 
ating surface  averaged  33 J cents,  and  varied  from  22 J to  65  cents. 
The  plants  selling  on  a basis  of  1,000  cubic  feet  of  contents  charged  an 
average  of  $4.46,  the  price  varying  from  $2  to  $6.  On  the  basis  of 
1,000  pounds  of  condensed  steam  the  payments  averaged  50|  cents, 
ranging  from  40  to  66  cents.  One  plant  that  sold  heat  on  this  basis 
for  40  cents  intimated  that  such  a rate  was  not  profitable. 

The  hot-water  plants  sold  heat  only  on  the  basis  of  square  feet  of 
radiating  surface  installed,  the  average  rate  being  17+  cents  and  the 
range  from  12j  to  25  cents  per  square  foot.  Two  plants,  one  selling 
at  12^  and  the  other  at  15^  cents,  claimed  that  their  prices  were  too 
low  for  successful  operation. 

A comparison  of  the  prices  charged  by  central  stations,  as  given  in 
Table  57,  with  the  cost  of  fuel  only  for  a house-heating  boiler,  as 
published  in  Bulletin  366,®  shows  that  in  many  cases  the  cost  of  pro- 
ducing heat  on  the  premises  equals  the  price  charged  by  the  central 
station.  When  heat  is  purchased  the  customer  avoids  the  annoyance 
of  having  to  supervise  the  operation  of  the  heating  plant,  as  well 
as  the  dust  resulting  from  the  delivery  of  fuel  and  the  removal  of 
ashes.  Some  allowance  should  also  be  made  for  the  space  that  would 
be  occupied  by  the  heater  and  for  the  expense  necessary  to  install 
and  keep  a boiler  in  repair. 

The  following  suggestions  have  been  made  by  the  managers  of  the 
plants  and  are  worthy  of  consideration: 

Heat  from  a central  plant  should  be,  as  largely  as  possible,  a 
secondary  product. 


a Randall,  U.  T.,  Tests  of  coal  and  briquets  as  fuel  for  house-heating  boilers:  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey 
No.  366,  1908,  p.  39. 


184 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


Heating  mains  should  be  concentrated  and  should  not  extend  too 
far  from  the  station. 

Direct  radiation  should  be  installed. 

Mains  should  be  of  sufficient  size  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  high 
pressure  at  the  station. 

Heat  should  be  under  automatic  control. 

The  flat  rate  is  not  a successful  basis  for  payment;  the  service 
should  be  metered. 

GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS  ON  SMOKE  ABATEMENT. 

Some  general  conclusions  from  the  facts  set  forth  in  this  volume 
are  as  follows: 

The  flame  and  the  distilled  gases  should  not  be  allowed  to  come 
into  contact  with  the  boiler  surfaces  until  combustion  is  complete. 

Fire-brick  furnaces  of  sufficient  length  and  a continuous  or  nearly 
continuous  supply  of  coal  and  air  to  the  fire  make  it  possible  to  burn 
most  coals  efficiently  and  without  smoke. 

Coals  containing  a large  percentage  of  tar  and  heavy  hydro- 
carbons are  difficult  to  burn  without  smoke  and  require  special 
furnaces  and  more  than  ordinary  care  in  firing. 

Briquets  are  suitable  for  use  under  power-plant  conditions  when 
burned  in  a reasonably  good  furnace  at  the  temperatures  at  which 
such  furnaces  are  usually  operated.  In  such  furnaces  briquets 
generally  give  better  results  than  the  same  coal  burned  raw. 

In  ordinary  boiler  furnaces  only  coals  high  in  fixed  carbon  can 
be  burned  without  smoke,  except  by  expert  firemen  using  more  than 
ordinary  care  in  firing. 

Combinations  of  boiler-room  equipment  suitable  for  nearly  all 
power-plant  conditions  can  be  selected,  and  can  be  operated  without 
objectionable  smoke  when  reasonable  care  is  exercised. 

Of  the  existing  plants  some  can  be  remodeled  to  advantage. 
Others  can  not,  but  must  continue  to  burn  coals  high  in  fixed  carbon 
or  to  burn  other  coals  with  inefficient  results,  accompanied  by  more 
or  less  annoyance  from  smoke.  In  these  cases  a new,  well-designed 
plant  is  the  only  solution  of  the  difficulty. 

Large  plants  are  for  obvious  reasons  usually  operated  more  eco- 
nomically than  small  ones,  and  the  increasing  growth  of  central 
plants  offers  a solution  of  the  problem  of  procuring  heat  and  power  at 
a reasonable  price  and  without  anno}^ance  from  smoke. 

The  increasing  use  of  coke  from  by-product  coke  plants  in  sections 
where  soft  coal  was  previously  used,  the  use  of  gas  for  domestic  pur- 
poses, and  the  purchase  of  heat  from  a central  plant  in  business  and 
residence  sections  all  have  their  influence  in  making  possible  a clean 
and  comfortable  cit}L 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTION  OF  COAL. 


185 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

SURVEY  PUBLICATIONS  ON  COAL  AND  FUEL  TESTING. 

A classified  list  of  Survey  papers  dealing  with  coal  is  given  in  Bulle- 
tin 316,  and  in  an  abstract  from  that  bulletin,  pp.  439  to  532,  pub- 
lished separately. 

The  following  publications  on  fuel  testing,  except  those  to  which  a 
price  is  affixed,  can  he  obtained  free  by  applying  to  the  Director, 
Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  priced  publications  can 
be  purchased  from  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Government 
Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Bulletin  261.  Preliminary  report  on  the  operations  of  the  coal-testmg  plant  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  1904;  E.  W.  Parker,  J.  A.  Holmes,  M.  R.  Campbell,  committee  in  charge.  1905. 
172  pp.  10  cents. 

Professional  Paper  48.  Report  on  the  operations  of  the  coal-testing  plant  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  1904;  E.  W.  Parker,  J.  A.  Holmes,  M.  R.  Campbell,  committee  in  charge.  1906. 
In  three  parts.  1492  pp.,  13  pis.  $1.50. 

Bulletin  290.  Preliminary  report  on  the  operations  of  the  fuel-testing  plant  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1905,  by  J.  A.  Holmes.  1906. 
240  pp.  20  cents. 

Bulletin  323.  Experimental  work  conducted  in  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the 
United  States  fuel-testing  plant  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  January  1,  1905,  to  July  31,  1906, 
by  N.  W.  Lord.  1907.  49  pp.  10  cents. 

Bulletin  325.  A study  of  four' hundred  steaming  tests,  made  at  the  fuel-testing 
plant,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1904,  1905,  and  1906,  by  L.  P.  Breckenridge.  1907.  196  pp. 

Bulletin  332.  Report  of  the  United  States  fuel-testing  plant  at  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
January  1,  1906,  to  June  30,  1907;  J.  A.  Holmes,  in  charge.  1908.  '299  pp. 

Bulletin  334.  The  burning  of  coal  without  smoke  in  boiler  plants;  a preliminary 
report,  by  D.  T.  Randall.  1908.  26  pp.  5 cents. 

Bulletin  336.  Washing  and  coking  tests  of  coal  and  cupola  tests  of  coke,  by  Rich- 
ard Moldenke,  A.  W.  Belden,  and  G.  R.  Delamater.  1908.  76  pp.  10  cents. 

Bulletin  339.  The  purchase  of  coal  under  government  and  commercial  specifica- 
tions on  the  basis  of  its  heating  value,  with  analyses  of  coal  delivered  under  govern- 
ment contracts,  by  D.  T.  Randall.  1908.  27  pp.  5 cents. 

Bulletin  343.  Binders  for  coal  briquets,  by  J.  E.  Mills.  1908.  56  pp. 

Bulletin  362.  Mine  sampling  and  chemical  analyses  of  coals  tested  at  the  United 
States  fuel-testing  plant,  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1907,  by  J.  S.  Burrows.  1908.  23pp.  5cents. 

Bulletin  363.  Comparative  tests  of  run-of-mine  and  briquetted  coal  on  locomo- 
tives, by  AV.  F.  M.  Goss.  1908.  57  pp. 

Bulletin  366.  Tests  of  coal  and  briquets  as  fuel  for  house-heating  boilers,  by  D.  T. 
Randall.  1908.  44  pp. 

Bulletin  367.  Significance  of  drafts  in  steam-boiler  practice,  by  W.  T.  Ray  and 
Henry  Kreisinger.  1909.  61  pp. 

Bulletin  368.  Washing  and  coking  tests  of  coal  at  Denver,  Colo.,  by  A.  W.  Belden, 
G.  R.  Delamater,  and  J.  W.  Groves.  1909.  54  pp.,  2 pis. 


186 


SMOKELESS  COMBUSTIOX  OF  COAL. 


MISCELLANEOUS  PUBLICATIONS  ON  SMOKE  ABATEMENT. 

The  following  references  supplement  the  list  of  books  and  papers 
o^iven  in  Bulletin  334. 

Breckexridge,  L.  P.,  How  to  burn  Illinois  coal  without  smoke:  L’niv.  Illinois 
Eng.  Exper.  Sta.  Bull.  Xo.  15,  Urbana,  111.,  1907,  pp.  43.  Discusses  principles  of 
smokeless  combustion  and  causes  of  smoke;  describes  various  types  of  furnaces  and 
boiler  settings  that  have  given  satisfactory  results. 

Kershaw,  J.  B.  C.,  The  smoke  problem  in  large  cities:  Fortn.  Rev.,  Februarj', 
1908,  pp.  286-299.  Mentions  measures  taken  in  France,  Germany,  and  Austria  to 
abate  smoke;  refers  to  the  work  of  the  Hamburg  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Smoke 
and  of  the  London  Coal  Smoke  Abatement  Society. 

Krause,  Johx  W.,  Smoke  prevention:  Proc.'Eng.  Soc.  Western  Pennsylvania, 
March,  1908,  pp.  101-120.  Reviews  progress  in  smoke  prevention  in  several  cities, 
particularly  Cleveland,  Ohio;  discusses  causes  of  smoke  and  methods  of  abatement. 

Kuxze,  Edward  J.,  Smoke  suppression:  Engineer,  January  31,  1908.  Describes  an 
instrument  for  smoke  determination  and  a method  of  recording  observations. 

Smoke  Prevention  in  Newark,  X.  J.:  Eng.  Record,  January  18,  1908,  pp.  72-73. 
Gives  new  city  ordinance  against  dense  smoke  and  describes  an  automatic  steam-jet 
device  for  preventing  smoke. 


INDEX 


A.  Page. 

Air,  admission  of,  effect  of 6, 139, 171-172 

methods  of 167 

Air,  supply  of,  to  capacity  developed 169-171 

relation  of,  to  efficiency 11, 168-172 

to  size  of  coal 147-148 

to  smoke 11,169-170 

to  volatile  matter 169-170 

Arch,  ignition,  height  of 17, 77 


B. 


Beers,  L.  F.,  work  of 7 

Bibliography 185-186 

Boiler  horsepower,  definition  of : . . . 8 

relation  of,  to  efficiency 99 

chart  showing 100 

Boiler  plants.  See  Industrial  plants. 

Boilsrs,  capacity  of 8 

See  afso  Water-tube  boilers;  Return  tu- 
bular boilers. 

Briquets,  character  of 156 

tests  of 10-11, 1.54-155, 156, 161-162, 184 

C. 

Capacity  developed,  relation  of,  to  efficiency.  168 

relation  of,  to  size  of  coal 147-148 

Carbon  dioxide,  relation  of,  to  draft 143 

relation  of,  to  efficiency 143 

to  smoke 11,143 

to  temperature 143 

to  volatile  matter 143 

Chain  grates,  draft  measurements  on 18 

observations  on 15-32 

summary  of 33 

relation  of,  to  smoke 17-18, 33 

types  of 12-15 

figures  showing 13,14,15,16 

Clinker,  relation  of,  to  smoke 149-153 

Coal,  briquets  of,  tests  of 154-156 

consumption  of,  relation  of,  to  capacity 

developed 10 

relation  of,  to  carbon  dioxide 144 

to  carbon  monoxide 144 

to  efficiency 144 

to  temperature 144 

horsepower  from 173-175 

kinds  of,  relation  of,  to  chain  grates 16-17 

relation  of,  to  front-feed  stokers 38 

to  hand-fired  furnaces 107, 118, 124 

to  side-feed  furnaces 55, 64 

to  under-feed  furnaces 84, 92  . 

size  of 7-8 


Page. 

Coal,  size  of,  effect  of,  on  air  supply 147-148 

on  capacity  developed 10, 147-148 

on  efficiency 147-148 

on  smoke 10,147-148 

temperature  of,  relation  of,  to  smoke...  172-173 
relation  of,  to  smoke,  chart  showing. . 174 

Coals,  high-ash,  tests  on 146 

Coking  furnace,  description  of 101 

Combustion,  complete,  necessity  for 184 

requirements  of 6 

('ombustion,  smokeless.  See  Smoke. 

D. 

Data,  collection  of 

Draft,  measurement  of,  with  chain  grates 

measurement  of,  with  front-feed  stokers. . 

readings  of,  object  of 

relation  of,  to  smoke 156, 

Draft,  forced.  See  Forced  draft. 

E. 


Efficiency,  relation  of,  to  air  supply 11 

relation  of,  to  boiler  horsepower 99 

to  boiler  horsepower,  chart  showing  . 100 

to  capacity  developed 141, 142, 168 

to  carbon  dioxide 141, 142 

to  coal  consumed 175 

to  size  of  coal 10, 147-148 

to  smoke 11,142,165-167 

to  volatile  matter 10, 140, 142 

to  wa.shing 11 

F. 


18 

39 

7 

163 


Fire,  depth  of,  relation  of,  to  chain  grates 16-17 


relation  of,  to  front-feed  stokers 38 

to  hand-fired  furnaces 107, 118, 124 

to  side-feed  stokers 55, 64 

Firing,  methods  of,  relative  efficiencies  of. . 145-146 

Forced  draft,  relation  of,  to  efficiency 11 

relation  of,  to  smoke 11, 156, 163 

Front-feed  stokers,  observations  on 37-47 

observations  on,  summary  of 48 

types  of 34-37 

figures  showing 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 

Furnaces,  coal  supply  to,  variations  in,  effects 

of 10 

placing  of 6 

G. 

Geological  Survey,  tests  by 9-10, 139-167 

tests  by,  conclusions  from 10-11 

Grates  style  of,  relation  of,  to  smoke 11, 157, 164 


187 


188 


INDEX 


• H.  Page. 

Hand-fired  plants,  defects  of 101 

furnaces  at,  figures  showing 105, 

106, 107, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124 

observations  on 103-138 

smoke  prevention  in 101 

tests  of 139-143 

tj"pes  of 12,99-103 

descriptions  of 99-139 

Hand  firing,  best  methods  of 10 

difficulties  of 6-7 

Heating  stations,  details  of 177-184 

development  and  use  of 175-176 

heating  cost  of 183 

Heating  surface,  determination  of 9 

I. 

Industrial  plants,  investigation  of 5-9 

types  of 11-139 

divisions  of 12 

L. 

Lignite,  tests  of 10, 149 

M. 

Mixing  devices,  figure  showing 103 

value  of 102-103, 167 


N. 

Norfolk,  Va.,  plant  at,  description  of 131 

plant  at,  figures  showing 140, 141 

tests  at 139-144 


O. 

Overfeed  stokers,  descriptions  of 12-77 

See  also  Chain  grates;  Front-feed  stokers; 
Side-feed  stokers. 

P. 

Peat,  tests  on 

Personnel  of  work 

Plants.  See  Industrial  plants 
Publications,  list  of 

R. 

Randall,  D.  T.,  work  of 

Rate  of  work,  unit  of 8 

Representative  plants.  See  Industrial  plants. 
Return  tubular  boilers,  plants  with,  observa- 
tions of 64-76,92-98, 117-138 

Ribbon  firing,  test  of 145-146 


10, 149 


185-186 


S. 


St.  Louis,  plant  at,  description  of 144 

smoke  prevention  tests  at 145-167 

Scotchunarine  boilers,  observation  on 103-116 

Side-feed  stokers,  observations  on 55-76 

observations  on,  summarj'  of 77 

types  of 48-54 

figures  showing 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54 

Smoke,  observations  on,  making  of 7 

prevention  of,  publications  on 186 

conclusions  on 184 

devices  for 99-100 

economy  in 7 

factors  in ,5 

former  report  on 5 

in  hand-fired  plants 101,184 


Page. 

Smoke,  prevention  of,  possibility  of 6, 184 

problem  of 5 

solution  of 5 

relation  of,  to  air  supply 11 

to  ash 151-153,158-162 

to  capacity  developed 142, 

143,151-155,158-162 

to  carbon  dioxide 142, 143 

to  carbon  monoxide.  11, 143, 151-155, 158-166 

to  chain  grates 33 

to  clinker 14^155, 158-166 

to  consumption 149-153 

to  draft 156-157,163 

to  efficiency 10, 

142, 149-155, 158-166, 165-167 

to  forced  draft 11 

to  front-feed  stokers 48 

to  load 99 

to  moisture 151-153, 158-162, 165-166 

to  size  of  coal 10,147-148 

to  style  of  grate 11 

to  sulphur 158-162 

to  temperature  of  coal 142, 143, 172-173 

chart  showing 174 

to  imderfeed  stokers 99 

to  volatile  matter 142, 

149-155, 158-166, 172-173 

chart  showing 174 

to  washing 156-160 

Stack,  relation  of,  to  underfeed  stokers 99 

Steam  jets,  use  of 101-102 

use  of,  figures  showing 104 

Stokers,  placing  of 6 

relative  values  of 6 

tests  of 143-144 

tj^jes  of 12 

descriptions  of 12-99 

See  also  Overfeed  stokers;  L"nderfeed 
stokers. 

Subbituminous  coal,  tests  of 10, 149 

T. 


Temperature,  relation  of,  to  capacity  devel- 


oped   142 

relation  of,  to  efficiency 142 

to  smoke 142,172-173 

chart  showing 174 


U. 


Underfeed  stokers,  observations  on 84-98 

observations  on,  summary  of 99 

tests  with 143 

types  of 77-84 


figures  showing 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83 

V. 

Volatile  matter,  relation  of,  to  efficiencj’. . 10-11, 140 


relation  of,  to  smoke 149-153, 172-173 

to  smoke,  chart  showing 174 

W. 


Washing,  relation  of,  to  elficiencj" 11 

relation  of,  to  smoke 150-160 

Water-tube  boilers,  plants  with,  observa- 
tions on 55-<)3, 84-91, 103-1 17 

Weeks,  H.  W.,  work  of 7 

Work,  rate  of,  unit  of 8 


o 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 


UNITP]D  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Director 


Bueeetix  374 


MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

OF  THE 

KOTSINA-CHITIM  REGION,  ALASKA 


BY 

FRED  H.  MOFFIT  and  A.  G.  AlADDREN 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  I’RINTING  OFFICE 

19  0 9 


CONTENTS 


Preface,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks 

Introduction 

Geography  and  history 

Position 

Trails  and  routes 

Vegetation  and  climatic  conditions . 

History 

General  geology 

Introduction 

Undetermined  rocks  on  Kotsina  River 

Nikolai  greenstone 

Description 

Occurrence  and  distribution 

Structure  of  the  greenstone 

Age  of  the  greenstone 

Chitistone  limestone  (Triassic) 

Description 

Occurrence  and  distribution 

Thickness  of  Chitistone  limestone 

Age  of  the  Chitistone  limestone 

Triassic  limestones  and  shales 

Description 

Occurrence  and  distribution 

Fossils 

Disturbances  following  deposition  of  Triassic 

Kennicott  formation 

Description 

Occurrence  and  distribution 

Age  of  Kennicott  formation 

Post-Kennicott  disturbance  and  erosion 

Coal -bearing  rocks 

Tertiary  volcanic  series 

Description  and  occurrence 

Thickness  of  volcanic  series 

Age  of  volcanic  series 

Igneous  rocks 

Preliminary  statement 

Granular  rocks  in  the  unmetaniorphosed  sediments 

I’orphyries  in  the  unmetamorphosed  s(‘diments 

Andesite  cutting  the  Triassic 

Intrusive  rocks  in  Tertiary  volcanic  series 

Andesite  flows 


Page. 

7 

9 

11 

11 

13 

18 

19 

20 
20 


23 

23 

23 

24 
24 

24 

25 
25 
25 
20 
20 
28 
28 
29 
29 

29 

30 
30 

30 

31 

32 

32 

33 
33 

33 

34 
34 
34 

34 

35 
35 
30 
30 


O 

o 


4 


CONTENTS. 


General  geology — Continued.  Page. 

Faults 37 

Pleistocene  and  Recent  deposits 37 

Introduction 37 

Present  features 38 

Pre-Pleistocene  land  surface 38 

Erosion  and  deposition  during  Pleistocene  and  Recent  time 39 

Character  of  the  valley-plain  deposits 41 

Economic  geology l. 42 

General  statement 42 

Copper 42 

The  copper  minerals ' 44 

Preliminary  statement  44 

Native  copper 44 

Cuprite 45 

Tenorite 45 

Chalcocite 45 

Bornite 46 

Chalcopyrite  46 

Malachite 46 

Azurite 47 

Chalcanthite . 47 

Occurrence  of  the  ores 47 

General  statement 47 

Copper  sulphide  dei)Osits  in  greenstone  and  limestone 48 

Native  copper  associated  with  the  greenstone 50 

Placer  copper 50 

Source  and  character  of  the  copper  deposits 50 

Description  of  properties 54 

Kotsina  River  basin 54 

Kotsina  River 54 

Ames  Creek 55 

Rock  Creek . 55 

Roaring  Creek 56 

Peacock  Creek 57 


Rose  claim 

White  Dog  and  Mint  claims 

Mountain  claim 

Shower  Gulch 

Suri)rise  Creek 

Taiddie  claim 

Sheehan  claim 

Hubbard  claim 

Kluvesna  Creek 

Copper  Creek 

Elliott  Creek 

General  description 

Copper  King  and  Mineral  King  claims 

Claim  at  the  head  of  Queen  Creek 

Van  Dyke  claim 

Copper  Queen  claim 

Marmot  claim 

Louise  claim 


57 

58 
58 

58 

59 

60 
60 
60 
60 
62 
63 
63 

65 

66 
66 
66 
66 
67 


CONTENTS. 


5 


Economic  geology — Continued. 

Copper — Continued. 

Description  of  properties — Continued. 

Kotsina  River  basin — Continued. 

Elliott  Creek — Continued. 

Lizzie  G claim 

Goodyear  and  Henry  Prather  claims 

Elizabeth  claim 

Marie  Antoinette  claim ! 

Albert  Johnson  claim 

Guthrie  claim 

Leland  and  Lawton  claims 

Cliff  claim 

Chance  claim 

Kuskulana  River  basin 

General  description 

Nuggett  Creek 

General  outline 

Valdez  claim  

One  Girl  claim 

Strelna  Creek ^ 

Lakina  River 

Kennicott  River  basin 

Hidden  Creek 

Glacier  and  Fourth  of  July  creeks 

Nebraska  claim 

Bekka  and  Eli  claims 

Bonanza  Creek 

Jumbo  Creek 

Erie  and  Independence  claims 

Nikolai  Creek 

Chitistone  River  basin 

Main  stream 

Glacier  Creek !. 

Dan  Creek 

Gold 

The  Nizina  placers : 

Location  and  historj- 

Geological  sketch 

Chititu  Creek 

Dan  Creek 

Realgar 

Coal 

Index  


Page. 

07 

07 

(51) 

70 

70 

70 

71 
71 
71 
71 

71 

72 


74 

74 

77 

77 

79 

79 

79 

80 
80 

87 

88 
89 
89 

91 

92 
92 
92 
92 
9.S 
95 
97 

‘ 99 
LOO 
101 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  I.  Topographic  reconnaissance  map  of  Chitina  River  and  Copper 

River  region,  Alaska In  pocket. 

II.  Geologic  reconnaissance  map  and  sections  of  the  Chitina  copper 

belt,  Alaska In  pocket. 

III.  A,  Contact  of  Nikolai  greenstone  and  Chitistone  limestone  west 

of  Nizina  River,  near  Nikolai  mine ; B,  Sheared  greenstone 
on  south  side  of  Rotsina  River  below  Surprise  Creek 24 

IV.  A,  Thin-bedded  Triassic  limestone  and  shale  on  west  branch  of 

Rock  Creek ; B,  Crumpling  in  thin-bedded  Triassic  limestone 

on  ridge  east  of  Gilahina  River 28 

V.  Head  of  Nikolai  Creek 30 

VI.  A,  Intrusions  of  fine-grained  iiorphyry  in  black  shale  on  Young 

Creek ; B,  Castle  Mountain 34 

VII.  A,  Pleistocene  gravel  bluffs  along  north  bank  of  Chitina  River : 

B,  Chitistone  limestone  on  the  north  side  of  Elliott  Creek 38 

VIII.  View  of  Bonanza  mine  from  Horseshoe  trail SO 

IX.  A,  View  of  the  Nikolai  vein  and  shaft;  B,  View  along  the  vein 

of  the  Henry  Prather  claim 88 

X.  A,  Contact  of  the  Chitistone  limestone  and  Nikolai  greenstone 
formations  on  east  side  of  Nizina  River ; B,  View  across 

Nizina  River  into  Dan  Creek 92 

Figure  1.  Comparative  grades  of  the  four  proposed  railroad  routes  from 

the  coast  to  the  interior  Copper  River  basin 16 

2.  Sketch  map  of  part  of  Elliott  Creek 64 

3.  Cross  section  of  the  Elliott  Creek  anticline 6.5 

4.  Diagram  showing  the  relation  of  the  faulted  portions  of  the 

Goodyear  claim,  Elliott  Creek 68 

5.  Sketch  map  of  the  Bonanza  mine 81 

6.  Form  of  ore  body  exposed  in  the  main  or  northern  tunnel  at 

the  Bonanza  mine S4 

7.  Form  of  ore  body  exposed  in  the  southern  tunnel  at  the 

Bonanza  mine 85 

8.  Ore  body  at  the  .Tumbo  claim 87 

9.  Sketch  map  of  a part  of  Chititu  Creek 96 

6 


PREFACE. 


By  Alike!)  TT.  I^kooks. 


Native  copper  from  the  district  described  in  this  volume  is  the 
first  mineral  reported  from  Alaska.  Steller,  the  naturalist  who 
accompanied  Bering  on  his  voyage  of  discovery  in  1741,  noted  the 
use  of  copper  knives  among  the  natives  of  Kayak  Island.  This 
copper  undoubtedly  came  from  the  Chitina-Kotsina  belt.  Among 
the  Alaskan  natives  the  use  of  copper  was  Avidespread,  for  it  Avas  the 
only  metal  utilized  by  them,  but  apparently  the  century  of  occupation 
by  the  Russians  passed  without  any  search  on  their  part  for  the 
locality  from  Avhich  the  supply  was  derived.  The  only  attempt  made 
by  the  Russians  to  explore  the  Copper  River  (Serebranikof,  1847) 
i-esulted  in  the  massacre  of  the  Avhole  party  b}"  the  Indians. 

The  first  successful  explorations  Avere  made  by  Allen  (1885)  and 
by  SchAvatka  and  Hayes  (1891),  and  the  first  systematic  surA^ys  Avere 
carried  out  bv  Schrader  of  the  United  States  Geological  SurveA^ 
and  his  associates  in  1900. 

It  is  part  of  the  SurA^ey’s  plan  for  the  iiiA^estigation  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  Alaska  to  keep  the  Avork  abreast  of  the  mining  develop- 
ments in  each  district  so  far  as  the  means  available  Avill  permit.  As 
a great  deal  of  prospecting,  Avhich  has  developed  many  neAv  facts  in 
regard  to  the  occurrence  of  ore,  has  been  done  in  the  Chitina  Valley 
since  1900,  and  as  the  valley  has  become  a focal  point  of  interest  to 
those  Avho  are  considering  railway  construction  into  the  interior,  a 
reexamination  of  the  copper  belt  seemed  to  be  necessary.  A neAv 
report  Avas,  furthermore,  justified  by  the  fact  that  the  edition  of 
Schrader  and  Spencer’s  report,  published  in  1900,  is  now  out  of  print. 

The  portion  of  the  present  volume  Avhich  treats  of  the  general 
geology  is  to  be  regarded  as  a revised  edition  of  that  report,  which 
has  been  of  incalculable  value  as  a guide  to  the  prospectors.  The 
geologic  map  Avhich  resulted  from  Schrader  and  Spencer’s  very 
hasty  reconnaissance  has  stood  the  test  of  seven  years  of  active 
prospecting,  and  the  authors  of  the  jiresent  report,  Messrs.  Moffit 
and  Maddren,  after  a careful  reexamination  of  this  district,  have 
made  but  few  changes. 


8 THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

The  topographic  map  accompanying  this  report,  based  on  the  sur- 
veys of  Gerdine  and  Witherspoon  in  1900  and  1902,  and  of  Hamilton 
and  Hill  in  1905,  has  been  entirely  redrawn,  with  the  aid  of  the  data 
afforded  by  several  railway  surveys  and  of  the  work  of  the  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  along  the  seaboard. 

The  description  of  the  occurrence  of  mineral  deposits  is  entirely 
by  Moffit  and  Maddren,  but  their  work  was  much  aided  by  the  earlier 
studies  of  Schrader,  Spencer,  and  Mendenhall. 

This  second  report  on  the  copper  belt  can  be  regarded  as  onl}^ 
another  step  toward  the  solution  of  the  many  problems  connected 
with  the  economic  geology  of  the  region.  Detailed  survej^s  will  be 
necessary  before  the  problems  can  be  submitted  to  an  ultimate  an- 
alysis. For  this  reason  there  is  in  preparation  a detailed  topo- 
graphic map  of  the  eastern  end  of  the  field,  in  which  the  deepest 
mining  has  been  done  and  which  seems  to  afford  the  best  opportunity 
for  solving  the  geologic  problems.  The  detailed  geolog}"  of  this 
area  will  be  studied  as  soon  as  means  will  permit,  for  it  is  believed 
that  such  a study  Avill  throw  light  on  the  occurrence  of  copper 
throughout  the  field. 


i/y-.  :• 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA 

REGION,  ALASKA. 


By  Fred  H.  Moffit  and  A.  G.  Maddren. 


IKTRODUCTIOJ^^. 

The  increased  demand  for  copper  and  its  prevailing  high  price, 
due  chiefly  to  remarkable  advances  in  the  use  of  electric  power,  have, 
during  the  last  few  years,  attracted  much  attention  to  the  copper 
deposits  of  Alaska.  Copper  has  been  found  in  many  parts  of  Alaska, 
but  at  present  only  three  regions  or  districts  give  promise  of  mak- 
ing any  important  contribution  to  the  copper  market.  These  regions 
are  Prince  of  Wales  Island  in  southeastern  Alaska,  Prince  William 
Sound,  and  the  Copper  Biver-Chitina  Piver  region.  The  first  two 
regions  have  produced  copper  for  several  years,  as  their  mines  are 
situated  near  the  ocean  and  enjoy  cheaper  transportation  facili- 
ties, but  the  interior  region  is  still  in  the  prospecting  stage  and  will 
remain  so  till  a better  and  more  economical  means  of  handling  sup- 
plies and  ore  is  provided. 

The  investigations  of  the  Geological  Survey  in  the  interior  copper 
region  during  1907  were  carried  on  in  its  southern  portion,  which 
includes  Kotsina  Biver  and  most  of  the  northern  side  of  Chitina 
Biver  valley.  This  work  was  a continuation  of  the  investigations 
of  Schrader  and  Spencer  in  1900,  and  with  the  results  of  their  study 
in  hand  greater  headway  was  made  than  would  otherwise  have  been 
possible.  The  work  consisted  chiefly  of  visits  to  the  various  copper 
2:>rospects  and  investigations  of  the  occurrence  of  copper,  but  the 
study  of  the  regional  geology  was  continued,  so  far  as  it  could 
advantageously  be  carried  on.  A second  object  of  the  expedition 
was  an  investigation  of  the  Nizina  gold  placers.  The  party  landed  at 
Valdez  in  the  middle  of  June,  but,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  making 
double  trips  with  the  summer’s  supplies  and  to  other  delays,  field 
work  was  not  begun  till  July  10,  when  Elliott  Creek  was  reached. 
From  that  time  till  the  last  of  September  it  was  continued  with 
little  interruj)tion,  so  that  nearly  eighty  days  were  included  in  the 


9 


10 


THE  KOTSINA-CHTTINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


field  season,  of  which  much  the  greater  part  was  devoted  to  a study 
of  the  copper  deposits. 

Exploration  in  the  Chitina  Kiver  valley  was  begun  in  1885,  when 
Lieut,  (now  Maj.)  Henry  T.  Allen,  in  the  course  of  a remarkable 
journey  from  Prince  William  Sound  to  St.  Michael,  during  which 
he  traversed  portions  of  the  valleys  of  Copper,  Tanana,  Koyukuk, 
and  Yukon  rivers,  ascended  Chitina  River  on  the  ice  from  Taral  to 
Nikolai  House  near  the  mouth  of  Dan  Creek.  Lieutenant  Allen 
made  a reconnaissance  route  map  of  the  region  through  which  he 
went  and  in  his  report  mentioned  the  occurrence  of  copper  in  the 
vicinity  of  Chitistone  River,  or  Nizina  River,  as  it  is  now  called. 

In  1891  Lieut.  Frederick  Schwatka,  U.  S.  A.,  and  C.  Willard 
Hayes,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  both  acting  in  a private  capacity, 
entered  Chitina  River  A^alley  by  way  of  Skolai  Pass.  They  descended 
Nizina  River  nearly  to  Dan  Creek  on  foot,  but  after  building  a 
canvas  boat  continued  their  journey  down  Nizina,  Chitina,  and  Cop- 
])er  rivers  to  the  coast.  They  also  made  a reconnaissance  route  map 
of  their  traverse.  In  1899  a party  in  charge  of  Oscar  Rohn  explored 
the  region  south  and  east  of  Mount  Wrangell.  This  party  was  a 
detachment  from  the  military  exploration  in  charge  of  Capt.  W.  R. 
Abercombie. 

In  1900  a geologic  and  topographic  reconnaissance  of  the  Chitina 
and  Hanagita  valleys  and  of  the  lower  Copper  River  was  made 
under  the  direction  of  F rank  C.  Schrader,  of  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey. The  topographic  map  was  made  by  T.  G.  Gerdine  and  D.  C. 
Witherspoon.  The  geologic  investigations  were  carried  on  by  F.  C. 
Schrader  and  Arthur  C.  Spencer.  This  work,  although  hastily  done, 
owing  to  the  difficulties  of  travel  and  the  necessitv  of  covering  the 
greatest  possible  area  in  the  time  available,  has  nevertheless  been 
of  very  great  value  to  prospectors  of  the  region. 

Two  years  later,  in  1902,  Walter  C.  Mendenhall,  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  during  an  investigation  of  the  geology  and  mineral  resources 
of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  visited  the  copper  ]:>rospects  of 
Kotsina  River  and  Elliott  Creek. 

A list  of  the  publications  resulting  from  the  Avork  of  these  expedi- 
tions is  here  given : 

Allen,  Lieut.  Henry  T.  Report  of  an  expedition  to  the  Copper,  Tanana,  and 
Koyukuk  rivers,  in  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  in  the  year  ISSo.  Washington, 
(ioverninent  I‘rinting  Office,  1887. 

Hayes,  C.  Willard.  An  ex])edition  through  the  Yukon  District:  National 
Geographic  Magazine,  vol.  4,  1892,  pjL  ] 17-162. 

Koiin,  Oscar.  A reconnaissance  of  the  Chitina  River  and  the  Skolai  Moun- 
tains : Twenty-first  Ann.  Rei)t.,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  2,  1900,  pp.  393-440. 

SciiRADEH,  Frank  Charles,  and  Si’encek,  Arthur  Coe.  The  geology  and 
mineral  resources  of  a portion  of  the  Copper  River  district.  Alaska.  Special 
publication  of  tlu‘  T".  S.  (ieological  Survey,  lOCTi. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 


11 


Mendenhall,  Walter  C.,  and  Schrader,  Frank  C.  The  mineral  resources  of 
the  Mount  Wrangell  district,  Alaska  : PTof.  reaper  U.  S.  Genl.  Survey  No.  15, 
1903. 

Mendenhall,  Walter  C.  Geology  of  the  central  Gop])er  Piiver  region,  Alaska  : 
Prof.  Paper  T^.  S.  Geol.  vSurvey  No.  41,  1905. 

GEOGRAPHY  ANO  HISTORY. 

GEOGRAPHIC  POSITION. 

The  Kotsina-Chitina  region,  as  represented  on  the  topographic 
and  geologic  map  made  under  Schrader’s  direction  in  1900  (PL  II), 
is  included  in  a quadrangle  bounded  by  parallels  01°  and  02°  north 
latitude  and  meridians  142°  and  145°  west  longitude.  This  map  does 
not,  however,  include  all  the  area  surveyed  that  year,  since  the  trail 
from  Valdez  to  Copper  Eiver,  the  lotver  Copper  Piver,  and  the 
upper  portion  of  Tana  River  are  omitted  (PL  I). 

Copper  River  is  joined  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth  by  its  large 
eastern  branch,  Chitina  River,  Avhose  general  course  is  nearly  west- 
northwest.  On  ascending  the  main  branch  of  the  Copper  it  is  found 
that  the  river  first  bears  to  the  northwest,  then  swings  northeast,  and 
finally  southeast.  Thus  the  tAvo  branches  of  Copper  RiA^er,  the 
Chitina  and  the  upper  Copper,  nearly  surround  the  AVrangell  Moun- 
tains. The  area  included  between  these  tAvo  streams  and  the  heads 
of  White,  Chisana  (or  “Shusana”),  and  Nabesna  riATrs  is  generally 
referred  to  as  the  Copper  River  copper  region.  It  is  divided  into 
a northern  and  a southern  district  by  the  AYrangell  and  Skolai  moun- 
tains, Avhose  ice-coA"ered  ridges  form  an  almost  impassable  barrier 
betAveen  them.  This  paper  deals  Avith  the  southern  district  only. 

The  Wrangell  Mountains  are  a someAvhat  detached  or  partly  iso- 
lated mass,  bounded  on  the  north,  Avest,  and  south  by  valleys  Avhose 
trend  is  Avest-nortliAvest  and  east-southeast.  To  the  southeast  they 
merge  into  the  Skolai  Mountains,  and  these  in  turn  unite  Avith  the 
St.  Elias  Range.  Their  summits  rise  to  altitudes  ranging  from  8,000 
to  more  than  10,000  feet,  and  reach  their  greatest  elevation  in  such 
peaks  as  Regal  Mountain  (13,400  feet).  Mount  Blackburn  (16,140 
feet),  and  Mount  AVrangell  (14,005  feet),  all  of  which  are  visible 
from  Chitina  Valley.  Mount  Drum  (12,000  feet)  and  Mount  San- 
ford (10,200  feet)  are  conspicuous  in  upper  Copper  River  valley,  but 
are  hidden  on  the  south  by  the  other  peaks  mentioned. 

The  lofty  summits  of  these  mountains  and  the  ridges  that  join 
them  are  the  gathering  places  for  snoAvs  that  feed  the  numerous 
glaciers  that  creep  doAvn  their  sides  and  out  into  the  valleys  at  their 
feet.  These  snoAv  fields  and  glaciers  are  the  sources  of  nearlv  all 
the  large  tributaries  of  Chitina  River.  A glance  at  the  map  (PL  I) 
will  shoAv  the  great  difi'erence  between  the  quantities  of  water  sup- 
plied to  the  river  from  the  tAvo  sides  of  its  drainage  basin. 


12 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  KEGIOK,  ALASKA. 


Nizina,  Lakina,  Gilahina,  and  Kuskulana  rivers  are  the  largest 
northern  tributaries  of  the  Chitina.  Kotsina  River,  which  joins  the 
Copi^er  2 miles  above  the  Chitina’s  mouth,  and  is  therefore  not  a 
tributary  of  the  latter  stream,  is  also  fed  by  the  glaciers.  The  largest 
southern  tributaries  to  Chitina  River  are  Tana  River,  heading  in 
a glacier  of  the  mountains  between  Chitina  Valley  and  the  coast, 
and  Chakina  and  Tebay  rivers,  draining  Hanagita  Valley. 

The  Chitina  Valle}^  floor  is  a broad,  gravel-covered,  lake-dotted 
flat  land  expanse  w:ith  a maximum  width  of  at  least  10  miles,  whose 
surface  is  broken  here  and  there  by  low  round- topped  hills  and  by 
deep  canyons  of  streams  which  cross  it.  Chitina  River,  in  the  lower 
50  or  60  miles  of  its  course,  has  cut  a deep  broad  channel  in  the 
valley  floor,  and  for  most  of  that  distance  it  flows  close  to  the  foot 
of  the  mountain  slopes  on  the  south.  The  flood  plain  in  places,  par- 
ticularly along  the  river’s  lower  course,  reaches  a width  of  1 mile, 
and  is  bounded  on  one  or  on  both  sides  by  banks — in  some  places 
gravel,  in  other  places  hard  rock — which  gradually  decrease  in  height 
downstream,  but  which  have  an  average  height  of  between  100  and 
200  feet.  Over  this  gravel  flood  plain  the  river  flows  in  numerous 
branching  subchannels,  whose  positions  are  constantly  changing,  and 
are  particularly  unstable  at  the  time  of  spring  floods,  so  that  those 
who  follow  them  one  year  may  And  them  entirely  different  the  next 
year.  The  current  is  swift,  rarely  less  than  6 or  7 miles  per  hour. 

About  45  miles  above  its  mouth  Chitina  River  forks,  the  southern 
branch  retaining  the  name  Chitina,  and  the  northern  being  known  as 
Nizina  River.  The  northern  branch  is  almost  as  large  as  the  southern 
and  drains  nearly  half  of  the  copper-bearing  region.  For  2 or  3 
miles  above  its  mouth  Nizina  River  flows  through  a deep,  narrow, 
Avinding  box  canyon,  cut  through  solid  rock.  AboA^e  this  for  8 or  10 
miles  the  canyon  is  much  less  pronounced,  the  Avails  in  places  being 
steep  gravel  banks  instead  of  rock  cliff's.  Still  farther  upstream  the 
canyon  giA-es  Avay  to  a Avide  graA^el  flood  plain,  Avhich  gradually  nar- 
roAvs  and  leads  into  the  open  glaciated  mountain  valley  of  the 
upper  riA^er.  Each  of  the  important  headAvater  tributaries  of  Nizina 
RiA^er,  except  Dan  and  Chititu  creeks,  has  a glacial  origin. 

This  general  description  might  be  applied  Avith  slight  modification 
to  all  the  large  northern  tributaries’ of  Chitina  RiA^er,  and  to  Kotsina 
River  also.  All  except  Gilahina  River  spring  from  glacial  sources, 
traA^erse  broad,  gravel-floored  glaciated  ATilleys  in  the  mountain  dis- 
trict, and  finally  cross  the  Chitina  Valley  in  deep  canyons  before  join- 
ing the  main  river. 

They  drain  an  area  of  exceedingly  rugged  topography,  whose  sharp 
outlines  are  softened  only  in  the  Aucinity  of  Young  Creek.  BetAveen 
Hanagita  Valley  and  Cffiitina  River  the  mountains  are  lower  and  less 


GEOGKAPHY  AND  HISTOKY. 


13 


rugged,  and  lack  the  snow  fields  and  glaciers  so  commonly  seen  in 
the  Wrangell  Mountains.  The  streams  are  smaller,  and  descend 
through  steep  gulches  to  the  river.  South  of  Hanagita  Valley  are 
other  lofty  snow-capped  sierras,  forming  part  of  the  Coast  Range, 
but  they  are  beyond  the  limits  of  the  area  under  consideration. 

TRAILS  AND  ROUTES. 

The  Kotsina-Chitina  region  may  be  reached  from  Valdez  in  sum- 
mer by  the  Government  trail  between  Valdez  and  Eagle,  and  in  win- 
ter either  by  the  same  route  or  by  way  of  Tasnuna  and  Copper  rivers. 
One  may  also  enter  the  region  from  P]agle  or  Fairbanks  by  the  Gov- 
ernment trail,  but  these  routes  are  used  only  by  those  already  in  the 
interior.  Skolai  Pass  is  now  frequently  crossed  by  those  going  from 
Nizina  River  to  the  head  of  the  White,  or  in  the  opposite  direction, 
and  it  is  reported  that  two  prospectors  Avent  from  Yaktag  on  the  coast 
to  Chitina  River  by  Avay  of  the  Tana  River  glacier.  Xeither  of  these, 
however,  is  a practicable  route  of  travel.  Up  to  the  present  Valdez 
has  been  the  coast  point  from  which  all  supplies  were  taken  into  the 
Copper  River  region.  The  Government  trail  is  the  route  always  fol- 
lowed in  summer,  and  is  the  one  usually  chosen  in  winter.  Leaving 
Valdez  the  main  trail  is  followed  till  Tonsina  River  bridge  is  crossed. 
PYom  there  a second  trail  leads  eastward  about  25  miles  along  the 
high  bluff  north  of  Tonsina  River  to  Copper  Ri^^er.  The  total 
distance  from  Valdez  to  Copper  River  by  this  route  is  approximately 
100  miles. 

Copper  River  is  crossed  at  a point  2 miles  aboA^e  the  mouth  of 
Tonsina  RiA^er.  An  Indian  named  Billum  has  a ferry  license  and 
transfers  travelers  Avith  their  baggage  in  tAvo  small  boats.  Plorses 
must  sAvim  the  riA^er.  xVfter  crossing  Copper  RiA^er  the  trail  follows 
the  east  bank  6 miles  to  Billum’s  loAver  cabin  and  then,  leaAung  the 
river,  proceeds  northeast  3 miles  to  Plorse  Creek.  At  Plorse  Creek  it 
divides,  one  branch  leading  northeast  to  upper  Kotsina  River  and 
Elliott  Creek,  the  other  southeast  to  the  copper  camps  and  gold 
placers  of  Chitina  Valley. 

The  Tasnuna-Copper  River  route  from  Valdez  to  Chitina  River 
can  be  used  only  when  the  river  is  frozen  over,  for  the  trail  is  on  the 
ice  all  the  Avay  after  leaving  Tasnuna  River.  Supplies  for  the 
Chitina  Valley  leaA^e  Copper  River  on  reaching  Chitina  River  and 
are  carried  up  that  stream.  Those  destined  for  Kotsina  River  and 
Elliott  Creek  continue  up  the  Copper  to  the  summer  trail  at  Billum’s 
lower  cabin.  The  great  advantage  of  the  Tasnuna  River  route  is 
the  saving  of  time  under  favorable  conditions  by  the  possibility  of 
hauling  heavy  loads.  A snow  plow  is  used  to  break  a trail,  over 


14 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


which  the  freight  is  hauled  on  heavy  bobs  in  place  of  the  narrow 
double-ended  sleds  employed  elsewhere.  This  advantage  may  be 
entirely  'olfset  by  the  loss  of  time  due  to  the  fearful  winds  which 
sweep  down  the  river  and  prevent  any  travel  for  days  at  a time.  The 
Government  trail  has  the  advantage  of  being  kept  open  all  winter, 
since  it  is  the  mail  route  and  is  traveled  regularly.  Its  chief  diffi- 
culty lies  in  the  crossing  of  Thomson  Pass. 

Returning  now  to  the  Kotsina-Chitina  area  : Of  the  two  trails  lead- 
ing from  Horse  (h'eek — the  Kotsina  trail  and  the  Chitina  Valley 
trail — the  Kotsina  trail  proceeds  northeastward  to  AVillow  Creek,  a 
small  tributary  of  Kotsina  River,  where  a branch  trail,  after  the 
Hubbard-Elliott  bridge  over  the  Kotsina  has  been  crossed,  leads 
over  a steep  spur  of  Hubbard  Peak  to  Elliott  Creek.  The  main  trail 
continues  along  the  right,  or  Avest  and  north,  bank  of  Kotsina  River 
into  Kotsina  Valley.  The  stream  issuing  from  Long  Glacier  is 
crossed  on  ice  at  the  glacier’s  lower  end;  and  bridges  over  KluA^esna 
River  and  over  Kotsina  River  near  Rock  Creek  obviate  most  of  the 
difficulties  and  dangers  formerly  offered  by  these  streams. 

The  Chitina  Valley  trail  runs  southeastward  from  Horse  Creek, 
and  reaches  Kotsina  River  at  a point  8 miles  below  WilloAV  Creek. 
A bridge  recently  built  by  the  Government  at  this  place  does  away 
with  another  dangerous  ford.  From  the  government  bridge  the 
trail  continues  eastward  along  the  VTangell  Mountain  foothills, 
crossing  Kuskulana  River  3 miles  below  the  glacier,  and  reaching 
Chokosna  River  and  the  Lakina  by  Avay  of  Kuskulana  Pass.  Ascend- 
ing Eohlin  Creek,  it  proceeds  b}^  Avay  of  Bear  Creek  and  Fourth  of 
ffuly  Creek  to  Kennicott  Glacier  and  Kennicott  River,  Avhich  is 
crossed  on  the  glacier  ice.  A good  trail  has  been  built  from  the 
glacier’s  lower  end  to  the  Bonanza  property.  Another  trail  ascends 
McCarthy  Creek  4 miles  and,  crossing  the  ridge  known  as  Sourdough 
Hill,  lands  one  on  Nizina  River  at  a place  from  Avhich  Chititu  Creek, 
Dan  Creek,  and  Chitistone  River  are  reached  Avith  ease  Avhen  once 
the  Nizina  has  been  forded.  There  are  no  bridges  east  of  Kotsina 
RiA’er,  and  the  streams  being  of  glacial  origin  are  A’ery  cold  and 
subject  to  great  and  rapid  changes  in  the  quantity  of  Avater  carried, 
but  the  only  ones  likely  to  cause  trouble  are  the  Kuskulana,  Lakina, 
and  Nizina. 

Most  prospectors  leaving  the  Nizina  countiy  descend  Chitina  and 
Copper  riA^ers  in  small  boats,  either  leaAung  the  Coi^per  at  Tasnuna 
River  and  goinc:  oATrland  to  Valdez  or  folloAving  the  riA^er  to 
tlie  coast  and  landing  in  Eyak  or  Orca.  SeA’eral  days’  Avork  is  re- 
(piired  for  AvhipsaAving  lumber  and  building  a boat,  but  eA’en  then 
the  riAxu-  trip  is  much  easier  and  quicker  than  the  trail.  The  trip 
from  the  month  of  A'oimg  (h-eek  to  Tasniina  River,  over  115  miles. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 


15 


has  been  made  in  less  than  twenty  running  hours.  A skillful  boat- 
man would  meet  with  little  or  no  difficulty  on  the  Copper  or  Chitina, 
but  the  canyon  at  the  lower  end  of  Nizina  Kiver  is  dangerous,  par- 
ticularly at  low  Avater,  and  a number  of  persons  have  been  drowned 
in  trying  to  run  through  it. 

In  July,  1907,  a small  steamboat  called  the  Chitina  made  her  first 
trip  from  Tasnuna  Ei^^er  to  Copper  Center,  on  Copper  Ei\^er,  and  to 
the  Nizina,  on  Chitina  River.  Material  for  her  construction  Avas 
carried  over  the  snoAV  from  Valdez  during  the  previous  Avinter,  and 
she  Avas  completed  early  in  July,  but  after  the  trip  up  the  riA^er  Avas 
hauled  out  on  the  bank  for  the  Avinter.  She  draws  very  little  Avater, 
but  Avill  probably  be  unable  to  run  after  the  middle  of  summer,  be- 
cause the  Chitina  is  much  lower  in  the  fall  than  during  the  spring 
and  early  summer.  She  can  not  descend  Copper  River  farther  than 
Abercrombie  Rapids,  25  miles  beloAv  Tasnuna  River,  and  any  freight 
she  may  carry  up  the  river  must  be  delivered  to  her  either  at  the 
rapids  or  at  Tasnuna  River. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  Copper  Ri\^er  region  Avill  remain 
undeA^eloped  until  a more  reliable  and  economical  means  of  trans- 
porting freight  to  and  from  it  has  been  provided,  and  since  Copper 
River  can  never  become  a higliAvay  of  communication,  such  as  the 
Yukon  is  for  the  northern  country,  no  important  copper  production 
can  be  expected  till  a railroad  has  been  constructed  to  connect  the 
copper-bearing  area  Avith  a coast  point.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
hardly  possible  that  such  a road  would  be  profitable  until  the  region 
reaches  a stable  productiA^e  stage.  The  success  of  the  one  then  ap- 
pears to  depend  on  the  establishment  of  the  other,  and  it  is  not 
strange  that  the  future  of  each  has  so  far  been  more  or  less  in  doubt. 

There  has  been  no  lack  of  projects  for  the  building  of  a road. 
Some  have  e\"en  been  carried  to  a point  AAdiere  their  accomplishment 
seemed  almost  assured  and  yet  have  fallen  through.  Nevertheless, 
it  is  probable  that  Avithin  a few  years  there  Avill  be  railroad  com- 
munication between  the  coast  and  the  loAA^er  limit  of  steamboat  navi- 
gation on  Copper  RiA^er. 

Four  railroad  routes  to  the  interior  are  possible  and  have  been 
considered  by  those  interested  in  building  a road.  Preliminary  sur- 
veys, furthermore,  have  been  made  over  each.  Each  route  overlaps 
some  one  of  the  others  in  part  of  its  course  and  all  have  difficulties  to 
surmount.  Two  of  the  four  routes  originate  from  Valdez  and  tAv;) 
from  points  adjacent  to  the  mouth  of  Copper  River.  The  first  one 
from  Valdez  is  practically  that  of  the  government  trail.  It  folloAvs 
LoAve  River  to  Thomson  Pass,  over  Avhich  it  proceeds  to  the  head 
of  Tsina  River,  or  South  Fork  of  Tiekel  River,  as  it  is  more  gen- 
erally called,  and  then  continues  northAvard  to  Tonsina.  The  sec- 


16 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


ond  ascends  Lowe  River  to  its  head,  crosses  Marshall  Pass  to  Tas- 
nima  River,  and  after  descending  that  stream  follows  the  west  bank 
of  Copper  River  northward.  Of  the  two  strictly  Copper  River 
routes  one  starts  from  Cordova  Bay  in  Prince  William  Sound,  24 
miles  west  of  the  river's  nearest  point ; the  other  from  Katalla,  nearly 
17  miles  southeast  of  Cottonwood  Point,  the  southern  extremity  of 
Copper  River’s  east  bank. 

There  are  not  sufficient  data  at  hand  for  a thorough  discussion  of 
these  routes,  but- some  of  their  advantages  and  difficulties  may  bo 
pointed  out.  It  will  be  seen  that  there  are  some  discrepancies  between 
distances  given  here  and  elsewhere,  arising  from  the  use  of  railroad 
survevs  in  connection  with  small-scale  maps.  The  given  elevations. 


0 10  20  30  40  50  60  70  60  90  too  MO  I20roile£> 

1 — Comparative  grades  of  the  four  proposed  railroad  routes  from  the  coast  to  the 

interior  Copper  River  hasin. 

too,  take  no  account  of  minor  grades  and  are  therefore  minimum 
quantities — less  than  the  total  number  of  feet  a locomotive  must  rise 
in  going  from  tide  water  to  the  interior  points  indicated. 

The  Tonsina  route  has  the  most  difficult  grades.  (See  6g.  1.) 
I^rom  Valdez  to  Thomson  Pass,  34  miles  distant  by  the  railroad  sur- 
veys, there  is  a climb  of  2,370  feet.  Then  comes  a descent  of  1,250 
feet  in  19  miles  to  Tiekel  River,  followed  by  an  ascent  of  710  feet  in 
16  miles  to  the  Ernestine  divide.  From  Ernestine  to  Tonsina,  16 
miles,  there  is  a descent  of  about  400  feet.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
total  of  the  distances  here  given  is  86  miles,  or  6 miles  greater  than 
the  distance  from  Valdez  to  Tonsina  given  by  the  road  commission. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 


17 


The  greatest  obstacles  encountered  on  this  route  are  the  Keystone 
Canyon  of  Lowe  River  and  Thomson  Pass,  by  which  the  coast  range 
is  crossed.  These  involve  a great  deal  of  rockwork  and  are  subject 
to  deep  snows  and  snowslides  in  winter.  The  latter  difficulty,  how- 
ever, will  be  met  on  any  route. 

Less  difficult  grades  are  presented  by  the  Tasnuna  route.  From 
Valdez  to  Marshall  Pass,  34  miles,  there  is  a rise  of  1,860  feet.  Then 
comes  a fall  of  1,740  feet  in  26  miles  to  Copper  River.  From  Tasnuna 
River  mouth  to  Chitina  River,  47  miles,  is  an  ascent  of  370  feet.  The 
difficulties  of  Kevstone  Canvon  are  encountered  on  this  route  also, 
but  Marshall  Pass  is  500  feet  lower  than  Thomson  Pass,  and  the  heavy 
grade  from  Tiekel  to  Ernestine  is  avoided. 

The  two  Copper  River  routes  have  practically  the  same  grades  (see 
fig.  1 ) , a rise  of  480  feet  between  the  coast  and  Chitina  River.  The 
distance  from  Katalla  to  Chitina  River  is  120  miles,  and  from  Eyak 
or  Cordova  Bay  slightly  farther,  about  124  miles. 

A railroad  from  Katalla  involves  the  construction  of  a harbor  avail- 
able at  all  seasons  where  ships  can  discharge  their  cargoes  in  safety. 
A bridge  over  Copper  River  is  required  immediately  above  Childs 
Glacier,  but  there  is  no  rockwork,  except  a mile  or  two  at  Katalla, 
till  Abercrombie  Rapids  have  been  reached.  Two  railways  are  located 
and  under  construction  at  Katalla.  One  runs  west  from  the  town 
and  then  northwest  to  Copper  River,  but  has  a spur  up  Katalla  River 
to  Bering  Lake  and  the  coal  fields;  the  other  ascends  Katalla  River 
and  reaches  Martin  River,  which  it  descends  to  the  Copper  by  the 
Lake  Charlotte  divide.  The  Lake  Charlotte  route  thus  passes  through 
the  coal  field.  Each  of  these  Katalla  roads  has  its  own  plans  for  a 
separate  breakwater  and  terminal  facilities. 

Cordova  Bay,  in  contrast  with  the  open  roadstead  of  Katalla,  is 
a protected  body  of  water  that  can  be  entered  at  any  time,  but  a 
road  from  this  place  involves  rockwork  below  Abercrombie  Rapids 
and  two  bridges  over  Copper  River  in  order  to  avoid  Childs  Glacier. 
Furthermore,  it  will  be  necessary  to  build  a branch  line  to  the  coal 
fields.  The  upper  bridge,  between  Childs  Glacier  and  the  little  lake 
fronting  Miles  Glacier,  can  probably  be  built  without  unusual  trouble, 
since  it  is  not  long  and  the  foundations  are  believed  to  be  good,  but 
as  to  the  bridge  below  Childs  Glacier  there  is  uncertainty  that  will 
not  be  removed  till  the  nature  of  the  river’s  bottom  has  been  more 
fully  examined. 

Northward  from  Abercrombie  Rapids  the  Katalla  and  Cordova 
Bay  routes  are  the  same,  and  above  Tasnuna  River  they  also  coincide 
with  the  Valdez-Tasnuna  route,  following  the  river’s  steep  west  bank. 
Immediately  above  the  rapids  is  the  moraine  ‘or  stationary  debris- 
covered  lower  end  of  Baird  Glacier.  This  is  overgrown  with  a thick 


18 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


growth  of  alders  and  extends  down  to  the  river's  edge,  where  the 
underlying  ice  has  been  exposed  occasional!}^  in  test  pits.  It  is  known 
as  “ dead  glacier  ” and  must  be  traversed  for  several  miles  by  any 
road  following  the  Avest  side  of  Copper  River.  The  surface  is  some- 
times disturbed  by  melting  of  the  ice  beneath,  but  Avhether  this  will 
cause  serious  difficulty  in  maintaining  the  track  is  perhaps  doubtful. 
Between  Baird  Glacier  and  Chitina  River  much  of  the  roadbed  must 
Ije  cut  from  the  solid  rock,  but  it  is  not  belieA^ed  that  any  unusual 
engineering  difficulties  Avill  be  met. 

A great  advantage  of  the  two  Copper  River  routes,  in  addition  to 
their  lower  grades,  is  their  nearness  to  the  Controller  Bay  coal  fields. 
This  is  doubtless  one  reason  Avhy  they  are  regarded  with  greater  favor 
than  the  shorter  routes  from  Valdez. 

VEGETATION  AND  CLIMATIC  CONDITIONS. 

Chitina  Valle}^  is  a timbered  region  and  furnishes  a supply  of  Avood 
suitable  for  most  of  the  miner’s  requirements.  The  greater  part  of 
the  timber  is  spruce,  but  cottoiiAvood  is  abundant  on  many  riA^er  banks 
and  deltas;  and  though  it  is  of  little  value  foiTumber,  it  is  nevertheless 
useful  for  some  purposes.  The  broad,  marshy,  A^alley  lowland  supports 
a scanty  groAvth  of  A^ery  inferior  spruce  and  of  aspen.  Better  timber 
groAvs  along  the  borders  of  the  loAvland  and  on  the  loAver  mountain 
slopes.  It  coA^ers  the  slopes  to  an  eleA^ation  A^arying  from  2,000  to 
3,000  feet  above  sea  level,  but  trees  groAving  near  timber  line  are  of 
course  dAvarfed  and  of  little  use  except  for  firewood.  Xear  glaciers 
or  in  the  narroAV  A^alleys  leading  to  them  the  timber  line  does  not 
reach  as  great  an  eleA^ation  as  on  the  interstream  slopes.  Some  of  the 
best  timber  in  the  A^alley  groAvs  in  the  Aucinity  of  Chititu  and  Young 
creeks.  Trees  18  inches  in  diameter  at  the  butt  and  tall  enough  to 
giA^e  two  16- foot  cuts  are  not  unusual,  but  the  large  majority  of 
them  are  smaller  than  this. 

South  of  Chitina  RiA^er  betAveen  Xizina  RiA^er  and  the  Copper 
there  is  a heavy  groAvth  of  spruce  on  the  north  slopes  of  the  moun- 
-tains.  It  is  of  much  poorer  quality,  hoAvever,  than  that  on  the 
AVrangell  ^lountains.  The  Avood  is  brittle  and  has  little  strength. 
Most  of  the  trees,  too,  are  of  small  diameter  and  Avill  probably  be 
of  more  value  as  fuel  for  the  steamboat  Chitina  than  for  any  other 
l)iirpose. 

Inadequate  and  expensiA^e  means  of  transportation  haA’e  been  the 
chief  obstacle  in  deATdoping  the  copper  resources  of  Chitina  Valley, 
l)ut  another  adA^erse  condition,  Avhich,  hoAvever,  affects  prospecting 
more  than  mining,  is  the  short  summer  season.  Up  to  the  present 
practically  all  supplies  haA^e  been  carried  during  the  winter  Avith 
sleds  draAvn  by  horses.  In  the  earlier  days  dogs,  or  cA^en  man  power. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 


19 


were  sometimes  used,  but  in  later  years  horses  have  been  employed 
almost  entirely.  Sufficient  feed  to  last  till  grass  starts  in  the  spring 
is  carried  in  from  the  coast,  but  after  spring  most  horses  “ live  on 
the  country.”  Early  snows  come  about  the  end  of  August,  so  that 
between  a late  spring  and  an  early  winter  horses  can  not  be  expected 
to  find  their  own  feed  longer  than  from  approximately  the  first  of 
June  till  the  first  of  September.  Grass  is  always  abundant  near 
timber  line  in  June,  July,  and  August,  and  good  pasture  is  usually 
found  at  lower  elevations  after  the  timber  has  been  burned  off  for  a 
number  of  years.  Some  of  the  prospectors  have  provided  their  stock 
with  fine  feed  by  following  this  practice  of  burning  off'  the  timber. 
Horses  frequently  have  difficulty  in  finding  feed  in  the  timbered 
valley  bottoms,  even  in  midsummer,  but  in  the  fall,  after  frost  has 
killed  the  grass  on  the  mountains,  the  river  bars  afi'ord  a plant  known 
locally  as  pea  vine,”  of  which  horses  are  very  fond  and  which  is 
excellent  forage.  Since  most  prospectors  use  at  least  one  or  two 
horses  for  jiacking  in  summer  and  for  hauling  supplies  in  winter,  it  is 
readily  seen  that  the  matter  of  horse  feed  has  a great  influence  in 
determining  the  number  of  available  working  days  in  a summer. 
The  prospecting  season  is  still  further  shortened  by  the  fact  that  in 
the  high  mountains,  where  most  of  the  copper  ores  have  been  found, 
much  snow  often  remains  till  the  first  or  even  the  middle  of  July. 

Figures  for  the  yearly  precipitation  and  temperature  are  not  avail- 
able, but  it  may  be  said  that  the  extremes  of  temperature  in  summer 
and  winter  are  much  greater  than  on  the  coast  and  that  the  rainfall 
is  very  much  less. 

HISTORY. 

Native  cojiper  from  the  Chitina  (c/f^Y/==  copper  and  = river) 

Valley  was  used  by  the  Copper  Fiver  Indians  before  white  men 
entered  the  country.  Spear  and  arrow  heads  of  copper  were  made 
by  them  and  have  been  found  in  the  sluice  boxes  by  miners  on  Chititu 
and  Han  creeks.  Ceremonial  knives  of  copper  are  even  noAv  employed 
by  the  natives  for  cutting  the  first  salmon  caught  in  the  beginning 
of  the  season’s  run.  Lieutenant  Allen  relates  that  Nikolai  showed  ' 
him  specimens  of  bornite  and  told  him  of  native  copper  on  Chititu 
Creek.  He  also  showed  him  bullets  of  native  copper  obtained  from 
natives  ‘‘  over  the  mountains,”  probably  at  the  head  of  White  Fiver. 
A much-worn  wooden  shovel  and  birch  bucket,  found  in  tlie  loose 
waste  below  an  outcrop  of  native  copper  in  amygdaloidal  greenstone 
on  Glacier  Creek,  a tributary  of  Chitistone  Fiver,  indicates  that  the 
Indians  also  knew  of  native  copper  in  place  at  that  point.'  Whether 
they  had  any  knowledge  of  the  presence  of  gold  on  Chititu  and  Dan 
creeks  is  not  known  to  the  writers. 


20 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


"White  prospectors  first  appeared  in  the  Chitina  Valley  in  1898, 
their  presence  resulting  from  the  general  interest  aroused  in  Alaska 
by  the  discoveries  at  Dawson  two  years  before.  Spencer,®  after  visit- 
ing the  region  in  1900,  says : 

The  occurrence  of  rich  copper  deposits  within  the  basins  of  Copper  and 
Chitina  rivers  has  been  commonly  reported  for  many  years,  but  it  was  not  untii 
the  summer  of  1898  that  eiforts  to  locate  ores  proved  successful.  In  this  year 
several  prospectors  readied  the  interior  and  made  some  locations,  while  in  1899 
a number  of  men  penetrated  the  AVrangell  Mountains  by  way  of  Kotsina  River 
and  discovered  good  indications  at  many  places ; others,  exploring  toward  the 
east,  proved  the  continuance  of  the  copper-bearing  belt  in  the  direction  of  White 
River,  where  copper  occurs  in  important  quantities.  In  this  region  the  Nikolai 
mine  was  discovered  in  July,  1899,  under  the  guidance  of  a native  sent  by 
Chief  Nikolai.  During  the  summer  of  1900  several  prospecting  parties  were 
operating  in  the  Kotsina  and  Chitina  regions,  and  many  additional  locations 
were  made,  and  upon  the  most  promising  properties  considerable  development 
work  was  done. 

The  Bonanza  was  discovered  about  the  end  of  July  or  the  first  of 
August,  1900,  by  two  prospectors,  Clarence  Warner  and  Jack  Smith, 
who  staked  the  property.  It  was  discovered  independently  two  or 
three  weeks  later  by  A.  C.  Spencer,  of  the  Geological  Survey  party, 
who  found  it  while  tracing  the  limestone-greenstone  contact  eastward 
from  Kennicott  Glacier.  Warner  and  Smith  were  members  of  a 
party  acting  under  an  agreement  to  share  whatever  minerals  might 
be  discovered.  Some  of  the  men  were  also  bound  to  divide  their 
interest  with  others,  not  members  of  the  party,  who  had  furnished 
them  with  supplies — “ grubstaked  ” them.  In  consequence  of  this 
complication  of  ownership  the  property  became  involved  in  liti- 
gation that  was  not  settled  for  several  years. 

The  Nizina  gold  placers  were  discovered  in  1901,  but  the  rush  of 
prospectors  to  the  region  did  not  begin  till  the  following  year.  A 
large  number  of  men  left  Valdez  for  the  upper  Chitina  in  June  and 
Jidy,  1902,  and  Dan,  Chititu,  and  Young  creeks,  besides  others,  were 
jirospected  and  staked.  After  the  richest  and  more  easil}^  handled 
gravels  were  Avorked  over  the  claims  Avere  sold  or  abandoned  and 
gradually  came  into  the  hands  of  feAver  individuals,  so  that  iioav  most 
of  the  claims  on  Dan  and  Chititu  creeks  are  included  in  three  separate 
oAAuierships.  There  has  been  little  mining  on  Young  Creek. 

GEODOGY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  folloAving  account  of  the  geology  of  the  Kotsina-Chitina 
region  the  descriptions  are  confined  to  the  area  betAveen  Chitina 
IliATr  and  the  summits  of  the  AVrangell  and  Skolai  mountains  rep- 

" Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  A.  C.,  The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  a portion 
of  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska;  a special  publication  of  the  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
1901,  p.  S2. 


GENERAL  GEOLOGY. 


21 


resented  on  the  geologic  map  (PI.  II).  This  map  is  reproduced  from 
the  report  of  Schrader  and  Spencer  (1901),  but  has  received  such 
corrections  in  some  of  its  lesser  details  as  were  indicated  to  be  neces- 
sary by  the  later  work  of  Mendenhall  (1902)  and  by  the  more  recent 
work  of  the  Survey  party  in  1907.  The  formation  names  used  by 
Schrader  and  Spencer  on  the  map  and  in  the  description  are  here 
retained. 

In  outline  the  important  facts  concerning  the  geology  are  as  fol- 
lows: Both  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks  are  encountered.  Four 
principal  formations,  including  the  unnamed  Triassic  shales  and 
limestones,  occupy  most  of  the  area  and  appear  throughout  its  length 
from  east  to  west.  These  formations,  in  order  from  oldest  to  young- 
est, are  the  Nikolai  greenstone,  the  Chitistone  limestone,  the  Triassic 
limestones  and  shales,  and  the  Kennicott  formation:  These  rocks 

have  been  folded  and  faulted,  but  the  metamorphism  is  not  great.  It 
is  most  noticeable  in  the  greenstone  but  has  hardly  affected  the  Ken- 
nicott formation. 

The  Nikolai  greenstone  consists  of  a succession  of  basaltic  lava 
flows  and  is  overlain  conformably  by  the  massive  Chitistone  lime- 
stone. This  limestone  is  of  Triassic  age  and  is  succeeded  without  any 
known  interruption  in  deposition  by  other  Triassic  rocks — limestones 
and  shales — consisting  of  a lower  member  made  up  of  interbedded 
thin  limestones  and  black  or  gray  shales  and  an  upper  member 
formed  almost  entirely  of  shale.  The  Kennicott  formation  is  in  large 
part  a conglomerate,  but  includes  limestone,  sandstone,  and  shale 
beds.  Its  age  is  Upper  Jurassic  or  Lower  Cretaceous  and  its  depo- 
sition was  separated  from  that  of  the  Triassic  shales  by  a long  erosion 
interval,  so  that  in  some  places  it  is  found  to  lie  unconformably  on 
the  greenstone,  in  other  places  on  the  limestone  or  on  the  limestone 
and  shales.  In  addition  to  the  sedimentary  rocks  that  have  been 
mentioned,  there  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  district  an  area  of 
limestones,  shales,  and  conglomerates  with  associated  sills  or  flows 
of  basalt  of  unknown  age  that  has  not  been  correlated  with  any  of 
the  four  first-named  formations,  and  there  are  also  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  district  at  least  two  areas  of  coal-bearing  rocks  that  are  perhaps 
younger  than  any  of  the  four  major  formations. 

The  igneous  rocks,  in  part  extrusive  and  in  part  intrusive,  are  rep- 
resented by  both  basic  and  acidic  types.  A list  of  these  includes 
gabbro,  diabase,  diorite,  andesite,  granite,  and  rhyolite.  Surface 
flows,  mostly  andesite,  and  fragmental  volcanic  deposits,  chiefly  rh}m- 
lite,  cover  relatively  large  areas  in  the  western  part  of  the  district  and 
higher  parts  of  the  Wrangell  and  Skolai  mountains.  Surface  flows 
of  diabasic  character  that  have  been  covered  by  younger  sedimentary 
deposits  have  their  most  important  representative  in  the  Nikolai 
greenstone  previously  mentioned.  Intruded  porphyritic  dikes  related 


22 


THE  KOTSINA-CHTTT^’A  REGION,  ALASKA. 


to  the  cliorites  are  veiy  abundant  in  places,  particular!}^  in  the  Tri- 
assic  limestones  and  shales.  Only  one  considerable  mass  of  the 
lighter-colored  granitic  intrusives,  however,  is  represented  on  the 
map,  and  gabbro,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  is  restricted  to  3 localities. 

The  principal  unconsolidated  deposits  of  the  region  comprise  sands 
and  gravels  dej^osited  in  Avater  and  the  more  poorly  sorted  or  unsorted 
fragmental  material  resulting  from  glacial  actiAuty.  They  are  most 
extensiAx  in  the  broad  lowland  bordering  Chitina  and  Xizina  riA^ers. 
but  are  Avell  deA^eloped  in  most  of  the  tributary  A^alleys. 

The  geologic  map  (PI.  II)  shows  the  general  distribution  and  areal 
relations  of  the  rocks  that  haA^e  been  briefly  described.  It  is  giA^en 
in  practically  the  same  form  as  when  first  published  in  1901,  but  a 
feAv  changes  haA^e  been  made,  particularly  in  the  Aucinity  of  Elliott 
Creek.  Furthermore,  the  representation  of  the  Chitistone  limestone 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  area  has  been  omitted.  This  region 
Avas  not  Ausited  in  1907  and  was  seen  only  from  a distance  by  geolo- 
gists of  the  Survey  party  in  1900.  Prospectors  report  that  lime- 
stones outcropping  near  the  Chitina  on  its  north  side  aboA^e  Tana 
EiA^er  are  not  part  of  the  Chitistone  limestone.  That  the  identifica- 
tion of  this  limestone  Avas  doubtful  Avas  also  suggested  in  the  original 
report,  and  it  has  therefore  seemed  best  to  omit  it  on  the  accompa- 
nying geologic  map.  One  other  change  of  less  importance  has  been 
made  in  mapping  the  Aucinity  of  Hidden  Creek  Avest  of  Kennicott 
Glacier. 

The  detailed  geologic  descriptions  which  follow  are  quoted  almost 
entirely  from  the  published  report  of  Schrader  and  Spencer.®  Such 
portions  of  that  paper  as  deal  Avith  areas  outside  the  limits  of  the 
area  here  under  discussion  are  omitted.  A feAv  explanatory  words 
are  inserted  in  brackets.  Some  neAv  material  is  introduced,  and  a 
few  changes  are  made  where  later  Avork  has  shoAvn  the  earlier  con- 
clusions to  be  inaccurate.  The  most  important  change  appears  in 
the  substitution  of  Chitistone  for  Carboniferous  in  those  places  AAdiere 
Carboniferous  Avas  used  to  indicate  the  inassiA^e  Triassic  limestone. 
The  error  arose  from  a lack  of  fossil  evidence  Avith  which  to  deter- 
mine the  age  of  the  Chitistone  limestone  and  from  an  attempt  to 
correlate  it  on  stratigraphic  and  lithologic  grounds  Avith  the  mas- 
siA’e  “ I^pper  Carboniferous  " limestone  at  the  head  of  I^liite  PiA^er. 
It  has  been  necessary  on  account  of  the  substitution  to  change  the 
original  Avording  slightly  in  one  or  tAvo  places,  in  order  that  there 
maA’  be  no  mistake  concerning  the  age  of  the  limestone  and  that  the 
close  relation  betAveen  the  Chitistone  limestone  and  Triassic  lime- 
stones and  shales  may  appear. 

“ Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  A.  C.,  The  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  a portion  of 
the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska,  a special  publication  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  1001,  pp.  40—62. 


NIKOLAI  GREENSTONE. 


23 


The  account  of  the  unconsolidated  Pleistocene  and  Recent  deposits 
is  entirely  rewritten  in  such  a way  that  the  general  discussion  of  these 
deposits  as  occurring  in  the  Copper  River  Valley  is  not  taken  up. 

UNDETERMINED  ROCKS  ON  KOTSINA  RIVER« 

On  either  side  of  Kotsiiia  River  and  extending  from  the  edge  of  the  andesite 
west  of  Long  Glacier  and  the  region  about  Clear  Creek  southward  to  Elliott 
Creek  there  is  a series  of  rocks  whose  relations  and  age  have  not  been  deter- 
mined. They  are  made  up  of  sediments,  including  limestones,  shales,  and 
coarse  conglomerates,  with  intercalated  sheets  or  flows  of  basalt  like  the  Niko- 
lai greenstone.  The  pebbles  of  the  conglomerate  are  composed  of  greenstone 
material. 

The  series  shows  a general  dip  toward  the  southwest,  and  in  this  regard  it 
follows  the  structure  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  the  Chitistone  limestone 
which  occur  farther  up  the  river.  The  age  of  the  series  is  unknown,  but  from 
the  structure  it  would  seem  that  it  must  be  younger  than  the  Chitistone,  which 
appears  to  dip  beneath  it.  Owing  to  its  make-up,  however,  and  the  fact  that 
it  has  been  affected  to  a certain  extent  by  metamorphism,  it  seems  impossible 
to  correlate  it  with  the  adjacent  Triassic  strata.  If,  however,  it  is  older  than 
the  limestone,  it  may  be  representative  of  a series  equivalent  to  the  Orca 
rocks  occurring  in  Prince  William  Sound.  This  suggestion  is  made  in  the  most 
tentative  way,  since  there  is  no  evidence  at  hand  for  the  determination  of  the 
stratigraphic  position  of  the  series.  For  this  reason  it  has  been  represented 
on  the  map  as  unknown  sediments. 

In  cross  section  C-D  [PI.  II]  a fault  is  suggested  to  explain  the  relation  of 
the  rocks  shown  on  the  map  in  the  region  of  Copper  and  Pass  creeks.  The 
existence  of  such  a fault  would  also  explain  the  occurrence  of  the  unknown 
series  in  its  observed  relations,  on  the  supposition  that  it  belongs  beneath  the 
mass  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone. 

NIKOLAI  GREENSTONE..^ 

Description. — The  term  “ Nikolai  greenstone  ” is  employed  to  designate  a series 
of  volcanic  flows  forming  an  important  mass  in  the  Wrangell  district.  The 
rock  shows  considerable  variation  from  place  to  place,  both  laterally  and  ver- 
tically, in  the  separate  flows.  In  color  it  is  generally  green,  though  in  some 
I)laces  it  is  of  a reddish  hue.  In  texture  it  varies  from  fine-grained,  very  densely 
crystalline,  to  rather  coarse-grained  porphyritic,  and  in  many  places  it  shows 
amygdaloidal  characters.  Under  the  microscope  the  rock  is  found  to  consist  of 
feldspar  and  augite,  with  considerable  quantities  of  two  green  minerals,  which 
are  found  to  be  chlorite  and  serpentine.  In  rare  instances  grains  of  olivine  are 
noted  under  such  conditions  that  it  seems  certain  that  the  serpentine  had  its 
origin  in  the  alteration  of  the  olivine.  The  structure  is  always  that  which  is 
characteristic  of  diabase,  where  the  laths  of  feldspar  form  a feltlike  mesh 
with  augite  lying  in  the  interstices.  At  times  the  rock  is  so  fine  grained  that  it 
becomes  almost  aphanitic,  while  at  other  times  the  crystals  of  feldspar  have 
dimensions  reaching  several  millimeters.  When  amygdaloidal,  as  it  frequently 


" Schrader  and  Spencer,  op.  cit. 

**  Greenstone  is  a word  sometimes  used  in  an  indefinite  noncommittal  way  to  designate 
altered  igneous  rocks  that  may  differ  much  in  other  ways  but  possess  the  common  charac- 
teristic of  green  color.  The  term  “ greenstone  ” is  perhaps  most  frequently  applied  to 
certain  metamorphosed  diabases  or  diabase  tuffs,  but  is  also  used  in  connection  with  altered 
diorites  and  gabbros. 


24  THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

is,  the  cavities  are  filled  by  chlorite  or  serpentine,  either  with  or  without  chal- 
cedonic  quartz.  Accessory  magnetite  is  always  present  and  frequently  in  con- 
siderable amounts;  also  in  many  cases  metallic  sulphides  are  present,  though 
these  are  probably  of  secondary  origin.  Locally  metallic  copper  occurs  in  grains 
or  stringers,  but  always  under  such  circumstances  that  it  may  be  considered  of 
secondaiy  rather  than  primary  origin.  The  composition  and  structure  of  the 
Nikolai  greenstones  show  them  to  have  been  originally  typical  basalts.  * * * 

Occurrence  and  distriljution. — The  Nikolai  greenstone  occurs  in  many  places 
in  the  Wrangell  and  Skolai  mountains  and  wherever  seen  is  found  to  show  the 
same  relations  to  the  sedimentary  series  of  the  region.  The  massive  Chitistone 
limestone,  which  is  the  lowest  unmetamorphosed  sedimentary  formation  of  the 
district,  lies  directly  upon  the  greenstone  in  such  a way  that  it  would  seem  as 
if  it  had  been  originally  laid  down  upon  the  surface  of  the  earlier  volcanic 
flows.  In  this  relation  it  is  observed  in  the  upper  part  of  Kotsina  River,  where 
the  greenstone  passes  beneath  the  Chitistone  limestone,  dipping  toward  the 
southwest,  and  forms  a large  part  of  the  mountain  masses  that  are  drained  by 
the  southern  glaciers  of  the  Kotsina  basin.  From  this  region  it  connects 
directly  with  the  occurrence  in  the  mountains  in  the  vicinity  of  Kuskulana 
Glacier,  and,  reappearing  in  the  valley  of  the  Lakinaj  is  again  found  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  Kennicott  drainage,  whence  it  may  be  traced  (always  bearing 
the  same  relation  to  the  massive  limestone)  across  McCarthy  Creek  and  thence 
to  the  Nizina  and  the  mountains  to  the  east.  [See  PI.  Ill,  A.] 

The  thickness  of  the  greenstone  flows  is  not  known,  for  while  the 
top  is  easily  determined  the  bottom  has  not  been  recognized  with 
certainty.  In  the  upper  Kotsina  basin  the  Nikolai  greenstone  as  rep- 
resented on  the  map  includes  some  tuffaceous  beds,  hard,  gray,  sili- 
ceous or  silicified  beds  (perhaps  tuffaceous  also),  cherty  beds  which 
are  possibly  a variation  of  the  siliceous  beds  last  mentioned,  and  even 
some  dark-gray  or  black  slates.  It  is  probable  that  on  closer  study 
the  Nikolai  greenstone  may  be  divided  and  the  word  greenstone  ap- 
plied to  only  a part  of  the  succession  in  such  a way  as  to  more  nearly 
conform  with  the  stricter  use  of  the  term.®  The  Nikolai  greenstone  as 
it  is  mapped  probably  has  its  greatest  thickness  in  the  upper  Kotsina 
country,  where  it  was  estimated  by  Schrader  and  Spencer  as  roughly 
4,000  feet  thick. 

Strucfure  of  the  greenstone.^ — From  the  origin  of  the  greenstone  series, 
through  the  successive  outflow  of  innumerable  sheets  of  basalt,  it  is  natural 
that  the  complex  should  show  a bedded  character  comparable  to  stratification 
in  sedimentary  rocks,  and  in  many  places  this  structure  is  very  well  exhibited. 
The  bedding  in*  the  volcanic  series  is  always  found  to  be  in  accord  with  the 
structure  of  the  overljnng  water-laid  formations. 

Locally  the  greenstone  shows  a secondary  structure  due  to  shearing  [as 
illustrated  in  PI.  Ill,  B],  which  is  reproduced  from  a photograph  taken  below 
Surprise  Creek  on  Kotsina  River.  * * * 

Age  of  the  greenstone. — Concerning  the  actual  age  of  the  Nikolai  series  little 
can  be  said.  They  are  older  than  the  Chitistone  limestones  which  rest  upon 

“ The  possibility  of  correlating  part  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone  succession  with  some 
of  the  interbcdded  Carboniferous  shales,  tuffs,  and  lava  flows  examined  in  1908  in  the 
region  about  Skolai  Pass  and  the  head  of  White  River  is  suggested. 

''  Schrader  and  Spencer,  op  cit. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  374  PLATE  III 


.1.  CONTACT  OF  NIKOLAI  GREENSTONE  AND  CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE,  WEST  OF  NIZINA  RIVER, 

NEAR  NIKOLAI  MINE. 


B.  SHEARED  GREENSTONE  ON  SOUTH  SIDE  OF  KOTSINA  RIVER,  BELOW  SURPRISE  CREEK. 


iSIk:  ' ^ -r*'*  V ^ ^ ';  - V • ::-^  ^ 

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CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE. 


25 


them,  though  probably  not  very  much  older,  since  there  seems  to  be  no  folding 
in  the  interval  between  the  close  of  the  volcanic  outflows  and  the  beginning 
of  marine  sedimentation.  * 4=  * 

The  evidence  that  the  greenstone  was  formed  previous  to  the  Cliitistone  lime- 
stone is  as  follows:  Wherever  the  two  are  in  contact  the  limestone  shows  no 
metamorphism,  such  as  usually  results  from  the  intrusion  of  a calcareous  rock 
by  an  igneous  mass;  the  pseudostratification  in  the  greenstone  is  parallel  with 
the  bedding  of  the  overlying  limestone  wherever  observed,  and  the  layers  in 
the  former  are  different  in  structure  and  general  appearance.  These  facts, 
and  the  frequent  occurrence  of  amygdaloidal  phases  in  the  greenstone  and 
extremely  marked  variations  in  the  coarseness  of  crystallization  within  short 
distances,  are  distinctly  in  favor  of  the  origin  of  the  greenstone  by  successive* 
flows  of  basalt  at  a date  preceding  the  deposition  of  the  limestone.  Further- 
more, there  are  no  dikes  or  irregular  intrusions  of  the  basalt  which  can  be 
definitely  shown  to  cut  across  the  Triassic  strata,  a condition  which  could 
hardly  exist  if  the  greenstone  had  been  forced  into  the  sedimentary  rocks  in  the 
form  of  a long  laccolith  at  a constant  horizon.  * * * 

CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE  iTRIASSICl. 

Description. — The  Cliitistone  formation  is  composed  of  very  massive  lime- 
stones, without  any  important  intercalations  of  shale.  When  weathered,  it  has 
a white  or  gray  color,  which  makes  it  prominent  in  contrast  with  the  greenstone 
upon  which  it  lies,  but  when  broken  it  is  found  to  have  a blue  color,  which  is 
indicative  of  considerable  carbonaceous  material  in  its  composition.  In  texture 
it  is  fine-grained  throughout. 

Occurrence  and  distrilmtion. — The  massive  Cliitistone  limestone  is  one  of 
the  most  prominent  formations  of  the  Wrangell  region.  It  is  found  lying  above 
the  greenstone  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Kotsina  basin,  where  it  crosses  the  river 
at  the  mouth  of  Kluvesna  Creek.  Northwest  of  this  place  it  has  been  traced 
as  far  as  Long  Glacier,  which  comes  down  from  the  slopes  of  ]\Iount  Wrangell, 
but  beyond  this  glacier  it  is  hidden  by  recent  flows  of  andesite.  Southeast  of 
the  Kotsina  the  limestone  is  found  at  various  localities,  which  can  not  be  con- 
nected upon  the  surface,  since  there  are  overlying  unconformable  deposits  on 
tbe  higher  mountains,  but  the  main  outcrop  may  be  traced  toward  the  south- 
east to  the  divide  between  Rock  Creek  and  the  Kuskulana,  and  thence  in  the 
mountains  which  lie  between  Strelna  Creek  and  Kuskulana  River  the  forma- 
tion is  prominent.  It  is  thought  that  the  limestone  may  also  occur  on  the 
southwestern  slopes  of  the  mountains  beyond  where  the  Kuskulana  comes  out 
into  the  open  basin  of  the  Chitina  Valley,  but  no  observations  have  been  made 
on  this  vicinity.  At  a point  a mile  or  so  above  Trail  Gulch,  on  the  east  side  of 
Kuskulana  River,  the  limestone  appears,  and,  rising  rapidly  above  the  massive 
Nikolai  greenstone,  soon  reaches  the  tops  of  the  mountains  lying  south  of 
Kuskulana  Glacier.  East  of  the  first  prominent  creek  on  the  south  side  of  the 
eastern  fork  of  Kuskulana  Glacier  observations  have  not  been  made,  but  from 
the  distant  view  obtained  of  the  upper  part  of  the  drainage  it  seems  that  the 
massive  limestone  is  not  present.  Its  absence  must  be  explained  through  fold- 
ing or  faulting,  the  nature  of  which  could  not  be  ascertained.  The  limestone 
appears  again  on  the  east  side  of  Lakiiia  River  above  the  lower  eaid  of  the 
glacier,  where  it  rises  rapidly  toward  the  northeast,  and  while  probably  it 
connects  directly  with  the  exposure  on  the  west  side  of  the  Kennicott  drainage 
it  has  not  been  so  represented  on  the  map  because  of  the  lack  of  sufiicient 
observations.  On  the  east  side  of  the  mountains  between  Lakina  and  Keiini- 


26 


THE  KOTSIXA-CHITIXA  EEGIOX,  ALASKA. 


cott  g:faciers  the  limestone  is  very  well  exposed,  and  dipping  slightly  toward 
tlie  north  appears  in  the  mountain  between  the  first  forks  of  the  glacier,  and 
again  across  the  eastern  fork  about  7 miles  above  the  foot  of  the  glacier.  From 
this  place  the  massive  stratum  can  be  traced  across  McCarthy  Creek  to  the 
liead  of  Nikolai  Creek  and  to  Nizina  River.  In  the  region  between  Kotsina 
River  and  the  Lakina  the  general  dip  of  the  formation  is  southward,  but  from 
the  Kennicott  to  the  Xizina  the  structure  is  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  dips 
varying  from  20°  to  60°.  This  structure  is  indicative  of  an  anticlinal  axis 
having  a general  northwest-southeast  direction. 

East  of  Xizina  River  the  structure  is  more  complex,  and  while  the  dips 
are  not  so  steep  the  simple  anticlinal  structure  gives  place  to  a series  of  broad 
folds  at  times  showing  quaquaversal  dips,  so  that  erosion  has  revealed  the 
underlying  greenstone  at  various  places  both  along  the  Nizina  and  on  the  trib- 
utaries which  join  it  from  the  east.  A view  of  the  drainage  basin  of  Skolai 
Creek  shows  the  limestone  rising  gradually  toward  the  White  River  divide, 
with  greenstone  lying  in  the  valleys.  At  the  mouth  of  Chitistone  River  the 
limestone  comes  to  the  vallej’  bottom  on  the  north  side,  while  on  the  south  it  is 
from  1,000  to  1,500  feet  higher,  and  between  the  forks  the  greenstone  reaches 
to  the  top  of  the  mountain.  From  the  lower  side  of  the  Chitistone  the  forma- 
tion may  be  traced  along  the  side  of  the  mountain  tmtil  the  upper  part  of  the 
creek  [Dan  Creek]  which  joins  the  Nizina  at  Nikolai  House  is  reached,  where 
the  rocks  are  seen  to  be  descending.  [The  character  of  the  contact  between  the 
limestone  and  the  underlying  volcanic  series  is  illustrated  in  PI.  Ill,  A,  which 
also  exhibits  some  of  the  structural  features  that  have  been  mentioned.] 

Southward  from  the  stream  [Dan  Creek]  which  joins  the  Nizina  at  Nikolai 
House  the  limestone  is  not  found,  and  it  seems  necessary  to  suppose  that  its 
absence  is  due  to  a fault  which  follows  the  general  course  of  this  tributary. 
The  mountains  to  the  south  are  composed  of  black  shales  intruded  by  igneous 
dikes,  and  are  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Triassic  series  lying  west  of  the 
Nizina.  The  same  series  is  found  south  of  the  belt  of  greenstone  without  the 
occurrence  of  the  limestone  between,  so  that  it  seems  probable  that  the  sup- 
loosed  fault  extends  toward  the  west  at  least  as  far  as  Lakina  River.  The  gen- 
eral line  of  the  displacement  has  been  represented  on  the  geological  map.  * * * 

Tliicl'ness  of  Chitistone  limestone. — Studies  of  the  [Chitistone  limestone] 
and  [the  other]  Triassic  strata  of  the  Wrangell  district  have  not  been  sutti- 
ciently  detailed  to  afford  evidence  as  to  where  the  line  between  these  two 
formations  should  be  drawn.  Above  the  massive  basal  series  of  limestones 
there  is  a series  of  thin-bedded  limestones  with  shaly  partings  which  is  ap- 
parently in  joerfect  conformity  with  the  underlying  beds  and  which  passes 
by  gradation  into  the  black  shales  above.  These  black  shales  contain  the 
fossils  by  means  of  which  the  Triassic  age  of  the  formation  has  been  deter- 
mined. The  provisional  and  arbitrary  line  between  the  two  formations  has  been 
l>laced  at  the  top  of  the  massive  limestone  series.  The  thickness  of  the  Chiti- 
stone formation,  as  thus  defined,  is  somewhat  variable.  Its  maximum  devel- 
opment is  probably  in  the  region  of  Nizina  River,  where  it  reaches  a thickness 
of  approximately  2.000  feet.  In  the  Kotsina  and  Strelna  region  its  thickness 
is  somewhat  less,  but  it  can  not  be  made  out  that  there  is  any  progressive 
Ihinning  toward  the  west. 

Ar/e  of  the  limestone. — There  has  been  doubt  concerning  the  age 
of  the  Chitistone  limestone,  owing  to  the  fact  that  no  determinable 
fossils  were*  collected  from  it  until  the  summer  of  1907,  Schrader 


CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE. 


27 


and  Spencer  correlated  the  Chitistone  with  the  massive  limestone 
near  the  head  of  White  River  on  Kletsan  Creek,  described  by  Brooks." 

Schuchert,  who  determined  the  fossils  collected  by  Brooks,  states: 
“ These  two  localities  are  of  one  general  horizon  in  the  Upper  Car- 
boniferous. * * * j have  made  no  specific  determinations,  since 

the  fauna  is  not  to  be  correlated  with  that  of  the  Upper  Carlioniferoiis 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  but  with  the  Fusulina  zone  of  China,  India, 
and  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Urals.-’  At  a later  date,  howevei*, 
Schuchert  assigned  the  Vdiite  River  rocks  to  the  Permian. 

Mendenhall,  on  the  assumption  that  the  Chitistone  had  been  cor- 
rectly correlated  with  the  limestone  at  the  head  of  White  River,  ac- 
cepts provisionally  the  Permian  age  of  the  Chitistone.  He  evidently 
felt  that  the  correlation  was  a doubtful  one,  however,  and  sums  up 
the  evidence  for  and  against  the  Permian  age  of  the  Chitistone  lime- 
stone as  follows : " 

For  Permian  age : 

1.  The  Chitistone  is  geographically  very  near  ami  litliologically  very  similar 
to  the  Permian  north  of  Skolai  Pass. 

2.  It  lies  beneath  known  Triassic. 

H.  There  is  no  similar  heavy  limestone  in  the  known  Triassic. 

Against  Permian  age: 

I.  The  Chitistone  heavy  limestone  and  the  thinner  beds  above  it  are  non- 
fossiliferons,  while  the  Permian  in  other  localities  is  very  fossil iferons. 

2.  The  Chitistone  seems  to  lie  conformably  below  known  Triassic,  while 
the  known  Permian  lies  imconformably  below  Triassic  when  the  relations  ai-e 
shown. 

3.  The  Chitistone  is  free  or  nearly  free  from  basic  intrnsives  and  overlies 
basic  effnsives,  while  the  known  Permian  near  by  is  extensively  intruded  by 
basic  masses. 

In  1907  fossils  were  collected  from  the  Chitistone  limestone  at  a 
number  of  localities  bettveen  Kotsina  River  and  Chitistone  River,  and 
they  definitely  determine  its  age  as  Triassic.  Part  of  these  fossils 
were  found  in  place,  but  a majority  Avere  collected  from  the  talus 
debris  beloAv  cliffs  of  the  limestone,  yet  there  Avas  no  place  Avhere  it 
seemed  possible  that  the  limestone  fragments  containing  the  fosvsils 
could  have  come  from  any  other  source  than  the  cliffs  above  them, 
and  no  hesitation  is  felt  in  accepting  their  evidence  for  the  age  of 
the  Chitistone.  The  fossils  were  determined  by  T.  W.  Stanton,  Avho 
describes  them  as  follows: 

Several  different  localities  are  rejiresented  in  the  collections,  but  the  fossils. 
Avith  one  exception,  are  all  said  to  be  from  the  Chitistone  limestone  and  closely 
associated  formations.  The  collection  is  small  and  somewhjit  fragmentary,  bnt 

" Brooks,  Alfred  II.,  A reconnaissance  from  Pyramid  Harbor  to  Eagle  City,  Alaska  : 
Twenty-first  Ann.  Kept.  P.  S.  Oeol.  Survey,  pt.  2,  1900,  p.  :ir)9. 

^ **  Mendenhall,  AA\  C.,  Geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska  : I’rof.  Paper 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  41,  1905,  p.  43.  On  the  other  hand  George  II.  Girty  believes  that  all 
the  sedimentary  beds  of  Alaska  that  have  been  described  as  Permian  are  “ Tapper  Carbon- 
iferous.” 

'■  Op.  cit.,  p.  51. 


28 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


it  has  proved  sufficient  to  show  quite  conclusively  that  the  beds  in  question 
are  of  Triassic  age.  The  ammonites,  especially,  are  all  characteristic  Triassic 
types,  and  the  few  brachiopods  obtained  are  also  Mesozoic.  There  is  no  indica- 
tion of  Paleozoic  fossils  in  any  part  of  the  section  represented. 

The  single  ammonite  from  Chititu  Creek  is  of  more  modern  types  and  most 
probably  comes  from  the  Jurassic. 

The  following  lists  give  the  forms  recognized  from  each  locality.  In  most 
cases  specific  identifications  have  not  been  possible,  but  this  does  not  lessen  the 
accuracy  of  the  age  determination. 

4804.  No.  1.  Elliott  Creek,  from  beds  above  Chitistone  limestone.  Pseudo- 
monotis  suhcircularis  (Gabb).  A single  imperfect  specimen  of  this  Triassic 
species. 

4805.  Nos.  2 and  23.  Hoodoo  or  Mullen  claim  on  Copper  Creek,  Kotsina 
River.  Chitistone  limestone.  Hinnitesf  sp.  Endeterminable  cross  section  of 
ammonites. 

4805.  Nos.  3 to  6.  Chitistone  limestone.  Talus  on  Copper  Creek.  Terehm- 
tula  sp.,  8i)iriferina  sp.,  Hinnitesf  sp.,  Pleuromynf  sp. 

4806.  No.  7.  Crawford’s  Skyscraper  claim  on  Roaring  Creek,  Kotsina  River, 
Chitistone  limestone.  Naticaf  sp.  Undetermined  bivalve  fragments. 

4808.  Nos  9,  14  to  19,  21,  22.  Bonanza  mine  and  Bonanza  Creek.  Undeter- 
mined corals.  Terehratula  sp.,  kiyiriferina  sp.,  Hinnitesf  sp.,  Pseudomonotis 
siibeireularis  (Gabb)  ? 

4809.  Nos.  10  to  13,  20.  Jumbo  Creek  near  the  Bonanza  mine.  Pentaerinus 
sp.,  Terehratula  sp.,  Aviculaf  sp,,  Areestesf  sp.  (cross  section),  Juvavitesf  sp. 
The  last  two  named  are  certainly  Triassic  types  of  ammonites  and  probably  be- 
long to  the  genera  to  which  they  are  provisionally  assigned. 

4810.  Nos.  24,  25.  South  side  of  Chitistone  River  at  Houghton-Alaska  Com- 
pany’s prospect.  Syiriferinaf  sp.,  Halohia  sp.,  Areestesf  sp.,  Tropitesf  sp.  The 
last  two  are  Triassic  ammonites  provisionally  identified  from  imperfect  speci- 
mens. 

4811.  No.  26.  Chititu  Creek.  Perisphinectesf  sp.  This  ammonite  is  not  a 
typical  Perisphinectes,  but  it  is  probably  of  Jurassic  age — certainly  not  older 
than  Jurassic. 

TRIASSIC  LIMESTONES  AND  SHALES. 

Deseription^ — The  rocks  which  have  been  included  in  the  Triassic  [lime- 
stones and  shales]  series  comprise  all  the  strata  that  lie  above  the  Chitistone 
limestone  and  below  the  unconformable  Kennicott  formation  of  .Jura-Cretaceous 
age.  In  the  lower  part,  and  resting  ‘conformably  upon  the  Chitistone  lime- 
stone, is  a series  of  thin-bedded  limestones,  in  strata  from  a few  inches  to  a 
foot  or  more  in  thickness,  supported  by  thin  partings  of  black  shale  (IM.  TV,  ,1). 
The  thickness  of  this  member  is  approximately  1.000  feet,  and  the  limestone, 
so  far  as  observed,  did  not  contain  fossil  remains.  Above  the  thin-bedded  lime- 
stones, and  sharply  defined  from  them,  are  black  shales  containing  occasional 
bands  of  impure  limestone,  locally  affording  fossils,  from  which  the  age  of 
the  formation  has  been  determined.  The  thickness  of  the  upper  member  of  the 
Triassic  is  very  great,  possibly  more  than  3,000  feet,  but  no  opportunity  was 
offered  for  its  direct  measurement,  since  its  occurrence  beneath  strata  lying 
unconformably  upon  it,  together  with  the  attitude  which  it  has  assumed  as  the 
result  of  folding  and  faulting,  renders  its  relations  complicated  and  obscure. 
A few  thin  flows  of  greenstone,  similar  to  that  of  the  Nikolai  series,  were  ob- 
served here  and  there  interbedded  with  the  black  shales  of  the  ’Priassic.  The 


Schrader  and  Spencer,  op.  cit. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  374  PLATE  IV 


JB.  CRUMPLING  IN  THIN-BEDDED  TRIASSIC  LIMESTONE  ON  RIDGE  EAST  OF  GILAHINA  CREEK. 


SI-  ■ 'J4-'  • '•'^  ,-,  *n>»«fc<-j-MiJw>nlt  -.  ■>.  .'■  i-'T  "«i  '>-<^75^  "ai* 


;■#  -.V ' '■>  ^ 


r-  - ?j5 


Lr  <■ 


lfe 

'^i  -•  ?'  -' 

L‘  rf-t  ■ •'.  * .. 


TRIASSIC  LIMESTONES  AND  SHALES. 


29 


Triassic  [limestones  and  shales]  series  may  be  easily  recognized  from  its  gen- 
eral homogeneous  nature  and  the  fine-grained  character  of  its  black  carbona- 
ceous shales. 

Locally  the  thin-bedded  limestones  are  very  intricately  folded  and  contorted, 
a feature  which  is  well  shown  in  the  ridge  formed  of  Triassic  rocks  at  the 
head  of  Gilahina  Creek  [and  is  illustrated  in  PI.  IV,  B]. 

Occurrence  and  distribution. — The  Triassic  rocks  [limestones  and  shales]  are 
found  dipping  toward  the  southwest  in  the  Kotsina  region,  and  may  be  traced 
in  a continuous  band  southwestward  [southeastward]  to  Kuskulana  River  and 
from  the  east  side  of  that  stream  to  Lakina  River  and  thence  to  the  Kemiicott 
and  Nizina.  East  of  the  Nizina  they  occur  principally  in  the  region  south  of 
the  great  fault  which  limits  the  Chitistone  limestone,  and  in  the  region  south 
of  the  Nizina  the  black  shales  reach  across  Chitina  and  Tana  rivers  and  come 
in  contact  with  rocks  of  the  Valdez  ® “ series.”  Their  occurrence  in  the  vicinity 
of  Skolai  Pass  is  reported  by  Hayes.  * * * 

In  the  region  south  of  the  fault  and  east  of  Lakina  River  and  again  east  of 
this  region  as  far  as  the  mountains  beyond  the  Nizina  the  Triassic  shales  are 
very  intricately  intruded  by  dikes  and  sheets  of  porphyry. 

Fossils  of  Triassic  beds. — Only  two  recognizable  fossil  forms  have  been 
determined  in  the  material  which  was  collected  from  the  Triassic  beds,  but 
ibese  are  considered  sufficient  to  fix  definitely  the  age  of  the  series.  T.  W. 
Si  nton,  of  the  Geological  Survey,  reports  the  following  forms  of  Upper  Triassic 
age:  Monotis  subcircularis  Gabb  and  DaoncUa  like  D.  loninicli  Wissmaim. 


DISTURBANCES  FOLLOWING  DEPOSITION  OF  TRIASSIC. 

The  formations  next  younger  than  the  Triassic  shales  in  the  Copper  River 
region  were  deposited  at  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  or  the  beginning  of  the 
Cretaceous — that  is,  at  a time  corresponding  to  the  deposition  of  the  Knoxville 
beds  of  the  northwestern  United  States.  These  latter  rocks  are  unconformable 
upon  the  Triassic  and  older  formations  and  previous  to  their  formation  the 
older  rocks  had  been  folded  and  raised  above  the  sea  and  their  upturned  edges 
reduced  by  the  process  of  erosion.  The  close  of  Triassic  deposition  in  the 
western  and  southwestern  portions  of  the  continent  has  been  very  generally 
recognized  as  a period  of  mountain  building  and  of  geological  revolution.  It 
is  supposed  by  Dawson  that  at  this  period  the  Vancouver  and  coast  ranges  of 
British  Columbia  were  outlined,  and  that  there  was  probably  at  the  same  time 
some  corrugation  along  the  line  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.*^  The  result  of  this 
disturbance  in  the  Wrangell  district  was  the  production  of  the  broad  folds 
which  have  been  recognized  from  the  attitude  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and 
the  overlying  sediments.  The  period  of  erosion  which  followed  the  uplift  and 

® The  term  Valdez  “ series  ” was  first  used  by  Schrader  in  a report  entitled  “A  recon- 
naissance of  a part  of  Prince  William  Sound  and  the  Copper  River  district,  Alaska,  in 
1898  ” (Twentieth  Ann.  Kept.  IT.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  7,  1900,  p.  408)  to  describe  the  rocks 
typically  developed  in  the  vicinty  of  Valdez.  The  Valdez  “ series  ” includes  a succession 
of  highly  metamorphosed  sedimentary  beds  and  consists  of  “ bluish-gray  and  dark  quartz- 
ites, arkoses,  and  quartz  schists,  interbedded  with  generally  thin  beds  of  dark  blue  or 
black  slate,  shale,  mica  schist  (in  some  places  highly  graphitic),  nodular  mica  schist,  and 
occasionally  some  stretched  conglomerate.”  So  far  as  is  how  known  the  Valdez  “ series  ” 
makes  up  the  greater  part  of  the  Chugach  Mountains.  Its  rocks  are  exposed  along  Copper 
River  from  the  vicinity  of  Wood  Canyon  at  least  as  far  south  as  Baird  Glacier.  It  is  not 
known  how  far  eastward  they  extend. 

Dawson,  George  M.,  On  the  late  physiographic  geology  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region 
in  Canada,  with  special  reference  to  changes  in  elevation  and  to  the  history  of  the  glacial 
period  : Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  vol.  8,  1890,  sec.  4,  p.  6. 


30 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


folding  was  a very  long  one,  since  tlie  amount  of  rock  removed  must  necessarily 
have  been  measured  by  several  thousand  feet. 

The  general  trend  of  the  folds  in  the  Triassic  rocks  is  parallel  with  the 
structure  of  the  adjacent  Valdez  “ series.”  This  older  structure  is  very  uni- 
form throughout  the  whole  region  from  the  coast  to  Copper  River,  and  it  is 
only  natural  that  the  recurrence  of  dynamic  action  in  the  region  should  have 
I)roduced  structures  in  accord  with  the  lines  of  weakness  that  were  developed 
at  a veiy  early  date. 

The  Nikolai  greenstone  and  the  sedimentary  formation  which  lie  conformably 
above  it  are  at  present  found  to  be  considerably  jointed  and  cut  by  fissures.  It 
is  probable  that  this  fracturing  of  the  rocks  was  ])roduced  during  the  post- 
Triassic  disturbance,  though  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that  subsequent  move- 
ments, which  must  have  accompanied  the  volcanic  phenomena  of  the  region, 
may  have  caused  additional  fracturing  and  folding  of  the  rocks. 

It  is  believed  that  the  eruptive  phenomena  of  the  Wrangell  region  may  have 
begun  during  this  period  of  disturbance,  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that 
the  intrusion  of  the  Triassic  shales  occurred  at  this  period  rather  than  at  a 
much  later  date,  when,  as  is  known,  volcanic  forces  were  very  activet 

KENNICOTT  FORMATION. 

DescHptiim. — The  strata  which,  on  the  evidence  of  fossils,  have  been  assigned 
to  the  Upper  Jurassic  or  Lower  Cretaceous  consist  of  a variable  series  of  con- 
glomerates, sandstones,  limestones,  and  shales.  The  formation  lies  unconform- 
ably  upon  the  ui)turned  edges  of  the  older  rocks,  resting  in  different  places  upon 
the  Nikolai  greenstone,  the  Chitistone  limestone,  and  the  shales  of  the  Triassic. 
In  places  it  appears  that  these  older  formations  were  completely  leveled  by 
erosion  previous  to  the  deposition  of  the  Kennicott  formation,  but  elsewhere  the 
relations,  though  obscure,  are  indicative  of  the  probability  that  deposition  took 
place  in  narrow,  deep  lagoons. 

At  the  base  of  the  formation  there  is  usually  a conglomerate  or  coarse  sand- 
stone composed  of  materials  derived  from  the  greenstone  and  from  the  lime- 
stones and  shales,  with  an  admixture  of  quartz  sand.  Above  this  there  are 
alternations  of  green  sandstone  with  black  shales,  and  occasionally  bands  of 
limestone,  in  places  containing  considerable  sand. 

Occurrence  and  distrihution. — The  northernmost  known  occurrence  of  the 
Kennicott  formation  is  at  the  head  of  Umestone  Creek  between  Clear  and 
Kluvesna  creeks.  Here  the  formation  is  in  contact  with  the  Chitistone  lime- 
stone and  with  the  Triassic  shales.  South  of  this  there  is  an  outlier  resting 
ui)on  the  shales,  forming  the  top  of  a high  peak  between  Clear  Creek  and 
Kluvesna  Creek  north  of  Kotsina  River.  South  of  the  Kotsina  the  formation 
is  found  usually  capping  the  highest  ridges,  where  it  rests  upon  the  Triassic 
[shales  and  limestones]  or  locally  upon  the  Chitistone  or  the  still  older  green- 
stone. From  the  ridge  between  Sheep  and  Coi)per  creeks  there  is  considerable 
cropping  of  the  formation,  which  extends  continuously  to  the  divide  between 
Rock  and  Strelna  creeks,  and  again  there  is  a considerable  thickness  in  the 
high  mountains  at  the  head  of  the  south  fork  of  Strelna  Creek. 

As  viewed  from  a distance  the  high  ridge  between  the  north  fork  of  Kusku- 
lana  Glacier  and  the  eastern  drainage  of  the  Kotsina  ai>pears  to  have  a capping 
of  sedimentary  rock  resting  upon  the  greenstone,  and  though  this  region  has 
not  been  visited  it  seems  probable  that  the  Kennicott  formation  may  occur  in 
these  high  peaks.  To  the  east  of  the  Kuskulana  Glacier  it  first  appears  in  the 
bed  of  Trail  Gulch,  at  an  elevation  of  about  2,2(K)  feet,  and  may  be  traced  east- 
ward for  a distance  of  about  8 miles.  In  this  locality  the  formation  affords 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  374  PLATE 


HEAD  OF  NIKOLAI  CREEK. 


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KEN  N ICO TT  F( UiMATION . 


31 


fossil  remains.  It  does  not  appear  again  west  of  Lakina  River,  but  to  tlie 
east  of  that  stream,  in  the  drainage  of  Fohlin  Creek,  it  attains  considerable 
development,  having  a thickness  which  possibly  reaches  1,000  feet  or  more.  In 
this  locality  and  in  the  last  it  seems  as  if  the  formation  was  deposited  in  a 
submerged  valley,  the  sides  of  which  had  considerable  height  above  the  level  of 
the  water. 

East  of  Kennicott  River  the  Kennicott  formation  occurs  at  the  head  of  Nikolai 
Creek,  where  its  general  relations  to  the  topography  and  to  the  Triassic  forma- 
tions are  shown  in  PI.  [V].  The  sloping  strata  in  the  middle  of  the  illustra- 
tion are  the  sandstones  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  Kennicott  formation,  while 
the  deep  trenches  cut  through  them  into  the  underlying  limestone  and  green- 
stone. The  mountains  in  the  distance  are  composed  of  Triassic  shales,  with 
igneous  intrusions,  which  have  protected  the  mountains  from  erosion. 

Beyond  the  Nizina  the  formation  is  found  capping  the  shale  ridge  between 
Young  Creek  and  the  Chitina. 

Age  of  Kennicott  formation. — The  age  of  the  Kennicott  formation  has  been 
definitely  determined  by  Dr.  T.  W.  Stanton,  who  has  studied  its  fossils  and 
proved  their  general  correspondence  with  the  fossils  of  the  Knoxville  formation 
of  northwestern  United  States.  This  places  the  formation  in  the  doubtful  series 
lying  at  the  top  of  the  Jurassic  or  at  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous.  The  following 
forms  have  been  recognized : 


Inoceramus  eximius  EichwaldV 
Belemnites  sp. 

Halobia  occidentalis  Whiteaves? 
Rhynchonella  sp. 

Pecten  sp. 

Avicula  sp. 


Aucella  pallasi  Keyserling? 
Lytoceras  sp. 

Hoplites  sp. 

Olcostephanus?  sp. 

Gryphjea  sp. 

Sagenopteris  sp. 


Concerning  Inocera^nus  eximius  Doctor  Stanton  says : 

“ This  form  is  represented  by  a single  specimen  collected  on  Chitty  Creek. 
It  may  be  distinct  from  Eichwald’s  s])ecies,  originally  described  from  Turkusitun 
Bay  in  Cook  Inlet  and  referred  by  him  to  the  Neocomian.  Eichwald  described 
three  other  species — I.  umMguus,  I.  porrectus,  and  I.  lacifer — all  belonging  to 
one  section  of  Inoeerarniis,  from  the  same  horizon  in  Alaska.  The  present  shell 
does  not  agre  p.u-fectly  with  any  of  the  figures,  but  it  is  most  nearly  like 
/.  eximius  am  )robably  comes  from  the  same  formation.  Similar  forms  occur 
both  in  the  Ji  . assic  and  in  the  Cretaceous,  but  the  evidence  of  the  other  fossils 
from  this  part  of  Alaska  favors  the  reference  of  the  Kennicott  formation  to  the 
Jurassic.” 

Of  the  form  referred  with  a question  to  Halohia  occidentalis.  Doctor  Stan- 
ton says ; 

“ The  specimens  agree  fairly  well  in  sculpture  and  general  appearance  with 
some  of  the  figures  of  Whiteaves’s  species  from  the  Liard  River,  and  may  be 
identical  with  it.  They  are,  however,  somewhat  suggestive  of  Ilinnites  linamsl.s, 
from  the  Jurassic  (?)  of  Siberia. 

''Sagenopteris  is  a genus  which  occurs  both  in  the  Jurassic  and  in  the  Cr(>- 
taceous,  but  the  species  is  thought  by  Professor  Ward,  to  whom  it  was  shown, 
to  be  near  a si)ecies  occurring  in  the  .Turassic  of  the  I*acific  coast.” 

Concerning  the  general  relations  of  the  fossils  from  the  Kennicott  formation 
Dr.  Stanton  observes  : 

“ These  fossils  are  all  either  Upper  .Jurassic  or  Cretaceous,  with  a sugges- 
tion of  a somewhat  younger  age  for  a few  localities.  In  the  present  state  of 
knowledge,  and  with  these  small  collections,  it  is  not  practicable  to  determine 
whether  they  represent  one  horizon  or  several.  In  my  opinion,  they  probably 


32 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  EEGION,  ALASKA. 


all  belong  to  the  Upper  Jurassic,  though  subsequent  work  may  show  the  con- 
trary. The  question  is  connected  with  the  still  unsolved  problem  of  the  exact 
boundary  between  the  Jurassic  and  the  Cretaceous  in  the  AwceHa-bearing  beds 
of  Russia,  Siberia,  and  the  Pacific  coast  region  of  North  America.  The  Aucella 
occurring  in  the  Copper  River  district  appears  to  be  referable  to  a Russian 
Jurassic  species,  but  it  is  also  quite  similar  to  the  Cretaceous  form  in  the  lower 
Knoxville  beds  of  California.  The  few  other  forms  are  mostly  undescribed 
species  of  types  that  occur  both  in  the  Jurassic  and  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous.” 

POST-KENNICOTT  DISTURBANCE  AND  EROSION. 

After  the  deposition  of  the  Kennicott  formation  the  region  seems  to  have 
been  uplifted  from  its  previous  low  position  with  reference  to  the  sea  and  to 
have  suffered  a slight  deformation,  which  gave  rise  in  great  part  to  the  present 
slightly  inclined  attitude  of  the  rocks  that  were  deposited  not  long  before  its 
initiation.  In  respect  to  the  amount  of  folding  produced  this  uplift  was  of 
much  less  importance  than  the  earlier  disturbance  which  caused  the  folding  of 
the  Triassic  formations.  It  seems  to  have  been  a regional  uplift  without  very 
much  of  the  deformation  which  comes  from  lateral  pressure. 

The  uplift  which  followed  the  deposition  of  early  Cretaceous  time  seems  to 
have  been  regional  in  its  extent,  and  may  be  supposed  to  have  affected  all  of 
the  area  between  the  present  Wrangell  Mountains  and  the  coast  and  to  have 
raised  a large  continent  from  the  waters  of  the  sea.  The  limits  of  the  uplift 
can  not  be  determined,  but  it  was  followed  by  a period  of  erosion  during  which 
the  streams  that  developed  upon  the  new  land  surface  were  able  to  reduce  the 
land  very  nearly  to  sea  level. 

Before  the  completion  of  this  cycle  of  erosion  a period  of  volcanic  activity 
was  commenced  which  very  materially  altered  the  character  of  the  topography 
by  the  upbuilding  of  immense  piles  of  lava  and  of  volcanic  tuffs. 

COAL-BEARING  ROCKS. 

Two  localities  where  coal-bearing  rocks  are  known  to  be  present 
lie  within  the  area  under  discussion.  One  is  situated  on  the  high 
ridge  between  Hidden  Creek  and  the  heads  of  Bear  and  Fourth  of 
July  creeks,  the  other  is  near  the  head  of  Chitistone  River.  Little  is 
known  about  either  locality,  and  there  is  no  evidence  at  hand  on 
which  a definite  statement  concerning  the  age  of  the  beds  may  be 
based.  The  first -mentioned  locality  is  approximately  2 miles  north 
of  the  saddle  known  as  Fourth  of  July  Pass,  through  which  the  trail 
runs  in  crossing  the  ridge  between  F ohlin  Creek  and  Kennicott 
Glacier.  The  area  is  small,  possibh^  not  over  20  acres,  and  lies  at  an 
altitude  of  nearly  (>,000  feet.  The  beds  are  probably  not  much  over 
50  feet  thick,  and  consist  of  black  carbonaceous  shales  with  thin  coal 
seams  overlain  by  arkose  sandstone.  The  coal  beds  have  a horizontal 
position  and  lie  unconformably  on  the  upturned  edges  of  beds  be- 
longing to  the  Triassic  limestones  and  shales.  They  adjoin  the  Chiti- 
stone limestone  on  the  north  and  appear  to  pass  over  the  great  fault 
by  which  the  Xikolai  greenstone  and  the  Triassic  limestones  ami 
shales  are  brought  in  contact.  A mass  of  andesite,  with  a spirelike 


COAL-BEAKING  ROCKS. 


33 


form  about  50  feet  high,  rests  on  the  coal-bearing  rocks,  but  since  its 
age  is  unknown  it  furnishes  little  additional  evidence  for  the  age  of 
the  coal.  Coal  is  not  known  to  be  present  in  the  Kennicott  formation. 
The  Kennicott,  moreover,  is  believed  to  be  older  than  the  great  fault, 
and  since  the  coal  beds,  as  previously  stated,  appear  to  cover  the 
fault,  it  is  suggested  that  the  coal  is  probably  Tertiary. 

The  Chitistone  River  coal-bearing  beds  were  not  seen  by  members 
of  the  Survey  party,  and  their  relations  to  the  other  formations  are 
not  known.  From  the  reports  of  prospectors  it  is  thought  that  the 
coal  beds  are  thicker,  more  extensive,  and  more  folded  than  those  of 
the  area  just  described,  and  it  is  possible  that  they  may  be  of  ditferent 
age. 

TERTIARY  VOLCANIC  SERIES.® 

Description  and  occurrence. — In  the  region  about  the  head  of  Nizina  River, 
extending  westward  to  Mount  Klackburn  and  eastward  into  the  Skolai  Moun- 
tains, there  is  a series  of  bedded  volcanic  rocks  made  up  of  andesites,  rhyolites, 
and  strata  of  pyroclastic  origin.  The  main  distribution  of  these  rocks  is  in 
the  region  which  was  not  penetrated  during  the  explorations  of  1900,  but  a suf- 
ficiently extended  view  of  the  upper  basin  of  the  Nizina  was  obtained  to  indicate 
the  relations  which  the  series  bears  to  the  older  sedimentary  and  igneous  rocks. 
The  character  of  the  materials  is  shown  by  the  debris  occurring  upon  Nizina 
Glacier.  A single  outlier,  which  is  undoubtedly  to  be  correlated  with  the  series, 
lies  north  of  the  trail  opposite  the  pass  east  of  Knsknlana  River.  * * * 

Standing  upon  the  high,  shaly  ridge  between  McCarthy  Creek  and  Nizina 
River  and  looking  toward  the  north  and  east,  one  sees  that  the  black  Triassic 
shales,  with  the  massive  Chitistone  limestone  beneath  them  and  the  greenstone 
still  underlying,  are  folded  in  broad  arches  or  domes,  and  that  these  structures 
have  been  eroded  to  a general  uniform  surface,  and  upon  this  surface  a series 
of  rocks  has  been  nonconformably  deposited.  Assuming,  as  seems  allowable, 
that  these  rocks  were  deposited  in  a nearly  horizontal  position,  it  is  evident 
that  there  has  been  some  deformation  since  they  were  laid  down,  as  there  is  a 
general  dip  of  the  stratification  toward  the  north,  so  that  the  series  rising 
toward  the  south  and  east  disappears  where  the  underlying  formations  come  up 
to  form  the  tops  of  the  range.  Volcanic  rocks,  the  description  of  which  answers 
very  well  to  that  of  this  series,  were  mentioned  by  Rohn  as  occurring  in  the 
region  at  the  head  of  the  Nizina  and  the  Tanana,  also  along  the  northern  edge 
of  the  St.  Elias  Range;  and  an  important  volcanic  series  on  Nabesna  River  has 
been  described  by  Brooks.^ 

The  rocks  of  the  series  are  said  to  include  rhyolite,  andesite,  and  basaltic 
types.  A similar  series  of  volcanic  rocks  is  known  to  occur  along  the  northern 
front  of  the  St.  Elias  Range. 

Thickness  of  volcanic  scries. — No  accurate  determinations  of  the  thickness 
of  the  volcanic  series  were  i)ossible,  but  from  photogra{)hs  showing  its  occur- 
rence it  is  estimated  that  it  can  not  be  less  than  ‘>,000  feet  in  its  maximnm 
development. 

“ Schrader  and  Spencer,  op.  cit.,  pp.  ,51-52. 

''Brooks,  A.  II.,  A reconnaissance  from  Pyramid  Harbor  to  Kajile  ('ity,  .\laska,  includinf; 
a description  of  the  copper  deposits  of  the  upper  White  and  Tanana  rivers:  Twenty-first 
Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Qeol.  Survey,  pt.  2,  1000,  p.  ;U52. 

G8797— Bull.  :i74— 09 3 


34 


THE  KOTSIXA-CHITIXA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

Age  of  volcnnic  series. — In  the  description  of  the  topographic  development  of 
the  Copper  River  region  it  will  be  shown  that  the  land  surface  which  was  pro- 
duced through  the  process  of  erosion  previous  to  the  formation  of  the  volcanic 
series  had  its  origin  some  time  during  the  Tertiary,  and  with  this  conclusion 
as-  a basis  it  may  be  concluded  that  the  age  of  the  volcanic  series  is  also  Ter- 
tiary. There  is,  however,  no  criterion  for  determining  the  exact  portion  of  the 
period  to  which  its  formation  belongs,  though  it  is  doubtless  later  than  the 
Eocene.  Brooks  shows  that  the  volcanics  of  the  St.  Elias  Range  are  probably 
of  Tertiary  age.® 

IGNEOUS  ROCKS. 

Preliminary  statement. — The  igneous  rocks  of  the  Kotsina-Chitina 
area,  as  has  been  .stated,  include  gabbro,  diabase,  diorite,  andesite, 

2:ranite,  and  rhyolite.  They  haye  not  been  studied  in  an  exhaustiye 

< — • / «.  «. 

way  and  the  following  descriptions  are  general.  The  yarious  rocks 
are  grouped  in  the  description  according  to  their  occurrence  in  the 
larger  geological  diyisions  of  the  sedimentary  rocks.  Areas  of  igne- 
ous rocks  are  not  represented  in  a detailed  way  on  the  map  (PI.  II). 
Diorite  and  granite  are  not  separated  from  each  other,  but  they  are 
distinguished  from  gabbro. 

The  intruded  rocks  of  a porphyritic  nature  are  giyen  a distinct 
color.  Andesites  also  haye  a separate  color,  but  no  attempt  is  made  to 
separate  those  of  intrusiye  from  those  of  extrusiye  character. 

Granular  rocks  in  the  unmetamorpliosed  sediments.^ — The  intruded  rocks 
which  occur  in  the  unmetamorphosed  sediments  of  the  Wrangell  region  . . . 
consist  of  gabbros,  granites,  and  dioritic  rocks,  and  in  addition  there  is  a large 
cross-cutting  mass  of  andesite  v.diich  forms  Castle  Mountain  . . . 

The  gabbro  in  the  Blount  Wrangell  district  is  confined,  so  far  as  known,  to 
three  small  areas : One  in  the  Kotsina  region  between  Long  Glacier  and 
Kluvesna  Glacier,  another  at  the  head  of  Nugget  Creek  north  of  Kuskulana 
River,  and  the  third  just  above  the  forks  of  Strelna  Creek.  The  rocks  of  these 
three  localities  belong  to  the  same  tyi)e.  but  show  minor  variations.  The  gal)- 
bro  occurring  in  the  vicinity  of  Long  Glacier  is  a coarse-grained  rock,  consisting 
of  a very  basic  plagioclase,  probably  bytownite,  and  augite  in  large  irregular 
grains.  ATitli  the  augite  there  is  a small  amount  of  brown  hornblende,  which 
is  probably  original.  Magnetite  occurs  in  large  grains.  In  the  gabbro  of 
Strelna  Creek  there  is  some  interstitial  micropegmatite  which  is  probably  of 
secondary  origin. 

A rock  which  is  similar  to  these  gabbros,  but  which  has.  in  addition  to  the 
minerals  which  they  contain, -a  considerable  amount  of  brown  mica,  was  noted 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  crossing  of  the  main  Chitina  and  the  Kotsina  trails.  Here, 
in  the  walls  of  the  canyon,  there  is  a coarse-grained  granular  rock  made  up  of 
andesite,  diallage,  hypersthene.  and  a considerable  amount  of  dark-brown  biotite. 
The  relations  of  this  rock  are  rather  unusual,  since  it  is  granular  rock  cutting 
glacial  gravels. 

The  only  granite  which  has  been  noted  in  the  Wrangell  Mountains  is  located 
somewhere  in  the  drainage  of  the  second  Kotsina  Glacier.  Its  presence  is 
known  only  from  a si)ecimen  collected  from  the  moraine.  It  is  a tine-grained 
rock  composed  of  biotite  with  some  plagioclase. 


" Op.  cit..  p.  ao.”., 

Sclirador  and  Sponcor,  oi>.  cit..  p.  H soq. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  374  PLATE  VI 


II.  CASTLE  MOUNTAIN. 

Looking  N.  60°  W.  fronn  ridge  between  Gilahina  Creek  and  Lakina  River. 


•'Vj 


ar 


\i.i. 


1p9. 


i . r '^r-  ^ 3-^ 


■SS.f' 


:ii 


a, 


i5f 


-i-t:-. 


»T  ■ ' ■:^f^-  ^ ‘ -”  • - 


--  -'-*•  »i 


'/t 


H-:,; 


? ' • A. 


'♦i‘ 


• * 


™ . - -'•^"v":-  -'Jsr 

-- • «-•  ^ 

-JibA  - ■'  . '■-  >= 


L .1  ■ 


%’"i> 


■ '•  'i’.t'C 


m 


\ ■ -<*.•- 


Px: 


*■  ^ -''v : ■ 1-' . , ■ '■ 

•.  ■ v:?*;-  : 

. - :■■.  '^5:6  - 

\ ',■•■'  V . r-f  - :.  ■■  O 

' >.*•■  . ' ;•  V:\lt ^ 


1 --Hs'' 


P#'* 


IGNEOUS  ROCKS. 


35 


On  the  north  side  of  the  main  tributary  of  Kotsina  River,  near  Surprise 
Creek,  there  is  a mass  of  diorite  which  varies  considerably  in  character  from 
place  to  place.  In  some  parts  the  rock  is  practically  granular,  while  elsewhere 
it  becomes  porphyritic.  It  is  composed  essentially  of  abundant  thick  prisms  of 
plagioclase,  which  is  probably  andesine,  while  between  these  prisms  there  is  a 
sort  of  groundmass  composed  of  orthoclase  and  quartz.  Biotite  and  horn- 
blende occur  in  irregular  grains  and  imperfect  prisms.  The  rock  is  related  to 
granodiorite,  but  may  be  called  a quartz  diorite. 

A porphyritic  phase  of  diorite  occurs  along  the  west  side  of  Kuskulana 
Glacier,  below  the  forks,  though  this  mass  has  not  been  represented  on  the 
map.  The  broad  dike  which  is  represented  as  crossing  the  mountain  mass 
between  the  forks  of  Kuskulana  Glacier  is  supposed  to  have  the  same  character. 

Porphyries  in  the  unmctamorphosed  sediments. — Besides  the  granular  or 
nearly  granular  rocks  already  considered,  there  is  a considerable  variety  of 
porphyritic  rocks  occurring  in  dikes  and  irregular  masses  in  the  black  shales 
of  the  Triassic  formation  and  in  the  slmles  and  sandstones  of  the  Kennicott 
series.  These  rocks  are  rather  generally  distributed  from  the  vicinity  of 
Kuskulana  River  eastward  as  far  as  our  observations  extended.  They  are 
well  shown  in  the  shale  series  on  either  side  of  Kennicott  River,  and  it  is  to 
the  resistance  which  the  intruded  rocks  have  presented  to  erosion  that  the 
mountains  of  this  vicinity  owe  their  preservation.  Some  less  important  oc- 
currences are  observed  in  the  valley  of  Young  Creek  and  as  far  toward  the 
south  as  Chitina  River.  PI  VI  [A]  is  illustrative  of  dikes  of  fine-grained 
porphyry  cutting  the  black  shale  in  the  walls  of  Young  Creek. 

On  the  map  the  intricate  intrusion  of  the  shales  is  represented  in  a dia- 
grammatic way  to  indicate  the  character  of  the  intrusions  rather  than  the 
actual  occurrence  of  the  cross-cutting  beds. 

The  porphyries  of  the  class  here  under  consideration  are  always  much 
altered,  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  determine  their  exact 
nature,  but  it  may  be  seen  that  they  are  all  not  identical,  though  they  are  prob- 
ably closely  related  throughout.  They  are  mostly  diorite  or  quartz  diorite 
porphyries,  judging  from  the  aggregates  of  altered  minerals  which  now  make 
up  their  mass.  They  vary  in  grain  from  cryptocrystalline  to  porphyritic  with 
stony  groundmass. 

These  porphyries  are,  in  part  at  least,  later  than  the  Kennicott  formation, 
of  Jura-Cretaceous  age,  for  they  are  found  cutting  this  series  in  the  region 
between  Lakina  and  Kennicott  rivers,  and  dikes  of  porphyry  cut  the  bedded 
volcanic  series  east  of  Kuskulana  River,  and  in  the  Nizina  region  there  are 
masses  of  unknown  character  cutting  across  the  volcanic  series.  It  appears 
that  in  general  the  intruded  rocks  have  been  injected  at  comparatively  recent 
dates,  although  there  are  no  data  for  determining  the  priority  of  one  or  the 
other  of  the  different  types  of  rock.  It  may  be  that  the  porphyries  were 
intruded  during  the  period  of  folding  which  preceded  the  deposition  that  took 
place  in  Jura-Cretaceous  time,  but  so  far  as  the  evidence  goes,  it  may  be  that 
they  were  introduced  after  the  deposition  of  the  Tertiary  volcanic  rocks. 

Andesite  cutting  the  Triassic. — The  mass  of  Castle  IMountain  is  composed  of 
dark  andesite,  similar  to  that  which  forms  the  surface  flows  of  the  Wrangell 
region.  On  the  western  side  of  the  mountain  the  contact  with  the  shales  and 
crumpled  limestones  may  be  clearly  distinguished  by  the  contrast  betweeen 
the  dark-colored  andesite  and  the  sedimentary  rocks  which  have  been  blenched 
and  whitened  through  contact  metamorphism.  The  a])pearance  of  Castle 
Mountain  and  the  andesite  contact  is  illustrated  in  [PI.  VI,  Ji^.  Looking  at 
Castle  Mountain  from  the  southeast,  one  sees  the  contact  runuing  in  a zigzag 


36 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


course  down  the  ridge  on  the  left  side,  as  shown  in  the  picture,  and  again, 
with  less  distinctness  at  the  right,  which  is  at  the  base  of  the  steep  cliff. 

Intrusive  rocks  in  Tertiary  volcanic  series. — The  occurrence  of  dikes  of  diorite 
porphyry  in  the  volcanic  series  has  already  been  noted,  and  aside  from  this  the 
only  knowledge  of  cross-cutting  massive  rocks  has  been  gained  from  a distant 
view  of  the  region  lying  east  of  the  Nizina  River,  between  Chitistone  River  and 
the  first  creek  flowing  into  the  Nizina.  Above  the  foot  of  the  glacier  there  is 
a mountainous  mass,  which  shows  the  topographic  characters  that  are  common 
in  the  case  of  massive  rocks,  and  this  mass  is  in  part  surrounded  by  the  flows 
and  tuff's  of  the  volcanic  series.  This  occurrence  is  the  only  evidence  of  the  post- 
volcanic  date  of  the  intrusive  rocks,  and  it  must  be  admitted  as  incomplete. 

Andesite  flows. — The  recent  lavas  which  occur  on  the  southern  and  western 
slopes  of  Mount  Wrangell  are  typical  hypersthene  andesites,  composed  of 
plagioclase,  at  least  as  basic  as  labradorite,  much  hypersthene  in  sharply  out- 
lined i)henocrysts,  and  a small  amount  of  augite.  Olivine  is  sometimes  present. 
The  groundmass  varies  from  glassy  to  finely  crystalline.  In  color  the  andesites 
vary  from  red  to  gray  and  black,  and  in  texture  from  vesicular  to  close-grained 
porphyritic. 

The  age  of  the  andesite  is  Pleistocene  and  Recent.  The  form  of  Mount 
Wrangell  is  the  result  of  successive  lava  flows,  by  which  its  cone  has  been  con- 
structed. The  great  sheet  of  andesite  to  the  north  of  the  Kotsina  drainage  lies 
above  the  mass  of  the  Pleistocene,  but  gravels  are  found  resting  upon  it  locally, 
and  glacial  scoring  is  also  observed,  so  that  at  some  time  since  the  most  im- 
portant outflows  glaciation  must  have  been  more  extensive  than  at  present. 

sH  ❖ ❖ ❖ 5f:  * 

Below  Tonsina  River,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Copper,  the  river  banks  have  a 
height  of  400  to  600  feet,  and  here  they  are  composed  very  largely  of  till.  Here, 
also,  andesite  occurs  in  the  upper  part  of  the  deposit,  and  this  occurrence  ap- 
pears to  be  the  western  extension  of  the  general  sheet  of  andesite  which  may 
be  found  at  intervals  and  traced  toward  the  east,  becoming  of  more  importance 
as  the  mountains  are  reached.  East  of  the  trail  leading  from  Tonsina  to  the 
upper  Chitina  the  andesite  is  of  considerable  importance,  and  here  gives  rise  to 
a prominent  bench,  which  may  be  traced  northward  to  the’ point  where  it  con- 
nects with  the  andesite  already  mentioned  as  occurring  on  Chetaslina  River, 
and  from  this  point  still  northward,  forming  a marked  terrace  for  a distance  of 
at  least  10  miles.  Wherever  observed  there  is  evidence  that  the  andesite  was 
poured  out  during  the  glacial  epoch.  The  greatest  thickness  of  the  glacial  de- 
posits is  below  it,  but  in  protected  places  it  always  shows  surfaces  which  have 
been  smoothed  by  ice  action,  and  there  is  no  considerable  area  of  the  andesite 
exposed  that  does  not  carry  exotic  bowlders  upon  it.  I.ocally  there  is  also  a 
considerable  amount  of  gravel  resting  upon  the  andesite.  This  relation  may  be 
seen  on  (’opper  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Billum’s,  and  also  at  the  crossing  on 
Kotsina  River. 

^ * 

The  edge  of  the  lava  flow  forming  the  plateau  north  of  the  point  at  which 
Kotsina  River  emerges  from  the  mountains  seems  unquestionably  to  have  been 
in  contact  with  the  side  of  a glacier  which  extended  outward  from  the  upi)er 
valley  from  the  time  of  the  eruption.  The  same  conditions  maj’  be  suggested 
along  the  north  side  of  Long  Glacier. 

The  distribution  of  the  andesite  as  represented  on  the  map  is  only  approxi- 
mate, and  underneath  the  latest  gravels  the  lava  undoubtedly  has  a much 
greater  extent  than  is  indicated,  and  over  much  more  of  the  area  where  it 
is  represented  gravels  may  be  found  above  it. 


FAULTS. 


87 


Just  north  of  Long  Glacier  the  thickness  of  the  andesite  is  several  hundred 
feet,  while  at  the  edge  of  the  flow,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Chetaslina  River, 
it  is  less  than  150  feet,  and  where  it  reaches  Copper  River  and  at  the  crossing 
of  the  Nikolai  [Nizina]  trail  on  Kotsina  River  it  is  less  than  50  feet. 

FAULTS.® 

Displacements  of  the  formations  occurring  in  the  Wrangell  region  are  not 
at  all  infrequent,  and  while  the  faults  are  usually  of  small  importance  struc- 
turally, they  are  frequently  followed  by  mineral-bearing  veins.  An  example  of 
this  is  seen  in  the  Nikolai  vein,  which  follows  a fault  having  a throw  of  several 
feet.  Two  faults  of  very  considerable  importance  have,  however,  been  recog- 
nized where  they  cross  Nizina  River,  while,  from  the  observed  relations  of 
the  various  formations,  a third  break  is  supposed  to  exist  in  the  Kotsina 
region.  On  the  west  side  of  Copper  Creek  the  Chitistone  limestone  is  found 
dipping  toward  the  west  and  overlying  the  Nikolai  greenstone  in  its  normal 
position,  while  on  the  east  side  of  the  creek  the  greenstone  comes  in  contact 
with  Triassic  shales ; and  though  the  relations  of  the  former  were  not  studied 
sufllciently  in  detail  to  allow  the  representation  of  the  fault  on  the  geological 
map,  a break  has  been  shown  in  the  geological  cross  section  in  accordance  with 
the  hypothesis  of  a fault. 

There  is  a fault  crossing  Nizina  River  about  3 miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Chitistone  River,  and,  though  its  occurrence  was  noted,  no  opportunity  was 
afforded  for  a detailed  examination.  This  feature  was  observed  by  Hayes  in 
1891  and  described  as  an  over-thrust  fault  having  a displacement  of  over  half 
a mile.^  The  representation  of  this  fault  on  the  geological  map  must  be  taken 
as  only  approximating  the  actual  relations. 

The  most  prominent  fault  which  has  been  recognized  is  the  one  which  limits 
the  southern  extension  of  the  greenstone  as  it  crosses  Nizina  River.  Here  the 
shales  of  the  Triassic  are  brought  against  the  Nikolai  greenstone,  and,  though 
the  actual  fault  plane  was  not  observed,  it  is  seen  from  the  horizons  which 
come  in  contact  that  the  displacement  must  amount  to  3,000  or  even  4,000  feet. 
East  of  Nizina  River  the  continuance  of  the  break  is  not  known,  since  the  region 
was  not  visited,  but  toward  the  west  it  probably  extends  for  a considerable 
distance,  and  on  the  east  side  of  Kennicott  Glacier  the  displacement  must  still 
be  in  excess  of  3,000  feet.  The  fault  was  also  observed  on  the  west  side  of 
Kennicott  Glacier,  and  from  this  place  it  is  probably  continuous  to  Lakina  River, 
where  there  is  a displacement  of  several  hundred  feet.  In  age  this  great  struc- 
tural break  antedates  the  deposition  of  the  Kennicott  formation,  and  its  pro- 
duction probably  belongs  to  the  post-Triassic  period  of  uplift  and  deformation. 

PLEISTOCENE  AND  RECENT  DEPOSITS. 

Introduction. — Under  the  heading  of  Pleistocene  and  Recent  de- 
]:>osits  is  given  a general  description  of  the  unconsolidated  deposits 
that  now  occupy  the  valley  portions  of  the  Chitina  and  Copper  rivers 
and  their  tributaries  as  included  in  the  area  shown  on  the  geologic 
map  (PI.  II).  The  scale  of  this  map  is  too  small  to  give  a detailed 
representation  of  the  deposits,  but  their  general  distribution  is  well 
shown. 

“ Schrader  and  Spencer,  op.  cit.,  p.  62. 

Hayes,  C.  W.,  An  expedition  through  the  Yukon  district  : Nat.  Geog.  Mag.,  vol.  4,  1892, 

p.  141. 


38 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

Present  features. — A view  of  the  river  valleys  of  this  region  dis- 
closes two  very  distinct  topographic  features,  caused  by  two  equally 
distinct  geologic  processes  that  have  dominated  the  development  of 
the  topography  during  Pleistocene  and  Recent  time.  These  features 
are  very  forcibly  impressed  on  anyone  who  may  have  occasion  to  visit 
the  region.  The  first  is.  the  present-day  aspect  of  the  accumulations 
of  a former  period  of  very  rapid  deposition,  the  completion  of  which 
was  the  closing  event  of  the  Pleistocene  period.  In  their  broad  sur- 
face characteristics  these  deposits  have  changed  but  little  since  they 
were  laid  down.  The  second  is  the  recent  trenching  by  streams  that 
is  so  marked  a feature  of  late  drainage  activity  in  many  other  parts 
in  Alaska  also  and  that  is  brought  particularly  to . notice  where 
streams  have  worked  upon  unconsolidated  deposits  of  Pleistocene  age. 
(See  PI.  VII,  A.)  This  trenching  began  with  Recent  time  and  re- 
sults from  conditions  that  still  prevail. 

The  completed  result  of  Pleistocene  deposition  is  presented  to-day 
in  the  form  of  gravel  and  silt  plains  that  extend  over  all  the  lower 
areas.  They  floor  the  large  main  valleys  almost  completely  and  ex- 
tend up  the  tributary  valleys  considerable  distances  into  the  moun- 
tains. Their  surfaces  slope  gradually  in  two  directions — from  the 
sides  of  the  valleys  inward  to  the  lower  levels  occupied  by  the  drain- 
ing streams,  and  from  the  heads  of  the  valleys  toward  their  outlets. 
They  are  characteristic  valley  plains. 

The  combined  ice  and  water  drainage  of  Pleistocene  time,  that 
brought  down  such  vast  quantities  of  rock  material  from  the  sur- 
rounding mountain  ranges,  filling  the  valleys  and  spreading  it  out 
in  the  form  of  the  gravel  plain,  has  had  its  gradients  and  its  relation 
to  sea  level  changed  by  a widespread  elevation  which  was  differen- 
tial rather  than  harmonious.  The  present  rivers,  in  working  down 
to  the  new  grades  thus  imposed,  have  cut  deeply  into  the  Pleistocene 
plains  (PI.  VII,  A),  so  that  to-day  all  the  streams  occupy  trenches 
in  the  filled  valley  floor.  Thus  the  valleys  are  incised  from  50  to 
000  feet  into  the  unconsolidated  Pleistocene  deposits,  and  in  many 
places  through  them. 

Pre-Pleistocene  land  surface. — To  understand  more  fully  the  dis- 
tribution and  thickness  of  the  unconsolidated  Pleistocene  deposits 
it  ma}^  be  well  to  indicate  briefly  what  the  appearance  of  this  region 
must  have  been  just  before  the  deposition  of  the  Pleistocene  began. 
This  appearance  may  be  imagined  from  an  understanding  of  the 
present  surface.  To-day  the  country  is  especially  characterized  by 
rugged  mountains,  most  of  them  showing  well  up  on  their  sides  the 
effects  of  vigorous  glacial  erosion.  The  sides  are  steep  and  in  many 
|:)laces  descend  abruptly  to  the  valley  bottoms  where  the  bed-rock 
slopes  disappear  beneath  the  comparatively  flat  Pleistocene  deposits. 

The  bed-rock  contour  of  the  larger  tributary  ATille}^s  of  the  Chitina 
to-day  ])reseiit  wide  U-shaped  cross  sections  typical  of  strongly 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  374  PLATE  VII 


.1.  PLEISTOCENE  GRAVEL  BLUFFS. 

North  bank  of  Chitina  River,  above  mouth  of  Nizina  River,  looking  northwest. 


li.  CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE,  NORTH  SIDE  OF  ELLIOTT  CREEK  NEAR  DECEPTION  CREEK. 
Nikolai  greenstone  below;  Kennicott  limestone  above. 


PLEISTOCENE  AND  RECENT  DEPOSITS. 


39 


glaciated  valleys,  though  the  bottoms  are  no^y  hidden  in  many  places 
to  a depth  of  at  least  500  or  GOO  feet  by  Pleistocene  deposits.  Be- 
fore the  glaciers  occupied  them  the  broad  valleys  were  no  doubt  es- 
sentially of  the  uniform  deeply  eroded  rock-floored  type,  presenting 
rolling  surfaces  with  here  and  there  considerable  hills  rising  from 
them,  and  encircled  by  high  rugged  mountains.  At  that  time  the 
mountains  had  not  been  glaciated  and  were  not  so  steep  sided,  and 
the  valleys  were  cut  deeply  only  by  stream  erosion.  Even  in  the 
main  valleys  of  the  Chitina,  of  the  Copper  just  north  of  Taral,  and 
of  the  lower  half  of  the  Kotsina,  the  rock  floors  were  not  flat,  but 
presented  rolling  surfaces,  for  to-day  there  are  considerable  hills  of 
hard  bed  rock  standing  above  the  more  level  unconsolidated  Pleisto- 
cene deposits  that  surround  them,  like  islands  in  a body  of  water. 
The  general  attitude  of  these  bed-rock  islands  indicates  that  the  pre- 
Pleistocene  grade  of  the  Chitina  Valley  was  not  as  steep  from  the 
head  to  its  mouth  as  it  is  to-day,  for  the  areas  of  the  older  bed-rock 
surface  exposed  above  the  unconsolidated  deposits  are  of  consider- 
able extent  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chitina,  and  are  less  exposed  up 
its  valley,  where  they  are  more  deeply  buried  by  the  gravel  and  are 
only  shown  where  the  main  stream  and  its  larger  tributaries  have 
cut  through  the  unconsolidated  sediments. 

The  Avork  of  Pleistocene  time  Avas  the  filling  of  these  ATalleys  by 
A^ast  quantities  of  poorly  sorted  material  eroded  by  ice  and  Avater 
from  the  mountains  that  surround  them.  The  old  drainage  of  the 
valleys  Avas  overAvhelnied  by  an  invasion  of  glacial  ice,  and  erosion 
and  deposition  by  this  ice  and  its  attendant  streams  left  the  surface 
almost  as  Ave  see  it  to-day.  These  unconsolidated  deposits  are  the 
evidence  that  tell  of  Pleistocene  time  and  its  activities. 

Erosion  and  deposition  during  Pleistocene  and  Recent  time. — The 
Pleistocene  and  Recent  geology  of  this  region  is  probably  brought 
most  conspicuously  to  our  notice  by  its  unconsolidated  deposits,  but 
the  erosional  effects  are  also  marked.  The  character  and  extent  of 
the  deposits  are  a direct  result  of  the  character  and  extent  of  the 
drainage  of  that  time,  and  these  Avere  dependent  on  the  character  of 
the  precipitation.  It  is  not  necessary  to  suppose  a larger  supply  of 
moisture  or  a greatly  different  climate  from  that  of  to-day,  but  the 
form  of  precipitation  must  have  been  such  as  to  give  a great  increase 
in  the  development  of  the  snoAV  fields  that  fed  the  glaciers  and  their 
streams.  A great  change  in  the  character  of  the  drainage  appears  to 
have  come  over  the  region  at  the  beginning  of  Pleistocene  time. 
This  change  iiwolved  a marked  development  of  glaciers  and  their 
attendant  streams,  together  Avith  the  greater  rapidity  of  erosion  and 
more  active  transportation  of  rock  material  that  accompanies  such 
phenomena.  The  groAvth  of  this  kind  of  drainage  seems  to  have 


40 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


been  rapid,  until  it  finally  dominated  the  Avhole  area  of  the  Copper- 
Chitina  region.  It  apparently  had  various  stages  of  advance  to  its 
maximum  extent  and  then  stages  of  decrease  to  its  present  condition. 
The  present  character  and  extent  of  glaciation  is  Avell  shown  on  the 
map.  The  detailed  stages  of  its  advance  have  been  largely  obliter- 
ated by  its  retreat,  but  the  evidences  of  its  greatest  development  are 
still  distinct,  and  a detailed  study  no  doubt  would  bring  out  much  of 
the  history  of  that  period. 

Chitina  Valley  appears  to  have  been  occupied  by  a great  valley 
glacier,  and  its  tributaries,  especially  the  Nizina,  Kennicott,  Lakina, 
and  Kuskulana  valleys — the  principal  feeders  of  the  master  ice  stream 
on  the  north — were  also  filled  by  ice  streams  that  united  in  the  great 
Chitina  Glacier.  In  addition  there  were  smaller  glaciers  flowing 
into  the  Chitina  from  the  south.  The  glaciers  from  the  head  of 
Kotsina  Valley,  together  with  the  Kluvesna  and  Long  glaciers  from 
Mount  Wrangell,  united  Avith  each  other  and  their  combined  ice 
stream  extended  at  least  to  the  point  where  the  valley  opens  out  into 
Copper  Kiver  basin.  Thus  it  Avill  be  seen  that  this  region  at  some 
(ime  during  the  Pleistocene  was  practically  hidden  under  snow  and 
glacial  ice.  Only  the  higher  mountain  ridges  protruded  above  it,  yet 
even  these  Avere  the  gathering  places  for  snoAV  that  fed  the  glaciers 
beloAV.  As  the  ice  streams  moved  sloAvly,  but  poAverfully,  doAvn  their 
confining  valleys,  they  Avere  loaded  Avith  vast  quantities  of  rock  ma- 
terial Avhich  they  carried  Avith  them  to  the  loAver  level.  Hoav  long 
the  maximum  extent  of  the  ice  invasion  Avas  maintained  is  not  knoAvn, 
but  Avhen  the  glaciers  had  reached  their  greatest  development  and 
their  increase  Avas  stopped  by  the  lack  of  sufficient  snoAv  at  their 
sources  to  balance  the  Avaste  by  melting  at  their  loAver  leA^els,  their 
retreat  began.  As  the  melting  proceeded  and  the  loAver  limits  of 
the  glaciers  Avithdrew  up  the  valleys,  a great  quantity  of  morainal 
material  Avas  dumped  on  the  valley  floors,  and  the  Avater  from  melt- 
ing ice  spread  this  heterogeneous  assortment  of  rock  material  oA^er 
the  valley  flood  plains,  left  bare  by  the  receding  glaciers,  thus  form- 
ing the  valley-plain  deposits  almost  as  they  are  seen  to-day.  Melting 
of  the  ice  did  not  proceed  at  a uniform  rate,  nor  Avas  it  a continuous 
course  of  recession.  There  Avere  intervals  Avhen  meltinjr  Avas  not  so 
rapid,  and  then  terminal  moraines  Avere  laid  doAvn  Avhich  the  streams 
issuing  from  the  ice  front  Avere  unahle  to  spread  out  in  a uniform 
manner.  There  Avere  times  also  Avhen  the  ice  readvanced  oA’er  areas 
it  had  formerly  occupied  and  laid  doAvn  till  sheets  of  greater  or  less 
extent  on  the  unconsolidated  ])artly  sorted  sediments.  Terminal 
moraine  heaj)s  to-day  occupy  considerable  areas  in  the  valley  plains 
and  mark  ])ositions  of  halting  in  the  recession  of  the  glaciers  to  their 
present  positions.  Till  deposits  also  occur  on  top  of  sediments  that 
were  laid  doAvii  in  bodies  of  (]uiet  Avater  after  the  first  retreat  of  the 


PLEISTOCENE  AND  RECENT  DEPOSITS. 


41 


ice,  in  order  to  occupy  their  present  positions  in  relation  to  the  sedi- 
ments they  overlie,  they  must  have  been  formed  by  a readvancement 
of  the  ice. 

Character  of  the  valley- plain  deposits. — The  unconsolidated  de- 
posits laid  down  during  the  recession  of  the  ice  are  of  various  kinds. 
AVith  few  exceptions,  they  are  all  sediments  of  pronounced  glacial 
character  and  present  all  the  great  variety  of  phases  of  such  deposi- 
tion, from  the  unsorted  morainal  dumps  of  bowlders,  with  many 
angular  blocks,  to  partially  sorted  cobble  beds,  regularly  arranged 
gravels,  and  coarse  cross-bedded  sands,  and  in  many  places  consider- 
able areas  of  typical  lacustrine  sediments  consisting  of  fine  sands  and 
silts.  Mendenhall " has  described  the  character  of  these  deposits  in 
the  Copper  Eiver  Valley,  and  his  description  applies  also  to  their 
continuation  in  the  Chitina  River  valley : 

Such  deposits  are  generally  separated  into  (1)  stratitied  or  assorted  drift, 
and  (2)  iinstratified  or  unassorted  drift,  the  first  having  been  laid  down  under 
the  influence  of  water,  and  hence  showing  a more  or  less  stratified  condition, 
while  the  second,  deposited  directly  from  the  ice,  consists  of  heterogeneous  ag- 
gregates of  coarse  and  fine  materials  without  evident  marks  of  stratification. 
The  two  forms  are  not  always  readily  separable,  nor  are  their  relative  posi- 
tions always  the  same,  either  one  occurring  uppermost,  and  not  rarely  they 
alternate  with  each  other  several  times  between  the  surface  and  the  bottom 
of  the  drift. 

The  greater  part  of  the  deposits  that  fill  the  valleys  do  not  show 
the  characteristics  of  gravel  and  sand  laid  down  in  standing  water. 
Their  deposition  was  governed  by  more  or  less  local  conditions  of 
glacial  and  stream  transportation  and  deposition,  and  these  condi- 
tions each  had  its  particular  features  in  different  localities  that 
changed  rapidly  from  time  to  time.  On  the  whole,  the  peculiarities 
of  deposition  were  a rapid  dumping  of  material,  much  of  which  was 
coarse,  into  the  ample  valley  basins,  and  a vigorous  fluviatile  grading 
of  these  materials  in  the  lower  areas  of  the  valleys.  p]ach  tributary 
valley  furnished  an  amount  of  material  commensurate  with  its  size 
and  the  ability  of  its  stream  to  transport  material  out  into  the  larger 
valleys,  where  the  combined  drainage  net  spread  out  and  graded  it 
all  into  more  even  surfaces  but  was  inadequate  to  do  the  work  of  dis- 
tributing it  in  uniform  stratified  deposits  of  any  considerable  extent, 
as  might  have  been  done  if  the  deposition  had  been  dominated  by  a 
large  body  of  water,  such  as  a lake. 

There  are,  nevertheless,  lacustrine  deposits  consisting  of  fine  strati- 
fied sediments  occupying  more  or  less  restricted  areas  throughout 
the  valley  drift  deposits,  which  show  that  local  lakes  of  greater  or 
less  extent  existed  in  the  main  valleys,  while  the  streams  of  tributary 
valleys  were  contributing  their  deposits  of  heterogeneous  material. 

" Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  Geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska  : Prof.  Paper 
r.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  41,  100.''),  pp.  04-74. 


42 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


The  outflow  of  andesitic  lava  indicated  southwest  of  Mount  Wran- 
oell  on  the  geologic  map  (PL  II)  occurred  after  a large  part  of  the 
Pleistocene  deposits  had  been  laid  down,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
it  overlies  a considerable  thickness  of  these  sediments.  This  relation 
has  been  examined  by  Schrader  and  Spencer « along  Chetaslina  River. 
They  also  noted  a deposit  of  fragmental  volcanic  material  in  the 
sediments  directly  underneath  the  lava,  which  they  associate  with 
this  outburst  of  volcanic  activity.  This  fragmental  material  shows 
every  appearance  of  having  been  ejected  from  craters  in  the  form 
of  bombs  only  a short  time  before  the  outflow  of  lava  began.  Frag- 
mental volcanic  material  of  this  nature  was  observed  by  the  present 
Avriters  in  the  benches  of  Pleistocene  sediments  of  the  Kotsina  Valley 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Roaring  Creek.  At  this  locality  there  is  no 
laA^a  oA^erlying  the  material,  but  the  bomb-like  fragments  have  a rough 
stratiform  arrangement  under  about  30  feet  of  gravels  and  silts. 
The  bombs  at  this  locality  have  a porous  friable  texture,  and  occur 
as  roughly  spherical  masses  from  a few  inches  to  a foot  or  more 
in  diameter. 

After  the  outflow  of  lava  had  taken  place  the  area  was  again  over- 
ridden by  the  glacier,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  surface  of 
the  lava  has  been  smoothed  by  moving  ice,  and  deposits  of  glacial 
debris  lie  upon  it. 

ECOXOMIC  GEOEOGY. 

GENERAL  STATEMENT. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  Chitina  and  the  Kotsina  River  val- 
leys that  are  of  present  commercial  interest  are  gold,  copper,  and 
possibly  coal. 

Gold  has  been  mined  from  the  Xizina  placers  since  1902.  . As  in 
many  other  placer  regions,  however,  no  records  of  the  early  produc- 
tion are* available,  and  no  attempt  is  here  made  to  give  even  approxi- 
mate figures  for  the  yield  of  gold  in  these  six  }^ears.  Gold  placer 
mining  is  noAv  on  a more  firmly  established  basis  than  in  the  past, 
and  doubtless  an  increase  in  the  3ueld  of  gold  Avill  be  seen  in  the  next 
few  years.  Possibl}^  this  yield  may  be  increased  further  b}^  an  ex- 
tension of  the  producing  area  as  the  conditions  for  economical  min- 
ing grow  more  favorable. 

Copper,  because  of  the  high  price  of  that  metal  from  1905  to  1907, 
has  received  much  attention  from  prospectors  and  others  interested 
in  copper  production,  but  this  region  has  not  yet  produced  a pound 
of  copper  in  a commercial  way. 

The  coal  dej)Osits  of  Chitina  Valley  are  probablv  of  only  local 
interest.  No  coal  comparable  in  (uiality  with  the  coal  of  Controller 


“ Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spepccr,  A.  C.,  op.  cit.,  p.  HO. 


ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY. 


43 


Bay  or  Matanuska  River  has  been  found,  yet,  if  obtainable  in  proper 
quantity,  the  Chitistone  River  coal  may  have  a small  local  demand. 

At  present,  then,  the  Kotsina-Chitina  area  has  an  actual  production 
of  gold  and  a prospective  production  of  copper,  but,  without  detract- 
ing in  any  way  from  the  importance  of  its  gold  placers,  it  may  be 
said  that  the  future  position  of  the  region  as  a producer  of  mineral 
wealth  may  be  determined  in  large  part  by  the  importance  which  its 
copper  deposits  assume  on  development. 

In  this  paper  greater  attention  is  given  to  the  copper  deposits.  It 
is  hoped  that  the  facts  observed  are  presented  impartially  and  in 
such  a way  as  to  give  a proper  idea  of  the  type  of  ores  occurring  here 
and  of  the  progress  in  developing  them  since  they  were  last  visited 
by  member's  of  the  Survey.  Those  seeking  information  in  regard  to 
the  commercial  value  of  the  deposits  described  may  be  disappointed 
in  finding  no  definite  statement  in  regard  to  values.  It  has  become 
the  established  practice  in  the  Alaskan  investigations  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Survey  not  to  treat  this  subject,  for  it  evidently  falls  within 
the  province  of  the  mining  engineer  who  investigates  a particular 
property.  In  the  short  time  available  for  their  study  it  would  ob- 
viously be  impossible  for  the  Survey  geologists  to  sample  the  deposits 
visited,  and  it  also  appears  unwise  to  publish  the  results  of  assays 
furnished  by  property  owners,  because  it  is  not  always  possible  to 
learn  how  a given  sample  was  taken.  It  is  admitted  that  the  descrip- 
tions are  in  no  way  exhaustive.  This  is  necessarily  so  from  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  work  was  done.  In  the  first  place  the  copper 
properties  are  all  prospects  and  not  developed  mines.  The  ores  ex- 
amined are  near  the  surface  and  are  exposed  in  shallow  open  cuts 
or  in  short  tunnels,  so  that  there  is  little  data  at  hand  for  determining 
the  character  of  the  ore  in  depth  or  for  obtaining  an  accurate  idea 
of  the  form  of  the  ore  bodies.  In  the  second  place  time  was  too 
short  to  make  a thorough  examination  of  all  the  properties  in  the 
region.  A few  prospects  were  not  visited  because  their  locations 
were  not  definitely  known,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  owners  either 
they  were  not  found  when  searched  for  or  it  did  not  appear  to  be 
in  accord  with  the  best  interests  of  the  work  to  spend  time  in  looking 
for  them. 

The  omission  of  the  name  of  a claim  in  the  descriptions  to  follow, 
therefore,  reflects  in  no  way  on  the  value  of  that  claim.  On  the  other 
hand,  in  a few  instances  where  there  was  more  than  the  usual  oppor- 
tunity for  studying  the  ores  it  is  possible  that  the  more  nearly  complete 
descriptions  of  them  will  make  it  appear  that  they  were  considered 
to  be  of  unusual  promise  or  value.  These  more  detailed  descriptions, 
however,  are  given  in  the  hope  that  they  may  lead  to  a better  under- 
standing of  the  copper  deposits  by  the  reader  and  enable  him  to  draw 
his  own  conclusions  respecting  the  character  of  the  ores.  Knowing 


44 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

the  liarni  that  sometimes  is  caused  by  premature  or  hasty  conclusions 
the  writers  have  endeavored  to  state  facts  rather  than  inferences 
in  the  hope  that  more  detailed  and  thorough  studies  may  be  made 
in  the  future. 

COPPER. 

THE  COPPER  ^MINERALS. 

Preliminary  statement. — The  copper  minerals  most  common  in  this 
region  are  not  many.  Those  associated  with  the  copper  are  even  fewer. 
The  copper  deposits,  therefore,  so  far  as  their  mineralogy  is  con- 
cerned, are  not  complex,  but  it  is  difficult  with  the  data  at  hand  to  give 
an  outline  of  their  histor}^  that  is  fully  satisfying.  Copper  was  seen 
in  greatest  amount  as  chalcocite,  bornite,  and  chalcopyrite.  Native 
copper  should  probably  be  mentioned  after  these.  Malachite  is  the 
most  noticeable  of  all  the  copper  minerals.  Azurite,  cuprite,  chal- 
canthite,  and  tenorite  occur  locally.  Calcite,  quartz,  and  epidote  are 
associates  of  the  copper  minerals  in  some  places. 

Descriptions  of  all  the  minerals  named  are  to  be  found  in  any 
book  on  mineralogy,  but  for  the  convenience  of  those  who  may  not 
have  such  books  at  hand  their  chemical  composition  and  percentage 
of  copper  will  be  given  in  describing  the  copper  minerals  as  they 
occur  in  this  region. 

Native  copper. — Native  copper  is  found  in  the  Nikolai  greenstone 
in  many  places.  It  is  believed  to  be  entirely  of  secondary  origin, 
and  occurs  most  commonly  either  without  quartz  in  the  amygdaloidal 
lava  flows  or  accompanied  by  quartz,  or  quartz  and  epidote,  in  small 
veins  or  shattered  portions  of  the  lava  flows.  It  appears  to  prefer 
the  amygdaloidal  phases  of  the  greenstone  rather  than  the  more 
compact  beds  such  as  the  coarser  grained  diabase  lying  immediately 
below  the  Chitistone  limestone,  }^et  native  copper  is  found  there 
also.  It  takes  the  form  (1)  of  small  grains  and  slugs  formed  by 
alteration  or  replacement,  or  deposited  in  cavities  which  were  either 
produced  when  the  lavas  solidified,  or  else  resulted  later  from  solu- 
tion, and  (2)  of  thin  crumpled  leaves  or  films  deposited  along  frac- 
tures resulting  from  strains  and  movements  in  the  rock.  In  places 
the  copper  forms  small  lenticular  veinlike  masses,  or  it  occurs  as 
a network  of  intersecting  seams  almost  like  the  complex  of  quartz 
veins  sometimes  seen  in  a rock  that  has  been  brecciated  and  rece- 
mented. This  last  phase  is  particularly  common  where  the  copper, 
accompanied  by  quartz,  has  filled  ca\ities  in  the  country  rock.  When 
such  a mixture  of  quartz  and  copper  is  struck  with  the  hammer  so 
as  to  sliatter  the  more  brittle  quartz,  it  leaves  a cavernous  or  sponge- 
like mass  of  co})per.  That  the  copper  has  in  some  places  filled  open 
cavities  seems  to  be  shown  by  the  presence  of  perfectly  formed  (]uartz 
crystals  in  it.  In  at  least  one  jilace  native  co])per  is  restricted  to  a 
particulai’  lava  flow  and  is  not  seen  in  the  flows  lying  immediately 


THE  COPPER  MINERALS. 


45 


above  and  below.  At  this  locality  it  is  associated  with  a black 
glassy  amygdaloidal  filling  consisting  of  a mixture  of  copper  oxide 
and  carbonaceous  matter.  The  copper  is  present  as  grains  and  films 
in  the  amygdules  and  also  in  the  greenstone.  No  quartz  was  seen 
here,  but  it  was  reported  that  a mass  of  copper  and  quartz  weighing 
GO  pounds  was  taken  from  an  outcrop  only  400  or  500  feet  distant. 
This  is  the  largest  piece  of  native  copper  found  in  place  reported  to 
the  writer. 

Native  copper  is  found  in  the  gravels  of  several  streams,  such  as 
Nugget,  Dan,  and  Chititu  creeks.  The  largest  piece  yet  discovered 
is  on  Nugget  Creek.  It  is  estimated  to  weigh  between  2 and  3 tons. 
Native  copper  is  common  in  the  gravels  of  Dan  and  Chititu  creeks, 
the  pieces  ranging  in  size  from  small  grains  to  masses  of  300  pounds 
weight.  The  copper  is  all  more  or  less  rounded  and  some  of  the 
pieces  assume  most  fantastic  shapes.  Native  copper  and  native  silver 
crystallized  together  in  the  same  nugget  are  not  uncommon.  As  a 
rule  the  placer  copper  is  nearly  free  from  quartz,  but  is  considerably 
oxidized,  and  some  pieces  when  broken  are  found  to  be  spongy  or 
cavernous.  Native  copper  was  not  seen  in  the  Chitistone  limestone. 

Cuprite. — The  dark-red  oxide  of  copper,  cuprite  (Cir.O,  88.8  per 
c^nt  copper),  is  found  in  the  Chitina  region,  Avhere  native  copper  is 
found,  and  usually  does  not  occur  without  it.  It  is  difficult  or  perhaps 
impossible  to  determine  whether  the  native  copper  results  from  the 
reduction  of  the  cuprite  or  the  cuprite  from  the  oxidation  of  tlie 
copper.  Probably  both  changes  take  place.  Cuprite  is  not  known 
in  the  Kotsina-Chitina  country  in  quantities  sufficient  to  make  it  of 
value  as  an  ore.  Many  of  the  placer  copper  nuggets  show  little 
crystals  of  cuprite  when  the  oxidized  scale  is  broken  from  the  surface. 
Cuprite  is  also  seen  as  little  red  specks  in  copper-bearing  greenstone 
or  on  the  native  copper  in  the  greenstone. 

' Tenorite. — The  black  oxide  of  copper  (CuO,  70.8  per  cent  copper), 

tenorite  or  melaconite,  is  of  rare  occurrence  in  this  resfion.  To<rether 
with  a certain  amount  of  carbonaceous  material  it  forms  a black, 
glassy  or  resinous  filling  of  cavities  in  some  of  the  amygdaloidal  lava 
flows.  It  also  was  found  in  one  place  in  association  with  the  quartz 
of  a small  vein  filling. 

Chalcocite. — The  cuprous  sulphide,  chalcocite,  frequently  called 
copper  glance  (CilS,  70.9  per  cent  copper),  forms  the  most  valuable 
of  the  known  copper  deposits  of  Chitina  Valley.  It  is  found  in  tlie 
Nikolai  greenstone  at  many  places  from  Kotsina  River  to  the  Chiti- 
stone, but  its  greatest  deposits  are  in  the  Chitistone  limestone.  It  is 
more  abundant  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  field  than  the  Avestern.  In 
the  greenstone  it  forms  irregular  lenticular  and  veinlike  bodies,  re- 
placing the  rock,  or  is  disseminated  through  it  in  small  particles.  In 
])laces  it  is  associated  with  epidote.  Large  masses  of  practically  pure 


46 


THE  KOTSIXA-CHITIXA  REGIOX,  ALASKA. 


chalcocite  were  formed  in  the  Chitistone  limestone  by  replacement  of 
the  original  rock.  It  is  imoxidized  save  for  a thin  film  on  the  sur- 
face, and  breaks  with  a smooth,  shining  fracture,  like  stove  polish. 
Both  here  and  in  the  greenstone  it  may  more  probably  be  of  secondary 
origin,  but  from  Avhat  original  mineral  it  is  derived  is  not  known. 

Bornite. — On  the  whole,  bornite  (Cu^FeS^,  63.3  per  cent  copper) 
is  perhaps  the  most  widespread  copper  mineral  of  the  region.  It  is 
found  in  the  greenstone  and  in  the  limestone  near  the  limestone-green- 
stone contact,  but  it  is  much  more  common  in  the  greenstone.  The 
bornite  usually  occurs  without  accompanying  minerals  other  than 
those  of  the  altered  greenstone.  It  is  also  seen,  however,  accom- 
panied by  calcite  and  a minor  amount  of  quartz  in  veins.  In  the 
greenstone  it  assumes  practically  the  same  form  as  does  chalcocite, 
that  is,  it  is  disseminated  in  grains  through  the  rock  or  occurs  in  it  in 
irregular  veins  or  lenses.  Sheared  portions  of  the  greenstone  in 
places  show  a mixture  of  more  or  less  replaced  country  rock  and 
nearly  pure  bornite.  Thin  sections  of  the  ore  show  that  the  green- 
stone, while  it  appears  in  the  hand  specimen  to  be  quite  fresh,  is  never- 
theless highly  altered  and  contains  much  secondary  calcite.  In  some 
thin  sections  the  ferromagnesian  minerals  are  practically  lacking. 
The  bornite  is  scattered  through  the  rock  in  small  grains  that  are  in 
places  intergrown  with  chalcopyrite.  This  intergrowth  of  bornite 
and  chalcopyrite  on  a much  larger  scale  is  usual  in  the  vein  deposits 
accompanied  by  a calcite  gangue. 

Chalcopyiite. — So  far  as  prospecting  has  shown,  chalcopyrite 
(CuFeS^,  34.6  per  cent  copper),  is  not  an  abundant  copper  mineral 
in  the  region  under  discussion,  but  it  accompanies  bornite  in  a great 
many  places,  forming  an  intimate  intergrowth  with  it.  It  may  not 
be  distinguishable  in  a hand  specimen,  but  many  of  the  thin  sections 
examined  under  the  microscope  show  it  to  be  present.  Where  chal- 
copyrite and  bornite  are  accompanied  by  calcite  in  vein  deposits  the 
two  minerals  crystallize  in  larger  masses  than  in  the  greenstone,  and 
with  the  Avhite  calcite  backoround  thev  form  a handsome  ore.  It 

<I K, 

is  natural  to  expect  that  the  rich  sulphide  deposits  may  have  been 
derived  from  poorer  pyritic  ores,  and  proof  of  this  was  sought,  but 
no  conclusive  evidence  on  this  point  was  discovered. 

Malachite. — The  green  copper  carbonate,  malachite  (Cu2(OH)o 
CO3,  57.5  per  cent  copper),  forms  a stain  on  the  copper  minerals  and 
on  the  inclosing  country  rock  Avherever  copper  is  found.  In  most 
places  it  is  conspicuous  in  a degree  entirely  out  of  proportion  to 
the  quantity  of  coj)per  present  and  is  apt  to  give  one  a greatly  exag- 
gerated idea  of  the  deposit  it  marks.  ^lalachite  forms  a green  film 
that  covers  exposed  surfaces  of  ore  and  rock  and  penetrates  along 
joint  planes  and  fractures  wherever  the  copper-bearing  waters  find 
an  entrance.  Though  it  is  the  most  widespread  and  noticeable  of 


OCCUKKEN(’E  OF  THE  ORES. 


47 


all  the  copper  minerals,  it  is  not  known  to  be  present  anywhere  in 
the  region  in  sufficient  amount  to  make  it  of  importance  as  an  ore. 
In  a few  places  it  forms  small  deposits  in  broken  limestone.  Weed  ^ 
in  describing  this  mineral  says : “ Owing  to  its  brilliant  green  color 
a very  small  amount  will  stain  a very  large  amount  of  rock  or  vein 
matter,  or  color  thin  and  worthless  incrustations  or  nodules  of 
valueless  material,  so  that  it  is  difficult  and,  in  fact,  often  impos- 
sible to  form  any  accurate  opinion  of  the  ore  from  its  external 
appearance.” 

Azurite. — The  blue  carbonate  of  copper,  azurite  (Cu3(OH)2 
(003)2,  55.3  per  cent  copper),  is  much  less  common  in  this  part  of 
the  Copper  River  region  than  malachite.  It  is  found  chiefly  in  con- 
nection with  deposits  of  chalcocite  in  limestone,  and  in  places  is 
clearly  an  alteration  product  of  the  chalcocite.  At  the  Bonanza 
mine  azurite  forms  small  veins  or  veinlets  in  joints  or  fractures 
of  the  limestone  around  the  boundaries  of  the  main  ore  body.  Some 
of  the  veins  when  broken  show  a core  of  chalcocite.  Azurite  also 
forms  beautiful  deep-blue  crystals  on  the  chalcocite.  On  the  whole, 
it  may  be  said  to  be  an  uncommon  mineral  in  this  region  and  is 
rarely  seen  as  an  alteration  product  of  the  ores  in  greenstone  except 
Avhere  they  are  accompanied  by  calcite. 

Chalcanthite. — The  blue  copper  sulphate,  chalcanthite  (CUSO4 
5H2O,  25.5  per  cent  copper),  was  observed  in  a few  places  where 
water  seeping  from  the  copper-bearing  greenstone  had  evaporated, 
leaving  small  crystals  of  the  sulphate  on  the  rock  surface.  It  is 
easily  recognized  by  its  appearance  and  acid  taste.  It  is  of  no  im- 
portance as  a copper  ore  in  this  re^on. 

OCCURRENCE  OF  THE  ORES. 

General  statement. — The  copper  ores  of  the  region  are  associated 
with  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  the  Chitistone  limestone.  Copper  is 
widely  distributed  through  the  greenstone,  but  the  largest  and  most 
valuable  of  the  known  deposits  are  in  the  limestone  very  close  to  the 
limestone-greenstone  contact.  Co]3per,  however,  was  not  seen  in 
the  Chitistone  limestone  at  any  considerable  distance  above  the  green- 
stone; that  is,  the  copper  minerals  found  in  the  limestone  can  be 
shown  in  almost  every  instance  to  be  near  the  base  of  the  formation 
and  consequently  near  the  greenstone.  All  of  the  important  known 
deposits  in  limestone  are  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  district.  The  de- 
posits in  greenstone,  on  the  other  hand,  do  not  a|)pear  to  be  more 
developed  in  one  locality  than  in  another. 

The  copper  ores  may  be  referred  to  one  of  the  three  following 
classes:  (1)  Copper  and  copper-iron  sulphides  associated  {a)  Avitli 

“ Weed,  W.  II.,  The  copper  mines  of  the  world,  p.  no. 


48 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


greenstone  and  (h)  with  limestone;  (2)  native  copper  associated  with 
greenstone;  (3)  placer  copper. 

On  the  basis  of  form  the  first  class,  and  to  a certain  extent  the 
second  also,  may  be  divided  into  (1)  vein  deposits  and  (2)  deposits 
of  irregular  shape  to  which  the  name  “ bunch  deposits  ” has  been 
aj:>plied.  Under  veins  are  included  the  deposits  of  tabular  form. 
In  nearU  all  places  observed  the}^  are  clearly  associated  with  fault 
jilanes  or  shear  zones,  and  are  accompanied  by  the  vein  minerals 
calcite  and  quartz,  with  epidote  also  present  in  some  places.  Ore 
bodies  of  this  nature  approach  more  nearly  to  the  geometric  form 
commonly  ascribed  to  “ fissure  veins.” 

Regularity  and  definiteness  of  outline,  however,  are  not  character- 
istic of  the  Kotsina-Chitina  ore  bodies.  In  by  far  the  greater  num- 
ber of  places  they  have  an  irregular  form  that  Mendenhall  has 
described  under  the  term  “ bunch  deposits.”  ® This  term  is  not  en- 
tirely satisfactory,  but  it  probably  describes  as  closely  as  any  one 
word  the  form  of  ore  body  most  common  in  the  Kotsina-Chitina 
region.  It  does  not  necessarily  imply  a mass  of  ore  composed  of 
copper  minerals  alone,  since  most  of  the  ore  bodies  to  which  the  term 
might  be  applied  are  not  such  masses,  but  it  does  suggest  an  approach 
to  something  like  equality  in  the  dimensions  of  the  ore-bearing  rock 
mass,  and  especially  it  conve^^s  an  idea  of  separation  of  one  body 
from  other  bodies. 

It  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  faulting  is  common  in  the 
rocks  of  the  Wrangell  ^lountains.  Some  of  the  faults  are  of  great 
displacement,  but  most  of  them  are  small.  Crushing  and  shearing 
are  slightly  different  expression^  of  the  same  disturbances  that 
produce  the  faulting.  Openings  produced  in  this  way  have  given 
opportunity  for  extensive  circulation  of  waters  that  carried  and 
deposited  copper  minerals.  Most  of  the  channels  must  have  been 
exceedingly  variable  in  form  and  direction,  because  regularly  formed 
and  clear-cut  veins  are  so  rare  in  the  region.  This  is  particularly 
true  of  ore  bodies  in  the  greenstone. 

Copper  sulphide  deposits  in  greenstone  and  limestone. — The  copper 
ores  in  greenstone  are  prevailingly  bornite  with  smaller  amounts  of 
chalcopyrite,  chalcocite,  and  native  copper  in  approximately  the 
order  given.  In  limestone  the  ores  are  chalcocite,  bornite,  and  chal- 
copyrite. The  surface  oxidation  product  in  greenstone  areas  is 
malachite.  In  limestone  azurite  is  common  as  an  oxidation  product, 
but  perhaps  no  more  abundant  than  malachite. 

Copper  ores  in  the  greenstone  are  composed  in  many  places  of 
country  rocks  and  copjier  minerals  without  accompanying  vein  min- 
erals. The  copper  sul])hides  occur  in  shear  zones  or  in  jointed  and 

" Mondenhall,  W.  C.,  (Joolofrj’  of  the  central  Copper  region,  Alaska  : Prof.  l*aper  S. 
(Jeol.  Survey  No.  41,  1005,  p.  42. 


OCCURRENCE  OF  THE  ORES. 


49 


shattered  portions  of  the  rock;  they  fill  fractures  in  the  rock  and 
also  occur  as  a replacement  of  it.  As  has  been  stated,  bornite  is  the 
most  common  copper  mineral  in  the  greenstone,  but  chalcopyrite  is 
probably  always  present  with  it.  All  the  thin  sections  of  bornite 
ore  examined  showed  chalcopyrite  in  small  amount.  In  some  of  the 
calcite  vein  deposits  chalcopyrite  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  abundant 
as  bornite.  Chalcocite  is  seen  in  the  greenstone  in  some  places  accom- 
panying or  accompanied  by  bornite,  or  by  bornite  and  chalcopyrite, 
a relation  suggesting  the  derivation  of  the  chalcocite  from  the  poorer 
sulphides.  A careful  examination  of  the  ores  in  greenstone  is  usually 
necessary  to  determine  the  limit  of  impregnation,  which  is  not  marked 
by  any  definite  boundary,  the  replacement  becoming  gradually  less 
with  increasing  distance  from  the  center  of  impregnation.  In  lime- 
stone areas,  on  the  other  hand,  the  transition  from  ore  minerals  to 
country  rock  is  more  abrupt  and  the  boundary  surface  is  more 
easily  determined.  I'nfortunateh^  deposits  in  limestone  appear  to 
be  less  numerous  than  those  in  greenstone.  The  large  size  of  the 
chalcocite  bodies  in  limestone  and  their  comparative  freedom  from 
included  fragments  of  the  country  rock,  such  as  are  always  present 
in  the  greenstone  ores,  is  probably  due  to  the  grater  solubility  of  the 
limestone.  There  is  a possibility  also  that  some  chemical  (piality  of 
the  limestone  gave  it  greater  precipitating  poAver  than  was  possessed 
by  the  greenstone  and  made  it  a more  favorable  place  for  deposition 
of  copper  minerals  from  solution.  This,  however,  is  offered  merely 
as  a suggestion,  for  it  can  not  be  proved  Avith  our  present  knoAvledge 
of  the  conditions  during  ore  deposition. 

AVhere  copper  minerals  are  asscK'iated  with  gangue  minerals  in 
A^eins  the  gangue  is  chiefly  calcite,  but  is  usually  accompanied  by  a 
small  amount  of  quartz.  One  of  the  striking  features  of  the  copper 
deposits  throughout  the  region  is  the  scarcity  of  (piartz  accompanying 
them.  Veins  of  quartz  and  e})idote  are  of  local  importance,  but  on 
the  whole  calcite  is  the  prevailing  vein  mineral.  Veins  and  stringers 
of  calcite,  as  well  as  small  grains  of  that  mineral,  are  found  through- 
out the  greenstone,  but  are  more  abundant  near  the  top.  Part  of  the 
calcite  may  have  been  derived  from  the  overlying  limestone,  but  a 
second  source  of  calcite  is  the  basic  feldspar  in  the  greenstone.  All 
the  thin  sections  of  ore  in  greenstone  sIioaa"  a rock  more  or  less  decom- 
posed in  Avhich  secondary  calcite  is  common.  Although  it  Avould  be 
difficult  or  impossible  to  prove  that  the  calcite  in  a particular  case 
Avas  not  introduced  from  other  sources  than  the  greenstone,  the  ])os- 
sibility  that  some  of  it  has  that  origin  is  to  be  considered.  So  far 
as  could  be  determined  at  the  exposures,  the  veins  of  this  kind  that 
AA’ere  examined  are  subject  to  rapid  changes  in  thickness  from  place 
to  place.  FeAv  of  them  were  traced  for  any  considerable  distance. 


68797— Bull.  374—09 


4 


50 


THE  KOTSIXA-CHITIXA  EEGIOX,  ALASKA. 

This  statement,  however,  is  not  to  be' interpreted  as  implying  that 
they  do  not  so  continue.  At  several  localities  variation  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  veins  is  plainly  due  to  faulting  later  than  the  ore  deposi- 
tion and  oblique  to  the  veins.  Slight  movements  along  such  faults 
ma}^  either  increase  the  thickness  of  the  vein  or  diminish  it  according 
to  the  direction  of  the  movement.  It  is  perhaps  safe  to  say  that  the 
effects  of  faulting  will  be  one  of  the  difficulties  encountered  in  mining 
in  this  region. 

Native  copper  associated  with  the  greenstone. — Native  copper  is 
associated  with  amygdaloidal  phases  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  is 
also  found  accompanied  by  quartz  or  by  quartz  and  epidote  in  veins 
cutting  the  greenstone.  Most  commonly  it  occurs  as  grains  and  small 
slugs  in  the  amygdules  and  disseminated  through  the  greenstone  and 
as  films  or  leaves  and  small  veinlets  cutting  the  greenstone.  Tabular 
masses  deposited  in  joint  j^lanes  also  occur  and  without  much  doubt 
indicate  the  way  in  which  the  large  mass  of  native  copper  on  Nugget 
Creek  was  formed.  Such  masses  were  not  seen  in  place  in  Chitina 
Valiev,  but  thev  have  been  found  east  of  Skolai  Pass  near  the  head  of 
White  River.  In  a few  places  native  copper  occurs  in  amygdaloidal 
greenstone  in  association  with  a mixture  of  copper  oxide  and  car- 
bonaceous matter  filling  the  cavities  of  the  lava.  Much  of  the  native 
coi:>per  is  probably  secondary  and  is  thought  to  have  resulted  from 
the  reduction  of  previously  deposited  sulphides  or  oxides.  What 
part,  if  any,  is  primary  is  a question  which  it  is  difficult  to  answer. 

Placer  copper. — Copper  is  present  in  stream  and  bench  gravels  in 
a number  of  localities,  particular!}"  on  Chititu,  Dan,  and  Nugget 
creeks.  It  is  found  in  pieces  ranging  from  the  size  of  shot  to  masses 
weighing  hundreds  of  pounds  or  even  several  tons.  Native  silver 
accompanies  the  copper,  either  in  nuggets  of  silver  only  or  united 
with  the  copper  in  the  same  nugget,  showing  that  the  solutions  de- 
positing the  copper  carried  silver  as  well.  The  source  of  the  two 
metals  is  not  definitely  known,  but  the  native  copper  deposits  in  the 
greenstone  are  naturally  suggested  as  a j^lace  from  which  they  are 
most  probably  derived. 

SOURCE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  THE  COPPER  DEPOSITS. 

The  wide  distribution  of  copper  minerals  throughout  the  Nikolai 
greenstone  leads  to  the  belief  that  the  copper  has  been  derived  from 
the  greenstone  and  owes  its  present  concentration  to  the  action  of 
circulating  waters.  No  evidence  at  hand  warrants  either  affirming 
or  denying  a more  deep-seated  source  for  some  of  the  copper-bearing 
solutions,  but  the  weight  of  evidence  is  in  favor  of  a local  source  for 
the  copper. 


SOUECE  AND  CHARACTEK  OF  THE  COPPER  DEPOSITS. 


51 


The  occurrence  appears  sinrilar  in  this  respect  to  that  of  the  Lake 
Superior  copper  deposits,  in  accounting  for  which  Van  Hise  says : " 

In  this  region  the  only  locality  at  which  the  ore  has  been  found  in  paying 
quantities  is  at  Keweenaw  Point,  and  the  productive  district  is  at  present  con- 
fined to  a very  small  area  about  Calumet  and  Houghton.  Notwithstanding  this 
fact,  there  is  scarcely  a locality  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  where  the  Kewee- 
nawan  basic  lavas  occur  in  which  small  amounts  of  copper  are  not  found. 
Almost  every  porous  amygdaloid  shows  flakes  of  it.  In  many  localities  it  is  so 
abundant  that  extensive  exploration  has  been  undertaken  with  the  hope  of 
finding  ore  bodies,  as,  for  instance,  in  Douglas  County,  Wis.,  Isle  Royal,  and 
Mamainse.  But  all  these  explorations  have  resulted  in  failure.  To  me  the 
almost  universal  association  of  small  quantities  of  copper  with  the  Keweena- 
wan  lavas  is  the  most  conclusive  evidence  that  these  lavas  are  the  source  of 
the  metal. 

It  is  a noteworthy  fact  that  the  Kotsina-Chitina  region  has  been 
one  of  considerable  volcanic  activity  since  the  time  when  the  Nikolai 
greenstone  w^as  poured  out,  as  is  shown  by  the  large  amount  of 
igneous  rocks  present — porphyritic  intrusives,  Tertiary  volcanics,  and 
Kecent  andesite  flows.  Steam  issues  from  Mount  Wrangell  at  the 
jiresent  time.  It  seems  that  the  presence  of  such  heated  rock  masses 
must  have  greatly  promoted  the  circulation  and  solvent  power  of 
water  in  the  rocks,  whatever  the  source  of  that  water  may  have  been. 
The  formation  of  ore  bodies  would  appear  to  be  due  to  the  migration 
of  copper  minerals  taken  into  solution  and  redeposited  in  more  con- 
centrated form  in  favorable  locations  b}"  water  circulating  through 
the  greenstone. 

The  study  of  ore  deposits  in  many  other  places  has  shown  that  in 
typical  examples  the  character  of  the  ore  is  not  uniform  from  the  sur- 
face to  the  lowest  parts  of  the  deposit,  but  that  ore  bodies  may  be 
divided  into  three  zones,  each  of  which  has  its  own  characteristics  but 
is  not  sharply  separated  from  the  one  immediately  above  or  below  it. 
These  three  zones  are  the  upper  zone  of  oxidized  ore,  the  zone  of  en- 
riched sulphides,  and  the  lower  zone  of  unaltered  sulphides.  In  at- 
tempting to  divide  the  copper  deposits  of  the  Kotsina-Chitina  region, 
according  to  this  arrangement,  it  is  immediately  seen  that  they  do 
not  fully  correspond  with  the  ideal  case.  There  is  no  zone  of  oxidized 
ore  in  the  deposits  of  this  region,  such  as  is  commonly  seen  in  many 
other  districts.  Oxidation  products  in  nearly  every  instance  are  con- 
fined to  a thin  film  on  exposed  ore  surfaces  or  along  fracture  planes 
in  ore  that  has  not  been  exposed  directly  to  weathering  or  in  fractures 
in  country  rock  adjacent  to. ore.  This  absence  of  an  oxidized  zone  is 
general  throughout  most  of  Alaska,  and  is  due  to  climatic  conditions. 
Many  of  the  large  masses  of  copper  minerals  have  been  exposed  di- 
rectly to  the  weather  for  a long  period  of  years,  but  the  mechanical 
breaking  down  of  the  ore  body  and  inclosing  rock  has  kept  pace  with 

“Van  Hise,  C.  R.,  A treatise  on  metamorphism  : Mon,  F,  S.  Geol,  Survey,  vol,  47,  1004, 
p.  1108. 


52 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  KEGION,  ALASKA. 


or  has  exceeded  the  rate  of  chemical  alteration.  The  talus  slopes  on 
both  sides  of  the  ridge  at  the  Bonanza  mine  contain  a large  amount 
of  unaltered  chalcocite  fragments  derived  from  the  outcrops  of  the 
ore  body  above.  Float  ore  is  present  in  streams,  and  either  shows 
nothing  but  a thin  surface  alteration  or  is  practically  fresh. 

It  is  desirable  to  determine,  if  possible,  to  which  of  the  two  lower 
zones  the  present  ore  bodies  belong,  whether  they  were  deposited  in 
their  present  form,  and  are  therefore  primary  ore  bodies,  or  whether 
they  have  resulted  from  alteration  and  enrichment  of  previously 
existing  ore  bodies,  and  are  therefore  secondary.  This  question  is 
of  importance  because  it  will  help  in  forming  an  opinion  of  the 
character  of  the  ore  bodies  that  may  be  found  at  depth.  If  those 
now  exposed  are  shown  to  be  secondary  enriched  ores,  then  it  may 
be  expected  that  the  deeper  ores  will  be  leaner.  If  on  the  other  hand 
they  are  primary,  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  deeper  ores 
may  not  be  as  rich  as  those  at  the  surface.  To  answer  this  question 
with  confidence  would  require  more  time  and  closer  study  than  it 
v/as  possible  to  give.  No  deep  workings  haye  been  made,  and  there 
is  no  evidence  from  that  source  concerning  the  probable  character 
of  the  ore  at  depth. 

It  is  nevertheless  desirable  to  state  such  facts  as  throw  any  light 
on  the  problem.  From  studies  of  many  ore  deposits  it  is  known 
that  the  ground-water  level  is  an  important  factor  in  the  considera- 
tion of  veins  whose  original  material  has  been  modified  by  the  action 
of  surface  water.  Above  the  water  table  the  vein,  as  well  as  the 
country  rocks,  are  most  rapidly  afi'ected  by  the  ordinary  processes 
of  decay,  and  material  is  taken  into  solution  by  circulating  water  to 
be  brought  to  the  surface  or  to  be  carried  downward  and  redeposited. 
By  such  solution  and  redeposition  an  enrichment  of  the  lower  part 
of  a vein  may  take  place.  Such  enrichment  has  been  found  to  be 
more  or  less  closely  connected  with  the  ground-water  leyel  and  to  a 
certain  extent  gives  ground  for  the  belief  generally  held  that  the 
richness  of  ore  deposits  increases  with  depth.  The  depth  at  which 
ground  water  is  encountered  varies  in  ditferent  districts  and  localities. 
In  some  regions  it  is  found  near  the  surface;  in  others  it  is  not 
encountered  until  a great  depth  has  been  reached.  From  the  evi- 
dence at  hand  it  a})pears  that  the  ground-water  level  in  the  region 
under  discussion  is  near  the  stirface  in  most  ])laces  and  in  many 
places  reaches  it.  Furthermore,  mechanical  breaking  down  of  the 
ores  and  country  rock  is  so  rapid  at  present  as  to  prevent  the  forma- 
tion of  an  oxidized  zone,  and  consequently  of  an  enriched  zone.  It 
therefore  seems  improbable  tliat  secondary  ores  are  forming  or  haye 
formed  under  present  conditions,  but  it  is  still  possible  that  the  ore^s 
may  be  secondary  ores  formed  in  a previous  cycle  when  conditions 
were  ditfercnt  from  what  they  are  now. 


SOURCE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  THE  COPPER  DEPOSITS. 


53 


There  are  a number  of  facts  that  may  be  stated  as  having  some 
bearing  on  the  primary  or  secondary  character  of  the  ores.  The  evi- 
dence, however,  is  for  the  most  part  of  a negative  rather  than  a posi- 
tive character  and  is  consequently  more  or  less  unsatisfactory.  All 
of  the  ores  under  discussion  that  are  of  possible  economic  value  are 
secondary  in  the  sense  that  they  are  concentrations  from  copper  dis- 
seminated through  the  greenstone,  possibly  in  the  form  of  one  of  the 
two  sulphides  just  mentioned  or  contained  in  some  of  the  constituent 
minerals  resulting  on  consolidation  of  the  magma.  Clarke  ® in  dis- 
cussing the  relations  of  the  several  sulphide  minerals  of  copper  has 
stated  that  “ chalcopyrite  and  bornite  are  probably  the  ])rimary  com- 
pounds from  which  the  others  in  most  cases  are  derived,  and  they 
have  been  repeatedly  identified  as  of  magmatic  origin.”  It  is,  how- 
ever, the  primary  or  secondary  character  of  the  ore  bodies  themselves, 
irrespective  of  their  original  source,  that  is  under  discussion,  and  the 
following  statements  have  reference  to  this  question : 

(1)  All  the  copper  sulphides  that  have  been  described  are  known 
to  occur  as  primary  minerals  in  ores,  and  the  fact  that  a given  ore 
is  composed  of  bornite  or  chalcocite  is  not  necessarily  evidence  of  its 
secondary  character. 

(2)  The  absence  of  the  leaner  sulphides — chalcopyrite  and  bor- 
nit^ — in  such  chalcocite  deposits  as  that  of  the  Bonanza  mine  might 
be  considered  as  presumptive  evidence  that  the  chalcocite  was  depos- 
ited primarily  as  such  and  not  secondarily  by  the  alteration  and 
enrichment  of  an  earlier  ore  body. 

(3)  In  considering  the  ores  in  greenstone  it  should  be  stated  that, 
while  bornite  is  the  prevailing  copper  mineral  and  in  many  places 
chalcopyrite  may  not  be  distinguished  by  the  eye  alone,  yet  nearly  all 
of  the  thin  sections  examined  under  the  microscope  show  it  to  be 
present  either  intergrown  with  bornite  or  surrounded  by  it.  This  is 
true  of  both  vein  and  “ bunch  deposits  ” and  suggests  an  alteration  of 
primary  chalcopyrite  to  bornite  as  being  more  probable  than  a simul- 
taneous deposition  of  the  two  minerals. 

(4)  Chalcocite,  although  it  is  held  to  be  primary  in  some  localities, 
is  usually  considered  a secondary  mineral.  In  the  Bonanza  ore  body 
chalcocite  is  practically  the  only  mineral  in  the  limestone.  Neither 
chalcopyrite  nor  bornite  was  found  in  the  ore.  Yet  immediately  be- 
low the  contact  in  the  same  shear  zone  bornite,  chalcocite,  and  native 
copper  are  present  in  small  amounts.  If  the  sulphides  in  the  green- 
stone are  secondary,  it  appears  more  probable  that  the  ore  in  limestone 
is  secondary  also. 

(5)  “ Native  copper  is  commonly,  if  not  always,  a secondary  min- 
eral, either  deposited  from  solution  or  formed  by  the  reduction  of 
some  solid  compounds.”  ^ 

“ Clarke,  F.  W.,  The  data  of  geochemistry  : Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  .‘>.‘>0,  190S,  p.  508. 

**  Idem,  p.  564. 


54 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


If  these  facts  are  considered  in  the  light  of  experience  in  other 
regions,  they  apjiear  to  favor  a secondary  rather  than  a primary 
character  for  the  sulphide  ores  in  greenstone,  but  they  leave  still 
greater  doubt  concerning  the  chalcocite  deposits  in  limestone.  No 
reason  Avas  discovered  Avhy  any  of  the  ore  bodies  examined  should 
increase  in  richness  and  A^alue  Avith  depth  through  any  other  cause 
than  by  an  increase  in  the  size  of  the  ore  body.  It  is  believed  that 
the  surface  indications  in  most  places  giA^e  a fair  idea  of  the  maxi- 
mum richness  of  the  deposits  in  so  far  as  that  richness  depends  on 
the  character  of  the  copper  minerals  resulting  either  from  enrich- 
ment or  from  oxidation  and  removal  in  solution  of  minerals  in  the 
ui^per  part  of  the  ore  bodies. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 

Copper  prospecting  in  the  Chitina  region  is  carried  on  from  a feAv 
central  localities,  of  Avhich  those  receiAung  most  attention  are  Kotsina 
RiA'er  (including  Elliott  Creek),  Kuskulana  Rh^er,  Kennicott  RiA^er, 
and  Chitistone  River.  These  centers  are  named  from  Avest  to  east,  in 
the  order  in  Avhich  they  Avere  Ausited,  and  the  prospects  Avill  be  de- 
scribed in  the  same  Avav. 

$ 

KOTSINA  RIVER  BASIN. 

Kotsina  Ri\"er  receiA’es  a large  part  of  its  Avater  from  snoAv  fields 
and  glaciers  on  the  southern  slopes  of  Mount  Wrangell  and  joins 
Copper  RiA'er  2 miles  aboA e the  Chitina.  Much  of  the  drainage  area 
is  occupied  by  Nikolai  greenstone,  but  the  limestone,  shales,  and  con- 
glomerate are  all  present.  Prospecting  is  most  actiA^ly  carried  on 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  basin  and  on  Elliott  Creek.  The  upper 
tributaries  include  Peacock,  Surprise,  Roaring,  Ames,  Rock,  Klu- 
A^esna,  and  Copper  creeks.  No  Avork  has  been  done  here  Avhich  can 
properly  be  called  mine  deA’elopment,  as  there  is  no  place  Avhere  suffi- 
cient Avork  has  been  done  to  demonstrate  the  presence  of  a mine. 

KOTSINA  RIVER, 

Practically  the  onl}^  prospecting  on  the  Kotsina  itself  is  that  done 
by  the  Great  Northern  Development  Company.  This  company  is  the 
largest  one  carrying  on  operations  on  the  Kotsina,  to  Avhich.  hoAVCA^er, 
its  interests  are  not  confined.  The  headquarters  of  tliis  company 
are  on  the  Kotsina  River  at  the  mouth  of  Roaring  Creek,  and  its 
equi})inent  includes  a saAvmill  and  telephone  comiection  AAuth  the 
goATumment  telegrajih  line  at  Tonsina.  Probably  100  men  Avere  em- 
jiloyed  during  the  summer.  The  prospects  on  the  riA^er  include  fiA^e 
short  tunnels,  the  nearest  of  Avhich  is  about  one-half  mile  beloAv  the 
canqi.  Idiey  are  Avithin  a short  distance  of  one  another  on  the  south 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


55 


side  of  the  river  and  almost  on  the  same  level  with  its  broad  gravel 
floor.  None  of  these  tunnels  had  been  driven  farther  than  20  feet 
in  xlugust,  1907.  At  the  first  tunnel  a porphyritic  dike  10  feet  thick 
cuts  a fine-grained  greenstone.  Its  course  is  N.  30°  W.  and  it  is 
bounded  on  both  sides  by  fault  planes.  A little  copper-bearing 
pyrite  was  deposited  along  the  faults  in  the  fractured  rock.  At  the 
second  tunnel,  a few  hundred  feet  to  the  west,  a quartz  vein  varying 
from  4 to  6 inches  in  thickness  contained  a little  copper  pyrite.  The 
vein  has  a strike  S.  50°  W.  and  cuts  the  greenstone  in  a perpendicular 
direction.  At  the  other  three  tunnels  a little  pyrite  is  present  in  the 
greenstone,  and  its  oxidation  gave  the  brown  stain  by  which  the 
tunnels  were  located. 

AMES  CREEK. 

Ames  Creek  is  the  first  stream  below  Roaring  Creek  on  the  south 
side  of  Kotsina  River.  It  is  a small  stream  in  a hanging  valley  and 
like  nearly  all  the  tributaries  of  this  river  owes  the  broad  round 
cross  section  of  its  valley  to  the  work  of  glacial  ice.  The  copper  pros- 
pects include  three  tunnels,  the  property  of  the  Great  Northern 
Development  Company,  known  as  tunnels  3,  7,  and  8. 

Tunnel  6 is  on  the  west  side  of  Ames  Creek,  1,400  feet  above  its 
mouth.  Early  in  August,  1907,  it  had  been  driven  50  feet  in  a south- 
westerly direction  in  frozen  slide  rock  from  the  hill  above.  Countr}^ 
rock  in  place  had  not  been  reached.  About  100  feet  above  the  tunnel 
a little  pyrite  is  seen  in  a dense,  hard,  faulted  greenstone. 

On  the  east  side  of  Ames  Creek,  50  feet  higher  than  tunnel  6,  is 
tunnel  7,  which  runs  N.  30°  E.  for  70  feet  through  loose  slide  rock 
before  reaching  the  undisturbed  greenstone,  which  here  is  fine 
grained  and  stained  with  iron  from  the  oxidation  of  pyrite. 

Tunnel  8 is  also  on  the  east  side  of  Ames  Creek,  one-fourth  mile 
south  of  tunnel  7.  It  has  been  driven  for  30  feet  in  amygdaloidal 
greenstone,  but  no  copper  has  been  found. 

ROCK  CREEK. 

Rock  Creek  is  one  of  the  largest  southern  branches  of  the  Kotsina 
and  heads  against  Strelna  and  Nugget  creeks,  tributaries  of  Kusku- 
lana  River.  A horse  trail  crosses  the  divide  from  Rock  Creek  to  Strelna 
Creek  and  is  the  shortest  route  from  upper  Kotsina  River  to  Chitina 
Valley.  Active  jirospecting  was  confined  to  Lime  Creek,  a tributary 
of  Rock  Creek,  which  joins  it  from  the  east.  The  Warner  prospect, 
at  the  mouth  of  Rock  Creek,  which  was  visited  and  described  by 
Mendenhall  in  1902,  is  now  patented  and  no  further  work  has  been 
done  on  it.  Lime  Creek  flows  near  the  limestone-greenstone  contact, 
and  the  copper  deposits,  although  mostly  northeast  of  the  creek  on 
the  opposite  side  from  the  southwestward-dipping  limestone,  are  not 
far  from  it.  The  prospects  are  near  the  point  where  the  Rock  Creek 


56 


THE  KOTSINA-OHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

trail  crosses  Lime  Creek.  In  July,  1907,  a tunnel  was  being  driven 
in  the  greenstone  just  below  the  limestone,  only  a few  feet  above  the 
creek,  but  no  ore  had  been  found  at  that  time. 

Several  hundred  feet  up  the  hill  to  the  northeast  w^as  a tunnel  20 
feet  in  depth  in  jointed  greenstone.  The  principal  copper  mineral 
is  bornite,  which  occurs  in  the  greenstone  as  lenses  or  irregular  lumps 
that  have  diameters  from  one  to  several  inches.  These  patches,  as 
far  as  the  present  surface  shows,  appear  to  be  unconnected.  Bornite 
also  occurs  filling  fractures  in  the  rock  and  forming  small  lenticular 
veins,  but  it  appears  principally  in  joint  planes,  on  whose  surfaces 
it  forms  a veneer  that  in  places  is  an  eighth  of  an  inch  or  more  in 
thickness.  There  are  small  veins  of  calcite  and  quartz. 

About  50  feet  farther  east  is  an  open  cut  showing  similar  rock 
and  ore,  although  here  the  ore  is  in  greater  amount.  The  bornite 
occurs  in  sheared  greenstone,  cut  by  small  faults  striking  N.  35°  E. 
and  dipping  60°  S.,  and  forms  a lens-shaped  mass  2 feet  thick.  The 
greenstone  has  nearly  been  replaced  by  bornite. 

At  a point  200  feet  farther  north  and  100  feet  higher  is  an  open 
cut  in  amygdaloidal  greenstone.  The  cavities  are  now  filled  with 
quartz  or  with  a dark  mineral,  possibly  chlorite.  Several  faults  with 
gouge  and  zones  of  crushed  rock  up  to  1 foot  in  thickness  cut  the 
greenstone  with  a strike  of  N.  15°  E.  and  a dip  ranging  from  60°  to 
70°  E.  A little  copper  stain  was  seen  along  the  crushed  rock,  but  no 
other  copper  minerals  are  present,  although  bornite  is  found  in  the 
slide  rock  near  by. 

ROARING  CREI:K. 

Boaring  Creek  is  a southern  tributary  of  Kotsina  Kiver,  which  it 
joins  a short  distance  above  the  main  camp.  It  heads  in  a small 
glacier  and  flows  through  an  open  valley  several  hundred  feet  higher 
than  the  level  of  Kotsina  Kiver.  The  countiy  rock,  except  one  small 
limestone  area  on  top  of  the  ridge  between  Koaring  Creek  and  Pea- 
cock Creek,  is  greenstone,  but  the  greenstone  is  not  of  uniform  char- 
acter, for  slaty  beds  and  hard,  fine-grained,  cherty-looking  beds  are 
intermingled  with  amygdaloidal  flows.  Most  of  the  prospects  are  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  valley. 

Idle  Great  Northern  Development  Company  has  several  prospects 
on  Roaring  Creek.  One  of  these  is  located  on  the  south  side  of  a 
small  gulch  west  of  Roaring  Creek  near  the  camp  known  as  camp  3. 
A tunnel  was  started  in  gray  and  black  mottled  slates  near  a fault 
j)lane  which  separates  them  from  a greenstone  mass.  The  strike  of 
the  slate  cleavage  and  of  the  fault  plane  is  the  same.  No.  20°  W.,  and 
the  di})  is  steep.  The  tunnel  is  perpendicular  to  the  strike.  There  is 
.some  brown  iron  .stain  resulting  from  pyrite  alteration,  but  no  copper 
ore  had  been  found. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


57 


Another  tunnel  was  being  started  on  the  east  side  of  Roaring  Creek 
about  half  a mile  above  the  tunnel  just  mentioned,  but  not  enough 
work  had  been  done  to  show  the  presence  of  ore.  A piece  of  green- 
stone picked  up  near  this  place  contained  small  particles  of  native 
copper. 

Above  camp  3,  on  the  west  side  of  Roaring  Creek,  a tunnel  50  feet 
long  had  been  driven  by  the  California- Alaska  Mining  and  Develop- 
ment Company.  This  tunnel  is  2,600  feet  above  the  mouth  of  Roar- 
ing Creek  and  at  least  1,500  feet  above  camp  3.  The  country  rock  is 
greenstone,  and  the  ore  consists  of  small  calcite-quartz  veins  contain- 
ing native  copper  and  azurite.  In  the  slide  rock  in  a little  gulch  a 
few  feet  north  of  this  tunnel,  but  some  distance  below  it,  a nugget  of 
native  copper  was  found,  which  was  taken  to  Valdez  and  is  reported 
to  weigh  about  800  pounds. 

The  Kotsina  Mining  Company  ® holds  several  claims  on  Roaring 
Creek.  Among  them  are  the  Skyscraper  and  associated  claims, 
located  near  the  small  limestone  area  previously  mentioned.  Several 
open  cuts  and  short  tunnels  have  been  made,  and  in  July,  1907,  the 
company  was  starting  a tunnel  on  an  exposure  of  copper  minerals 
350  feet  below  the  base  of  the  limestone  at  the  northern  end  of  the 
area.  This  cut  exposed  a lenticular  mass  of  chalcocite  6 inches  thick 
and  3 feet  long,  as  seen  on  the  face,  lying  horizontally  in  the  rough, 
coarse-grained  greenstone  that  occurs  immediately  below  the  Chiti- 
stone  limestone.  In  the  vicinity  are  several  greenstone  exposures  in 
which  chalcocite  forms  small  patches  or  lenses.  They  are  seemingly 
in  no  way  related  to  one  another. 

PEACOCK  CREEK. 

Peacock  Creek  joins  Kotsina  River  about  2 miles  below  the  more 
southerly  of  the  several  large  glaciers  from  which  the  river  receives 
its  water  supply.  There  are  two  branches  of  the  stream,  one  extend- 
ing toward  the  east  and  the  other  toward  the  southeast.  The  eastern 
branch  originates  in  a small  glacier,  and  the  valleys  of  both  branches 
were  formerly  occupied  by  glaciers.  Greenstone  is  the  country  rock 
except  for  the  limestone  mass  on  the  ridge  between  Roaring  Creek 
and  the  more  southerly  branch  of  Peacock  Creek.  Dikes  of  diorite 
cut  the  greenstone,  probably  apophyses  of  the  diorite  mass  on  the 
north  side  of  Kotsina  River.  The  copper  prospects  of  Peacock  Creek 
are  owned  by  the  Alaska  Kotsina  Copper  Company. 

Rose  claim. — The  Rose  claim  of  the  Alaska  Kotsina  Copper  Com- 
pany is  located  on  the  point  of  the  ridge  between  the  two  branches 
of  Peacock  Creek.  It  is  a little  more  than  2,000  feet  above  the  valley 

“ The  use  of  the  name  Kotsina  Mining  Company  has  been  abandoned  by  the  owner  of 
this  property  since  this  paper  was  written,  but  the  name  used  in  its  place  has  not  been 
learned. 


58 


THE  KOTSINA-CHTTTNA  RRCilON,  ALASKA. 


of  Kotsina  Kiver.  The  greenstone  is  cut  by  a perpendicular  fault 
striking  N.  25°  E.  This  fault  is  easily  traced  for  a distance  of  nearly 
100  feet  and  is  indicated  by  a zone  of  crushed  greenstone  with  a maxi- 
mum width  of  about  12  feet,  in  which  the  copper  minerals  are  seen. 
Bornite,  glance,  chalcopyrite,  and  a small  amount  of  native  copper 
with  malachite  and  a little  red  oxide  as  alteration  products  comprise 
the  minerals  associated  with  the  fault. 

White  Dog  and  Mint  claims. — Two  claims  on  the  west  side  of  the 
more  southerly  fork  of  Peacock  Creek  have  been  partly  prospected. 
The  first  of  these,  called  the  White  Dog,  is  approximately  2,500  feet 
above  Kotsina  River.  The  country  rock  is  greenstone  and  is  cut  by 
a fault  plane  striking  N.  40°  E.  and  dipping  steeply  westward.  There 
is  a crushed  zone  of  rock  along  the  fault  ranging  from  3^  to  4^  feet 
in  width.  The  walls  are  well  defined,  and  clay  seams  show  where  the 
principal  movements  have  taken  place.  An  open  cut  25  feet  long  has 
been  made  in  the  crushed  rock.  Chalcopyrite  or  copper-bearing 
pyrite  is  scattered  through  the  crushed  rock  and  clay  seams  and  has 
strongly  colored  them  with  iron  oxide.  Green  copper  carbonate  oc- 
curs as  a surface  stain,  but  bornite  and  glance  were  not  seen  here. 
The  fault  is  plainly  marked  along  the  steep  mountain  side  for  several 
hundred  feet. 

Two  hundred  feet  above  the  White  Dog,  and  a little  to  the  north, 
is  a claim  called  the  Mint.  A small  fault  with  a strike  of  N.  15°  W. 
and  a dip  of  60°  W.  cuts  a grayish  greenstone  having  amygdaloidal 
phases.  The  rock  adjacent  to  the  fault  is  broken  and  crushed,  caus- 
ing a zone  with  a thickness  of  6 inches  to  1 foot  which,  besides  the 
greenstone,  includes  a little  quartz  and  calcite  accompanied  by  bornite 
and  glance.  Chalcopyrite  was  not  observed,  but  a heavy  stain  of  iron 
oxode  seems  to  indicate  that  either  this  mineral  or  pyrite  had  formerly 
been  present.  There  is  a parallel  fault  4 feet  from  this  main  faulty 
and  both  are  cut  perpendicularly  by  a third  poorly  defined  fault  hav- 
ing the  same  strike  and  carrying  a little  bornite.  The  main  fault  was 
traced  for  a distance  of  500  feet. 

Mountain  claim. — The  mountain  claim  is  one  of  several  on  the 
north  side  of  the  east  fork  of  Peacock  Creek.  It  is  about  2,600  feet 
above  Kotsina  River  and  consequently  is  at  a greater  elevation  than 
the  other  claims  described.  In  August  almost  no  work  had  been  done 
on  it  and  only  a few  small  stringers  of  copper  sulphides  were  exposed. 

SHOWER  GULCH. 

A small  stream  joining  Kotsina  River  a short  distance  below  the 
glacier  in  Avhich  its  southern  branch  originates  is  called  Shower 
Gulch  from  the  waterfall  near  its  lower  end.  Native  copper  is  found 
near  this  fall  in  the  amygdaloidal  greenstone  that  forms  the  country  ^ 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


59 


rock.  Copper  occurs  as  thin  leaves  or  films  in  fractures  of  the  green- 
stone and  as  grains  and  small  slugs  in  the  greenstone  and  in  some  of 
the  amygdules.  It  is  in  places  associated  with  secondary  quartz,  fill- 
ing irregularly  shaped  veins  or  cavities.  Several  claims  have  been 
staked  on  Shower  Gulch,  but  little  prospecting  has  been  done. 

SURPRISE  CREEK. 

Surprise  Creek  is  a northerly  tributary  of  Kotsina  River  and 
heads  in  the  high  mountain  southeast  of  the  lower  end  of  Kluvesna 
Glacier.  Most  of  its  bed  is  cut  in  the  diorite  mass  previously  re- 
ferred to,  and  in  a rude  way  follows  the  contact  between  the  diorite 
and  the  greenstone  on  the  east.  It  has  a small  eastern  tributary. 
Sunshine  Creek,  which  lies -mostly  in  the  greenstones.  Tin  is  re- 
ported to  have  been  found  in  the  diorite  of  Surprise  Creek,  but  the 
specimens  of  the  supposed  tin-bearing  rock  examined  contained  no 
tin,  and  no  reliable  assay  tests  of  the  rock  are  known  to  the  writers. 
All  the  copper  prospects  are  in  the  greenstone  east  of  Surprise  Creek. 
They  are  the  property  of  the  Alaska  Kotsina  Copper  Company. 

Laddie  claim. — Between  Surprise  and  Sunshine  creeks  is  a steep 
gulch  running  down  from  the  north.  On  the  west  side  of  this  gulch 
and  nearly  3,000  feet  above  Kotsina  River  is  the  Laddie  claim.  A 
very  close-grained  grayish  “ greenstone  ” forms  the  country  rock  and 
is  cut  by  a fault  striking  N.  20°  to  30°  E.  and  dipping  about  45°  NW. 
Along  the  fault  is  a zone  of  crushed  country  rock  ranging  in  width 
from  2 to  3 feet,  in  which  is  a quartz  vein  18  inches  thick.  Besides 
quartz  there  is  a small  amount  of  calcite.  The  vein  carries  copper 
glance  accompanied  by  a little  bornite  and  chalcopyrite.  In  places 
the  percentage  of  copper  minerals  in  the  vein  is  high,  but  they  are 
not  distributed  uniformly  through  it.  A line  of  prospect  holes  ex- 
tends along  the  vein  for  a distance  of  200  feet. 

Sheehan  claim. — At  the  Sheehan  claim,  200  feet  higher  than 
the  Laddie  and  a little  farther  east  around  the  mountain  side,  the 
greenstone  is  cut  by  a fault  striking  N.  45°  E.  and  dipping  45°  NW. 
This  fault  resembles  the  Laddie  fault  in  being  accompanied  by  a 
zone  of  crushed  rock,  but  the  zone  is  here  somewhat  wider,  ranging 
from  3 to  4 feet.  A small  quartz  vein  is  exposed,  in  which  the  copper 
minerals  are  glance,  bornite,  and  a little  pyrite.  The  small  veins  of 
glance  cutting  the  quartz  are  in  places  half  an  inch  thick. 

Huhhard  claim. — About  300  feet  east  of  the  Sheehan  claim  and  a 
little  higher  on  the  mountain  the  vein  of  the  Hubbard  is  exposed  in 
two  open  cuts.  The  vein  is  almost  perpendicular  and  strikes  N.  40° 
E.  In  the  more  southerly  open  cut  there  is  a vein  of  white  quartz 
ranging  in  thickness  from  4 to  8 feet  and  carrying  the  copper 
minerals,  chalcocite,  bornite,  and  chalcopyrite,  which  are  named  in 
the  order  of  their  abundance.  A strongly  marked  fault  with  3 inches 


60 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITTNA  BEGTON,  ALASKA. 


of  clay  seam  defines  the  north  wall  of  the  vein.  Eight  feet  from  the 
vein  on  the  southeast  is  a second  vein  or  lens  of  quartz  10  inches 
thick  and  also  carrying  chalcocite.  BetAveen  the  two  veins  is  crushed 
greenstone.  Nearly  200  feet  to  the.  northeast  along  the  strike  an  open 
cut  40  feet  long  and  25  feet  deep  has  been  made  across  the  vein.  The 
fault  is  again  seen  along  the  north  wall,  but  the  single  large  quartz 
vein  exposed  in  the  other  cut  is  here  represented  by  many  smaller 
veins  of  lenticular  form  up  to  12  inches  in  thickness.  Chalcocite  and 
bornite  are  the  copper  minerals.  Nearly  1,000  feet  farther  northeast 
a well-marked  fault  with  a zone  of  sheared  greenstone  crosses  the 
ridge  betAveen  Kotsina  River  and  the  Hubbard  claim  and  is  said  to 
extend  as  far  as  the  glacier  from  Avhich  this  branch  of  the  Kotsina 
springs.  There  is  little  doubt  that  this  fault  is  the  continuation  of 
that  crossing  the  Hubbard  claim. 

KLUVESNA  CREEK. 

KluA^esna  Creek  and  its  tributary  Fall  Creek  are  the  only  streams 
besides  Surprise  Creek  coming  into  Kotsina  River  from  the  north  on 
AAdiich  any  prospecting  or  assessment  Avork  was  done  in  the  summer 
of  1907.  Kluvesna  Creek  drains  the  main  lobe  of  Kluvesna  Glacier, 
and  the  smaller  Avestern  fork  knoAvn  as  Fall  Creek  originates  in  a 
minor  lobe  of  the  same  ice  mass  coming  doAvn  from  the  snoAv  fields  of 
Mount  AVrangell.  The  A' alley  floor  is  a broad  graA^el  flat,  and  Avas  once 
occupied  by  glacier  ice,  Avhich  has  since  retreated  to  its  present  po- 
sition 7 miles  from  the  riA^er’s  mouth.  The  country  rock  is  green- 
stone, except  that  the  Chitistone  limestone  forms  the  top  of  the  ridge 
AA^est  of  the  southern  part  of  the  riA^er,  and  descends  to  the  Kotsina 
RiATr  A'alley  near  its  junction  Avith  the  A^alley  of  IvluA^esna  Creek. 
Dikes  of  light-colored  eruptive  rock,  mostly  dioritic  in  character,  cut 
the  greenstones  locally. 

On  the  east  side  of  IvluA^esna  Glacier  and  nearly  three-fourths  of 
a mile  from  its  south  end  copper  minerals  haA^e  been  found  in  the 
greenstone  seATu*al  hundred  feet  aboA^e  the  ice.  Three  o]Aen  cuts  shoAV 
a light-colored  rock — possibly  altered  greenstone — cut  by  irregularly 
branching  quartz  A^eins.  The  light-colored  rock  contains  chalcocite 
and  chalcopyrite  scattered  through  it  in  specks  rarely  larger  than  a 
})in  head.  Tliere  are  besides  this  small  veins  of  chalcopyrite.  The 
greenstone  country  rock  locally  contains  small  particles  of  chalcopy- 
rite. a fact  that  may  liaA^e  some  bearing  on  the  origin  of  the  richer 
copper  sulphide  ores. 

West  or  a little  soutliAvest  of  the  mouth  of  Fall  Creek,  and  nearly 
1.800  feet  aboAX  it,  is  a short  tunnel,  Avhich  is  the  property  of  the 
Kotsina  IMining  Company.'^  This  .tunnel  is  on  the  north  side  of  a 

“ The  writers  have  latelj’  learned  that  the  name  Kotsina  Mining  Company  is  no  longer 
in  use. 


DESCRIPTION  OE  PROPERTIES. 


61 


small  gulch  running  down  to  Kluvesna  Creek  and  is  located  at  the 
contact  of  a fine-grained  greenstone  and  a grayish  amygdaloidal 
greenstone.  The  contact,  Avhich  is  parallel  with  several  prominent 
fault  planes  cutting  the  country  rock,  strikes  N.  35°  to  45°  W.  and 
dips  50°  SW.  The  fine-grained  greenstone  is  much  shattered  and 
requires  timbering  to  make  it  stand  in  the  tunnel.  Native  copper  ap- 
pears as  small  particles  in  the  amygdaloidal  greenstone,  both  in  the 
apparently  unaltered  rock  and  in  portions  that  have  been  partly 
leached.  It  is  also  associated  Avith  small  quartz  and  calcite  veins  in 
the  greenstone.  At  many  places  Avhere  native  copper  is  found  there 
is  a little  red  copper  oxide.  Several  pieces  of  native  copper  and  quartz 
weighing  20  or  30  pounds  were  piled  on  the  dump,  but  nothing  like 
them  Avas  seen  in  the  tunnel  or  in  the  open  cut  above  the  tunnel. 

On  Fall  Creek  or  its  tributaries  a number  of  small  open  cuts  and 
short  tunnels  in  Avhich  copper  minerals  Avere  seen  Avere  examined. 
These  small  branches  floAv  into  Fall  Creek  from  the  Avest  Avithin  the 
lower  2 miles  of  its  course.  Less  than  luilf  a mile  from  the  mouth 
of  the  most  northerly  branch  there  is  a short  tunnel  on  the  south 
side  of  the  stream  driven  along  a north-south  fault  in  amygdaloidal 
greenstone.  The  greenstone  is  crushed  and  contains  small  veins  of 
quartz  and  calcite.  A green  stain  of  malachite  a])])ears  on  the  sur- 
face, but  Avithin  the  crushed  country  rock  both  green  and  blue  copper 
carbonates  are  found  in  a Avay  that  suggests  them  to  be  the  alteration 
products  of  some  earlier  copper  mineral  dej)osited  along  the  fault. 
BetAveen  the  rock  fragments  along  the  fault  there  is  in  places  a soft 
black  carbonaceous  filling  Avith  Avhich  the  copper  carbonates  are 
mingled.  Only  a small  amount  of  copper  minerals  is  exposed  by  the 
tunnel. 

South  of  this  creek  on  the  second  tributary  a short  tunnel  about 
6 feet  under  cover  Avas  made  along  a perpendicular  north-south  fault 
plane  in  am3^gdaloidal  greenstone.  This  tunnel  is  only  a feAv  feet 
above  the  creek  and  on  its  north  side.  The  greenstone  is  cut  bv 
many  small,  light-colored,  fine-grained,  porphyritic  dikes  containing 
abundant  grains  or  crystals  of  quartz.  A very  little  bornite  is  asso- 
ciated with  quartz  veins  in  the  greenstone. 

Up  the  hill  to  the  south  and  375  feet  aboA’^e  the  short  tunnel  just 
mentioned  is  another  tunnel  40  feet  long,  also  in  amygdaloidal  green- 
stone. Here,  too,  the  perpendicular  north-south  faulting  is  to  be  seen, 
and  green  copper  stains  appear  on  the  surface  of  the  fractured  rock. 
The  tunnel  Avas  driA^en  to  strike  the  supposed  dowiiAvard  extension 
of  an  outcrop  of  greenstone,  contaning  native  coi)per,  exposed  on 
the  ledge  25  feet  aboAT  the  tunnel  and  al)out  that  distance  to  the 
soutli,  but  had  not  reached  it.  Bornite  and  copper  carbonates  in 
small  amount  Avere  seen  in  a number  of  shallow  open  cuts  a short 
distance  southeast  of  this  tunnel. 


62 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


COPPER  CREEK. 

Copper  Creek  is  the  westernmost  tributary  of  Kotsina  River  on 
which  prospecting  was  done  last  summer.  It  drains  a portion  of 
the  ridge  between  Kotsina  River  and  Elliott  Creek  and  joins  the 
Kotsina  2 miles  below  Kluvesna  Creek.  All  the  geologic  formations 
already  named  are  present  in  the  upper  part  of  the  basin — the  Nikolai 
greenstone,  Chitistone  limestone,  Triassic  shales,  and  Kennicott  for- 
mation. Their  relations,  however,  are  not  simply  those  due  to  fold- 
ing, for  extensive  faulting  has  accompanied  the  folding. 

There  are  two  principal  branches  of  Copper  Creek,  but  the  western 
branch  also  forks  at  a point  about  2^  miles  from  Kotsina  River. 
Near  this  fork  the  limestone-greenstone  contact  crosses  the  two 
branches  in  a nortliAvest-southeast  direction,  and  good  exposures  of 
the  limestone  are  found  between  the  branches  as  well  as  on  each  side 
of  them.  The  greenstone,  however,  is  not  exposed  on  the  slope  from 
the  fork  to  the  limestone  outcrops  between  the  branches. 

The  workings  of  the  Mullen  claim  are  between  the  branches,  about 
1,000  feet  from  the  point  where  they  separate  and  275  feet  above 
their  junction.  Three  open  cuts  have  been  made  along  the  foot  of 
a limestone  cliff.  The  strike  of  the  limestone  at  this  place  is  difficult 
to  determine  accurately,  but  is  nearly  north  and  south.  It  dips 
45°  W.  In  the  northernmost  open  cut,  which  is  20  feet  long  and  10 
feet  in  depth  from  front  to  back,  a fault  plane  parallels  the  bedding 
and  forms  the  west  wall  of  the  cut.  The  limestone  is  much  broken, 
particularly  near  the  fault,  forming  a zone  of  broken  rock  with  a 
maximum  width  of  3 feet.  In  places  the  limestone  is  almost  com- 
pletely replaced  by  bornite  and  chalcopyrite.  The  best  ore  forms  a 
poorly-defined  vein,  ranging  in  thickness  from  12  to  18  inches,  but 
does  not  outcrop  on  the  surface.  Azurite  is  more  abundant  than 
malachite  where  the  copper  minerals  are  oxidized,  and  in  places  the 
bornite  is  completely  altered  to  azurite.  Small  calcite  veins  are 
numerous,  especially  in  the  brecciated  rock  near  the  fault,  where  the 
fragments  have  been  cemented  together  with  calcite.  There  are 
minor  faults  or  joint  planes  in  which  a green  copper  stain  is  seen, 
})ut  this  appears  to  be  derived  from  the  main  vein. 

About  75  feet  south  is  another  open  cut,  where  the  fault  planes 
are  not  prominent,  but  where  the  limestone  is  much  jointed.  Bornite 
occurs  in  isolated  bunches  in  the  limestone. 

About  75  feet  still  farther  south  is  a large  open  cut,  and  a shallow 
pit  has  been  made.  Several  faults  may  be  seen  here,  but  the  most 
prominent  ones  strike  east  and  west  and  dip  at  a high  angle  to  the 
south.  The  north-south  faults  are  present,  but  are  continuous  for 
only  short  distances.  Patches  of  crushed  rotten  rock  stained  with 
iron  oxide  and  copper  carbonate  lie  adjacent  to  the  faults  and  joints. 
There  are  also  small  masses  of  high-grade  bornite  replacing  the  linie- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


63 


stone  and  forming  bunch  deposits  in  the  country  rock.  These  depos- 
its were  probably  connected  by  the  joints  and  faults  with  the  chan- 
nels carrying  the  mineral  solutions,  but  this  is  not  evident  at  the 
surface.  A little  chalcopyrite  and  both  malachite  and  azurite  are 
present  with  the  bornite.  Malachite  is  the  surface  stain,  but  beloAv 
the  surface  azurite  is  the  alteration  product  of  the  copper  minerals. 
The  bornite  is  cut  by  many  thin  veins  of  azurite,  and  in  places  con- 
tains small  cavities  lined  with  iron  oxide  or  with  azurite  crystals. 
More  work  has  been  done  in  this  place  than  in  the  first  open  cut,  but 
less  ore  seems  to  have  been  taken  out,  if  the  amount  piled  near  by  is 
an  indication. 

ELLIOTT  CREEK. 

General  description. — Elliott  Creek  (see  fig.  2)  is  a tributary  of 
Kotsina  River,  and  joins  it  approximately  IT  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  that  stream,  or  12.5  miles  almost  directly  east  of  the  Copper  River 
crossing.  It  is  reached  by  a trail  which  leaves*  the  Kotsina  trail  at 
Willow  Creek  and  crosses  Kotsina  River  by  a bridge  about  half  a 
mile  above  the  upper  end  of  the  canyon.  This  trail  passes  over  the 
southwestern  spur  of  Hubbard  Peak  and  reaches  an  elevation  of 
approximately  2,700  feet  before  the  descent  to  Elliott  Creek  begins. 
A second  trail  used  for  the  first  time  during  the  summer  of  1907, 
leaves  Elliott  Creek  about  6 miles  above  the  mouth  at  Five  Sheep 
Creek,  and  crossing  the  west  end  of  the  ridge  south  of  the  stream 
leads  to  the  Nizina  trail  not  far  east  of  the  new  government  bridge. 

Elliott  Creek  is  approximately  10  miles  long,  and  throughout  most 
of  that  distance  flows  in  a direction  about  X.  30°  W.,  but  makes  a 
sharp  southerly  bend  before  joining  Kotsina  River.  More  than  2 
miles  of  the  lower  portion  is  through  a narrow  rock-w^alled  canyon, 
but  the  upper  part,  along  which  the  claims  extend  for  a distance  of 
miles,  lies  in  a narrow  V-shaped  valley.  Between  the  upper  cabin, 
situated  about  midway  between  the  upper  and  lower  ends  of  the 
claims,  and  the  lower  cabin,  a distance  of  2|  miles,  the  creek  descends 
759  feet,  or  approximately  360  feet  per  mile.  Above  the  upper  cabin 
this  gradient  increases  as  the  head  of  the  stream  is  approached. 
Elliott  Creek  is  fed  in  large  measure  by  melting  snow,  and  although 
the  stream  is  not  large,  it  is  capable  of  furnishing  considerable  power 
with  the  head  available. 

The  lowest  and  the  only  commercially  important  rock  formation 
exposed  in  Elliott  Creek  valley  is  the  Nikolai  greenstone.  All  the 
copper  prospects  so  far  discovered  here  are  associated  with  this  rock. 
The  massive  bluish-gray  Chitistone  limestone  is  conformably  over- 
lain  in  some  places  by  black  and  gray  Triassic  shales  and  thin- 
bedded  limestones  cut  by  light-gray  porphyritic  dikes  and  sills,  and 
in  other  places  is  succeeded  unconformably  by  coarse  conglomerate  of 
the  Kennicott  formation. 


64 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


65 


In  an  ascent  of  Elliott  Creek  the  greenstone  and  overlying  lime- 
stone appear  for  the  first  time  on  Magpie  Creek  and  continue  east- 
ward from  that  locality  to  the  head  of  the  valley.  These  two  rock 
formations  form  a great  anticline  (fig.  3),  whose  axis  is  approxi- 
mately parallel  with  the  course  of  Elliott  Creek.  It  pitches  under 
the  younger  rocks  at  the  eastern  and  western  ends  and  dips  into  the 
ridges  on  each  side  of  the  creek  (PI.  VII,  B).  North  of  Elliott 
Creek  and  at  its  upper  end  the  Chitistone  limestone  forms  a very 
prominent  topographic  feature.  With  the  exception  of  the  Copper 
King  and  Mineral  King  the  claims  described  are  on  the  north  side  of 
Elliott  Creek  and  all  but  8 are  owned  by  the  Hubbard  Elliott  Copper 
Mines  Development  Company.  The  description  of  the  claims  is  given 
in  the  order  of  their  location  from  east  to  west. 

Copper  King  and  Mineral  King  claims. — The  Copper  King  and 
Mineral  King  claims,  often  spoken  of  as  “ the  Kings,”  are  the  most 
easterly  on  Elliott  Creek.  They  are  located  along  the  limestone- 
greenstone  contact  at  an  elevation  of  over  4,000  feet  above  the  sea. 


Fig.  3. — Cross  section  (somewhat  diagrammatic)  of  the  Elliott  Creek  anticline.  1, 
Nikolai  greenstone ; 2,  Chitistone  limestone ; 3,  contorted  Triassic  shales  and  lime- 
stones ; 4,  Kennicott  formation  ; 5,  tuffs  and  shales  ; 6,  porphyritic  dikes. 


On  the  Copper  King  claim  there  is  an  open  cut  in  the  greenstone 
a little  more  than  100  feet  below  the  base  of  the  limestone  clifP,  1,390 
feet  above  the  upper  cabin.  The  copper  minerals  are  found  along  a 
shear  zone  in  the  greenstone.  Bornite  is  the  principal  copper  ore,  and 
is  seen  along  fractures  and  between  them  replacing  the  country  rock. 
Calcite  veins  are  not  so  numerous  as  might  be  expected  near  the  lime- 
stone contact.  The  shear  zone,  which,  as  far  as  can  be  determined  at 
this  exposure,  runs  parallel  with  the  base  of  the  limestone,  striking 
N.  60°  to  70°  E.  and  dipping  to  the  south,  is  mineralized  for  a thick- 
ness of  about  10  feet,  though  the  copper-bearing  solutions  have  pene- 
trated the  country  rock  for  a greater  distance,  as  is  shown  by  a slight 
alteration  of  the  greenstone.  There  is  some  pyrite  in  the  ore,  and  be- 
sides malachite  a blue  coating  of  copper  sulphate  appears  in  protected 
places.  This  open  cut  is  reached  by  climbing  over  a steep  rock  slide. 

The  two  open  cuts  on  the  Mineral  King  are  reached  by  another 
hard  climb  over  a steep  snow-covered  talus  slope.  These  cuts  are 
about  800  feet  northeast  of  the  cut  in  the  Copper  King.  The  lower 
one  was  filled  with  snow  at  the  time  they  were  visited,  but  the  ore 
68797— Bull.  374—09 5 


66 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITTNA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


piled  up  at  one  side  consisted  of  bornite  replacing  greenstone.  The 
second  cut,  50  feet  higher  and  about  100  feet  farther  west,  is  almost 
at  the  same  elevation  as  the  Copper  King  cut.  The  ore  was  found 
on  the  steep  face  of  tlie  cliff  and  consists  of  chalcocite,  with  a small 
amount  of  bornite  replacing  the  greenstone  along  a fault  or  shear 
zone.  Numerous  close  perpendicular  joints  running  approximately 
N.  60°  E.  cut  the  greenstone,  and  there  are  a number  of  fault  planes 
which  strike  N.  35°  E.  and  dip  30°  S.  The  trend  of  the  disturbed 
zone  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  faults  mentioned.  The  best  ore  has  a 
thickness  of  about  6 feet  and  is  traced  for  a distance  of  25  to  30  feet 
along  the  strike,  although  the  boundaries  and  extent  of  the  ore  body 
are  somewhat  indefinite.  On  the  south,  however,  a fault  plane  makes 
a fairly  well-defined  wall.  There  is  some  rich  ore  at  this  exposure, 
but  the  development  work  is  not  yet  sufficient  to  determine  Avhether 
or  not  the  ore  body  has  any  considerable  extent. 

Claim  at  the  head  of  Queen  Creek. — On  the  claim  at  the  head  of 
Queen  Creek  a small  open  cut  has  been  made  in  the  greenstone  about 
50  feet  below  the  base  of  the  limestone  and  shows  small  veins  of 
calcite  and  a little  quartz  containing  copper. 

Van  Dyke  claim. — Two  open  cuts  on  the  Van  Dyke  claim  were 
visited,  one  15  and  the  other  25  feet  below  the  base  of  the  limestone. 
The  greenstone  is  stained  with  the  oxidation  products  of  iron  and 
copper  and  contains  also  a small  amount  of  pyrite,  but  the  cut  shows 
very  little  of  the  copper  minerals. 

Coffer  Queen  claim. — The  open  cut  on  the  Copper  Queen  claim  is 
.^bout  50  feet  west  of  Kings  Creek.  It  has  an  elevation  of  905  feet 
above  the  upper  cabin.  The  cut  is  nearly  filled  by  the  caving  of  the 
bank  above,  so  that  the  face  of  the  greenstone  was  not  exposed.  A 
large  mass  of  the  rock,  however,  Avhich  lay  at  one  end  was  filled  Avith 
a great  number  of  tiny  intersecting  A^eins  of  iron  and  copper  sulphide, 
either  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  or,  more  probably,  copper-bearing 
pyrite.  The  greenstone  fragments  Avere  coA^ered  Avith  the  green  cop- 
per coating. 

Mav7not  claim. — A large  open  cut  has  been  made  on  the  Marmot 
claim  at  the  base  of  the  limestone  betAveen  200  and  300  feet  aa^sI  of 
Pouch  Creek.  The  greenstone  is  much  broken,  and  slicken-sided  sur- 
faces are  numerous.  The  most  ])roniinent  fault  planes  strike  approxi- 
mately N.  60°  W.  and  are  nearly  perpendicular.  Small  calcite  A’eins 
carrying  a small  amount  of  copper-bearing  pyrite  occur  along  some 
of  the  oj)enings.  A malachite  coating  Avas  seen  in  the  greenstone,  but 
is  not  prominent  along  the  main  fault  planes.  Pornite  aatis  not 
observed. 


Louise  claim. — The  Louise  open  cut  is  on  the  east  side  of  KainboAv 
Creek  and  50  feet  above  it,  or  390  feet  above  the  iipj)ei’  cabin.  The 
country  rock  is  greenstone  and  is  cut  by  faults  and  joints.  Slickeii- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


67 


i!-ided  surfaces  are  coiiiiiioii.  The  best  developed  fault  planes  strike 
about  N.  20°  W.  and  dip  45°  to  50°  W.  Small  calcite  veins,  having^a 
thickness  in  general  not  greater  than  2 inches  and  containing  a little 
quartz,  cross  the  country  rock  in  all  directions.  vSuch  veins  are  more 
numerous  here  than  in  most  of  the  other  workings  examined.  Bornite 
and  chalcopyrite  are  the  copper  minerals  present,  and  of  the  two 
bornite  is  the  more  abundant.  They  appear  in  the  calcite  veins  and 
disseminated  through  the  greenstone.  The  ore  is  best  developed, 
however,  in  the  calcite  veins  and  the  greenstone  adjacent  to  these. 
It  is  ditRcult  to  give  any  definite  statement  of  the  thickness  of  the 
mineralized  zone.  The  ore  extends  parallel  with  the  creek  for  a 
distance  of  about  30  feet  horizontally. 

Above  the  cut  on  the  steep  hill  slope  green  copper  stains  can  be 
traced  for  a distance  of  150  or  perhaps  200  feet.  Such  an  exposure 
as  this  may  be  the  surface  indication  of  an  ore  shoot,  but  the  rich 
ore  can  not  be  traced  for  any  considerable  distance  on  the  surface, 
usually  not  more  than  25  feet  and  rarely  as  much  as  50  feet. 

Lizzie  G.  claim. — The  open  cut  of  the  Lizzie  G.  claim  is  in  the  bed 
of  Rainbow  Creek  only  a short  distance  from  the  Louise.  The  green- 
stone at  this  place  is  sheared  and  plicated,  but  many  of  the  resulting 
openings  have  been  filled  by  infiltration  of  quartz  and  calcite.  Quartz 
veins  reach  a thickness  of  2 inches  and  carry  considerable  chalcopy- 
rite. Calcite  filling  is,  however,  the  more  abundant,  and  in  places 
the  rock  consists  of  about  equal  amounts  of  sheared  greenstone  and 
calcite  similar  to  the  knotty  masses  of  schist  and  quartz  seen  in  many 
regions  where  metamorphism  has  been  greater  than  in  this  area. 
These  calcite-greenstone  veins,  if  such  they  may  be  called,  carry  a 
considerable  amount  of  bornite  and  chalcopyrite  and  make  a fine- 
appearing  copper  ore,  but  the  open  cut  does  not  shoAv  how  great  a 
quantity  may  be  present. 

Goodyear  and  Henry  Prather  claims. — Direct!}^  opposite  the  Louise 
open  cut,  about  40  feet  west  of  Rainbow  Creek  and  340  feet  higher 
than  the  upper  cabin,  an  open  cut  has  been  made  in  the  claim  known 
as  the. Goodyear.  The  amygdaloidal  greenstone  is  cut  by  faults  and 
is  much  jointed.  The  most  prominent  of  these  faults  strike  north 
and  south  and  dip  about  40°  W.  Another  set  of  less  well-developed 
faults  has  a more  easterly  strike  and  a lower  dip  to  the  northwest. 
Between  two  of  the  north-south  faults  is  a mass  of  rock  lighter  in 
color  than  the  greenstone  outside  the  faults.  This  lighter  rock  is 
sheared  or  sheeted  parallel  with  the  faults  and  is  filled  with  a great 
number  of  thin  calcite  veins  containing  chalcopyrite  or  copper-bear- 
ing  pyrite  and  bornite,  somewhat  like  the  leaves  of  a book  made  of 
coarse  paper.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  cut  this  ore  body  is  between 
4 and  5 feet  thick,  and  forms  a lenticular  mass  about  20  feet  long 
bounded  by  two  north-south  faulty  and  a northeast  fault.  The 


68 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  EEGION,  ALASKA. 


upper  north-south  fault  is  not  continuous,  but?  the  lower  foot-wall 
fault  extends  to  the  north  for  some  distance.  On  the  south  this  body 
of  ore  is  much  crushed  and  is  filled  with  iron  oxide.  It  can  not  be 
traced  farther  in  that  direction  than  the  limit  of  the  cut.  Besides 
the  thin  veins  of  copper  minerals  in  the  sheeted  rock  there  are  small 
veins  of  calcite  and  ore  throughout  the  mass. 

Along  the  strike  a short  distance  to  the  north,  and  a few  feet 
higher,  the  light-colored,  copper-bearing  rock  reappears,  but  the 
upper  boundary  of  the  mass  is  the  fault  which  forms  the  lower 
boundary  of  the  lower  body.  The  ore  body  has  a maximum  thick- 
ness here  of  not  less  than  8 feet.  An  irregular  branching  calcite 
vein  containing  small  horses  of  the  light  rock  or  main  ore  body 
reaches  a thickness  of  14  inches  and  contains  chalcopyrite  and  bornite. 
This  body  of  ore  continues  for  a distance  of  50  or  60  feet  toward  the 
north.  These  two  bodies  are  portions  of  a single  ore  body  included 
between  two  north-south  faults  and  cut  by  later  faidting.  (See 

fig-  4.) 


Almost  directly  above  the  Goodyear  on  the  hill  slope  to  the  west 
and  not  more  than  100  feet  away  is  the  open  cut  of  the  Henry 
Prather.  Here  a north-south  fault  dips  60°  W.  and  is  intersected  by 
two  parallel  faults  striking  N.  40°  E.  and  dipping  30°  to  35°  W. 
These  faults  inclose  a lenticular  mass  of  rock  30  feet  long  and  5 
feet  wide  (PL  IX,  Z?),  whose  weathered  surface  is  lighter  in  color 
than  the  inclosing  greenstone  and  Avhich  is  similar  in  all  respects  to 
the  ore  body  of  the  Goodyear.  This  lighter  colored  rock  is  impreg- 
nated in  a similar  manner  with  co])per  sulphides,  and  through  it  runs 
a vein  of  coarsely  crystalline  calcite  carrying  chalcopyrite  and  bornite, 
which  are  very  rich  in  places.  The  calcite  vein  has  an  irregular  thick- 
ness ranging  from  8 to  inches,  and  in  two  places  is  oflset  by  small 
faults  to  a distance  of  10  inches. 

4'he  main  north-south  fault  may  be  traced  north  for  about  75 
feet,  and  shows  much  green  stain  and  some  sulphides,  but  the  large 
calcite  vein  and  main  ore  body  end,  apparently  having  been  faulted 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


69 


off.  Almost  50  feet  from  the  ore  body  the  large  fault  is  intersected 
by  a northeast  fault.  This  also  shows  copper  stain,  and  both  contain 
small  calcite  veins  with  the  sulphides. 

Although  no  direct  proof  was  obtained  the  similarity  in  character 
and  appearance  of  these  two  ore  bodies  of  the  Goodyear  and  Henry 
Prather  indicate  that  they  are  faulted  portions  of  one  mass. 

Elizabeth  claim. — The  Elizabeth  claim  lies  north  of  the  upper 
cabin,  and  has  received  more  attention  in  the  way  of  development 
work  than  any  other  claim  on  the  creek.  This  work  consists  of  a tun- 
nel and  one  or  two  open  cuts.  The  tunnel  is  located  in  a narrow  gulch 
a little  more  than  1,000  feet  above  the  cabin.  It  has  been  driven  into 
the  greenstone  in  a northeasterly  direction  for  250  feet,  and  some 
ore  has  been  uncovered,  but  it  is  not  believed  that  the  main  ore  body 
which  outcrops  on  the  hill  above  has  been  reached,  and  the  work  is 
to  be  continued.  About  75  feet  from  the  entrance  the  first  copper 
appears  in  some  lenticular  veins  of  calcite  and  quartz,  but  there  is 
only  a small  amount  of  this.  In  the  face  of  the  tunnel  the  green- 
stone is  impregnated  with  bornite  and  chalcopyrite.  Small  veins  of 
calcite  also  are  present  and  carry  the  copper  minerals.  These  small 
veins  follow  joint  and  slip  planes  in  the  greenstone  and  are  rarely 
over  half  an  inch  thick.  There  is  no  well-defined  master  vein ; the 
mineral  waters  appear  to  have  followed  a zone  of  fracture  and  fault- 
ing running,  as  closely  as  it  is  possible  to  determine  at  the  tunnel 
face,  in  a nearly  north-south  direction.  The  greenstone  has  under- 
gone considerable  movement  and  slickensided  surfaces  are  numerous. 
If  the  slip  planes  and  joints  follow  any  definite  general  direction, 
this  direction  could  not  be  determined.  At  present  the  tunnel  does 
not  reveal  the  thickness  of  the  ore-bearing  zone,  nor  even  its  direction 
with  certainty. 

In  the  gulch  directly  above  the  tunnel  to  the  north,  and  about  100 
feet  higher,  is  an  open  cut  exposing  the  copper-bearing  fault  zone, 
which  the  tunnel  is  expected  to  cut.  The  greenstone  is  much  shat- 
tered, and  shows  a number  of  fault  planes  the  most  prominent  of 
which  range  in  strike  from  N.  10°  AY.  to  N.  30°  AY.  Movement  along 
some  of  these  planes  has  been  very  marked,  and  the  rock  is  greatly 
crushed.  Bornite  and  chalcopyrite  are  present  in  small  calcite  veins 
and  also  impregnating  the  greenstone  in  and  adjacent  to  the  fault 
zone.  The  green  stain  due  to  oxidation  is  prominent  here,  as  it  is 
in  all  places  where  the  copper  minerals  occur,  and  makes  it  possible 
to  trace  the  copper-bearing  zone  from  the  open  cut  in  a direction 
N.  12°  AY.  for  several  hundred  feet  up  the  hill,  where  several  other 
small  open  cuts  have  been  made. 

Marie  Antoinette  claim. — Copper  minerals  are  exposed  in  the 
Marie  Antoinette  claim  in  two  open  cuts  on  the  top  of  a narrow 
ridge  adjoining  the  Elizabeth  claim  on  the  northwest.  These  cuts 


70 


THE  KOTSINA-CHTTINA  EEGTON,  ALASKA. 


are  within  less  than  100  feet  of  each  other,  and  show  shattered  green- 
stone stained  with  the  oxidation  products  of  iron  and  copper.  There 
are  a number  of  faults  which  strike  in  different  directions,  and  in 
the  open  cut  on  the  Avest  brow  of  the  ridge  a crushed  A^ein  of  A^ariable 
thickness,  consisting  of  calcite  and  a small  amount  of  quartz,  is  ex- 
posed. The  greenstone  also  contains  veinlets  of  calcite,  AAdiich  fol- 
low joint  or  slip  planes  and  carry  the  cojDper  and  iron  sulphides. 
The  larger  A^ein  strikes  approximately  X.  30°  W.,  a direction  AAdiich 
AAmuld  take  it  someAvhat  to  the  south  of  the  other  open  cut.  Xear 
it  a small  perpendicular  dike  of  fine-grained  diorite  from  2 to  2d 
feet  thick  cuts  the  greenstone. 

Albert  Johnson  claim. — The  Albert  Johnson  claim  and  the  Guthrie 
claim  described  beloAA"  adjoin  each  other  end  to  end  and  lie  parallel 
to  and  slightly  beloAA^  the  greenstone-limestone  contact.  Deception 
Creek  crosses  their  common  end  line  at  an  angle  of  about  45°.  Some 
open-cut  AAmrk  has  been  done,  and  a tunnel  has  been  driven  on  the 
Albert  Johnson  about  100  feet  east  of  Deception  Creek.  The  tunnel 
is  30  feet  under  cover  and  is  not  over  150  feet  beloAV  the  base  of  the 
Chitistone  limestone  exposed  to  the  north  in  the  creek. 

Small,  nearly  horizontal  faults  cut  the  greenstone,  and  the  rock  is 
otherAvise  broken  by  joints,  giving  it  a blocky  character.  Calcite 
veins  are  present  but  not  abundant.  Copper  ore  is  exposed  in  the 
tunnel  and  in  the  open  cuts.  When  a piece  of  the  copper-bearing 
greenstone  is  broken,  bornite  and  chalcoj)yrite  are  found  to  be  the 
copper  minerals,  the  bornite  predominating.  The  fault  zone  in 
Avhich  the  copper  sulphides  occur  can  be  traced  by  the  green  stain 
in  a nearly  horizontal  plane  almost  around  to  the  Guthrie  tunnel, 
so  that  these  tAvo  appear  to  form  j^arts  of  one  ore  deposit. 

Guthrie  claim. — The  tunnel  of  the  (iiithrie  claim  is  on  the  hill 
slope  Avest  of  Deception  Creek,  directly  opposite  the  Albert  Johnson 
tunnel  and  about  200  feet  from  it  but  10  or  15  feet  higher.  AboA^e 
the  tunnel  for  a distance  of  40  or  50  feet  the  surface  of  the  country 
rock  has  been  cleaned  off,  exposing  small  A^eins  of  calcite  in  shattered 
greenstone;  these  A^eins  carry  the  sulphides  bornite  and  chalcopyrite. 
The  freshly  broken  greenstone  adjacent  to  these  small  veins  is  also 
seen  to  be  impregnated  Avith  the  sulphides.  There  is  no  Avell-defined 
A’ein,  but  the  jointing  or  faulting  has  permitted  the  mineral-bearing 
Avaters  to  circulate  through  a shattered  zone  in  the  greenstone.  The 
tunnel  is  not  more  than  100  feet  beloAv  the  base  of  the  lieaAW  limestone 
as  it  is  ex])osed  in  the  creek  to  the  north,  AAdiich  Avould  account  for 
the  considerable  amount  of  calcite  present  in  the  greenstone. 

Leland  and  Lairton  claims. — The  Leland  and  LaAvton  claims  are 
located  in  the  saddle  betAveen  the  heads  of  Five  Shee]i  and  Deception 
creeks,  Avhich  here  has  an  eleATition  of  more  than  2,500  feet  above 
the  loAver  cabin.  They  lie  north  of  the  main  body  of  the  Chitistone 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


71 


limestone,  whose  scarp  forms  the  prominent  clitf  on  the  southern 
hrow  of  the  spur  to  the  south.  This  unusual  location  apparently 
above  the  limestone  is  due  to  faulting,  Avhich  brings  the  greenstone 
up  against  the  Kennicott  conglomerate  or  rather  against  the  large 
porphyritic  dike  which  here  separates  these  two  formations.  On 
the  LaAvton  claim  a fault  Avhicli  strikes  X.  30°  W.  and  dips  50°  to 
00°  8.  is  seen  betAveen  the  greenstone  on  the  south  and  the  porphyry 
dike  on  the  north.  The  dike  here  shoAvs  a thickness  of  30  to  35  feet. 
SeA^eral  open  cuts  liaA^e  been  made  in  the  greenstone  and  sIioay  small 
{imoimts  of  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite  impregnating  the  rock  adjacent 
to  joint  or  fault  planes.  Green  copper  stain  and  also  copper  sulphate 
Avere  seen  in  a number  of  other  places.  The  copper  minerals  Avhere 
obserA^ed  Avere  all  Avithin  a feAV  feet  of  the  porphyry  dike,  but  any 
other  relation  betAveen  the  tAVo  Avas  not  evident. 

Cliff  claim. — The  Clilf  claim  is  on  the  Avest  side  of  Deception  Creek. 
Tavo  ojien  cuts  have  been  made  at  an  eleAuition  of  ()00  feet  aboA^e  the 
mouth  of  this  stream.  The  greenstone  is  cut  by  numerous  fault 
planes,  and  slickensided  surfaces  are  frequently  seen,  but  perhaps  the 
most  prominent  of  the  planes  of  movement  strike  nearly  east  and 
Avest  and  dip  about  45°  N.  The  green  copper  carbonate  and  the 
oxide  of  iron  stain  the  greenstone.  Small  amounts  of  the  -copper 
sulphides  also  are  exposed  along  joint  planes,  but  no  considerable 
exposure  of  ore  has  been  made. 

Chance  claim. — The  Chance  is  the  most  Avesterly  of  the  patented 
claims  and  includes  the  prominent  point  of  the  limestone  cliff  Avhich 
is  seen  on  entering  the  valley.  A small  open  cut  only  a fcAv  feet 
befoAv  the  base  of  the  limestone  shoAvs  the  green  copper  stain  and 
a little  bornite  in  the  greenstone. 

Kl  SKIILAXA  RIVER  BAS1\. 

* CENEKAI.  DESCRIPTION. 

Kuskulana  Riv^er  receiA^es  its  greatest  supply  of  Avater  from  Kusku- 
lana  Glacier,  an  ice  stream  made  up  by  the  union  of  four  principal 
branches  coming  doAvn  from  the  soutliAvest  side  of  Mount  Blackburn. 
The  riv^er  is  a little  over  21  miles  long,  and  in  the  upper  half  passes 
through  a broad  gravel-floored  glacial  valley  betAveen  high,  rugged 
mountains.  After  leaving  the  mountains  it  fioAvs  for  more  than  10 
miles,  most  of  the  Avay  in  a narroAv  rock-Avalled  canyon,  across  the 
broad  valley  of  Chitina  River  and  joins  that  stream  10  miles  aboA^e 
Copper  River.  Strelna  Creek  is  the  largest  tributary  of  Kuskulana 
RiA^er.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  about  the  head  of  PRliott  Creek  and 
joins  the  Kuskulana  3 miles  from  Chitina  River,  thus  having  a length 
of  12  miles. 

Most  of  the  copper  prospects  are  in  the  Aucinity  of  Kuskulana 
Glacier,  Avhere  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  Chitistone  limestone  are 


72 


THE  KOTSINA-OHITINA  KEGION,  ALASKA. 


well  exjDOSed.  There  are,  besides  these  two  formations,  some  rocks 
of  doubtful  identity  in  the  vicinity  of  Nugget  Creek,  a western  tribu- 
tary joining  Kuskulana  River  just  below  the  glacier.  These  rocks 
are  probably  the  same  as  some  at  the  head  of  Kotsina  River  which 
have  been  included  in  the  Nikolai  greenstone,  but  may  be  older. 
Triassic  shales  and  limestones  are  well  developed  east  of  the  Kusku- 
lana and  are  also  represented  in  a small  area  west  of  it. 

The  best-known  copper  properties  of  this  area  are  on  Nugget 
Creek,  but  there  are  other  prospects  on  one  or  two  neighboring 
streams  tributary  to  the  main  river  on  the  west  side  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  glacier  on  the  east  side,  as  well  as  on  Slatka  and  Trail  creeks. 
There  are  also  a few  prospects  on  the  head  of  Strelna  Creek. 

NUGGET  CREEK. 

General  outline. — Nugget  Creek  drains  the  southeast  side  of  the 
mountain  mass  whose  northwest  side  is  drained  by  Peacock,  Roaring, 
and  Rock  creeks  of  the  Kotsina  basin.  Several  of  its  branches  are  fed 
.by  small  glaciers.  The  stream  is  about  6 miles  long  and  joins  Kusku- 
lana River  less  than  a mile  below  the  glacier. 

The  country  rock  includes  amygdaloidal  greenstones  and  other 
greenish  rocks,  which  differ  somewhat  in  appearance  from  typical 
exposures  of  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  might  be  separated  from  it 
on  closer  study.  A small  area  of  Chitistone  limestone  outcrops  on 
the  mountain  slope  east  of  the^upper  part  of  Nugget  Creek,  and  near 
it,  along  the  creek  bed,  is  a small  exposure  of  gabbro. 

Most  of  the  copper  prospects,  of  which  there  are  a consideral)le 
number,  are  situated  in  the  lower  or  southern  part  of  Nugget  Creek 
valley.  Collectively  they  constitute  the  Alaska  Consolidated  Copper 
Company's  properties,  only  a part  of  which  were  examined  by  the 
writers.  The  claims  on  which  most  work  has  been  done  are  located  on 
the  small  rounded  hill  between  the  lower  end  of  Nugget  Creek  and 
Kuskulana  Glacier.  It  was  not  possible  in  the  short  time  available 
to  visit  an}^  other  properties  than  those  on  this  hill,  so  that  no  de.scrip- 
tion  of  claims  in  the  Nugget  Creek  valley  north  of  the  hill  or  west  of 
the  stream  can  be  given.  A good  trail  leads  from  the  creek's  mouth 
to  the  camp,  where  several  veiy  comfortable  cabins  have  been  built. 

Valdez  claim. — On  the  south  slope  of  the  rounded  hill  referred  to 
above  is  a claim  called  the  Valdez.  It  is  crossed  by  a fault  or  a set  of 
parallel  vertical  faults,  running  N.  G5°  E.,  along  Avhich  the  ore  is 
deposited.  The  continuation  of  the  fault  or  faults  for  a distance  of  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  is  shown  by  a line  of  test  pits,  but  how  much  farther 
they  extend  was  not  learned.  A tunnel  run  in  toward  the  north  and 
80  feet  under  cover  gives  a cross  section  of  the  deposit.  At  the  mouth 
of  the  tunnel  is  greenstone  separated  by  a fault  from  a large  calcite 
vein  on  the  north.  The  calcite  vein  has  a width  of  24  feet,  as  nieas- 


DESCRTPTTOK  OF  PROPERTTES. 


73 


ured  along  the  tunnel  wall.  This  wall,  however,  is  not  exactly  per- 
pendicular to  the  course  of  the  faults.  After  passing  through  the  cal- 
cite  vein  the  tunnel  penetrates  a close-grained,  dark-gray  rock,  pos- 
sibly one  phase  of  the  greenstone  series,  for  a distance  of  5 feet.  This 
latter  rock  and  the  vein  are  separated  by  a fault,  along  which  is  a 
seam  of  blue  and  yellow  clay,  ranging  from  2 to  3 inches  in  thick- 
ness and  containing  small  crystals  of  chalcopyrite.  All  of  the  calcite 
vein  as  exposed  in  the  tunnel  is  ore.  Bornite  is  the  principal  copper 
mineral,  and  is  accompanied  by  chalcopyrite  in  minor  amount.  Move- 
ment has  taken  place  along  both  faults  since  the  ore  was  deposited, 
and  the  country  rock,  as  well  as  the  vein  matter,  is  jointed  and 
crushed.  The  greenstone  is  sheeted  parallel  to  the  fault,  but  the 
harder,  close-grained  rock  in  the  face  of  the  tunnel  was  more  resist- 
ant and  broke  in  angular  blocks.  The  calcite  vein  is  also  much 
broken  and  in  places  granulated. 

A prospect  hole  or  crosscut  a short  distance  northeast  of  the  tunnel 
did  not  expose  the  vein,  but  300  feet  still  farther  to  the  northeast  an 
open  cut  shows  greenstone  faulted  against  a light-colored  rock,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  calcite  and  quartz,  much  shattered  and  impregnated 
with  bornite  and  chalcopyrite. 

Thirty  feet  to  the  southwest  along  the  vein  from  the  tunnel  mouth 
is  a shaft  which  in  August,  1907,  was  partly  filled  with  water,  but  was 
said  to  be  30  feet  deep.  The  shaft  is  sunk  in  the  vein  matter,  but  here 
the  vein  has  a thicknevSS  of  only  8 or  9 feet.  On  the  north  side  is 
greenstone,  much  sheared,  and  containing  thin  calcite  veins  accom- 
panied by  bornite.  It  is  not  evident  from  the  exposures  why  the  po- 
sition of  the  greenstone  with  reference  to  the  calcite  vein  is  here  re- 
versed. The  ore  is  similar  to  that  in  the  tunnel.  No  traces  of  the 
vein  or  fault  were  seen  on  the  grassy  hill  slope  southwest  of  the  shaft, 
nor  were  they  expected,  since  no  test  pits  had  been  dug  and  the  coun- 
try rock  was  not  exposed. 

One  Girl  claim. — The  One  Girl  claim  is  on  the  west  slope  of  the 
hill  between  Nugget  Creek  and  the  lower  end  of  Kuskulana  Glacier. 
A tunnel  called  the  “ mud  tunnel  ” has  been  driven  on  the  south  side 
of  a small  gulch  and  extends  into  the  hill  for  100  feet  in  a direction 
S.  75°  W.  Of  this  tunnel  91  feet  is  in  frozen  slide  rock,  and  is  re- 
ported to  have  caved  in  sometime  during  the  early  fall.  The  remain- 
ing 9 feet  of  the  tunnel  is  in  amygdaloidal  greenstone,  the  cavity  fill- 
ings being  calcite.  No  ore  was  observed  in  the  face,  but  the  tunnel 
had  not  been  extended  far  enough  to  encounter  the  mineralized  body 
of  rock  seen  on  the  hill  nearly  300  feet  higher  than  the  tunnel,  toward 
the  southeast.  This  “ lead  ” is  amygdaloidal  greenstone  country  rock 
impregnated  with  fine  particles  or  grains  of  chalcocite  in  association 
with  small  calcite  veins  and  epidote.  Several  open  cuts  extending 
along  a line  from  southwest  to  northeast  show  the  same  copper-bear- 


74 


THE  KOTSINA.-CHTTIHA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


ing  greenstone,  but  no  Avork  has  been  done  to  indicate  the  Avidth  of  the 
zone,  or  any  of  its  other  dimensions.  This  ore,  if  the  copper  content 
is  siifRcient  to  AAUirrant  the  use  of  the  term  under  the  conditions  pre- 
A^ailing  in  Alaska,  is  similar  in  many  respects  to  that  of  the  Copper 
Queen  claim  north  of  the  Nugget  Creek  camp. 

Nugget  Creek  receiA^ed  its  name  from  the  large  mass  of  natiA’e  cop- 
per found  in  the  creek  bed  a short  distance  above  the  camp.  This 
nugget  is  estimated  to  Aveigh  betAveen  2 and  3 tons,  and  is  too  heavy 
to  be  remoA^ed  economically  by  any  means  of  transportation  noAv 
aA^ailable.  It  is  7 feet  in  its  greatest  dimension,  3 feet  2 inches  Avide 
in  the  middle,  and  has  a maximum  thickness  of  12  inches,  but  the 
aAxrage  thickness  is  probably  less  than  6 inches.  Many  smaller  nug- 
gets, ranging  in  size  from  shot  to  pieces  of  seA^eral  ounces  or  pounds, 
are  found  in  the  gravels  of  the  creek,  but  their  bed-rock  source  has 
iieA^er  been  discoA^ered. 

STRELNA  CREEK. 

The  copper  prospects  of  Strelna  Creek  are  of  interest  chiefly  as 
shoAving  a close  relation  between  copper  deposition  and  the  limestone- 
greenstone  contact.  The  Chitistone  limestone  forms  numerous  cliffs 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  creek,  particularly  on  the  branch  leading  to 
the  Elliott  Creek  pass. 

About  a mile  southeast  of  the  Elliott  Creek  pass  a small  area  of 
Chitistone  limestone  caps  the  greenstone  of  the  ridge  south  of  Strelna 
Creek.  The  north  contact  of  the  tAvo  formations  is  here  a faidt  con- 
tact. Erom  G to  8 feet  of  the  decomposed  greenstone  along  the  fault 
is  heavily  mineralized  Avith  pyrite,  Aveathering  to  broAvn  iron  oxide. 
Along  Avith  the  pyrite  is  a little  copper,  as  is  shoAvn  by  the  green 
stain  of  malachite.  In  the  heaAw  OA’^erlying  limestone,  but  not  over 
10  to  20  feet  above  the  contact,  thin  A^eins  of  copper-bearing  pyrite 
AA’ere  seen  in  the  limestone.  Stringers  and  small  bunches  of  ore  are 
not  uncommon  in  the  underlying  greenstone  at  Auirious  places  on  the 
creek. 

I.AKIXA  RIVER. 

Lakina  EiA’er  rises  in  an  area  of  glacial  drainage  of  minor  im- 
portance lying  betAveen  the  much  more  extensiA^e  basins  of  the  Kusku- 
lana  Glacier  on  the  Avest  and  the  Kennicott  Glacier  on  the  east.  The 
Lakina  is  not  as  large  or  as  turbulent  a glacial  stream  as  the  Kusku- 
lana  or  the  Kennicott. 

The  trail  regularly  traAxded  through  this  region  reaches  Lakina 
River  about  G or  7 miles  beloAv  the  loAver  ends  of  the  tAvo  glaciers 
from  Avhich  the  riATi*  emerges.  This  portion  of  the  Aadley  of  the 
Lakina  differs  someAvhat  from  the  valleys  of  Kuskulana  and  Kenni- 
cott riA^rs  Avhere  they  floAv  from  their  glacial  sources  in  that  it  has  a 
more  basin-like  exj)ansion  in  its  loAver  half.  This  basin-like  expanse, 
Avhich  is  about  2 mih's  A'  ide  along  the  trail  aud  gradually  narroAvs 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


75 


into  a mountain  gorge  valley  one-half  mile  wide  toward  the  head  of 
the  river  as  the  glaciers  are  approached,  is  floored  with  deposits  of 
gravel,  sand,  and  mud. 

In  an  ascent  of  Lakina  River  from  the  main  trail,  the  first  bed 
rock  to  present  itself  along  the  margins  of  the  flat  gravel  floor  of  the 
valley  is  the  Nikolai  greenstone.  This  rock  ajDpears  on  both  sides  of 
the  valley  where  the  valley  begins  to  become  more  restricted,  about 
3 miles  below  the  glaciers,  and  rises  in  steep  mountain  slopes  on  both 
sides.  Above  the  greenstone  the  Chitistone  limestone  presents  its 
characteristic  cliff -like  faces,  and  above  the  Chitistone  limestone  a 
series  of  shales  and  thin-bedded  limestones  on  the  east  side  of  the 
valley  forms  bare  slopes  that  are  also  present,  though  not  so  evident, 
on  the  heights  west  of  the  river. 

The  camps  of  two  prospecting  parties  are  located  within  a few 
hundred  yards  of  each  other  on  the  west  side  of  the  Lakina  about  a 
mile  below  the  glaciers  from  which  the  river  flows.  The  copper 
prospects  occur  at  comparatively  low  elevations  above  the  river  in 
the  greenstones  that  form  the  steep  western  side  of  the  valley  at  this 
place. 

The  prospect  farthest  up  the  river  is  about  250  feet  up  the  moun- 
tain side  from  the  upper  cabin.  A short  open  cut,  about  (>  feet  deep, 
has  been  made  on  a shear  or  minor  fault  plane  that  strikes  N.  30°  W. 
and  dips  70°  SW.  into  the  country  rock  of  amygdaloidal  greenstone, 
which  at  this  place  is  weathered  to  a reddish-brown  color.  The  walls 
of  this  plane  are  separated  at  this  opening  for  about  2 feet,  and  the 
space  thus  formed  contains  a filling  of  crushed  and  slickensided  slabs 
and  fragmental  pieces  of  the  country  rock,  the  whole  being  cemented 
together  by  the  deposition  of  quartz  in  the  interstices.  The  quartz 
in  one  place  is  somewhat  continuous  along  one  of  the  walls  for  a few 
feet  and  has  a thickness  of  from  1 to  2 inches.  Most  of  the  fillinof, 
however,  is  crushed  country  rock.  A small  amount  of  native  copper 
in  the  form  of  specks  and  scales  occurs  within  this  filling.  The 
amygdaloidal  greenstone  country  rock  just  north  of  this  filled  space 
is  checked  with  thin  veinlets  of  quartz  and  contains  some  scat- 
tered chalcopyrite  in  specks  and  films.  The  narrowness  of  the  open- 
ing makes  it  impossible  to  give  any  idea  of  the  extent  or  amount  of 
mineralization  at  this  place. 

The  second  prospect  of  this  vicinity  is  similarly  located  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  the  mountain  side  only  a few  hundred  yards  south 
of  the  one  just  described.  At  this  locality  the  natural  exposure  of 
the  rocks  is  good  enough  to  exhibit  the  so-called  pseudobedding  that 
the  Nikolai  greenstone  shows  in  many  localities.  Here  this  bedlike 
structure  of  the  greenstones  strikes  N.  70°  E.  and  dips  45°  SE.  Ap- 
parently there  has  been  some  shearing  or  movement  along  a major 
plane  of  pseudobedding  or  faulting  as  well  as  movements  along  joint 


76 


THE  KOTSINA-CHTTINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


or  other  pseudobedding  planes  parallel  to  the  principal  one.  This 
is  shown  by  clean  block  or  slab  spalling  for  a distance  of  500  to  600 
feet  on  the  strike  and  dip  above  recorded.  This  well-exposed  face 
extends  up  the  mountain  side  to  the  west  and  above  the  camp  in  a 
diagonal  direction.  The  surface  of  the  exposure  is  a natural  dip 
slope  along  the  major  pseudobedding  plane,  offset  somewhat  by  par- 
allel bedding  or  joint  planes.  Slickensided  surfaces  may  be  observed 
along  the  joints  or  planes,  and  a tendency  toward  plication,  indica- 
tive of  shearing  movements,  is  present.  A small  stream  flows  down 
over  the  surface  of  this  rock  incline.  Along  the  major  pseudobed- 
ding plane  at  this  locality  there  is  a somewhat  continuous  sheet-like 
filling  of  rock  that  does  not  look  very  different  from  some  phases  of 
the  country  rock  at  this  locality  and  elsewhere.  This  sheet-like  filling 
ranges  from  1 to  6 or  8 inches  in  thickness  and,  as  the  surface  of  the 
rock  incline  is  now  exposed,  this  material  lies  in  patches  as  a veneer 
over  the  surface  of  the  countiy  rock.  It  does  not  appear  to  be  so 
markedly  siliceous  as  the  filling  in  the  prospect  several  hundred 
yards  to  the  north.  It  is  this  filling  that  contains  the  native  copper 
in  specks,  flakes,  slugs,  and  nugget-like  lumps.  Xo  pieces  of  native 
copper  of  large  size  were  observed,  the  largest  pieces  seen  being  about 
2 inches  by  one-half  inch  in  area ; the  size  of  these,  as  they  are 
exposed  on  the  surface,  is  due  to  the  flattening  and  spreading  to 
which  they  have  been  subjected  by  the  impact  of  material  carried 
down  over  this  steeply  inclined  rock  surface  by  the  stream.  The  sur- 
face exposure  of  this  sheet  of  native  copper-bearing  material,  which 
lies  bare  over  an  area  of  about  100  by  20  to  30  feet,  has  been  well 
picked  over  for  specimens,  and  most  of  the  larger  pieces  of  copper 
originally  present  have  been  removed.  For  this  reason  it  is  impos- 
sible to  give  an  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  native  copper  that  a given 
volume  of  the  sheet-like  filling  along  this  shear  plane  may  have 
originally  contained.  Xo  work  has  been  done  in  opening  up  the 
locality  to  show  how  extensive  or  persistent  the  deposit  may  be  in 
any  direction,  and  there  appears  to  be  no  evidence  to  justify  an  as- 
sumption that  there  is  a mass  of  native  copper-bearing  rock  20  to  40 
feet  wide  extending  into  the  mountain  in  a direction  perpendicular 
to  the  strike  of  the  pseudobedding. 

High  up  on  the  mountain  side,  2,400  feet  above  and  three-fourths 
of  a mile  west  of  the  camps  on  the  river,  some  surface  stripping  has 
been  done  that  exposes  a fault  in  shattered  amygdaloidal  greenstones. 
This  fault  strikes  X.  15°  E.  and  dips  75°  W.  The  Avails  are  18 
inches  apart  and  the  sjiace  is  occupied  by  Avhat  appears  to  be  a gouge 
of  crushed  country  rock,  the  6 inches  of  material  adjacent  to  the 
hanging  Avail  being  essentially  earthy  and  the  remaining  12  inches 
on  the  foot  aaoiII  being  cemented  by  a quartz  filling.  Apparently  just 
enough  copper-bearing  mineral  matter  is  associated  Avith  this  cemented 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


77 


gouge  to  stain  the  surface  of  the  18  inches  exposed  with  green  car- 
bonate films.  No  other  copper  minerals  seemed  to  be  present,  but 
some  may  be  finely  disseminated  through  the  cementing  material.  A 
very  little  bornite  in  specks  and  stringers  not  over  one-eighth  inch 
thick  was  observed  in  a piece  of  loose  material  at  this  place. 

KENMCOTT  RIVER  BASIN. 

The  summer  trail  that  leads  through  the  mountains  east  of  Lakina 
River  to  the  Kennicott  Glacier  folloAvs  the  banks  of  the  Lakina  to 
Fohlin  Creek,  a tributary  flowing  from  the  north.  The  trail  then 
ascends  Fohlin  Creek  about  2 miles  to  its  first  large  tributary  from 
the  east,  locally  known  as  Bear  Creek,  and  continues  up  the  valley 
of  Bear  Creek  to  Kennicott  or  Fourth  of  July  Pass.  From  this 
mountain  gap  the  trail  descends  Fourth  of  July  Creek  to  the  western 
margin  of  the  Kennicott  Glacier,  doAvn  along  which  it  continues  to 
Kennicott  River. 

HIDDEN  CREEK. 

Hidden  Creek  is  a tributary  to  Kennicott  Glacier  on  its  west  side, 
about  4 miles  northeast  of  the  mouth  of  Fourth  of  July  Creek.  It 
presents  a feature  of  lateral  valley  drainage  that  is  unique  in  a way, 
yet  also  characteristic  of  many  glacial  valleys  that  are  tributary 
to  larger  glacial  valleys  Avhere  the  main  ice  stream  still  flows  past 
and  completely  dams  the  mouth  of  the  smaller  A^alley.  Considered 
by  itself,  the  valley  of  Hidden  Creek  presents  all  the  features  of 
larger  glacial  valleys.  The  head  of  the  valley  comprises  ample 
cirque  basins  for  the  accumulation  of  snow  and  its  transformation 
into  the  ice  of  comparatiA^ely  small  glaciers  that  noAv  exist  at  its 
head.  These  glaciers  flow  from  their  basins  and  terminate  well 
down  toward  the  valley  level,  but  they  do  not  extend  into  its  flatter 
main  portion.  From  them  issue  small  streams  that  within  a short 
distance  join  to  form  a creek  of  good  size  that  flows  down  over  the 
gravel-floored  part  of  the  valley.  At  its  lower  end  the  valley  of 
Hidden  Creek  is  completely  dammed  by  the  Kennicott  Glacier,  Avhich 
ponds  back  the  waters  of  the  stream  so  as  to  form  a lake  which 
occupies  the  entire  lower  valley.  This  body  of  water  is  knoAvn  as 
Icy  Lake.  It  is  one-half  mile  across  and  extends  miles  up  the 
A^alley  to  a point  where  the  gradually  ascending  gravel  floor  rises 
above  its  surface.  This  gravel  floor  continues  as  bare  flats  to  the 
foot  of  the  slopes  of  the  cirque  basins,  from  which  the  small  steep 
glaciers  occupying  the  head  of  the  valley  descend.  The  stream 
flowing  over  it  from  the  glaciers  at  its  head  to  the  lake  at  its  foot 
is  about  2 miles  long  and  has  been  well  named  Hidden  Creek,  as  its 
existence  is  not  to  be  suspected  and  it  can  not  be  seen  until  the 
valley  is  actually  entered.  About  half  a mile  above  Icy  Lake  on  the 


78 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


south  side  of  the  valley  a small  stream  that  heads  near  Fourth  of 
July  Pass  hows  out  of  a steep  mountain  gorge.  This  stream  is 
locally  known  as  Glacier  Creek. 

The  steep  walls  of  both  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  valley  of 
Hidden  Creek  expose  on  the  lower  halves  of  their  slopes  the  Xikolai 
greenstone,  above  which  rise  practical!}"  inaccessible  cliffs  of  the 
massive  Chitistone  limestone.  A number  of  lode  claims  have  been 
located  along  the  contact  of  the  greenstone  and  overlying  limestone, 
where  in  places  a little  evidence  of  copper  mineralization  is  to  be 
seen.  Most  of  these  locations  Avere  made  in  190G,  and  during  the 
summer  of  1907  assessment  Avork  Avas  performed  on  them  with  a AueAV 
to  prospecting  the  ground. 

The  Great  Xorthern  Development  Company  had  in  this  neigh- 
borhood for  part  of  the  season  a crew  of  men  aaJio  expended  most  of 
their  labor  in  making  a trail  to  the  ATilley  by  following  along  the 
steep  mountain  that  bounds  the  Avestern  side  of  the  Kennicott  Glacier 
for  a couple  of  miles  south  of  Hidden  Creek.  This  trail  Avas  not 
completed. 

The  only  actual  Avork  on  claims  located  in  the  Hidden  Creek 
valley  Avas  done  by  the  Valdez  Exploration  Company.  This  com- 
pany packed  its  supplies  Avith  horses  up  a trail  over  the  Avestern 
lateral  moraine  of  Kennicott  Glacier  to  the  Hidden  Creek  valley, 
thence  by  a hazardous  route  across  the  ice  that  dams  that  A'alley  to 
the  north  side,  and  thence  up  the  northern  shore  of  Icy  Lake  to  its 
head.  The  camp  Avas  located  500  feet  aboA  e the  bed  of  Hidden  Creek 
on  a small  area  of  bench  ground,  about  4,100  feet  aboA’e  sea  level, 
that  lies  in  the  fork  formed  by  the  junction  of  Hidden  and  Glacier 
creeks.  During  the  summer  season  of  1907  fiA’e  or  six  men  Avere 
employed  by  the  company  in  prospecting  a group  of  25  lode  claims, 
more  or  less,  some  of  Avhich  are  located  on  the  greenstone-limestone 
contact  that  extends  along  the  south  side  of  the  Hidden  Creek  valkw 
aboA^e  Glacier  Creek.  About  half  a dozen  claims  extend  from  this 
group  along  the  contact  to  the  Avest  and  across  the  course  of  Glacier 
(Teek  into  an  area  of  greenstones.  Another  chain  of  claims  has  been 
located  up  the  valley  of  Glacier  Creek  and  act'oss  the  diA’ide  at  its 
head  into  the  headAvater  drainage  area  of  Fourth  of  July  Creek. 

Most  of  the  Avork  on  Hidden  Creek  is  on  its  south  side,  about  a 
mile  above  the  camj),  and  consists  of  open  cuts  in  the  greenstones 
about  300  to  400  feet  beloAv  their  contact  AAuth  the  overhung  limestones. 
All  the  Avork  done  during  1907  Avas  necessarily  in  the  form  of  ojien 
cuts,  because  of  the  difficulty  of  getting  supjilies  into  the  place.  e.spe- 
cially  timber  foi-  tunnel  Avork.  necessitated  by  the  condition  of  the 
rock.  No  timber  of  any  kind  groAvs  near  Hidden  Creek.  FiA'e  o])en 
cuts  were  seen  on  claim  3 at  this  hx*ality.  at  an  elevation  of  from 
4,800  to  4,900  feet  above  s(‘a  IcatI,  in  much-sheared  greenstones,  the 


DESCEIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


79 


shattered  blocks  and  fragments  of  which  are  tightly  keyed  into  one 
another.  The  displacements  that  the  greenstones  have  undergone  at 
this  place  have  been  severe  enough  to  obscure  the  pseudobedded  struc- 
ture to  a large  extent.  The  mineralization  through  and  between  these 
keyed  shattered  blocks  consists  of  irregular  and  disconnected  string- 
ers of  bornite  with  lumps  of  the  same  mineral,  some  of  which  may 
Aveigh  as  much  as  20  to  30  pounds.  There  is  no  continuit}^  to  the 
mineral  deposits.  They  appear  to  be  scattered  erratically  through 
the  greenstones  in  an  irregular  zone  for  a width  of  25  to  75  feet, 
and  by  far  the  greatest  amount  of  this  material  is  only  shattered 
country  rock. 

GLACIER  AND  FOURTH  OF  JULY  CREEKS. 

Nebraska  claim, — About  three-fourths  mile  up  Glacier  Creek,  at  an 
elevation  of  approximately  4,800  feet  above  sea  level,  an  open  pit  8 
feet  square  and  8 feet  deep  has  been  sunk,  on  what  is  called  the 
Nebraska  claim,  in  a shattered  mass  of  the  greenstone  that  forms  a 
loAv  knoll  in  the  valley.  This  knoll  appears  to  be  a slide  mass  from 
the  mountain  side  on  the  east.  Green  copper  carbonate  stains,  specks 
of  bornite,  and  one  speck  of  chalcopyrite  Avere  obserA^ed  in  some  of  the 
pieces  of  rock  that  came  from  this  pit,  but  nothing  more  Avas  re- 
vealed. There  is  said  to  be  a surface  shoAving  of  chalcocite,  upon 
Avhich  no  Avork  has  been  done,  in  the  greenstones  about  400  feet 
beloAv  the  limestones  on  the  southeast  side  of  Glacier  Creek  opposite 
the  camp. 

Bekka  and  Eli  claims. — Above  the  Nebraska  claim  the  Chitistone 
limestone  dips  southAvard  under  thin-bedded  limestones  and  shales. 
But  the  stratigraphic  continuity  of  the  rocks  that  occupy  the  head- 
Avater  areas  of  Glacier  and  Fourth  of  July  creeks  is  disturbed  by  a 
line  of  major  faulting  that  passes  in  an  east-Avest  direction  through 
the  head  of  Fourth  of  July  Creek.  This  faidt  throAvs  the  hea\"y- 
bedded  Chitistone  limestone  to  the  surface  again  on  the  diAude  be- 
tAveen  Glacier  and  Fourth  of  July  creeks,  Avhere  it  is  exposed  for  a 
thickness  of  about  600  feet.  There  is  probably  a minor  fault  that 
passes  across  Glacier  Creek  north  of  and  jiarallel  to  the  major  dis- 
placement on  Fourth  of  July  Creek.  Over  this  faulted  area  the 
Bekka  and  Eli  claims  extend,  crossing  the  diAude  to  the  head  of 
Fourth  of  July  Creek,  Avhere  the  major  fault  brings  the  thin-bedded 
limestones  and  shales  against  the  greenstones.  In  the  greenstones  at 
the  head  of  the  creek,  about  200  feet  beloAv  the  massiA^e  Chitistone 
limestone,  is  a bed  of  crystalline  rock  about  30  feet  thick  that  has  the 
attitude  of  a sill.  Above  the  sill-like  rock  at  this  place  is  typical 
ain}^gdaloidal  greenstone  that  does  not  appear  to  be  altered  from  its 
usual  texture  in  any  Avay.  Along  the  contact  betAveen  this  crystalline 
rock  and  the  overlying  amygdaloidal  greenstone  are  a fcAV  thin  seams 


80 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


of  chalcopyrite,  and  there  are  also  specks  of  this  mineral  within  the 
amygdaloid  a few  inches  from  the  contact.  Bornite  occurs  associated 
with  this  chalcopyrite  in  very  small  quantities,  and  the  presence  of  a 
small  amount  of  chalcocite  is  suspected  from  its  occurrence  in  a piece 
of  rock  not  in  place  picked  up  below. 

BONANZA  CREEK. 

The  Bonanza  mine,  on  the  most  valuable  known  copper  deposit  of 
Chitina  Valley,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Bonanza  Creek,  about 
miles  east  of  Kennicott  Glacier  and  7 miles  north  of  the  glacier’s 
southern  extremity.  It  is  the  property  of  the  Kennicott  Mines  Com- 
l^any,  and  is  the  only  property  visited  during  the  season  that  gives 
promise  of  shipping  ore  in  a commercial  way  in  the  near  future. 
Two  other  groups  of  claims,  known  as  the  Jumbo  and  Independence 
groups,  are  situated  in  the  vicinity  and  are  owned  by  the  same  com- 
pany. 

Bonanza  Creek  is  about  3 miles  long  and  heads  on  the  west  side  of 
the  high  mountain  ridge  running  north  and  south  between  Kennicott 
Glacier  and  McCarthy  Creek  (PL  VIII).  Its  general  course  is 
southwest.  The  company’s  main  camp  and  office,  however,  are  located 
at  the  mouth  of  National  Creek,  almost  I miles  by  trail  from  the 
mine.  A new  trail,  sufficiently  wide  for  a wagon  road,  is  nearly  com- 
pleted and  leads  from  the  lower  camp  to  the  upper  one,  and  a second 
trail  of  easy  grade  and  good  width  leads  down  the  east  side  of  the 
glacier  to  the  Kennicott  River  crossing. 

South  of  National  Creek  the  high  north-south  ridge  between  the 
glacier  and  McCarthy  Creek  is  made  up  of  Triassic  shales  and  lime- 
stones, intruded  by  large  masses  of  a light-gra}’  quartz  porphyry. 
These  Triassic  rocks  and  the  intrusive  are  separated  by  a great  fault 
from  the  greenstone  and  overlying  Chitistone  limestone  on  the  north. 
The  strike  of  the  limestone  is  northwest  and  southeast,  and  its  dip 
averages  between  25°  and  35°  NE.  It  therefore  cuts  diagonally 
across  the  main  ridge  and  appears  at  the  glacier’s  eastern  edge,  nearly 
9 miles  north  of  the  head  of  Kennicott  River.  The  limestone  here  has 
a thickness  of  more  than  1,000  feet.  Still  farther  northeast  the  Tri- 
assic shales  conformably  overlying  the  hea\w  limestone  reappear,  but 
they  do  not  occur  within  the  area  of  the  copper-bearing  rocks. 
Bonanza  Creek  and  the  other  creeks  where  copper  claims  have  been 
located  lie  wholly  within  the  greenstone-limestone  area. 

The  Bonanza  mine  (fig.  5)  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Bonanza 
Creek,  on  a s})ur  running  down  to  the  southwest  from  the  main  ridge. 
This  spur  divides  Bonanza  Creek  from  a small  southwestward-flowing 
tributary  heading  just  west  of  the  mine,  and  is  crossed  by  the 
greenstone-limestone  boundary  about  one-half  mile  southwest  of  the 
main  ridge.  On  the  axis  of  the  ridge  this  boundary  has  an  elevation 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  374  PLATE  VIII 


BONANZA  MINE,  FROM  HORSESHOE  TRAIL. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


81 


of  approximately  6,000  feet  above  sea  level,  or  3,800  feet  above  the 
mouth  of  National  Creek,  where  the  ore  bins  are  to  be  built.  To  the 
southwest  the  spur  is  greenstone ; to  the  northeast  it  is  limestone,  ris- 


Fig.  5. — Sketch  map  of  the  Bonanza  mine,  showing  the  limestone-greenstone  contact,  the 
location  of  the  rich  ores  of  the  surface,  and  the  tunnels. 

ing  to  an  elevation  more  than  1,000  feet  greater  than  that  of  the 
contact. 

The  greenstone  immediately  below  the  ore  body  is  variable  in 
texture  and  general  appearance.  Part  of  it  is  amygdaloidal,  but 

68797— Bull.  374—09 6 


82 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


porphyritic  intrusive  phases  are  also  present.  Amygdules  are  not 
confined  to  the  upper  part  of  a flow,  but  are  present  throughout  from 
bottom  to  top.  In  some  places  they  have  been  dissolved  out  on  ex- 
posed surfaces,  leaving  a cellular  rock  that  looks  like  a recent  lava 
Between  the  greenstone  and  overlying  limestone  ^lere  is  a bed  of 
green  and  red  shale  having  a thickness  of  about  5 feet.  This  sha  e 
forms  a narrow  bench  for  a short  distance  along  the  northwest  side 
of  the  ridge,  but  is  evervwhere  covered  with  talus  and  is  only  found 
after  a careful  search.  The  base  of  the  limestone  consists  of  not  less 
than  40  feet  of  coarse  gray,  slightly  argillaceous  rock,  whose  broken 
surface  in  places  is  covered  with  flattened  cylindrical  bodies  that  im- 
mediatelv  suggest  organic  material  of  some  kind,  but  a careful  exami- 
nation of  the  markings  did  not  indicate  such  origin,  and  it  is  probable 
that  they  merelv  represent  some  peculiarity  of  fracture.  Over  this 
is  a few'feet  of  'impure  shaly  limestone,  which  in  turn  is  overlain  by 
dark  and  light-gray  massive  beds  which  carry  the  ore  bodies.  -U 
the  mine  the  limestone  dip  is  slightly  variable,  but  averages  about  2^ 

toward  the  northeast.  ^ 

The  limestone  is  broken  by  numerous  faults  and  fracture  planes, 

the  most  prominent  of  which  are  nearly  perpendicular  and  range  in 
strike  from  N.  40°  E.  to  X.  70°  E. , A minor  set  of  fault  planes,  with 
about  the  same  strike,  dips  steeply  to  the  west.  AnoUier  set  runs  in 
a northwesterlv  direction,  and  in  several  places  striations  on  slicken- 
sided  surfaces  or  clay  seams  show  that  the  movement  was  horizontal. 

Fault  planes  with  low  dips,  some  of  them  nearly  horizontal,  are 
also  present.  None  of  the  faults  observed  give  evidence  of 
displacement,  but  together  with  the  numerous  joints  they  afforded 
an  opportunity  for  mineral-bearing  waters  to  enter  the  limestone. 
The  principal  fault  planes— those  running  from  northeast  to  soiitli- 
.(vest— form  what  mav  be  described  as  a sheeted  zone  in  the  limestone. 
This  zone  has  a width  of  50  or  GO  feet  and  extends  through  the  shale 
bed  into  the  greenstone  below,  but  is  less  noticeable  in  the  greenstone 
than  in  the  limestone.  A vertical  displacement  of  2 feet  occurred 
in  the  limestone-greenstone  contact  along  one  of  the  fault  plan^  in 
the  shear  zone  and  is  the  maximum  displacement  observed.  4 his 
zone  of  fracture  and  slight  displacement  was  not  traced  in  a wel  - 
developed  form  for  any  considerable  distance  to  the  northeast, 
although  the  limestone  exposures  are  on  the  whole  very  good,  and  one 
Avould  expect  to  find  it  with  little  difficulty.® 

The  copper  ores  are  chalcocite  and  azurite.  The  chalcocite  is  m 
veins  or  tabular  masses  of  solid  ore  up  to  5 or  G feet  in  thickness, 
in  large  irregidarlv  shaped  bodies,  and  in  stockworks  in  the  biec- 
ciateiriimestone.  Two  iirincipal  veins  of  chalcocite  are  seen  on  the 

« Since  visiting  this  region  the  writers  have  been  inforn^  that  the  shear  zone  crosses 
to  the  McCarthy  Creek  side  of  the  ridge  northeast  of  the  Bonanza  mine. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


83 


surface.  They  stand  almost  perpendicularly,  12  to  15  feet  apart, 
and  strike  N.  41°  E.,  forming  the  comb  of  the  sharp  ridge,  but  cross- 
ing it  at  a slight  angle,  as  the  ridge  at  this  place  has  a more  nearly 
north-south  direction  than  the  veins.  The  veins  do  not  extend  down 
into  the  impure  lower  part  of  the  limestone,  but  end  abruptly  and 
flatten  out  on  reaching  it.  Tn  places  the  precipitous  northwest  face 
of  the  ridge  is  plastered  over  with  masses  of  solid  chalcocite  for  a 
distance  of  50  or  60  feet  vertically  below  the  top. 

Azurite  appears  on  the  surface  of  the  chalcocite  and  also  as  a 
lining  of  small  vugs  in  the  glance,  but  it  is  present  chiefly  as  thin 
veins  that  form  a network  in  the  limestone  and  probably  are  due  to 
the  alteration  of  original  chalcocite  veins,  for  some  of  the  azurite 
has  an  inner  core  of  chalcocite.  Azurite  is  more  conspicuous  than 
chalcocite  in  the  northern  150  feet  of  the  ore  bodv,  but  chalcocite 
forms  the  great  mass  of  the  remainder.  The  ore  bodies  formed  along 
the  northeast-southwest  faults  of  the  northern  part  of  the  deposit 
are  not  the  direct  continuation  of  the  large  chalcocite  veins  at  the 
south,  but  lie  in  nearly  parallel  veins  which  cut  the  ridge  at  a greater 
angle,  their  strike  being  about  N.  60°  to  70°  E.  The  very  rich  ore 
can  be  traced  on  the  surface  for  a distance  of  about  250  feet.  It 
ends  abruptly  on  the  south  in  a nearly  vertical  limestone  wall,  but 
on  the  north  gives  place  to  the  lower  grade  ores,  consisting  of  small 
veins  of  azurite  and  chalcocite  Avith  scattered  masses  of  chalcocite, 
some  of  them  weighing  several  tons.  This  lower-grade  ore  shows  on 
the  surface  for  a distance  of  at  least  150  feet  northeast  from  the  high- 
grade  ores,  and  small  scattered  azurite  veins  extend  still  farther  in 
that  direction.  The  ore,  as  it  shows  on  the  surface,  therefore,  extends 
northeast  and  southwest  along  the  strike  for  a distance  of  400  feet. 
The  thickness,  however,  is  more  indefinite,  but  the  very  rich  ore,  Avith 
its  included  limestone,  as  seen  at  the  surface,  has  a Avidth  of  approxi- 
mately 25  feet,  although  the  thickness  of  ore  sufficiently  rich  to  be 
mined  may  be  greater. 

A little  chalcocite  and  less  bornite  is  found  in  some  of  the  shearing 
planes  in  the  greenstone,  but  it  does  not  extend  far  into  the  green- 
stone. The  quantity  is  small  and  inconspicuous  and  might  readily 
pass  unobserved.  A small  amount  of  e})idote  is  associated  Avith  it  in 
places.  The  main  shear  zone  in  the  greenstone  cuts  an  older  set  of 
quartz-epidote  veins,  Avhose  direction  is  about  north-northAvest. 
These  quartz-epidote  veins  do  not  intersect  the  limestone.  TheA^ 
reach  a maximum  thickness  of  1 foot  and  carry  small  amounts  of 
chalcocite,  bornite,  and  native  copper. 

Tavo  crosscuts  (fig.  5)  have  been  dri\"en  in  the  ore  body  in  a direc- 
tion N.  33°  W.  They  are,  therefore,  not  exactly  perpendicular  to  it. 
The  longer  of  these  crosscuts  starts  on  the  east  side  of  the  ridge  and 
75  feet  below  its  top.  It  is  180  feet  in  length  and  extends  through 


84 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  KEGION,  ALASKA. 

to  the  west  side  of  the  ridge.  The  richest  ore,  consisting  of  large 
masses  of  chalcocite  with  some  included  limestone,  is  encountered 
at  a distance  of  90  feet  from  the  tunnel’s  mouth  and  continues  for  a 
distance  of  21J  feet,  as  measured  in  the  roof.  There  are  smaller 
bodies  of  chalcocite,  however,  for  a distance  of  10  or  15  feet  on  either 
side  of  the  main  ore  body.  About  115  feet  from  the  entrance  to  the 
tunnel  a winze  33'  feet  deep  Avas  sunk  in  the  ore,  and  from  the  bottom 
a drift  zigzags  northward  approximately  110  feet. 

About  120  feet  southwest  of  this  tunnel  is  a parallel  tunnel  driven 
from  the  west  side  of  the  ridge  and  50  feet  lower  than  the  little 
saddle  above  it  on  the  north.  This  tunnel  starts  in  a face  of  solid 
chalcocite  and  extends  S.  33°  E.  for  50  feet.  The  ore,  which  is  chal- 
cocite wdth  a small  amount  of  azurite,  is  exposed  for  34  feet  along 
the  tunnel,  but  is  interrupted  by  horses  of  limestone.  The  remainder 
of  the  tunnel  shows  limestone  cut  by  small  azurite  veins  and  in  places 
containing  a small  amount  of  chalcocite. 


SE. 


SW.  wall 


I I 


0 5 10  15  feet 

1  I I I I I I I 

Fig.  6. — Sketch  showing  form  of  ore  body  exposed  in  the  main  or  northern  tunnel  at  the 

Bonanza  mine. 

A better  conception  of  the  form  of  the  ore  bodies  can  be  obtained 
by  an  examination  of  figs.  5,  6,  and  7 than  can  be  given  in  a Avritteri 
description.  The  tAvo  main  parallel  surface  A^eins  afford  only  an 
imperfect  idea  of  the  deposit.  Those  tAvo  A^eins  represent  a total 
replacement  of  limestone  along  minor  zones  where  shearing  Avas  most 
intense.  The  tAvo  tunnels  shoAv  that  not  only  is  the  limestone  re- 
placed along  the  main  shear  zone,  but  that  mineralized  Avaters  fol- 
loAved  minor  fracture  planes  also,  and  thus  yielded  the  loAV-lying  ore 
bodies  and  great  irregular  masses  seen  underground.  BetAveen  and 
around  the  large  masses  of  chalcocite  the  limestone  Avas  shattered 
and  filled  Avith  many  small  A^eins  of  ore,  forming  a stockAvork  that 
is  most  noticeable  in  the  Avinze  tunnel  and  on  the  surface  northeast 
of  the  main  ore  body.  As  a rule  the  bi-ittle  chalcocite  is  A^ery  little 
fractured.  The  limestone,  on  the  other  hand,  is  greatly  shattered 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


85 


and  is  filled  with  thin  veins  of  calcite,  which  are  older  than  the  ore 
deposition.  Open  cavities  in  the  fractured  limestone  have  been  filled 
with  ice,  and  both  the  country  rock  and  the  talus  on  either  side  of 
this  ridge  are  frozen  all  summer  except  for  a few  feet  at  the  surface. 
The  talus  slopes  below  the  ore  body  contain  a large  quantity  of  chal- 
cocite  resulting  from  weathering  of  the  veins  above  and  are  a valua- 
ble source  of  copper. 

It  is  a suggestive  fact  that,  although  the  main  shear  zone  of  the 
Bonanza  mine  extends  from  the  limestone  through  the  thin  shale  bed 
into  the  greenstone  below,  the  large  chalcocite  bodies,  so  far  as  can 
be  determined  on  the  surface,  end  abruptly  at  the  top  of  the  impure 
shaly  beds  forming  the  lower  50  or  60  feet  of  the  limestone.  Copper 
minerals  are  associated  with  the  shear  zone  in  the  greenstone,  but  only 
in  small  amount.  Apparently  the  impure  thin-bedded  part  of  the 
limestone  was  a less  favorable  place  for  deposition  than  the  purer 


Fig.  7. — Sketch  showing  form  of  ore  body  exposed  in  the  southern  tunnel  at  the  Bonanza 

mine. 


massive  beds  above.  This  fact  has  a practical  bearing  on  the  quan- 
tity of  ore  present,  for  it  is  evident  that  if  the  same  condition  con- 
tinues underground  it  limits  the  downward  extension  of  chalcocite  in 
the  limestone.  The  continuation  of  the  ore  body  to  the  northeast  will 
probably  be  limited  chiefly  by  the  continuation  of  the  shear  zone  in 
that  direction.  The  exact  conditions  which  determined  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  Bonanza  ore  body  are  not  known ; possibly  it  was  the  pres- 
ence of  a shear  zone  favorable  to  circulation,  but  its  occurrence 
together  with  that  of  the  Jumbo  and  Erie  chalcocite  bodies  to  the 
northwest  indicates  that  favorable  conditions  for  deposition  have  been 
established  in  more  than  one  place  and  offer  encouragement  for  seek- 
ing other  chalcocite  bodies  at  the  base  of  the  Chitistone  formation. 

From  the  description  that  has  been  given  it  will  be  seen  that  there 
IS  little  on  the  surface  or  in  the  tunnels  by  which  to  determine  that 
the  ore  body  has  a greater  extension  from  southwest  to  northeast  than 


86 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  KEGION,  ALASKA. 


about  400  feet,  or,  at  most,  450  feet,  or  that  it  extends  down  into  the 
basal  beds  of  the  Chitistone  limestone.  It  is  evident,  however,  that 
the  Bonanza  is  an  exceedingly  rich  and  unusual  body  of  copper  ore. 


JUMBO  CREEK. 

From  the  Bonanza  mine  the  Chitistone  limestone  continues  north- 
westward in  a succession  of  lofty  cliffs  as  far  as  Kennicott  Glacier. 
The  base  of  these  cliffs  is  at  the  greenstone  contact,  and  in  many  places 
contains  veinlets  and  stringers  of  azurite  or  chalcocite.  In  at  least 
two  places  the  quantity  of  these  two  minerals,  especially  of  the  chal- 
cocite, is  such  as  to  make  the  deposits  of  commercial  importance. 

The  ore  body  of  the  Jumbo  claim  is  4,600  feet  northwest  of  the 
Bonanza,  at  the  head  of  Jumbo  Creek,  and  is  located  in  limestone 
just  above  the  greenstone-limestone  contact  on  a small  southwestward 
projecting  spur  or  angle  of  the  limestone  cliff.  South  of  it  and  nearly 
200  feet  below  is  the  glacier  in  which  J umbo  Creek  heads  and  which 
must  be  crossed  to  reach  the  ore  body.  The  Jumbo  and  Bonanza  ore 
bodies  are  at  practically  the  same  elevation  above  sea  level,  approxi- 
mately 6,000  feet. 

The  limestone  at  the  Jumbo  is  made  up  near  the  base  of  slightly 
cherty  beds  ranging  in  thickness  from.  8 to  12  inches,  die  stiike  is 
N.  65°  W.,  the  dip  35°  N.  A tunnel  12  feet  long  Avas  started  on  the 
south  face  of  the  ridge,  10  feet  above  the  greenstone.  The  limestone 
is  jointed  or  cut  by  minor  faults  parallel  to  the  bedding  and  is  crossed 
by  veins  of  calcite  from  1 to  2 inches  thick.  Thin  veins  of  chalcocite 
and  azurite  accompany  them  and  fill  some  of  the  fractures.  SeA^en 
feet  above  the  tunnel  mouth  is  the  east  end  of  a large  chalcocite  mass, 
Avhich  is  Avell  exposed  on  the  axis  of  the  ridge.  As  indicated  on  the 
surface,  this  body  of  ore  is  a mass  of  solid  chalcocite  30  feet  long.  6 
feet  by  4 feet  6 inches  at  the  Avest  end,  and  tapering  to  a diameter  of 
1 foot  at  the  east  end.  It  appears  to  be  a rudely  lenticular  or  possibly 
a conical  body,  but  has  irregularly  shaped  protuberances,  as  may  be 
seen  at  the  west  end,  AAdiere  the  steep  Avest  face  or  slope  of  the  spur 
gives  a cross  section  of  the  ore  bodt^  (See  fig.  8.) 

A little  AA"ay  east  of  the  Jumbo  tunnel  is  a second  tunnel  in  lime- 
stone a short  distance  above  the  greenstone.  The  tunnel  runs  neaily 
north  or  slightly  to  the  northeast  in  limestone  that  strikes  X.  65°  A . 
and  dips  25°  x!!  In  the  tunnel,  Avhich  is  12  feet  long,  the  limestone 
is  crushed  and  jointed.  Small  A^eins  of  calcite  and  azurite  up  to  24 
inches  in  thickness  fill  joint  cracks,  especially  a set  of  perpendicular 
minor  faults  or  slip  planes  running  X.  70°  A . Xo  chalcocite  is 
exposed  in  the  tunnel,  but  it  is  belieA’ed  that  the  azurite  indicates  its 
former  presence.  Fifty  feet  beloAA'  the  tunnel  a lenticular  A’^ein  of 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


87 


chalcocite,  3 inches  thick  at  its  widest  part  and  3 feet  long,  was  found 
in  the  limestone. 

Northwest  of  the  Jumbo  claim  and  nearer  Kennicott  Glacier  is 
another  chalcocite  body,  the  Erie,  of  similar  character,  that  is  said 
to  be  larger  than  the  Jumbo.  This  property  was  not  visited  by  the 
Survey  party,  nor  was  the  Independence  gi'oup  of  claims  visited, 
which  lies  000  or  1,000  feet  below  the  top  of  the  ridge  between 
Bonanza  and  McCarthy  creeks,  on  the  McCarthy  Creek  side.  The 
vein  of  the  Independence  is  in  greenstone,  and  is  described  by  Men- 
denhall® as  being  a fairly  persistent  fissure  vein  from  ()  to  8 inches 
wide  and  trending  obliquely  to  the  limestone-greenstone  contact.  The 


KRIE  AND  INDEPENDENCE  CLAIMS. 

vein  mentioned  is  one  of  a number  that  occur  in  a sheeted  zone  strik 
ing  N.  38°  E.  and  made  up  of  a number  of  small  fissures,  most  of 
which  contain  considerable  calcite.  This  zone  passes  from  the  green- 
stone into  the  limestone,  and  has  its  greatest  width,  about  50  feet,  at 
the  contact.  The  ore  is  found  in  the  greenstone  only,  and  consists 
essentially  of  chalcocite,  which  fills  fracture  openings  and  permeates 
the  greenstone  between  them.  In  places  the  chalcocite  is  present  as 
amygdaloidal  fillings  in  the  greenstone.  It  is  later  than  the  calcite 
filling  of  the  sheeted  zone,  and  gradually  disappears  with  increasing 
distance  from  the  zone  of  mineralization.  The  main  shear  zone  inter- 
sects a system  of  quartz-epidote  veins  striking  N.  78°  E.  and  carrying 

“Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  Geology  of  the  central  Copper  River  region,  Alaska  : I’rof.  Paper 
P.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  41,  190G,  p.  104, 


gg  the  KOTSmA-CHITINA  KEGION,  ALASKA. 

a small  amount  of  bornite.  Except  for  the  absence  of  chalcocite 
bodies  in  the  limestone,  there  is  a marked  similarity  between  the 
occurrence  of  copper  minerals  in  this  locality  and  that  at  the  Bonanza. 

NIKOLAI  CREEK. 


The  Nikolai  mine,  on  Nikolai  Creek,  a tributary  of  McCarthy 
Creek  emptying  into  Kennicott  River  a short  distance  below  t le 
glacier,  was'  not  visited  by  the  Survey  party,  as  no  work  has  been 
done  there  since  the  claim  was  patented,  and  the  shaft  was  reporter 
to  be  filled  with  snow  and  ice.  The  following  description  is  quoted 
from  the  report  of  Schrader  and  Spencer.® 

Nikolai  mine.— The  Nikolai  mine  is  located  on  the  creek  of  the  same  name, 
tributary  to  McCarthy  Creek  from  the  east.  [See  PI.  X,  A.]  The  occimence 
has  probably  been  known  to  the  natives  for  a long  time,  and  was  revealed  bj 
an  Indian  named  Jack  to  Mr.  Edward  Gates,  who,  though  he  had  never  Msited 
the  locality,  was  able  to  find  it  with  the  aid  of  a map  drawn  by  Mkolai,  late 
Chief  of  the  Taral  Indians. 

The  Nikolai  mine  is  situated  1,000  feet  or  more  above  timber  line,  at  an 
elevation  of  4,200  feet.  The  country  rock  in  the  lower  part  of  the  creek  is 
Triassic  shale  intruded  by  porphyry,  but  a great  fault  brings  up  the  Nyoai 
greenstone,  which  forms  the  bed  rock  from  the  vicinity  of  the  mam  forks  of 
the  creek  to  a point  above  the  mine.  On  the  south  side  of  the  gulch,  opposite 
the  mine,  the  greenstone  is  opposed  by  the  unconformable  beds  of  the  Keuni- 
cott  formation,  but  to  the  north  the  Chitistone  massive  limestone  is  seen  dip- 
ping steeply  into  the  mountains,  and  this  is  followed  by  the  Triassic  shales, 
covering  a large  area  between  McCarthy  Creek  and  Nizina  B.n  er. 

The  vein  occurs  in  the  greenstone  at  a horizon  not  more  than  50  feet  be  ow 
the  bottom  of  the  limestone,  which  outcrops  in  the  creek  bed  a fev  himciec 
feet  above  the  shaft.  It  is  a true  fissure  vein,  with  well-marked  walls,  am 
there  has  been  displacement  or  faulting  along  it  to  the  amount  of  perhaps  aO 
feet,  with  the  upthrow  on  the  northwest.  The  course  of ^ the  fissuie  ^alles 
from  N.  50°  E.  to  N.  55°  E.,  and  the  vein  dips  about  65°  SE.  It  may  he 
traced  for  several  thousand  feet,  though  it  shows  no  ore  on  the  surface  except 
near  the  place  of  discovery.  The  main  fissure  is  paralleled  at  a distance  of 
00  and  140  feet,  respectively,  by  two  fissures  which,  though  less  pTOimiient 
also  contain  copper  minerals,  and  the  rock  between  is  cut  by  many  stringers  of 
ore  In  the  vicinity  of  the  shaft  the  main  vein  has  a width  of  from  8 to  l- 
feet  and  is  divided  about  equally  by  a horse  of  greenstone  3 or  4 feet  across, 
in  which  the  shaft  has  been  sunk.  The  ore  on  either  side  of  the  horse  is 
practically  pure  bornite,  with  only  a small  amount  of  quartz  associated  in  an 
irregular ‘way.  Locally,  as  shown  near  the  creek  bed,  there  is  a hand  of 
chalcopyrite  lying  next  to  the  hanging  wall.  The  development  in  the  latter 
part  of  August,  1900,  consisted  of  a shaft  30  feet  in  depth,  and  an  open  cii 
along  the  vein  for  perhaps  50  feet.  Throughout  this  distance  ore  having  a 
thickness  of  from  2 to  4 feet  had  been  exposed,  and  in  the  bottom  of  the  sha 
the  horse  had  been  penetrateil  and  bornite  ore  was  found  on  the  foot-wall  side. 
The  development  has  been  sufficient  to  show  the  presence  of  a large  shoot  o 
ore  which  can  be  mined  from  the  present  shaft  or  from  a short  adit  wliic  i 
could  be  driven  to  cut  the  vein  at  a depth  of  perhaps  100  feet,  but  whether  the 


“Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  .V.  C.,  Op.  cit.,  pp.  8G  8<. 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  BULLETIN  374  PLATE  IX 


NIKOLAI  VEIN  AND  SHAFT.  B.  VEIN  OF  HENRY  PRATHER  CLAIM. 


„ . _ ;■  ;ir'^  ■4'i^ 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


89 


ore  is  generally  distributed  or  wbether  there  are  other  large  ore  bodies  along 
its  course  is  yet  to  be  determined. 

A good  trail,  a mile  or  more  in  length,  has  been  constructed  from  the  camp 
at  timber  line  to  the  mine.  During  the  summer  of  1900  about  a dozen  men 
were  engaged  in  the  exploitation  of  the  Nikolai  mine. 

(HITISTOXK  RIVER  BASIN. 

MAIN  STREAM. 

Chitistone  River  is  a southtvestward-flowing  tributary  of  the 
Nizina  and  joins  tliat  stream  approximately  30  miles  abov^e  its  mouth. 
It  heads  in  the  glaciers  which  cover  the  divide  between  Copper  and 
White  rivers,  and  its  valley  is  one  of  the  routes  by  which  ^prospectors 
reach  Skolai  Pass  and  the  White  River  Glacier.  Between  the  lower 
end  of  the  Chitistone  Glacier  and  Nizina  River  the  stream  has  a 
length  of  18  miles,  but  the  copper  properties  on  which  most  work 
has  been  done  are  situated  within  the  lower  10  miles  of  the  valley. 
Within  this  lower  10  miles  Chitistone  River  flows  over  a broad 
gravel-covered  flat,  ranging  in  width  from  one-half  to  1 mile.  The 
largest  tributaries  are  Glacier  and  Toby  creeks,  both  flowing  in  a 
northwesterly  direction  and  joining  the  main  stream  within  2 miles 
of  each  other.  The  mouth  of  Glacier  Creek,  the  more  westerly  of 
the  two  tributaries,  is  7 miles  from  Nizina  River.  The  larger  tribu- 
taries, including  two  or  three  besides  the  two  named,  hav^e  broad 
gravel-covered  valley  floors  similar  to  that  of  the  Chitistone  itself, 
but  much  narrower  and  with  higher  gradients.  The  smaller  tribu- 
taries tumble  down  steep,  rock-walled  gulches. 

For  more  than  half  its  length  the  valley  of  Chitistone  River  is 
cut  in  Nikolai  greenstone  and  the  overlying  heavy  Chitistone  lime- 
stone. In  this  vicinity  the  limestone  reaches  the  maximum  thick- 
ness observed,  at  least  2,000  feet.  South  of  the  river  it  dips  gently 
northward,  forming  a conspicuous  cap  on  the  greenstone  that  may 
be  seen  for  many  miles  to  the  southwest,  and  everywhere  it  lies  at 
least  1,000  feet  above  the  valley  floor.  On  the  north  side  of  the  river, 
between  Nizina  River  and  Glacier  Creek,  the  whole  mountain  mass, 
except  two  or  three  hundred  feet  at  the  base,  is  Chitistone  limestone 
extending  to  an  elevation  of  more  than  4,000  feet  above  the  valley. 
On  the  west  side  of  Nizina  River  the  limestone  is  seen  to  dip  to  the 
north  at  about  30°,  so  that  the  great  thickness  on  the  east  side  repre- 
sents the  central  low-lying  portion  of  a large  syncline.  Farther  up 
the  valley  Triassic  and  other  younger  rocks  with  granular  intrusions 
and  included  coal  beds  appear. 

Copper  is  found  on  Chitistone  River  in  both  the  greenstone  and 
the  limestone,  but  in  1907  development  had  not  revealed  any  con- 
siderable ore  bodies.  On  the  Chitistone  itself  most  of  the  work  had 
been  done  by  the  Houghton  Alaska  Exploration  Company  and  by 


90  THE  KOTSIKA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 

the  Alaska  United  Copper  Exploration  Company,  the  first-named 
company  directing  its  efforts  to  prospecting  claims  north  of  the 
mouth  of  Glacier  Creek  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  and  to  claims 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river  about  4 miles  below  Glacier  Creek,  and 
the  second  to  j^rospecting  ground  on  Contact  Gidch  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Toby  Creek.  A large  number  of  claims  have  been  staked, 
including  practically  all  of  the  limestone-greenstone  contact,  but 
some  of  them  show  nothing  but  the  green  carbonate  stain. 

Glacier  Creek,  among  the  tributaries  of  Chitistone  River,  is  at 
present  the  area  of  greatest  promise.  Native  copper  is  the  ore 
chiefly  found. 

The  property  of  the  Houghton  Alaska  Exploration  Company  west 
of  Glacier  Creek  on  Chitistone  River,  on  which  most  work  has  been 
done,  lies  at  the  limestone-greenstone  contact  1,225  feet  above  the 
river  valley.  A tunnel  20  feet  long  follows  a fault  in  the  limestone 
running  S.  30°  E.  and  dipping  70°  to  80°  E.  This  tunnel  lies  just 
above  the  greenstone  contact  at  the  top  of  a large  limestone  talus 
slope.  Fifteen  feet  higher  and  20  feet  farther  east  is  a slope  about 
25  feet  long  driven  on  the  dip  of  a fault  parallel  to  the  bedding,  which 
strikes  N.  60°  E.  and  dips  35°  S.  There  is  a fault  zone  of  crushed 
country  rock  which  has  a thickness  of  4 feet  on  the  west  side  of  the 
slope,  but  diminishes  to  2 feet  on  the  east  side  and  practically  dies  out 
at  a short  distance  from  the  mouth.  It  can  be  followed  for  15  feet 
westward  and  is  then  cut  off  by  a cross  fault,  giving  it  a lenticular 
cross  section  with  a maximum  thickness  of  4 feet  and  a length  of 
about  25  feet.  The  limestone  is  further  cut  by  many  small  calcite 
veins.  The  fault  zone  is  heavily  impregnated  with  blue  and  green 
copper  carbonate,  accompanied  by  epidote.  Iron  oxide  also  is 
abundant  in  the  crushed  zone.  The  cojiper  minerals  penetrate  the 
country"  rock,  coating  ihe  joint  planes  with  green  carbonate,  but 
azurite  is  almost  restricted  to  the  crushed  zone. 

The  central  camp  of  the  Alaska  United  Copper  Exploration  Com- 
pany is  at  the  mouth  of  Contact  Gulch,  opposite  Toby  Creek,  and 
most  of  the  summer’s  work  Avas  done  in  that  vicinity,  although  the 
compaii}^  owns  many  other  claims.  A large  part  of  the  season  Avas 
consumed  in  the  construction  of  a cabin  and  trails  by  Avhich  the 
prospects,  situated  oA^er  2.000  feet  aboA^e  the  mouth  of  Contact  Gulch, 
may  be  reached.  Bornite  in  greenstone  is  the  principal  ore,  but  not 
enough  development  has  yet  been  done  to  iweal  any  large  body  of  it. 

GLACIER  CREEK. 

XatiA^e  copper  is  found  on  Glacier  Creek  in  a small  gulch  about  1 
mile  above  the  loAver  end  of  the  glacier,  or  6 miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  creek.  This  copper  A\as  knoAAui  to  the  Indians,  Avho  broke  out 


DESCRIPTION  OF  PROPERTIES. 


91 


fragments  from  the  bed  rock.  The  outcrop  is  on  the  northwest  side 
of  a steep  gulch  625  feet  above  the  glacier  and  less  than  half  a mile 
from  it.  The  gulch  is  reached  by  a trail  over  a high  rock  cliff,  by 
going  along  the  north  side  of  the  glacier  between  the  ice  and  the 
bank  or  by  crossing  diagonally  from  the  south  side  of  the  glacier. 
Traveling  along  the  glacier’s  side  is  dangerous  because  of  almost 
continuous  rock  slides,  and  is  not  possible  at  all  in  some  seasons. 

The  country  rock  is  a series  of  bedded  amygdaloidal  greenstone 
flows,  and  the  copper  is  seemingly  restricted  to  a particular  one  of 
these  beds.  Nearly  75  feet  above  the  creek,  on  the  claim  known  as  the 
Chiti,  the  greenstone  is  cut  by  a fault  running  N.  10°  E.  and  dipping 
40°  W.,  almost  parallel  to  a bed  of  greenstone  filled  with  black 
arnygdules,  consisting  of  a mixture  of  copper  oxide  and  carbonaceous 
matter,  and  cut  by  small  veins  of  the  same  m.aterial.  Above  and  be- 
low this  bed,  whose  maximum  thickness  is  8 feet,  is  greenstone  with 
quartz  arnygdules  and  only  a small  amount  of  the  black  mineral. 
In  the  main  open  cut  the  fault  appears  at  first  glance  to  form  the 
hanging  wall,  but  there  is  a small  thickness,  not  over  2 feet,  of  the 
black  amygdaloidal  greenstone  just  above  it.  Thirty  feet  farther 
north  along  the  strike  the  fault  is  at  the  foot  wall,  and  here  the  black 
amygdaloidal  rock  has  its  greatest  thickness,  8 feet.  The  main  fault 
changes  its  direction  here  and  strikes  more  nearly  east  and  west.  It  is 
cut  by  minor  faults  and  slightly  displaced.  The  black  amygdaloidal 
rock  is  covered  by  slide  rock  50  feet  south  of  the  largest  cut,  but  con- 
tinues with  decreasing  thickness  northeastward  for  about  200  feet. 
The  large  fault,  however,  is  easily  traced  for  not  less  than  300  feet. 

Copper  is  present  as  malachite,  native  copper,  chalcocite,  and 
cuprite.  Masses  of  native  copper  weighing  several  pounds  are 
found,  but  it  is  present  chiefly  as  small  specks  in  the  greenstone  and 
the  black  arnygdules  and  as  thin  sheets  or  leaves  of  about  the  thick- 
ness of  paper  and  small  stringers  in  the  greenstone.  The  larger 
masses  occur  in  sponge  or  netlike  form  inclosing  country  rock.  The 
largest  one  seen  in  place  was  not  over  8 inches  in  diameter,  but  a 
quartz  vein  300  feet  north  of  the  main  cut  yielded  a mass  weighing 
about  60  pounds.  The  fault  with  traces  of  the  black  amygdaloidal 
rqck  and  some  copper  are  reported  to  be  found  still  farther  to  the 
northeast,  but  were  not  followed. 

DAN  (REEK. 

Dan  Creek  is  the  first  tributary  to  Nizina  River  below  the  Chiti- 
stone,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a mountain  mass  made  up  of 
Nikolai  greenstone  capped  by  gently  northward-dipping  Chitistone 
limestone  (PI.  X,  A).  On  the  northern  side  of  this  mountain  mass 
the  limestone-greenstone  contact  at  its  lowest  point  is  only  a few 
hundred  feet  above  Chitistone  River.  On  the  southern  or  Dan  Creek 


92 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


side,  however,  it  ranges  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet  above  the  stream 
(PI.  X,  5).  A further  description  of  the  geography  and  geology 
of  Dan  Creek  is  given  in  the  account  of  its  gold  placers  on  pages  97-99. 

Just  beloAv  the  contact,  north  of  Dan  Creek,  the  greenstone  in 
many  places  is  stained  Avith  copper  green  and  contains  small  stringers 
and  bunches  of  coj)per  minerals,  chiefly  bornite.  This  is  said  to  be 
, particularly  true  of  a zone  of  greenstone  extending  for  a long  dis- 
tance along  the  contact  and  situated  about  30  feet  below  it. 

At  the  head  of  Boulder  Creek,  Avhich  joins  Dan  Creek  beloAv  the 
canyon,  is  a claim  called  the  Westover,  belonging  to  the  Alaska 
United  Copper  Exploration  Company.  The  exposed  ore  is  a mass 
of  bornite  at  or  just  above  the  limestone-greenstone  contact.  This 
ore  body  is  entirely  in  the  limestone  and  is  unusual  in  that  the  other 
known  similarly  situated  copper  deposits  of  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  Chitina  copper  region  are  chalcocite  rather  than  bornite.  The 
surface  exposure  has  a length,  in  a horizontal  direction,  of  30  feet  and 
a maximum  Avidth  of  8 feet.  At  one  end  the  ore  consists  of  nearly 
pure  bornite,  Avhose  boundaries  Avith  the  inclosing  limestone  are 
rather  sharply  deflned.  At  the  other  end  it  gradually  fades  into  the 
country  rock.  Xo  development  Avork  has  been  done  other  than  to 
clear  aAvay  the  face  of  the  exposure. 

GOLD. 

THE  NTZTNA  PLACERS. 

LOCATION  AM)  HISTORY. 

The  Nizina  placer  district,  as  noAv  knoAvn,  embraces  in  a general 
sense  the  drainage  areas  of  Dan,  Chititu,  and  Young  creeks,  Avhich 
floAv  into  Nizina  KiA^er  from  the  east  and  south.  Young  Creek 
empties  into  the  Nizina  about  20  miles  aboA^e  its  mouth,  Chititu  Creek 
comes  in  about  1 mile  above  Young  Creek,  and  Dan  Creek. floAvs  ipto 
the  main  river  about  4 miles  farther  upstream. 

The  discovery  and  location  of  these  placers  in  1902  has  been  de- 
scribed by  ^lendenhall  and  Schrader."  After  passing  through  the 
stampede  stage  of  exploration  the  Nizina  district  relapsed  into  a 
period  during  Avhich  a great  many  of  the  claims  as  originally  located 
Avere  Avorked  only  on  a small  scale  in  an  unprofitable  manner.  From 
one  cause  or  another  much  of  the  better  ground  Avas  soon  involved  in 
laAvsuits  AAdncli.  until  last  year,  1906,  Avere  not  settled  in  a Avay  to 
justify  systematic  AAork  necessitating  an  iiiA^estment  of  capital. 


" Mim-ral  rosourc(‘s  of  tin*  Mount  AA’ranKell  district,  .Alaska  : Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey  Xo.  I!"*,  100.*],  pp.  .A9-61. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  374  PLATE  X 


A.  CONTACT  OF  CHITISTONE  LIMESTONE  AND  NIKOLAI  GREENSTONE. 
East  side  of  Nizina  River,  about  a mile  below  mouth  of  Chitistone  River. 


n.  LOOKING  ACROSS  NIZINA  RIVER  INTO  VALLEY  OF  DAN  CREEK. 
Chitistone  limestone  capping  Nikolai  greenstone  on  left;  Triassic  limestone-shale  on  right. 


• * - * * . V 

- ^ *4  ‘ . • -^ . '».  ^ w^^-ViT ' • T -T-k  — i»  ■!  I ■-----^-.  ^ ^ — T»!«t*-’I— 


Ht  gt  » • - ^ I^H  " *•  -fci^  f**'  • 'vTr'*^'  kl*"- l^Sl^K  ^ 

ri-  .- 

#,m_,  V.  . - ^ .»:■  -.r 


,'^ ' »-v  ' 

aCf  ^ .••  »:•  4 

11  %'  t ; 


A MM  4^^  ' • 


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klKk 


i-^ 


>:-A^  . 


THE  NIZINA  GOLD  PLACERS. 


93 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 

The  bed-rock  floor  of  this  area  is,  so  far  as  known,  made  up  of  a 
series  of  shales  with  a few  thin  limestones  that  are  rather  commonly 
intruded  by  dikes  and  sheets  of  light-colored  porphyry.  This  bed 
rock  on  Chititu  and  Dan  creeks  is  for  the  most  part  a dark,  fine- 
grained, homogeneous  shale  in  which  there  is  very  little  limestone. 
These  shales  are  hard  and  closely  jointed  and  have  been  intricately 
folded  and  contorted.  They  have  also  been  subjected  to  faulting, 
some  of  which  is  very  recent,  as  it  has.  occurred  since  the  uncon- 
solidated Pleistocene  bench  gravels  that  lie  unconformably  upon  the 
shales  were  deposited.  It  is  probable  that  this  shale  bed  rock  is  the 
floor  upon  which  rests  the  thick  sheet  of  bench  gravel  deposits  that, 
so  far  as  known,  appear  to  extend  from  the  northern  slopes  of  the 
valley  of  Dan  Creek  along  the  gently  sloping  mountain  sides  that 
form  the  eastern  side  of  the  Nizina  Valley  to  and  probably  beyond 
Young  Creek.  Schrader  and  Spencer  represent  the  higher  moun- 
tains to  the  east  as  made  up  of  this  series  of  shales  and  thin-bedded 
limestone.  . 

The  broad  depression  between  the  Skolai  and  Chugach  mountains 
is  floored  by  unconsolidated  deposits,  whose  character  and  origin  have 
already  been  discussed.  A part  of  them  Avas  laid  doAvn  in  Avater ; an- 
other part  Avas  deposited  Avithout  sorting  by  Avater.  The  important 
deposits  of  the  Nizina  region,  hoAvever,  Avere  mainly  Avater  laid  and 
include  the  bench  and  stream  gravels.  Of  the  tAvo  the  bench  gravels 
are  of  less  present  commercial  importance,  although  in  amount  they 
greatly  exceed  the  stream  deposits. 

The  general  distribution  of  this  thick  graA^el  terrane  appears 
to  correspond  to  the  benchlike  surface  feature  that  extends  along 
the  eastern  side  of  Nizina  Valley  from  Dan  Creek  to  Young  Creek 
and  beyond  in  a southAvesterly  direction.  The  gravels  apparently 
have  their  upper  eastward  limits  about  the  middle  altitudes  of  the 
mountain  sides.  They  gradually  slope  doAvn  toAvard  the  Avest  to  an 
elevation  of  about  3,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  Avhere  the  surface 
descends  more  abruptly  for  seA’-eral  hundred  feet  and  thence  continues 
on  to  the  west  for  2 to  6 miles  as  a gradually  sloping  A^alley  floor  to 
Nizina  River,  where  the  elevation  is  about  1,400  feet. 

It  is  not  knoAvn  to  Avhat  extent  the  distribution  of  the  gravels  may 
depend  on  the  configuration  of  the  rock  floor  beneath  them,  but  con- 
siderable topographic  irregularities  exist  both  in  slope  of  surface  and 
in  surface  forms,  giving  rise  to  ridges,  valleys,  and  hills  such  as  Avould 
be  presented  by  a rolling  topography  of  moderate  relief.  These 
topographic  features  have  been  factors  in  the  original  distribution 
of  the  gravels,  and  their  consideration  is  important  in  studying  the 
Nizina  placers,  for  the  reason  that  at  the  present  time  the  evidence 


94 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  EEGION,  ALASKA. 


points  toward  the  bench  gravels  on  this  older  land  surface  as  being 
the  source  from  which  the  supply  of  gold  in  the  present  stream  or 
creek  gravels  is  chiefly  derived. 

The  view  that  the  easily  worked  creek  gravels  of  the  present 
streams  have  received  their  gold  from  a source  in  the  higher  bench 
gravels  is  amply  substantiated  by  the  fact  that  the  presence  of  gold 
in  the  bench  gravels  has  been  established.  At  several  localities  on 
Chititu  Creek  the  bench  gravels  have  been  prospected  systematically 
by  tunnels  following  the  bed-rock  surface,  and  it  has  been  found  that 
gold  is  present  in  no  inconsiderable  amount,  and  that  while  the  values 
are  naturally  highest  on  or  near  bed  rock,  yet  considerable  gold  is 
present  for  some  distance  above  bed  rock.  Under  present  conditions, 
however,  it  does  not  seem  that  the  bench  gravels  can  be  worked  profit- 
ably, though  when  supplies  and  labor  can  be  obtained  at  lower  cost 
it  may  prove  profitable  to  mine  them  by  tunnel  and  drift  methods,  or 
possibly  by  hydraulicking  on  a large  scale.  The  bench  gravels  are 
not  frozen,  as  are  similar  deposits  in  some  parts  of  Alaska,  conse- 
quently in  working  them  by  tunnels  and  drifts  it  is  necessary  to 
timber  the  workings  thoroughly,  an  item  of  expense  that  increases 
the  cost  of  such  operations.  It  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  there 
may  be  old  channels  in  the  rock  floor  underlying  these  gravels  where 
placer  gold  has  been  concentrated  in  amounts  large  enough  to  pay  for 
mining  by  timbered  tunnels  and  drifts.  It  may  also  be  found  that 
over  some  areas  the  bench  gravels  are  not  too  thick  to  be  profitably 
worked  by  hydraulic  methods,  even  if  a considerable  thickness  of 
overburden  should  have  to  be  removed  to  reach  the  pay  ground. 
Systematic  and  thorough  sampling  of  large  areas  by  drilling  test 
holes  should  precede  any  contemplated  installatioii  for  working 
gravels. 

The  present  stream  gravels  of  Dan,  Chititu,  and  Young  creeks  are 
the  deposits  in  which  gold  Avas  first  discovered  and  on  Avhich  acti^^e 
operations  are  now  being  conducted.  They  are  in  part  derived  from 
the  bench  gravels  and  in  part  by  the  cutting  of  the  streams  in  their 
own  bed-rock  channels.  These  deposits  are  more  fully  described  in 
connection  Avith  the  indiAudual  creeks. 

The  suggestion  that  the  present  auriferous  creek  deposits  have  been 
derived  from  the  thick  mantle  of  bench  graA^els  leads  to  a considera- 
tion of  the  source  of  the  bench  graA^els  and  the  placer  metals  they 
contain.  BoAvlders,  col)bles,  and  pebbles  of  greenstone,  Avith  a con- 
siderable amount  of  natiA’e  copper,  are  characteristic  materials  of  the 
bench  graA^ls.  A fcAv  of  these  co]>per  nuggets  Aveigh  more  than  100 
pounds,  but  most  of  tliem  run  about  1 or  2 ounces.  The  nearest 
knoAvn  source  for  the  greenstone  and  iiatiAT'  copper  of  these  gravels  is 
on  the  north  side  of  the  valley  of  Dan  Creek,  and  thence  nortliAvard 
in  the  area  of  Chitistone  Iviver.  Here  are  areas  of  irreenstones  in 


THE  NIZINA  GOLD  PLACERS. 


95 


which  some  small  amounts  of  native  copjDer  are  known  to  occur,  but 
no  gold  has  been  reported  from  these  rocks.  The  following  state- 
ments are  quoted  from  the  report  by  Mendenhall  and  Schrader : ® 

The  rocks  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  district  are  reported  by  Schrader 
and  Spencer  to  be  the  black  shales  and  thin  limestones  of  the  Triassic,  but  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  basin  of  Dan  Creek  the  Nikolai  greenstone  and  the 
overlying  heavy-bedded  Chitistone  limestone  outcrop.  There  is  a doubtful 
region  about  the  head  of  Young  Creek,  where  these  older  rocks  may  also  be 
found. 

The  black  Triassic  shales  are  reported  to  be  intruded  in  this  region,  as  they 
are  known  to  be  in  other  localities,  by  abundant  porphyritic  dikes,  and  the  gold 
may  be  found  to  be  genetically  connected  with  these  intrusives. 

So  far  no  facts  have  been  brought  to  light  to  show  whether  the 
porphyry  dikes  in  the  Triassic  shales  may  be  a possible  source  of 
gold  or  not.  On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  reported  by  a prospector 
that  free  gold  occurs  in  the  conglomerates  of  the  Kennicott  for- 
mation in  this  region.  This  formation  has  been  assigned  to  the  Up])er 
Jurassic  or  Lower  Cretaceous,  and  at  present  the  only  rocks  of  this 
age  known  to  occur  in  the  Nizina  placer  area  lie  south  of  Young 
Creek.  There  is  also  an  area  on  the  Avest  side  of  Xizina  Kiver,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  Chitistone  River.  The  Kennicott  formation  as  noAv 
known  occurs  in  isolated  areas,  of  no  very  great  extent,  distributed 
from  Kotsina  River  to  the  mountains  south  of  Young  Creek.  It  lies 
unconformably  upon  the  Triassic  shales  and  limestones  and  older 
greenstones.  This  series  of  conglomerates  Avas  no  doubt  formerly 
very  much  more  Avidely  distributed  than  it  is  at  present.  ExtensiA^e 
deposits  of  it  haA^e  probably  been  entirely  carried  aAvay  by  erosion, 
land  if  they  Avere  gold  bearing,  in  part  or  as  a Avhole,  it  can  easily  l)e 
seen  how  such  a source  might  have  supplied  the  present  bench  gravels 
in  the  Nizina  district. 

CHITITU  ( REEK. 

The  stream  graA^els  of  Chititu  Creek  (fig.  9)  and  its  tributaries 
haA^e  received  the  most  attention  in  this  district.  The  upper  half  of 
Chititu  Creek  occupies  a comparativ^ely  narroAv  valley  that  is  exca- 
vated to  a depth  of  200  to  400  feet  through  the  thick  deposits  of 
bench  gravels  and  exposes  the  underlying  shale.  In  this  shale  bed 
rock  the  stream  has  carA^ed  a trough  from  200  to  700  feet  Avide  and 
from  10  to  50  feet  deep,  conforming  in  slope  Avith  the  surface  of  the 
rock  fioor.  The  trough  is  filled  to  a depth  of  8 to  16  feet  by  recent 
stream  graA^els  mainly  derived  from  the  adjacent  bench  graATls.  In 
brief,  the  Avhole  process  has  been  that  of  a natural  ground  sluicing 
of  the  bench  gravels.  The  bed-rock  flume  or  sluiceway  is  paved  with 
boAvlders  and  cobbles,  and  in  the  natural  riffles  thus  formed  the  gold 
and  copper  have  been  concentrated. 

“Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  and  Schrader,  F.  C.,  Prof.  PaiH'r  F.  S.  (jeol.  Sui’vey  No.  L5, 
p.  61. 


96  THE  KOTSINA-CHITIIs'A  KEGION,  ALASKA. 

Only  one  of  the  original  locators  of  claims  on  Chititu  Creek  has 
developed  his  holdings  along  conservative  and  consistent  lines  from 
the  time  of  their  discovery.  On  claim  No.  11  above  Discover}^  open- 
cut  work  was  begun  with  pick  and  shovel.  During  the  second  season 
canvas  hose  was  used,  and  finally  a small  hydraulic  plant  with  giants 


was  installed.  This  plant  has  been  improved  from  year  to  year  and 
the  results  obtained  have  been  increasingly  satisfactory  to  the  owner. 

In  1907  active  development  work  was  begun  on  a group  of  claims 
that  includes  tlie  major  portion  of  the  ])lacer  ground  on  Chititu 
Creek.  A complete  hydraulic  plant,  supplemented  by  a well- 


I'To.  0. — Sketch  map  of  a part  of  Chititu  Creek,  showing  location  of  claims  and  relation  of  bench  and  stream  gravels. 


THE  NIZINA  GOLD  PLACERS. 


97 


equipped  sawmill  run  by  water  power  and  an  electric-lighting  plant 
to  aid  in  night  work  during  the  latter  part  of  the  open  season,  was 
during  the  winter  taken  over  the  snow  and  ice  to  Chititu  Creek  from 
Valdez,  a distance  of  200  miles,  by  means  of  horses  and  . ^ds.  This 
method  of  transportation  is  the  only  way  by  which  any  c msiderable 
quantity  of  material  can  be  conveyed  into  the  Copper  iver  region 
at  the  present  time.  Even  when  economically  conducted,  on  a large 
scale  involving  quantities  of  100  tons  or  more,  such  transportation 
from  Valdez  to  the  Nizina  district  has  never  cost  less  than  $130  per 
ton.  On  small  shipments  the  cost  may  be  as  much  as  $400  per  ton. 

The  greater  part  of  the  open  season  of  1907  was  spent  in  installing 
this  plant  on  the  lower  eight  claims  on  Chititu  Creek.  The  sawmill 
was  erected  on  claim  No.  4,  above  Discovery,  to  supply  lumber  for 
flumes,  buildings,  and  other  purposes.  A large  amount  of  hydraulic 
pipe  was  riveted  together  from  the  separate  sheets,  and  as  the  season 
progressed  the  whole  plant,  with  dam  and  headgates  on  claim  No.  8 
above,  the  flume  and  pipe  lines,  lighting  plant,  etc.,  was  assembled 
in  working  order,  so  that  by  the  close  of  the  season  all  arrangements 
were  completed  for  beginning  active  mining  on  claim  No.  1 with 
the  opening  of  the  season  of  1908. 

DAN  ( KEEK. 

Dan  Creek,  in  point  of  size,  is  the  first  important  tributary  to 
Xizina  River  above  Chititu  Creek,  and,  as  has  been  previous!}^  stated, 
is  also  the  first  one  below  Chitistone  River.  Its  general  course  is  west- 
northwest,  and  it  joins  the  Nizina  at  the  point  where  that  stream, 
flowing  southAvard  from  the  Skolai  Mountains,  abruptly  changes  its 
course  to  the  Avest.  The  drainage  area  of  Dan  Creek  covers  approxi- 
mately 45  square  miles  and  is  nearly  as  broad  as  it  is  long. 

The  stream  for  a distance  of  nearly  a mile  beloAV  the  place  where 
it  emerges  from  the  mountains  floAvs  across  the  graA^el  floor  of  the 
Nizina  River  valley,  but  is  raised  slightly  aboA^e  it  by  the  broad,  Ioav, 
fan-shaped  deposit  of  gravels  it  has  brought  doAvn  from  above.  The 
valley  above  this  portion  of  the  stream  presents  three  different  to- 
pographic features.  For  nearly  2 miles  Dan  Creek  has  cut  its  Avay 
through  the  deep  bench  gravels  bordering  the  Nizina  Valley  and  has 
excavated  a shalloAv  trough  in  the  country  rock.  In  this  narroAv 
trough  the  stream  graA-el  is  laid  doAvn.  Above  this  portion  the  chan- 
nel is  in  a narroAV  box  canyon,  Avhich  finally  expands  into  the  more 
open  basin-like  upper  valley.  Tavo  principal  branches  unite  above 
the  canyon  to  form  the  main  stream.  The  northern  branch  retains 
the  name  Dan  Creek;  the  other  is  knoAvn  as  Copper  Creek. 

The  bed  rock,  as  naturally  exposed  or  as  uncoA^ered  by  mining  oper- 
ations along  the  loAver  part  of  Dan  Creek,  is  made  up  of  Triassic  shales 
68797— Bull.  374—09 7 


98 


THE  KOTSINA-CHITINA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


intruded  by  light-gray  porphyritic  and  greenstone  dikes.  These 
shales,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  occupy  most  of  the  area  south  of  Dan 
Creek  to  Chitina  River.  Xorth  of  Dan  Creek  is  the  Nikolai  green- 
stone, overlain  hy  a heavy  capping  of  Chitistone  limestone  that  forms 
the  top  of  the  mountain  mass  between  Dan  Creek  and  Chitistone 
River  (PL  X,  B).  The  unnatural  position  of  the  Triassic  shales 
south  of  the  stream  with  reference  to  the  greenstone  north  of  it  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  brought  about  by  a great  fault  extending  through 
the  valley  from  southeast  to  northwest  and  removing  from  view  the 
Chitistone  limestone  which  normally  should  be  present  between  the 
m-eenstone  and  shales.  This  fault  continues  nortlnvestward  at  least 
as  far  as  Lakina  River. 

I^lacer  mining  is  at  present  restricted  to  the  areas  above  and  below 
the  canyon.  Above  the  canyon  most  work  has  been  done  on  Copper 
Creek.  This  part  of  the  stream  is  difficult  to  reach  with  supplies,  and 
only  a few  men  were  at  work  there  in  1907.  Most  of  them  were  doing 
nothing  but  assessment  work,  and  }^et  a few  thousand  dollars  in  gold 
have  been  produced  during  the  several  years  since  work  began.  The 
creek  claims  below  the  canyon  are  under  one  control,  and,  though  the 
gold  production  has  not  been  large  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  working 
the  ground,  prospecting  has  shown  that  gold  is  present. 

Placer  gold  is  associated  with  two  classes  of  deposits,  the-  present 
stream  gravels  and  the  older  and  much  more  extensive  bench  gravels. 
Mining  or  prospecting  has  been  carried  on  in  both  of  these. ' Undoubt- 
edly a great  part  of  the  gold  in  the  present  stream  is  a concentration 
from  the  benches  through  which  the  creek  has  cut  its  channel. 
Whether  any  part  of  it  has  been  brought  by  the  present  stream  di- 
rectly from  its  original  source — that  is,  a source  other  than  the  higher 
unconsolidated  bench  gravels — to  the  place  it  now  occupies,  was  not 
determined. 

The  first  claim  below  the  canyon  is  No.  7 and  the  numbers  decrease 
downstream.  Near  the  camp  a cut  approximately  400  feet  long  and 
as  wide  as  the  shovelers  could  Avork  at  one  settino;  of  the  boxes  Avas 
made  in  the  creek  gravels  of  claim  No.  o.  Directly  aboA^e  is  a larger 
cut  nearly  as  long  and  aA^raging  about  75  feet  in  Avidth.  The  bed 
rock  is  hard,  close-jointed  shale  cut  by  dikes  of  light  yelloAvish-gray 
j)or|)hyry  and  of  greenstone.  The  gravel  and  its  slight  soil  coati’- 
ing  range  in  thickness  from  8 to  12  feet.  The  graA^l  consists  in  part 
of  shale  fragments  and  contains  a large  percentage  of  greenstone  and 
jiorphyry.  Some  of  the  boAvlders  in  the  large  cut  have  diameters  as 
great  as  4 feet  and  many  of  them  average  10  oi-  12  indies  in  maximum 
diameter.  All  of  this  material  has  been  more  or  less  rounded  by 
stream  action.  It  is  poorly  bedded,  and  spruce  logs  and  fragments 
of  Avood  are  bui-ied  in  it.  The  large  cut  Avas  made  by  piling  up  a 
AA'all  of  boAvlders  along  the  graAT'l  face,  thus  forcing  the  creek  Avater 


REALGAR. 


99 


to  undercut  the  bank  and  cause  it  to  cave.  Bed  rock  was  then  cleaned 
by  hand.  Such  work  is  expensive,  as  it  requires  several  handlings 
of  all  the  larger  material.  A third  cut,  300  feet  long  and  one  box 
wide,  on  claim  No.  6 showed  gravel  and  bed  rock  of  the  same  char- 
acter. 

The  width  of  the  stream  gravels  is  not  great,  in  places  not  over  100 
or  200  feet,  but  it  increases  down  the  creek.  On  each  side  benches  of 
gravel  close  to  the  stream  rise  to  a height  of  several  hundred  feet. 
Tunnels  in  these  benches  have  demonstrated  that  they  carry  gold. 
One  of  these  tunnels  on  the  upper  end  of  No.  G or  the  lower  end  of 
No.  7 had  a length  of  72  feet.  It  was  driven  along  the  rock  floor 
upon  which  the  gravel  rests  and  is  10  feet  higher  than  the  present 
stream.  In  other  words,  the  creek  has  here  cut  10  feet  into  the  bed 
rock  since  the  present  drainage  was  established.  The  tunnel  was 
driven  in  winter  as  a prospect  and  yielded  good  values  in  gold. 

The  Dan  Creek  gold  from  the  gravels  below  the  canyon  is  coarse 
and  smooth.  Most  of  it  is  flat,  and  the  heaviest  of  it  is  found  either 
on  bed  rock  or  within  2 feet  of  it.  It  is  accompanied  by  placer  silver 
and  placer  copper.  Nuggets  of  silver  and  copper,  such  as  are  called 
‘‘half  breeds”  in  the  Lake  Superior  region,  are  frequently  found 
here  and  on  Chititu  Creek  also.  Copper  is  associated  with  both  the 
creek  and  the  bench  gravels  in  pieces  ranging  from  the  size  of  shot 
to  masses  of  100  pounds  or  more.  Only  recently  has  any  effort  been 
made  to  secure  the  copper,  as  it  is  of  no  value  with  the  present  means 
of  transportation.  Most  of  the  operators  are  now  saving  it,  however, 
and  when  railroad  transportation  is  available  the  returns  from  the 
copper  may  be  found  to  reduce  considerably  the  cost  of  mining. 

The  gold  from  Dan  Creek  above  the  canyon  differs  from  most  of 
that  below  in  that  it  is  generally  rough  and  not  flattened,  indicating 
that  it  has  not  been  hammered  out  and  worn  so  much  by  moving 
bowlders. 

Surveys  for  a hydraulic  plant  on  the  lower  end  of  Dan  Creek  have 
been  made,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  installation  of  the  plant  will 
be  begun  during  the  summer  of  1908. 

REALGAR. 

About  one-third  of  a mile  doAvn  Fourth  of  July  Creek  from  the 
Bekka  and  Eli  claims  there  is  an  occurrence  of  realgar  (sulphide  of 
arsenic).  The  mineral  fills  small  spaces  in  a crushed  zone  in  thin- 
bedded  limestones.  Some  of  the  spaces  are  filled  for  a width  of  1 
to  2 inches  with  well-formed  crystals,  but  other  seams  contain  the 
realgar  in  a more  impure  earthy  form.  The  rest  of  the  shatter 
spaces  of  the  limestone  are  largely  filled  by  thin  seams  of  calcite.  No 
considerable  amount  of  realgar  appears  to  be  present  at  this  place. 


100 


THE  KOTSIKA-C’HTTIKA  REGION,  ALASKA. 


COAL. 


r 


On  the  divide  between  Fourth  of  July  and  Bear  creeks,  north  of 
the  pass  crossed  by  the  trial,  at  elevations  of  5,800  to  6,000  feet,  is 
a small  patch  of  coal -bearing  shales  and  flaggy  arkosic  sandstones 
covering  an  oval-shaped  area  of  about  20  acres.  The  thickness  of 
these  beds  is  probably  not  over  50  feet.  They  are  partly  covered  b}’ 
more  recent  andesite  lava,  that  occupies  a smaller  area  and  stands 
at  its  highest  point  as  a pinnacle  about  50  feet  high.  These  rocks, 
which  may  be  provisionally  assigned  to  the  Tertiary,  appear  not  to 
have  been  involved  in  the  major  fault  that  is  well  exposed  on  the 
head  of  Fourth  of  July  Creek,  which  brings  the  Nikolai  greenstone 
and  Chitistone  limestone  to  the  north,  against  the  thin-bedded  lime- 
stones and  shales  to  the  south.  The  Tertiary  coal-bearing  beds  seem 
to  lie  in  a nearly  horizontal  position  on  top  of  the  inclined  beds  of 
the  older  series.  The  coal  was  not  seen  in  place,  its  presence  being 
indicated  only  by  small  weathered  fragments  mixed  with  the  dis- 
integrated shales.  It  is  probably  not  of  workable  thickness;  and 
if  it  were,  the  small  amount  and  its  inaccessibility  would  prevent  it 
from  becoming  of  commercial  importance. 


INDEX. 


A. 


Page. 


Abercrombie,  W.  R.,  work  of. 

Alaska  Kotsina  Mining  Co.,  claims  of 

Alaska  surveys,  plan  of 

Alaska  United  Copper  Exploration  Co., 

claims  of 

Albert  Johnson  claim,  description  of 

Allen,  II.  T.,  on  copper  deposits 

work  of. 

Altitudes,  data  on 

Ames  Creek,  copper  claims  on 

Andesite,  character  and  distribution  of 

Azurite,  distribution  of 


10 

57 

7,8 

90,92 

70 

19 

10 

11 

55 

35-36 

47 


B. 


Bekka  claim,  description  of 79-80 

Bibliography  of  region 10-11 

Bonanza  Creek,  copper  claims  on 80-86 

description  of. 80 

(Bonanza  mine,  description  of 80-86 

j discovery  of 20 

map  of 81 

i sections  of,  figures  showing 84, 85 

view  of 80 

Bornite,  distribution  of. 46 

Boulder  Creek,  copper  claims  on 92 

Brooks,  A.  II.,  on  geology  of  region 33, 34 

preface  by 7 


(California-Alaska  Mining  and  Development 


Co.,  claims  of 57 

Castle  Mountain,  rocks  of 35, 36 

view  of 34 

Chalcanthite,  distribution  of 47 

Chalcocite,  distribution  of 45-46 

Chalcopyrite,  distribution  of 46 

Chance  claim,  description  of 71 

Chetaslina  River,  rocks  on 37 

Chiti  claim,  description  of 91 

Chitina  River,  bluffs  of,  view  of 38 

copper  belt  on,  map  of Pocket 

description  of 12 

explorations  on 10 

map  of Pocket 

rocks  on 22 

Chitina  Valley  trail,  description  of 14 

Chitistone  limestone,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 21,25-28 

copper  in 47-50 

occurrence  of,  plate  showing 38 

relations  of 24-25, 29, 33, 37 

plate  showing 24-92 

Chitistone  River,  basin  of,  copper  claims  in..  89-92 

coal  on 32-33,42-43 

copper  claims  on 89-90 


Page, 

Chitistone  River,  description  of 89 

rocks  on 26 

Chititu  Creek,  copper  on 45 

gold  on 94,95-97 

map  of 96 

rocks  on 95-96 

Cliff  claim,  description  of 71 

Climatic  conditions,  description  of 18-19 

Coal,  character  and  distribution  of 42-43, 100 

Coal-bearing  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 32-33,99 

relations  of 32-33 

Contact  Gulch,  copper  claims  in 90 

Copper,  early  discovery  and  use  of 7, 19-20 

mining  of 42-43 

geological  occurrence  of 47-50 

growing  importance  of 9 

ores  of,  character  and  derivation  of 50-54 

zones  of 51-52 

Copper  claims,  detailed  descriptions  of.  43-44, 54-92 

Copper  Creek,  copper  claims  on 62-63 

Copper  King  claim,  description  of 65-66 

Copper  minerals,  description  of 44-47 

Copper  Queen  claim,  description  of 66 

Copper  River,  description  of 11 

map  of Pocket. 

railway  routes  along 16-18- 

Copper  River  region,  exploration  of 7 

Cordova  Bay,  description  of 17 

railroad  route  from 16 

Cretaceous  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 21 

Cuprite,  distribution  of 45- 

D. 

Dan  Creek,  copper  claims  on 45, 92 

description  of 91-92 

gold  on 94,97-99 

rocks  on 26, 97 

view  of 92 

Deception  Creek,  copper  claims  on 70-71 

Dikes,  character  and  distribution  of 34-36 

Diorite,  character  and  distribution  of 35, 36 

E. 

Economic  geology,  account  of 42-100 

Elevations,  data  on 11 

Eli  claim,  decription  of 79-80 

Elizabeth  claim,  description  of 09 

Elliott  Creek,  copper  claims  on (i5-71 

description  of 63-65- 

map  of,  showing  claims 04 

rocks  on,  view  of 38 

section  on,  figure  showing (>5 

Erie  claim,  description  of 87-88- 


101 


102 


INDEX. 


F.  Page. 

Erosion,  period  of 32 

progress  of 39-41 

Fal  1 Creek,  copper  claims  on 60-61 

Faulting  and  folding,  occurrence  of 29-30, 32 

Faults,  distribution  of 37 

Field  work,  outline  of 9-10 

Fohlin  Creek,  rocks  on 31 

Fourth  of  July  Creek,  copper  claims  on 79-80 

realgar  on 99 

Fourth  of  July  Pass,  coal  near 32 

P'reight,  transfer  of 13-14 

G. 

Gabbro,  character  and  distribution  of 34 

Geography,  sketch  of 11-18 

Geologic  map  of  region Pocket 

commenton 7,20-22 

Geology,  accoimt  of 20-42 

Gerdine,  T.  G.,  work  of 8, 10 

Gilahina  River,  description  of 12 

rocks  on 29 

view  of 28 

Glacial  deposits,  character  and  distribution 

of 36,38,39-41 

Glaciation,  history  of 40-41 

Glacier,  railroad  route  over 18 

Glacier  Creek  (of  Chitistone  River),  copper 

claims  on 90-91 

Glacier  Creek  (of  Kennicott  River),  copper 

claims  on 79-80 

Gold,  mining  of 42 

placers  of,  descriptions  of 92-99 

source  of 94 

Goodyear  claim,  description  of 67-68 

section  of,  figure  showing 68 

Government  trail,  description  of 13 

Granite,  character  and  distribution  of 34 

Great  Northern  Development  Co.,  claims 

of 54-55,56,78 

Greenstone,  meaning  of 23 

See  also  Nikolai  greenstone. 

Guthrie  claim,  description  of 70 

II. 

Hayes,  C.  W.,  work  of 10 

Henry  Prather  claim,  description  of 68-69 

view  of 88 

Hidden  Creek,  copper  claims  on 78-79 

description  of 77-78 

History,  outline  of 19-20 

Horse  feed,  supply  of 19 

Houghton- Alaska  Exploration  Co. , claims  of. . 89-90 

Hubbard  claim,  description  of .59-60 

Hubbard  Elliott  Copper  Mines  Development 

Co.,  claims  of 65 

I. 

-Igneous  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 21-22, 34-.37 

Independence  claim,  description  of 87-88 

Intrusive  rocks,  character  and  distribution  of.  .36 

T. 

Jumbo  claim,  description  of 86-87 

ore  body  of,  section  of 87 

Jumbo  Creek,  copper  claims  on 86-88 


K.  Page. 

Jurassic  rocks,  character  and  distribution  of..  21 

Katalla,  harbor  of 17 

railroad  route  from . -. 16 

Kennicott  formation,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 21,. 30-32, 95 

gold  in 95 

relations  of 30 

Kennicott  Mines  Co.,  claims  of 80 

Kennicott  River,  basin  of,  copper  claims  in. . 77-89 

rocks  on 29 

Kluvesna  Creek,  copper  claims  on 60-61 

rocks  on 25 

Kotsina  Mining  Co.,  claims  of 57,60 

Kotsina  River,  basin  of,  copper  claims  in 54-71 

copper  claims  on 54-55 

description  of 12 

rocks  on 23-25, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37 

view  of 24 

Kotsina  trail,  description  of 14 

Kuskulana  River,  basin  of,  copper  claims  in. . 71-74 

description  of 71 

rocks  near 25, 29, 35 

L. 

Laddie  claim,  description  of 59 

Lakina  River,  basin  of,  copper  claims  in 7.5-77 

description  of 74-75 

Lakina  River,  fault  at 37 

rocks  on 25,29 

Lawton  claim,  description  of 70-71 

Leland  claim,  description  of 70-71 

Lime  Creek,  copper  claims  on 55 

Limestone  Creek,  rocks  on .30 

Literature,  list  of 10-11 

Lizzie  G.  claim,  description  of 67 

Location  of  region 11 

Loui.se  claim,  description  of 66-67 

M. 

McCarthy  Creek,  rocks  on 26 

M. 

Malachite,  distribution  of 46-47 

Map  of  Chitina— Copper  River  region Pocket 

Map,  geologic,  of  Chitina  copper  belt Pocket 

Maps  of  region,  comment  on 7-8,20-21 

Marie  Antoinette  claim,  description  of 69-70 

Marmot  claim,  description  of 66 

Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  on  Chitistone  limestone. . 27 

on  valley-plain  deposits 41 

work  of 10 

Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  and  Schrader,  F.  C.,  on 

Nizina  placers 95 

Minerals,  description  of 44-47 

Mineral  King  claim,  description  of 65-66 

Mint  claim,  description  of .58 

Mountain  claim,  description  of 58 

Mount  Wrangell,  rocks  of 36 

Mullen  claim,  description  of 62-63 

N.  . 

Nebesna  River,  rocks  on 3.3 

Native  copper,  distribution  of 44-45 

huge  nuggets  of 57, 74 

Navigation,  character  of 14-15 


7 


103 


INDEX. 


Vimv. 

Nebraska  claim,  description  of 79 

Nikolai,  on  copper 19,20 

Nikolai  Creek,  copper  claims  on 88-89 

rocks  on 2(i,  31 

view  on 30 

Nikolai  greenstone,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 21,23-25 

copper  in 44-45, 47-.50 

relations  of 24-25, 30, 33, 37 

plates  showing 24,92 

Nikolai  mine,  description  of 88-89 

rocks  near,  view  of 24 

view  of X8 

Nizina  River,  basin  of,  gold  placers  in 42,92-99 

basin  of,  gold  placers  in,  discovery  of 20, 92 

description  of 12 

faults  on -37 

rocks  on  and  near 20, 29, 33, 35, 93-95 

plates  showing 24,92 

view  on 92 

Nugget  Creek,  copper  claims  on 45, 72-74 

huge  nugget  on 74 

rocks  on 34 

O. 

One  Girl  claim,  description  of 73-74 

r. 

Peacock  Creek,  copper  claims  on 57-58 

I’lacer  copper,  character  and  distribution  of. . 50 

Pleistocene  deposits,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 37-42 

view  of 38 

Porphyry,  character  and  distribution  of 35, 30 

Prince  of  W ales  Island,  copper  of 9 

Prince  William  Sound,  copper  of 9 

Q. 

Queen  Creek,  copper  claim  on 00 

R. 

Railroad  routes,  description  of 15-18 

grades  of,  chart  showing 10 

Rainbow  Creek,  copper  claims  on 00-07 

Realgar,  occurrence  of 99 

Recent  deposits,  character  and  distribution  of  39-42’^ 

Roaring  Creek,  copper  claims  on 50-57 

Rock  Creek,  copper  claims  on 55-56 

rocks  on,  view  of 28 

Rohn,  Oscar,  work  of 10 

Rose  claim,  description  of 57-58 

S. 


Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Mendenhall,  W.  C.,  on 


Nizina  placers 95 

Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  A.  C.,  on  copper 

deposits 20 

on  Nikolai  mine 88-89 


Page. 

Schrader,  F.  C.,  and  Spencer,  A.  C.,  on  rocks 


of  region 23-37 

work  of 7,9,10 

Schuchert,  Charles,  on  Chitistone  fossils. 27 

Sehwatka,  Frederick,  work  of 10 

Sheehan  claim,  description  of 59 

Shower  Gulch,  copper  claims  in 58-59 

Skolai  Mountains,  location  of 1 1 

Skolai  Pass,  rocks  at 29 

Spencer,  C.,  and  Schrader,  F.  C.  See 
Schrader  and  Spencer. 

Stanton,  T.  W.,  fossils  identified  by...  27-28,31-32 

Steamboats,  use  of 15 

Stratigraphy,  account  of 20-37 

Streams,  description  of 11-12 

Strelna  Creek,  copper  claims  on 74 

rocks  on .* 30,34 

Surprise  Creek,  copper  claims  on 59-(  0 

rocks  on • 3o 

T. 

Tanana  River,  rocks  on 33 

Tasnuna-f’opper  River  route,  description 

of 13-14,17 

Tenorite,  distribution  of 45 

Tertiary  volcanics,  character  and  distribution 

of 33-34 

Tonsina  route,  description  of p; 

Topography,  description  of 11-13.38 

development  of 38-42 

Trail  Gulch,  rocks  in 30 

Trails,' description  of 13-15 

Triassic  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 21,26,28-29 

relations  of 28-30, 33,  .37 

views  of 28 

V. 

Valdez,  railroad  routes  from 15-16 

Valdez  claim,  description  of 72-73 

Valdez  Exploration  Co.,  claims  of 78 

Valdez  series,  character  and  distribution  of. . 29, 30 

Valley-plain  deposits,  character  and  distri- 
bution of 41-42 

Van  Dyke  claim,  description  of 66 

Van  Ilise,  C.  R.,  on  derivation  of  copper  ores.  51 

Vegetation,  description  of 18-19 

Volcanic  rocks,  character  and  distribution  of.  33-34 

Volcanism,  period  of 29-30 

W. 

Westover  claim,  description  of 92 

White  Dog  claim,  description  of 58 

Witherspoon,  D.  C.,  work  of 8, 10 

Wrangell  Mountains,  description  of 11 

Y. 

Young  Creek,  gold  on 94-95 

rocks  on 35 

view  of 34 


o 


Topography  by  T.G.Gendinc  and  D C. Witherspoon. 


GEOLOGIC  RECONNAISSANCE  MAP  AND  SECTIONS  OP  THE  CHITINA  COPPER  BET>T,  ALASKA 


. -i  GEOLCO’CAt  SURVEY 
SMITH.  DIRECTOR 


LEGEND 

SeolMENTARY  ROCKS 


08 


< ij'iivrls.  IxrM-lilf'i'H 
<Tav  ajicl  Hills 


K.-mui..u 


■’’c  i 

lliUi-StnlK- 


IGNEOUS  ROCKS 


iiilrusTVfs  S 


StnUi-  un.l  iliji 


OlliraelT* 


dp:partment  of  the  interior 
UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

GEORGE  OTIS  SMITH,  Directok 


Bulletin  375 


THE 

0 

FOH  I YMILE  QUADKANGLE 

YUKON-TANANA  REGION 
ALASKA 


BY 

L.  M.  PRINDLE 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFITICE 

1909 


CONTENTS 


Preface,  by  Alfred  H.  Brooks 

Introductory  statement 

Geographic  sketch 

Relief 

Drainage 

Climate  and  vegetation 

Transportation 

International  boundary 

Geologic  sketch 

Stratigraphy 

Introdiiction : 

Pre-Ordovician 

Devonian 

Carboniferous 

Tertiary 

Alluvial  deiK)sits 

Structure 

Igneous  rocks  

Origin  of  the  gold 

• Geologic  history 

Gold  placers 

Distribution 

Fortyniile  area 

Walker  Fork,  I’oker  Creek,  and  Davis  Creek 

Wade  Creek 

Chicken  Creek  and  vicinity 

Napoleon  Creek 

Franklin  Creek 

Canyon  Creek  and  its  tributaries 

Bars  and  benches  of  the  Fortymile 

Other  localities 

Eagle  area 

Seventy  mile  area 

Mining  methods 

Production 

Summary 

Index 


Page. 

5 

7 

9 

9 

9 

11 

14 

15 
15 
15 

15 

16 
18 
20 
2?> 
26 

27 

28 

31 

32 
34 
34 

34 

35 

36 

37 

40 

41 

41 

42 
44 

44 

45 

46 

48 

49 
51 


r 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  I.  A,  View  np  American  Creek ; B,  View  np  Wade  Creek 8 

II.  A,  Canyon  of  Fortymile,  500  feet  below  the  level  of  the  old  val- 
ley ; B,  B^'lat-topped  ridge  between  Davis  and  Poker  creeks 10 

III.  A,  Schists  with  thin  granitic  sill  on  trail  from  Wade  Creek  to 

Walker  Fork ; B,  Contorted  schist  on  ridge  north  of  Mosquito 

Fork IG 

IV.  Topographic  reconnaissance  map  of  the  Fortymile  quad- 

rangle  In  pocket. 

V.  Ceologic  reconnaissance  map  of  the  Fortymile  quadrangle In  pocket. 

Figure  1.  Index  map  showing  location  of  quadrangles  in  the  Yukon - 

Tanana  region 7 

2.  Map  showing  distribution  of  timber  in  the  Fortymile  quad- 
rangle  lo 

4 


f 


PREFACE. 


By  Aij  RED  Pr.  Brooks. 


In  planning  the  surveys  and  investigations  of  Alaska  the  attempt 
was  made  to  cover  first  those  regions  which  were  of  the  greatest 
economic  importance.  As  a result  many  of  the  mapped  areas  are 
very  irregular  in  outline,  and  it  was  found  desirable  to  introduce 
greater  uniformity  into  the  published  maps  as  rapidly  as  the  data 
available  for  their  preparation  would  permit.  With  this  end  in 
view  there  has  been  projected  a system  of  maps  covering  quadrangu- 
lar areas  outlined  by  parallels  of  latitude  and  meridians  of  longitude, 
this  being  in  conformity  with  the  Geological  Survey’s  practice  in 
making  surveys  within  the  United  States  proper.  But  as  the  Alaska 
sxirveys  are  for  the  most  part  of  a reconnaissance  character  and  the 
region  is  very  thinly  populated,  it  has  seemed  best  to  adopt  a map 
unit  larger  than  that  used  in  the^  States.  This  unit  will  include  4 
degrees  of  longitude  and  2 degrees  of  latitude,  making  a map  about 
as  large  as  can  be  conveniently  handled.  It  is  hoped  that  eventually 
all  these  published  reconnaissance  topographic  maps  can  be  accom- 
panied by  sheets  showing  the  geology  and  the  economic  resources, 
but  in  view  of  the  great  demand  for  the  topographic  maps  it  has 
been  deemed  advisable  to  publish  some  of  them  immediately  in  con- 
nection with  such  accounts  of  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  as 
may  be  available.  Nor  is  it  deemed  desirable  in  all  cases  to  delay  the 
issuing  of  maps  until  the  areas  have  been  completely  covered. 

The  following  report,  with  its  accompanying  maps,  is  the  third  of 
this  series  to  be  issued,  and,  like  the  others,  covers  a part  of  the  Yukon- 
Tanana  region.  Others  will  be  published  as  fast  as  the  accumulation 
of  the  field  notes  will  permit.  The  topographic  surveys  on  which 
the  maps  are  based  were  made  under  the  direction  of  E.  C.  Barnard 
in  1898.  This  is  the  first  of  thi's  series  of  publications  which  is  ac- 
companied by  a geologic  reconnaissance  map  on  the  .same  scale  as  the 
topographic  map,  and  it  therefore  marks  a distinct  advance  over 
those  previously  issued.  The  geology,  however,  is  treated  in  the  same 

5 


6 


THE  rORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA, 


general  way  as  in  the  previous  reports,  the  complete  analysis  of  the 
many  intricate  problems  being  deferred  until  more  facts  regarding 
the  phenomena  have  been  collected. 

The  mapping  was  done  by  Mr.  Prindle  between  the  years  1903  and 
1907.  In  1903,  1904,  and  1905  he  traversed  portions  of  the  area,  and 
in  1907  he  spent  several  weeks  in  studying  the  rocks  exposed  along 
Fortymile  River.  The  work  of  a number  of  other  geologists  has  also 
been  utilized  in  the  preparation  of  the  map  and  report. 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  YUKON-TANANA 

REGION,  ALASKA. 


By  L.  M.  Prindle. 


im  RODUCTORY  STATEMENT. 

The  Forty  mile  quadrangle  is  delimited  by  meridians  141  (which 
is  the  international  boundary)  and  142  and  parallels  64  and  65.  The 


0 50  100  miles 

1  1 1 1— - « > - » 


Rampart  quadraiigle  Fairbanks  quadrangle 


Circle  quadranglel 


Fortymile  quadrangle 


, Figure  1. — Index  map  showing  location  of  quadrangles  in  the  Yukon-Tanana  region. 


area  is  about  70  miles  long  from  north  to  south  and  30  miles  wide. 
The  relation  of  this  quadrangle  to  the  other  quadrangles  of  the 
Yukon-Tanana  region  is  shown  in  the  index  map,  figure  1. 


7 


8 THE  FORTYMTLE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA.  . 

Placer  gold  was  discovered  on  Fortymile  River  in  1886,  and  within 
a few  years  gold  was  being  produced  from  many  creeks  within  the 
limits  of  the  quadrangle.  The  subsequent  discovery  of  other  placer 
deposits  withdrew  men  from  the  Fortymile  region,  but  gold  has 
been  mined  there  continuously  since  the  time  of  its  discovery.  New 
jDroductive  areas  have  been  developed,  and  the  old  areas  have  been 
worked  by  new  methods  until  the  ground  available  for  work  by  the 
methods  hitherto  employed  is  largely  exhausted.  With  a gradual 
decreasing  annual  production  that  reached  in  1907  about  $150,000, 
the  introduction  of  methods  capable  of  handling  cheaply  large  quan- 
tities of  ground  has  been  rendered  imperative  to  meet  the  conditions 
that  now  prevail.  Such  methods  have  been  in  use  for  several  years 
in  the  Dawson  region,  and  the  results  attained  there  by  dredging 
have  been  influential  in  the  determination  of  methods  to  be  employed 
in  the  Fortymile  region,  where  the  conditions  are  in  many  respects 
similar.  The  most  important  item  of  mining  development  in  the 
Fortymile  region  in  1907  was  the  introduction  of  dredges  and  experi- 
mentation with  this  method. 

The  investigations  of  the  Geological  Survey  have  helped  in  the 
development  of  the  district.  On  account  of  the  growing  importance 
of  the  Yukon-Tanana  region  a party  consisting  of  Spun*,  Goodrich, 
and  Schrader  investigated  the  placers  of  the  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek, 
and  Rampart  districts  in  1896.“  The  Fortymile  quadrangle  was 
mapped  topographically  by  E.  C.  Barnard  in  1898  on  a scale  of 
1 : 250,000,  or  about  4 miles  to  the  inch.  The  district  was  traversed 
by  the  Peters  and  Brooks  party  during  the  fall  of  1899  on  their  trip 
from  Pyramid  Harbor  to  Eagle.^  In  connection  with  the  systematic 
survey  of  the  Yukon-Tanana  region,  begun  in  1903,  the  areas  ad- 
joining the  Fortymile  district  have  been  topographically  mapped  on 
the  same  scale  as  that  of  the  accompanying  map  (PI.  lY,  in  pocket), 
and  geologic  reconnaissance  trips  have  been  made  by  the  writer 
through  the  country  lying  between  Yukon  and  Tanana  rivers.  All 
the  producing  creeks  were  visited  in  1903;  in  1904  and  1905  portions 
of  the  quadrangle  were  traversed,  and  in  1907  the  areas  adjacent  to 
the  Fortymile  were  visited. 

As  a ’ result  of  these  various  trips,  a body  of  material  has  been 
gathered  bearing  on  the  geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Forty- 
mile  quadrangle  which  has  not  yet  been  altogether  correlated  and 
studied  in  detail.  Geologic  survevs  have  not  been  carried  on  svs- 
tematically  throughout  the  quadrangle  with  the  idea  of  mapping  it 
areally  as  a unit,  but  have  been  largely  incidental  to  the  other  work, 

® Spurr,  J,  E.,  Geology  of  the  Yukon  gold  districts,  Alaska  : Eighteenth  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  pt.  3,  1898,  pp.  87-392. 

"Brooks,  Alfred  11.,  A reconnaissance  from  Pyramid  Harbor  to  Eagle  City,  Alaska,  in- 
cluding description  of  tlie  copper  deposits  on  the  Copper  and  Tanana  rivers  : Twenty-tir.st 
.\nn.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  2,  1900,  pp.  331-391. 


u.  s.  geological  survey 


BULLETIN  375  PLATE  I 


11.  VIEW  UP  WADE  CREEK. 


..  ..-v  ^ r~  X ; ' rKl 

t—  -‘^^  • ■ 


a - ’ 


- ,***Bf  V * ■ 


.?%•»  ,-.>i:,7yr 


> • \ i ' ^ 


GEOGRAPHIC  SKETCH. 


9 


and  consequently  there  are  many  areas  that  have  not  been  under 
observation.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  there  are  sufficient  facts 
at  hand  upon  which  to  base  a preliminary  outline  of  the  geology  and 
gold  resources  of  this  region — an  outline  justified  by  the  demand  on 
the  part  of  the  mining  interests  for  information  of  this  character. 
The  material  is  being  studied  in  more  detail,  and  a comprehensive 
discussion  of  the  problems  involved  is  reserved  for  the  report  on  the 
geology  of  the  entire  Yukon-Tanana  region  that  is  in  preparation. 

GKOOKAPIIIC  SKKTCII. 

RELIEF. 

The  topographic  map  expresses,  by  means  of  the  contour  lines, 
which  represent  lines  of  equal  height  above  sea  level,  the  form  of  the 
surface  of  the  country.  A study  of  the  map  (PI.  IV)  shows  that  the 
region  in  general  is  not  characterized  by  definite  topographic  trends, 
but  rather  by  undulating,  more  or  less  flat -topped,  ridges  uniform  in 
height  and  trending  in  various  directions.  The  flat-topped  character 
is  shown  in  Plate  II,  B.  There  are  a few  isolated  prominences, 
locally  known  as  domes — Fortymile  Dome  and  Steele  Dome,  for 
example — and  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  quadrangle  the  ridge 
of  Glacier  Mountain,  with  its  rough  outline,  accentuates  the  resistant 
character  of  the  rock  composing  it.  But  the  predominant  character- 
istic of  the  country  is  one  of  uniformity.  This  is  further  empha- 
sized by  the  valleys.  They  have  been  cut  to  about  the  same  level 
below  the  ridges,  and  those  of  streams  of  about  the  same  size  are 
similar.  The  highest  points  of  the  area  are  in  Glacier  Mountain, 
where  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet  is  attained.  The  Yukon  at  Eagle 
is  about  800  feet  above  sea  level.  The  altitude  of  most  of  the  ridges 
is  about  3,000  feet.  The  valleys  in  general  are  about  1,500  feet  below 
the  ridges. 

DRAINAGE. 

The  map  shows  the  extensive  ramification  of  the  drainage  units 
and  the  complexity  of  their  intergrowths.  The  valleys  have  been 
formed  by  the  streams  that  flow  in  them.  The  drainage  of  the 
northern  third  of  the  quadrangle  is  to  Yukon  River,  and,  acting  on 
an  area  of  relatively  high  relief  adjacent  to  a major  stream,  has 
formed  deep,  narrow,  high-grade  valleys.  Fortymile  River,  formed 
by  the  union  of  North  and  South  forks,  receives  all  the  drainage 
from  the  southern  two-thirds  of  the  quadrangle.  The  narrow,  deeply 
cut  character  of  the  Fortymile  Valley  is  present  also  in  the  lower 
valleys  of  its  tributaries. 

The  valleys  in  general  maintain  their  depth  nearly  to  the  head, 
where  there  is  an  abrupt  descent  from  the  level  of  the  ridges.  The 
upper  portions  of  the  valleys  are  narrowly  V-shaped  (PI.  I,  .1), 


10 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


and  in  a few  this  characteristic  persists  nearly  to  their  mouths.  Ordi- 
narih^,  however,  the  streams  have  developed  a stream  flat  a few  hun- 
dred feet  in  width,  rather  sharply  differentiated  from  the  lateral 
slopes  (PI.  B).  It  is  frequently  the  case  that  the  slope  forming 
one  side  of  a valley  rises  abruptly  from  the  valley  floor,  while  the 
other  slope  merges  gradually  with  the  level  of  the  ridges.  This  habit 
produces  an  unsymmetrical  cross  section  of  valley,  Avhich  is  very  com- 
mon throughout  the  Yukon-Tanana  region.  The  grade  of  j)ortions 
of  the  smaller  valleys  where  mining  is  in  progress  ranges  from  less 
than  80  to  more  than  100  feet  to  the  mile.  The  grade  of  the  Forty- 
mile  within  the  limits  of  the  quadrangle  is  probably  about  6 feet  to 
the  mile,  and  that  of  the  Yukon  somewhat  in  excess  of  1 foot  to  the 
mile. 

The  streams  are  shallow  and  rather  swift,  and  most  of  them  are 
cutting  bed  rock  through  a large  part  of  their  valleys.  The  Forty- 
mile,  draining  as  it  does  large  areas  outside  of  the  quadrangle  and 
receiving  several  large  tributaries  Avithin  the  quadrangle,  is  the 
largest  stream  and  carries  the  largest  quantity  of  water.  Xotwith- 
standing  the  abundance  of  AA^ater,  the  swiftness  and  shallowness  of 
the  stream  render  it  difficult  of  naAUgation  eA^en  for  poling  boats. 
The  SeA^entymile  is  comparable  in  size  to  Dennison  or  Mosquito  Fork, 
and  carries  at  ordinary  stages  sufficient  Avater  to  enable  small  boats 
lightly  loaded  to  reach  nearly  the  western  limit  of  the  quadrangle. 
All  the  streams  except  the  Fortymile  are  easily  fordable  on  foot  at 
ordinary  stages  of  the  Avater.  The  quantit}^  of  water  in  all  the 
streams  is  subject  to  great  A^ariation  from  the  fact  that  there  is  a 
direct  relation  between  the  amount  of  water  carried  by  them  and  the 
rainfall.  The  ground  being  for  the  most  part  permanently  frozen, 
the  greatest  part  of  the  rainfall  finds  its  Ava}"  rapidly  to  the  streams, 
Avhich  soon  remoA^e  it.  A few  days  of  dry  weather  consequently 
influence  A’eiy  appreciably  the  water  leA^el  in  the  streams  and  quickly 
reduce  beloAv  the  required  amount  the  quantity  available  for  mining 
purposes  in  the  smaller  streams. 

The  drainage  of  the  quadrangle  might  be  called  homogeneous  from 
the  fact  that  most  of  the  streams  head  at  about  the  same  leA’el  and 
that  equal  streams  are  cut  to  about  the  same  depth  and  haA’e  ap- 
proximately the  same  grade.  This  homogeneous  character  of  the 
drainage  has  an  economic  bearing  Avhen  the  necessity  of  increasing  b}- 
artificial  means  the  water  supply  at  any  given  point  arises.  The 
absence  of  commanding  ridges  Avith  abundant  Avater  supply  at  higher 
leA^els  renders  it  necessary,  in  adAnincing  any  undertaking  that  in- 
Amlves  an  artificial  increase  of  the  Avater  supply,  to  draAV  upon  similar 
units  of  drainage,  and  the  differences  in  elevation  are  so  slight  that, 
in  order  to  obtain  the  efficiency  available  in  such  narroAv  vertical 


u.  s.  geological  survey 


BULLETIN  375  PLATE  II 


.1.  CANYON  OF  FORTYMILE,  500  FEET  BELOW  THE  LEVEL  OF  THE  OLD  VALLEY. 


n.  FLAT-TOPPED  RIDGE  OF  QUARTZITE  SCHIST. 
Between  Davis  and  Poker  creeks.  Altitude  approximately  3,800  feet. 


GEOGRAPHIC  SKETCH. 


11 


limits,  careful  preliminary  measurements  of  water  supply  and  grades 
are  required. 

A characteristic  of  many  valleys  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle  is 
the  presence  of  benches  at  various  heights,  from  a few  feet  to  more 
than  500  feet,  above  the  present  level  of  the  streams.  These  are  a 
part  of  the  great  system  of  benches  present  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  and  those  of  its  tributaries,  and  mark 
different  stages  of  stream  development.  The  significance  of  these 
benches  lies  in  the  fact  that  streams  have  a tendency  to  register  a 
long-continued  maintenance  at  a certain  level  by  the  development, 
through  lateral  cutting,  of  an  approximately  level  bed-rock  floor  of 
considerable  width  upon  which  stream  deposits  are  in  the  course  of 
time  deposited.  With  renewed  opportunity  for  downcutting,  a can- 
yon may  be  cut  below  the  level  of  this  floor,  like  that  of  the  F ortymile 
below  the  floor  of  the  old  valley  of  the  Fortymile  that  is  so  promi- 
nently developed  as  a high  bench  throughout  the  portion  of  the 
Fortymile  Valley  included  in  the  quadrangle.  Pauses  in  the  process 
of  downcutting  are  duly  indicated  by  benches  of  intermediate  height. 
The  high  bench  and  present  canyon  of  the  Fortymile  are  shown  in 
Plate  II,  A.  The  benches  are  particularly  well  developed  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Fortymile  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  valleys  of  its 
tributaries  and  along  parts  of  the  valley  of  the  Seventymile.  Atten- 
tion has  long  been  directed  to  the  benches  from  the  fact  that  the 
stream  deposits  left  upon  some  of  them  have  proved  to  be  richly 
auriferous. 

CLIMATE  AND  VEGETATION. 

The  latitude  of  the  area  entails  strongly  contrasted  seasons  and  a 
wide  range  of  temperature.  The  summers  have  the  variability 
characteristic  of  those  in  many  parts  of  the  States.  Some  of  them 
are  very  warm  and  predominantly  dry ; in  others,  rain  is  frequent  and 
abundant.  Their  shortness  is  compensated  by  the  great  number  of 
hours  the  sun  is  above  the  horizon.  The  temperature  has  an  annual 
range  of  about  133°  F.  The  maximum  attained  is  about  90°  F.  and 
the  minimum  about  — 75°  F.  The  following  table  shows  tempera- 
tures observed  at  Eagle : ® 


Wlaximum  and  minimum  temperatures  observed  at  Eagle. 


Maxi- 

mum. 

Mini- 

mum. 

Maxi- 

mum. 

Mini- 

mum. 

January  

^F. 

23 

°F. 

-75 

July 

°F. 

' 82 

°F. 

31 

February  

38 

-74 

August 

80 

24 

March  .1 

56 

—56 

September. 

78 

8 

April 

59 

—12 

0(J,ober. . _ 

68 

-28 

-52 

May 

82 

10 

November  

39 

June 

87 

26 

Deeemher 

39 

-68 

" Brooks,  Alfred  II.,  and  Abbe,  Cleveland,  jr..  The  geoj?raphy  and  geoloj^y  of  Alaska  : 
I’rof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  45,  190G,  pp.  158-161. 


12 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


The  dates  upon  which  the  observations  were  made  were  as  follows : 
October,  1882,  to  May  9,  1883 ; August  22,  1884,  to  May  12,  1885 ; 
August  16,  1885,  to  May  19,  1886;  August  15,  1899,  to  December, 
1900;  Xovember  and  December,  1901;  February  to  December,  1902. 

Frosts  are  uncommon  between  May  15  and  the  end  of  August,  and 
the  conditions  are  favorable  for  an  abundant  growth  of  vegetation. 
The  precipitation  is  low,  an  average  of  11.35  inches  having  been  re- 
l^orted  from  Eagle. 

The  climatic  conditions  have  an  important  economic  bearing.  The 
Yukon  becomes  lower  and  clearer  as  the  time  for  the  freeze  up  ap- 
proaches, and  closes  to  naAugation  at  dates  ranging  from  about  Octo- 
ber 10  to  Xovember  20.  A thickness  of  approximately  6 feet  of  ice 
is  formed,  which  does  not  break  up  till  about  May  10  to  May  20. 
^luch  of  the  ground  is  permanently  frozen,  but  notwithstanding  the 
extreme  cold  there  is  much  water  in  the  ground  throughout  the  win- 
ter. The  water  in  the  streams  frequently  breaks  through  and  over- 
flows ice  already  formed,  and  although  quickly  frozen  is  a source  of 
troublesome  and  expensive  delays  where  streams  are  used  as  routes  of 
winter  travel.  Constant  repetition  of  this  process  in  the  smaller  val- 
leys results  in  the  accumulation  of  such  a thickness  of  ice  that  it  lasts 
till  late  in  summer  and  interferes  with  the  work  of  mining.  Dams, 
mining  equipment,  aiid  roads  may  be  buried  beneath  such  accumula- 
tions of  ice  and  rendered  valueless.  This  process  of  glaciering  is  so 
characteristic  of  the  region  that  it  must  be  provided  against  in  con- 
struction work. 

The  spruce  is  the  predominant  tree,  but  aspen  and  birch  are  com- 
mon, and  there  is  a thick  growth  of  alders  and  willows  along  many 
of  the  streams.  Spruce  is  abundant  and  of  considerable  size  in  the 
valleys  of  the  larger  streams,  and  throughout  the  area  it  covers  the 
slopes  as  high  as  the  climatic  conditions  permit,  and  the  lower  ridges 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  main  drainage  lines  are  covered  with  it,  together 
with  a small  proportion  of  birch  (fig.  2).  Dwarf  birch  and  scattered 
bunches  of  alders  are  common  on  the  higher  ridges.  The  spruce  is 
of  sufficient  size  to  furnish  a limited  quantity  of  logs  12  to  15  feet  or 
more  in  length  and  a foot  in  diameter.  It  has  been  used  generally 
for  sluice  boxes  and  to  some  extent  for  dredge  building. 

Food  for  stock  is  rather  plentiful  and  sufficient  for  forage  pur- 
poses in  many  of  the  valleys.  Timber  for  fuel  has  proved  abundantly 
sufficient  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  well-nigh  universal  covering  of  moss  retains  the  frost  in  the 
ground,  but  by  stripping  away  the  moss  where  there  is  sufficient 
soil  and  by  repeated  cultivation  ordinary  vegetables  can  be  grown 
in  abundance.  At  the  present  time  a large  part  of  the  supplies  of 
the  road  houses  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle  are  furnished  by  the 
gardens,  and  nearly  every  miner  has  a small  patch  of  ground  under 
cultivation. 


GEOGKAPHIC  SKETCH 


13 


Timbered  area 


Sparsely  timbered 
area 


Area  above  timber 


Figure  2. — Map  showing  distribution  of  timber  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle, 


14 


THE  FOKTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


TRANSPORTATION. 

Transportation  of  supplies  to  the  localities  where  mining  is  in 
progress  has  always  been  a time-consuming  and  expensive  process. 
Eagle  is  the  main  supply  point  on  the  Alaskan  side  of  the  boundary, 
but  many  of  the  localities  are  so  situated  that  it  has  hitherto  been 
more  feasible  to  procure  supplies  from  Dawson  on  the  Canadian  side. 
Most  of  the  supplies  for  the  Fortymile  area  are  purchased  in  Dawson 
and  freighted  up  the  Fortymile  on  the  ice  by  horse  sleighs  during 
the  winter  months.  The  Fortymile  affords  access  to  the  remote 
tributaries  where  work  is  being  done,  but  is  a roundabout  road,  and 
the  overflows  to  which  it  is  subject  are  often  an  additional  source 
of  delay.  Several  hundred  tons  of  dredge  material  were  shipped  by 
this  route  during  the  winter  of  1906-7,  when  the  freight  rate  to  the 
vicinity  of  Franklin  Creek  was  about  $70  per  ton.  Summer  freight- 
ing on  the  Fort}miile  is  done  by  poling  boats,  but  it  is  a difficult 
stream  to  navigate  even  by  this  method.  Long  reaches  of  quiet  water 
are  separated  by  bed-rock  riffles  where  the  water  is  swift  and  shallow. 
Supplies  are  frequently  lost  or  long  delayed  by  low  water,  and  the 
rates  from  Fortymile  Post  on  the  Yukon  to  Chicken  Creek — the 
farthest  locality  to  which  supplies  are  carried  by  this  method — is 
25  cents  per  pound  (1907).  The  Canadian  wagon  road  from  Dawson 
to  Glacier — a distance  of  about  60  miles  in  Canadian  territory — is 
utilized  during  the  summer  to  a certain  extent  for  the  transportation 
of  supplies  to  creeks  on  the  Alaskan  side  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
boundary. 

The  road  commission  has  surveyed  a government  wagon  road  from 
Eagle  to  the  Fortymile  country  and  has  already  completed  about  9 
miles  of  it,  from  Eagle  to  American  Creek.  It  is  hoped  by  the  con- 
struction of  such  a road  to  bring  Eagle  into  closer  relations  with  the 
Fortymile  country.  Work  is  also  being  done  by  the  commission  on 
a road  that  will  make  the  Seventymile  area  more  accessible  from 
Eagle.  In  the  fall  of  1907  a road  was  in  process  of  construction  from 
the  head  of  Canyon  Creek  to  Walker  Fork,  in  order  to  avoid  the 
long  haul  up  the  Fortymile. 

The  mail  route  from  Eagle  to  Valdez  passes  through  the  Forty- 
mile  country  and  affords  a mail  service  to  the  miners  of  that  country. 
The  mail  is  carried  by  pack  train  during  the  summer  season,  and  in 
consequence  of  the  large  mail-order  business  the  facilities  are  gener- 
ally overtaxed. 

There  are  stations  of  the  Government  telegraph  line  at  Eagle,  at 
North  Fork,  and  at  Kechumstuk,  both  the  latter  localities  being  out- 
side the  limits  of  the  quadrangle.  The  installation  of  a telephone 
line  has  been  under  discussion  by  the  miners,  and  a system  connect- 
ing all  the  creeks  with  the  supply  points  would  be  of  great  service. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


15 


INTERNATIONAL  BOUNDARY. 

Work  was  commenced  in  1907  on  the  location  of  the  international 
boundary  southward  from  the  Yukon.  A topographic  map  of  the 
country  for  2 miles  on  each  side  of  the  boundary  is  being  made  by 
representatives  of  both  Governments  and  will  afford  definite  informa- 
tion to  the  miners  as  to  the  position  of  the  line. 

GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  Fortymile  quadrangle  is  composed  of  a group  of  highly  meta- 
morphosed rocks,  predominantly  schists  and  limestone,  assigned  pro- 
visionally to  the  pre-Ordovician ; ® of  Paleozoic  rocks,  including 
phyllites,  limestones,  and  greenstones  belonging  to  the  Devonian  and 
shales,  slates,  limestone,  sandstone,  and  conglomerate  belonging  to 
the  Carboniferous;  of  clays,  lignite,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates 
belonging  to  tlie  Tertiary;  of  Pleistocene  and  Recent  bench  gravels 
and  stream  gravels;  and  of  intrusive  igneous  rocks,  some  of  which 
have  been  metamorphosed. 

The  vertical  distribution  of  the  rocks  is  shown  in  the  table  on  page 
16;  their  areal  distribution  is  shown  on  the  geologic  map,  Plate  Y. 

The  quadrangle  is  not  one  of  a few  well-defined  formations  main- 
taining constant  characters  over  areas  of  considerable  extent,  but  one 
in  which  there  is  wide  variation  of  material  Avithin  narroAV  limits. 
The  different  formations  possess  a heterogeneity  of  lithologic  char- 
acter which  their  representation  on  the  map  does  not  express,  and 
their  frequent  occurrence  in  small  areas  necessitates  detailed  field 
treatment  of  the  quadrangle  that  has  not  yet  been  given  to  it. 
Furthermore,  the  complexity  of  the  rocks  of  sedimentary  origin  has 
been  increased  by  their  metamorphism  and  intrusion  by  igneous 
material,  and  the  igneous  rocks  also  occur  largely  in  areas  so  small 
as  to  be  easily  overlooked  in  reconnaissance  work.  The  stratigraphic 
succession  and  the  distribution  of  the  rocks  indicated  on  the  geologic 
map  are  therefore  generalized  to  a certain  extent,  but  it  is  belie\^ed 
that  they  express  with  a fair  degree  of  accuracy  the  geologic  rela- 
tions of  the  material  occurring  in  this  quadrangle. 

An  inspection  of  the  geologic  map  shows  that  the  metamorphic 
rocks  form  nearly  the  whole  of  the  southern  half  of  the  quadrangle 
and  that  the  northern  half  is  composed  predominantly  of  Paleozoic 

“ The  rocks  designated  pre-Ordovician  include  those  to  which  the  names  Birch  Creek 
and  Fortymile  have  been  given  by  Spun*  and  Nasina  by  Brooks.  It  is  not  desirable  in 
this  report  to  enter  into  a detailed  discussion  of  the  nomenclature  and  correlation  of  the 
schists.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  problems  of  A'ukon-Tanana  geology  and  is  to 
be  treated  fully  in  a later  report  on  the  geology  of  the  region. 


16 


THE  FOETYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


rocks  and  more  recent  sediments.  Paleozoic  and  more  recent  sedi- 
ments occur  also  in  the  southern  part  of  the  quadrangle,  and  local 
areas  of  these  rocks  have  perhaps  been  included  within  areas  assigned 
on  the  map  to  the  metamorphic  rocks.  The  data  regarding  the  rocks 
below  Eagle  are  taken  from  the  work  of  Brooks  and  Kindle.® 

Provisional  tahular  statement  of  stratigraphy  of  FortymUe  quadrangle. 


System. 

Series. 

Formation. 

Lithologic  character. 

iRecent 

Stream  gravels  and  silts. 

Bench  gravels. 

Clays,  sandstone,  lignite,  shales,  and  conglom- 
erates. 

Gray  shales  with  heavy  conglomerate  beds  and 
some  sandstone. 

Black  and  gray  shales  and  slates  with  .some 
limestone  beds. 

Slates,  phyllites,  quartzites,  cherts,  limestones, 
greenstones,  and  tuffs. 

Quartzite  schist,  quartz-mica  schist,  carbona- 
ceous schist,  hornblende  schist,  gneisses,  and 
crystalline  limestone. 

QuhIbiuh.!  y ..... . 

Tertiary 

\Pleistocene 

Eocene 

Kenai 

Carboniferous 

[Nation  River . . . 
1 Calico  Bluff 

Devonian 

Pre-Ordovician . . 

PKE-OKDOVICIAN . 

Under  the  provisional  designation  pre-Ordovician  is  included  here 
a complex  of  crystalline  rocks,  some  of  which  are  very  definitely 
of  sedimentary  origin  and  some  of  which  are  as  definitely  of  igneous 
origin.  Through  metamorphism,  however,  the  original  constituents 
and  structures  have  been  largely  replaced  by  new  constituents  and 
new  structures  and  in  some  of  the  rocks  the  distinctive  character  of 
their  mode  of  origin  are  practically  obliterated.  The  complex  at  the 
present  time,  therefore,  is  a unit  in  the  sense  that  all  the  hetero- 
geneous materials  of  which  it  is  composed,  having  undergone  the 
processes  of  metamorphism,  exhibit  certain  general  characters  due  to 
these  processes  and  have  thus  attained  a partial  homogeneity  that 
affords  a basis  in  the  area  under  discussion  for  the  separation  of  this 
group  from  others.  The  rocks  composing  it  are  regarded  as  the 
oldest  in  the  quadrangle.  Where  the  original  composition  has  been 
similar  to  that  of  the  overlying  rocks  and  where  metamorphism  has 
not  expressed  itself  forcibly  it  is  very  difficult  to  delimit  this  complex 
precisely  from  the  later  formations. 

The  area  covered  by  these  rocks  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle  is 
only  a small  part  of  that  occupied  by  them  in  the  Yukon-Tanafia 
region.  The  types  represented  include  quartzite,  quartzite  schist, 
calcareous  quartzite  schist,  quartz-biotite  schist,  garnetiferous  mica 
schist,  hornblende  schist,  carbonaceous  schist,  crystalline  limestone, 
biotite  gneiss,  hornblende-biotite-plagioclase  gneiss,  and  biotite  augen 

“ Brooks,  Alfred  II.,  and  Kindle,  E.  M.,  The  Paleozoic  and  associated  rocks  of  the  upper 
Yukon,  Alaska;  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  19,  1908,  pp.  255-338. 


U.  S.  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


BULLETIN  375  PLATE  III 


A.  SCHISTS  WITH  THIN  GRANITIC  SILL  ON  TRAIL  FROM  WADE  CREEK  TO 

WALKER  FORK. 


B.  CONTORTED  SCHIST  ON  RIDGE  NORTH  OF  MOSQUITO  FORK 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


17 


gneiss.  In  most  of  the  schists*  garnets  are  common,  and  epidote  is 
very  abundant  in  both  schists  and  gneisses.  All  of  these  rocks  occur 
in  frequent  alternation  over  large  areas.  Along  the  Fortymile  from 
Franklin  Creek  to  the  boundary  there  is  exhibited  a constant  suc- 
cession of  these  recurrent  types.  The  crystalline  limestones  occur  in- 
terbedded  with  the  schists  in  beds  from  a few  inches  to  a hundred 
feet  or  more  in  thickness,  being  in  close  contact  on  either  side  with 
quartzite  or  quartz-biotite  schist  or  with  hornblende  feldspathic 
schists  or  gneisses.  At  some  localities  very  pure  quartzites  occur 
associated  with  the  limestones,  and  at  other  localities  there  are  quartz- 
ites that  contain  a considerable  admixture  of  calcareous  material. 

The  structure  is  very  complex.  The  rocks  have  been  very  closely 
folded  (PI.  Ill,  A).  In  places  they  are  apparently  nearly  hori- 
zontal, but  here  and  there  such  horizontality  is  the  result  of  the 
overturning  of  the  folds  to  a nearly  horizontal  position.  In  general 
the  attitude  is  highly  inclined  and  the  dips  and  strikes  vary  greatly 
within  small  intervals,  closely  appressed  folds  being  common  and 
pitching  in  many  places  at  high  angles,  the  pitch  of  minor  folds 
becoming  in  places,  so  far  as  observable,  practically  vertical.  Shear- 
ing has  been  extensive,  and  through  the  shearing  of  highly  pitching 
folds  of  thin-bedded  quartzite  and  alternating  beds  of  mica  schist 
rods  of  quartzite  a foot  or  more  in  length  with  elliptical  cross  sec- 
tions an  inch  or  more  in  longer  diameter  have  been  developed.  In 
a weathered  cross  section  of  such  beds  the  eyes  of  the  quartzite  in 
a micaceous  matrix  present  the  appearance  of  pebbles  in  a metamor- 
phosed conglomerate.  The  complicated  folding  which  these  rocks 
have  undergone  precludes  any  estimate  of  thickness. 

The  structure  and  composition  of  these  rocks  have  been  further 
complicated  by  the  intrusion  of  a large  amount  of  igneous  material, 
some  of  which  has  been  so  closely  incorporated  with  the  schists  as 
to  be  not  easily  recognizable  as  of  different  origin.  Innumerable 
small  dikes  and  sills  (PI.  Ill,  A),  which  have  permeated  these  rocks 
and  have  in  part  been  folded  with  them,  are  reduced  to  lenticular 
masses  ranging  in  size  from  the  minute  remnants  of  a crumpled  sill  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  or  less  in  thickness  to  the  more  massive  fragments 
of  a sill  a foot  or  more  in  thickness.  Crosscutting  dikes  have  given 
off  minute  sheets  of  thin  material  along  the  structural  planes  of  the 
schists  or  gneisses  until  a considerable  proportion  of  the  rock  has 
become  granitic  in  composition.  There  is  also  much  material  of 
intermediate  composition,  and  basic  dikes  are  common.  In  a word, 
it  would  seem  that  the  intimate  intrusion  of  this  complex  of  schists 
is  indicative  of  their  proximity  to  large  masses  of  igneous  material, 
to  wliich,  perhaps,  a large  part  of  their  metamorphism  and  a part 
of  their  complex  structure  are  due. 

72«20— Bull.  37.5—09 2 


18 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


The  distribution  of  these  rocks  is  approximately  shown  on  the  map. 
The  boundaries  indicated  have  not  been  traced  out  on  the  ground 
to  their  entire  extent,  and  must  be  regarded  only  as  provisional.  It 
is  probable  that  small  areas  of  younger  rocks  have  not  been  differ- 
entiated. Besides  the  large  area  of  these  rocks  that  form  predomi- 
nantly the  southern  half  of  the  quadrangle,  there  is  a small  area 
appearing  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Seventymile  Valley,  from  the 
falls  to  the  boundary  of  the  quadrangle.  A narrow  ridge  of  unde- 
termined extent,  probably  to  be  correlated  with  these  rocks,  is  located 
at  the  base  of  the  ridge  limiting  Mission  Creek  on  the  north.  A 
narrow  belt  of  them  is  apparently  exposed  round  the  north  side  of 
the  intrusive  mass  of  Glacier  Mountain.  The  approximate  northern 
boundary  of  the  main  area  extends  southeast  of  Glacier  Mountain 
and  crosses  the  boundary  at  a point  wdiich  is  probably  not  far  north 
of  Fortymile  Dome. 

An  attempt  to  separate  the  complex  into  distinct  formations  is  not 
justified  by  the  facts  at  present  available.  The  uppermost  part  is 
apparently  carbonaceous  schist  with  interbedded  quartzite,  also  in  part 
carbonaceous,  and  crystalline  limestone.  From  these  beds  there  is  ap- 
parently a gradual  metamorphic  transition,  wdth  repeated  alternation 
of  beds  originally  different  in  composition,  to  more  and  more  crystal- 
line rocks  and  to  rocks  that  have  undergone  an  increasing  amount  of 
intrusion,  and  the  base  of  the  formation  is  probably  most  thoroughly 
magmatized. 

DEVONIAN. 

Green  and  black  phy Hites  and  cherty  slates,  cherts,  greenstones, 
serpentine,  quartzites,  and  limestones,  all  regarded  for  the  most  part 
of  Devonian  age,  characterize  a large  part  of  the  northern  half  of 
the  quadrangle.  It  is  possible  that  Silurian  or  Carboniferous  rocks 
are  included  in  this  grouping,  but  at  present  there  is  no  evidence  for 
their  separation.  They  form  the  bluff  just  below^  Eagle,  the  bluffs 
above  Eagle  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  and  are  abundant  below 
Eagle  along  the  Yukon,  wdiere  they  are  in  close  relation  with  Car- 
boniferous rocks.  In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  quadrangle  they 
occur  on  the  Fortymile  from  the  mouth  of  Dennison  Fork  to  a point 
about  2 miles  above  Franklin  Creek.  The  drainage  area  of  Chicken 
Creek  is  formed  partly  of  these  rocks.  A belt  of  them  is  present  also 
in  the  area  about  the  headwaters  of  King  Solomon  and  Champion 
creeks.  This  belt  apparently  terminates  to  the  southeast,  and  to  the 
northwest  probabty  connects  with  a considerable  body  of  these  rocks 
that  lies  outside  of  the  quadrangle.  There  is  also  a small  area  of 
them  on  Canyon  Creek. 

The  lithologic  character  varies  greatl}".  The  greenstones  and  next 
to  them  the  limestones  are  the  prominent  members  of  this  group. 
This  formation  offers  a strong  contrast  to  the  preceding  rocks  by  an 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


19 


absence  of  the  intense  metamorphism  generally  characteristic  of  the 
latter.  In  the  sedimentary  part  of  the  formation  the  characteristics 
of  sedimentary  rocks  still  prevail  and  the  limestones  in  places  still 
retain  fossil  evidences  of  animal  life.  At  two  localities,  one  at  Thir- 
teenmile  camp  southeast  of  Eagle,  and  one  on  the  Fortymile  just 
below  the  mouth  of  Napoleon  Creek,  the  Avriter  found  fragments  of 
crinoid  stems  in  the  limestones,  but  these  are  of  little  value  for  strati- 
graphic purposes.  The  limestones  are  in  places  thin  bedded,  bluish, 
and  occur  interbedded  with  shaly  phyllites;  at  other  localities  there 
are  massive  beds  up  to  150  feet  or  more  in  thickness. 

The  contemporary  igneous  material  so  characteristic  of  this  forma- 
tion is  predominantly  of  a diabasic  or  basaltic  character  and  mucli 
of  it  is  tuflaceous.  The  relation  of  these  rocks  to  the  limestones  is 
Avell  shown  in  the  ridge  that  extends  east  and  west  along  the  north 
side  of  Mission  and  Excelsior  creeks.  Here  a gray  limestone  about 
150  feet  thick  is  capped  by  a very  fine-grained  green  vesicular  basaltic 
rock.  Black  shaly  slates  are  associated  with  the  limestone  in  this 
same  ridge  at  a locality  near  Eagle,  and  the  green  rock  forms  the 
capping,  as  at  the  other  locality.  Besides  the  igneous  material  inter- 
bedded with  the  sediments  there  are  dikes  of  diabasic  character.  The 
Devonian  rocks  have  been  closely  folded,  but  otherwise  have  sutt'ered 
little  alteration. 

The  succession  of  rocks  assigned  to  the  Devonian  is  not  completely 
exposed  at  any  locality  observed  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle.  A 
partial  section  is  shown  in  the  ridge  extending  northeast  from 
Glacier  Mountain,  betAveen  the  headwaters  of  Excelsior  Creek  and 
Seward  Creek.  The  intrusive  mass  of  Glacier  Mountain  is  bordered 
by  quartzite  schist  assigned  to  the  pre-Ordovician.  The  succeeding 
rocks  are  fairly  well  exposed  for  about  a mile.  The  attitude  over  a 
part  of  this  distance  is  nearly  A^ertical.  The  base  of  the  Paleozoic 
rocks  is  taken  to  be  a band  of  carbonaceous  phyllites  outcropping  over 
a width  of  about  500  feet.  These  are  followed  in  order  by  an  outcrop 
of  massive  limestone  about  600  feet  wide,  a massive  quartzite  50  feet 
thick,  black  and  gray  slaty  phyllites  outcropping  at  intervals  over 
about  half  a mile,  and  then  meager  outcrops  of  more  limestone.  A 
mile  farther  along  the  ridge  are  greenish  slates,  and  2 miles  from 
them,  beyond  an  area  about  three-quarters  of  a mile  Avide  of  loosely 
consolidated  conglomerate  and  sandstone  assigned  to  the  Tertiary, 
are  outcrops  of  greenstone.  Shales  and  slates,  which  carry  a fcAv 
Devonian  fossils,  occur  at  several  localities  below  Eagle  on  the  Yukon. 
These  beds,  Avhich  aggregate  about  1,000  feet  in  thickness,  represent 
the  uppermost  member  of  the  Devonian,  and  are  succeeded  con- 
formably by  the  lowest  member  of  the  Carboniferous.  As  this  forma- 
tion was  not  definitely  recognized  in  other  parts  of  the  quadrangle, 
the  rocks  are  here  grouped  Avith  the  other  DeAmnian  terranes,  though 
they  probably  represent  a horizon  higher  in  the  geologic  column. 


20  THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

The  Carboniferous  is  represented  within  the  limits  of  the  quad- 
rangle by  two  formations,  the  Calico  Bluff  and  the  Nation  River. 
These  formations  are  present  below  Eagle  on  the  Yukon  and  have 
been  studied  by  Brooks  and  Kindle,®  from  whose  description  the  fol- 
lowing paragraphs  are  quoted : 

The  lower  of  the  two  well-defined  formations,  for  which  the  name  “ Calico 
P.lnff  ” is  proposed,  embraces  about  900  feet  of  black  and  gray  shales,  with 
some  slate,  and  niimerons  interpolated  thin  beds  of  limestone.  The  whole 
formation  carries  an  abundant  fauna,  assigned  to  the  Mississippian  by  Dr. 
George  H.  Girty.  Its  typical  exposure  is  at  Calico  Bluff  on  the  Yukon,  about 
15  miles  below  Eagle.  The  Calico  Bluff  formation  is  separated  by  an  uncon- 
formity from  the  succeeding  formation,  here  called  the  “ Nation  River.”  There 
can  be  little  doubt  of  this  unconformable  relation,  though  no  complete  section 
was  found  showing  both.  The  relations  are  inferred  from  the  apparently  abrupt 
change  in  character  of  sediments  to  fine  limestone  from  coarse  fragmental 
material.  It  is  not  improbable,  however,  that  detailed  mapping  may  reveal  a 
considerable  thickness  of  strata  lying  between  the  Calico  Bluff  and  Nation 
River,  as  here  described.  Whether  such  strata,  if  found,  should  be  included  in 
one  or  the  other  of  these  formations,  or  be  mapped  as  a distinct  stratigraphic 
unit,  must  be  left  to  the  future  to  determine. 

* * * The  physical  changes  involved  in  the  transition  from  Devonian  to 

Carboniferous  sedimentation  embraced  a continuation  of  the  deposition  of 
shale-producing  sediments,  interrupted  at  intervals  by  periods  of  limestone 
deposition.  The  Carboniferous  fauna  seems  to  have  made  its  first  appearance 
in  the  region  with  the  advent  of  limestone-forming  conditions  during  the  tem- 
porary cessation  of  the  deposition  of  black-shale  sediments.  The  regular  and 
frequent  alternations  of  closely  folded  light-colored  limestone  and  dark  shale 
which  characterize  the  Carboniferous  portion  of  the  nearly  vertical  face  of 
Calico  Bluff  give  it  an  unusual  and  striking  appearance,  as  seen  from  the  river. 

The  Carboniferous  fossils  obtained  here  were  submitted  to  Dr.  George  H. 
Girty,  who  reports  the  following  si)ecies  from  bed  9j,  * * * the  lowest  bed 

holding  Carboniferous  fossils : 


Fossihs  from  bed  9j,  Calico  Bluff, 


Fenestella  sp. 

Polypora  sp. 

Cystodictya  sp. 

Stenopora  V sp. 

Rhombopora  s[). 

Derby  a?  si>.  '' 

Chonetes  aff.  choctawensis  Girty. 
Productus  aff.  cherokeensis  Drake. 
Productus  aff.  iuflatus  McChesney. 
Productus  aff.?  hirsutiformis  Walcott. 
Productus  aff.  punctatus  Martin. 
Productus  aff.  setigera  Hall. 

Productus  aff.  biseriatus  Hall. 


Productus  sp. 

Spirifer  aff.  bisulcatus  Sowerby. 
Spirifer  aff.  keokuk  Hall. 
Spirifer  sp. 

Reticularia  atf.  setigera  Hall. 
Martinia?  sp. 

Leiorhynchus  sp. 

Aviculipecten  sp. 

Myalina  sp. 

Macrodon  aff.  carbonari  us  Cox. 
Bellerophon  sp. 

Phillipsia  sp. 


"Brooks,  Alfred  H.,  and  Kindle,  E.  M.,  The  Paleozoic  and  associated  rocks  of  the  Upper 
Yukon:  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  vol.  10,  1008,  pp.  255-314. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


21 


From  the  black  shale  above  this  faima  * * * a small  fauna  was  secured 

coiitaiiiing  three  species,  rei)orted  by  Girty  as  follows: 

Liorh.ynchus  aff.  mesicostale  Hall. 

Goniatites  undet. 

Orthoceras  sp. 

The  Liorhynchus  of  this  fauna  is  a recurrence  of  the  species  * * * 
which  is  referred  to  the  Devonian.  It  is  characteristic  of  some  of  the  species 
of  this  genus  in  the  New  York  Devonian  to  be  associated  with  black  shales  at 
various  horizons  in  a section,  while  they  are  entirely  absent  from  the  inter- 
vening sediments. 

The  following  species  have  been  recognized  from  the  several  beds  from  j to  n 
of  the  Calico  Bluff  section,  by  Doctor  Girty,  which  were  not  included  in  the 
fauna  of  division  j : 


Fossils  from  beds  9j  to  On,  Calico  Bluff. 


Zaphrentis  sp. 

Archjeocidaris  sp. 

Fenestella  sp. 

Pinna topora  sp. 

I'olypora  sp. 

Bhombopora  sp. 

Cystodictya  sp. 

Stenopora  sp. 

Stenopora?  sp. 

Schizophoria  sp. 

Chonetes  sp. 

Chonetes  aff.  choctawensis  Girty. 
IToductus  aff.  biseriatus  Hall. 
Productus  aff.  semireticulatus  Martin. 
Productus  aff.  hirsuitiformis  Walcott. 
I*roductus  aff.  parvus  Meek  and 
Worthen. 


Productus  aff.  cherokeensis  Drake. 
Productus  aff.  cora  D’Orbigny. 
Productus,  2 sp. 

Spirifer  aff.  bisulcatus  Sowerby. 
Spirifer  aff.  keokuk  Hall. 

Keticularia  aff.  setigera  Hall. 
Amboccelia  V sp. 

(Yimarotmchia  ? sp. 

Caniarophoria  sp. 

Aviculipecten  sp. 

Macrodon  n.  sp. 

I’leorophorus  aff.  subcostatus  Meek 
and  Worthen. 

'Pleorophorus  sp. 

Chiton  sp. 

Trachydomia  ? sp. 

I’leurotomaria,  3 sp. 


Doctor  Girty  makes  the  following  statements  regarding  the  horizon  repre- 
sented by  the  Carboniferous  of  Calico  Bluff  and  other  sections  representing 
a similar  horizon : 

“ I have  been  unable  to  trace  the  affinity  of  this  fauna  with  a member  of  the 
Russian  section,  but  presumably  it  is  somewhere  near  the  age  of  the  Productus 
yiganteus  zone,  in  which  c;ise  a gap  of  considerable  extent  separates  this  from 
the  Upper  Carboniferous  fauna  described  below.  The  fauna  of  the  Calico 
Bluff  section  appears  to  be  related  to  that  of  the  upper  part  of  the  Mississi])- 
pian  section  as  developed  to  the  south  and  west  of  the  typical  area.  I refer 
to  the  “Spring  Creek”  limestone  and  Marshall  [should  read  Moorefield— 
G.  H.  G.]  shale  of  Arkansas  and  the  Caney  shale  of  Indian  Territory  (and  prob- 
ably the  Eureka  [should  read  White  Pine — G.  H.  G.]  shale  of  Nevada),  which 
from  available  data  appear  to  represent  the  upper  portion  of  the  typical  Mis- 
sissippian  section.  This  relationship  of  the  Alaskan  fauna  I believe  to  be  a 
real  and  not  a fancied  one,  and  while  belonging  distinctly  with  the  faunas  just 
mentioned,  rather  than  with  the  tyincal  Osage  and  Kinderhook,  it  would  at 
present  be  unsafe  to  say  that  these  localities  represent  the  upper  Mississippian 
alone.” 

Since  the  preceding  observations  of  Doctor  Girty  indicate  that  the  nearest 
faunal  equivalents  of  the  Calico  Bluff  fauna  in  the  United  States  are  repre- 


22 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


sentatives  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  Mississipi)iaii  section,  it  should  be  pointed 
out  that  all  of  the  available  stratigraphic  evidence  indicates  that  it  is  the 
earliest  Carboniferous  fauna  present  in  the  Yukon  section.  The  stratigraphic 
evidence  appears  to  place  it  somewhat  lower  than  the  faunal  evidence  and  to 
indicate  that  it  represents  both  the  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the  Missis- 
sippian  section. 

A section  about  2 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Seventymile  River,  on  the  oppo- 
site bank  of  the  Yukon,  exposes  the  Carboniferous  series  seen  at  Calico  Bluff 
and  some  higher  beds  which  show  the  Lower  Carboniferous  shales  terminated 
by  a coarse  conglomerate  which,  with  some  interbedded  shales,  is  about  200 
feet  thick.  This  conglomerate  may  represent  the  base  of  the  Nation  River 
series.  The  limestones  and  shales  here  show  about  the  same  association  of 
species  as  in  the  Calico  Bluff  section. 

The  Nation  River  series  includes  about  3,700  feet  of  gray  clay  shales  with 
some  clay  slates  interpolated  with  heavy  beds  of  conglomerate  and  some  sand- 
stone. It  is  typically  exposed  along  Nation  River,  where  it  includes  some  small 
seams  of  bituminous  coal.  The  limits  of  this  formation  are  well  defined.  The 
base  is  beiieved  to  be  marked  by  an  unconformity  which  separates  it  from  the 
shales  and  limestone  of  the  Calico  Bluff  formation.  At  the  top  it  is  limited  by 
the  heavy  limestone  which  previously  formed  the  topmost  member  of  the  Car- 
boniferous and  will  be  described  below. 

Two  conglomerate  beds  are  particularly  striking  in  this  formation.  One 
occurs  at  the  base  and  is  very  massive,  and  the  second,  which  is  not  quite  as 
heavy,  occurs  about  1,000  feet  above  the  base.  The  succeeding  thousand  feet 
is  largely  made  up  of  shales,  with  some  fine  conglomerates  and  sandstone,  while 
the  upper  500  feet  of  the  formation  is  chiefly  gray  shales.  Some  bituminous 
coal  beds  occur  in  the  lower  part  of  the  section. 

The  Nation  River  formation  has  yielded  no  fossils  except  a few  plant  frag- 
ments, upon  which  Mr.  David  White  has  reported  as  follows ; 

“ This  collection  consists  of  three  fragments  of  rock  with  one  counterpart 
containing  small  fragments  of  carbonized  wood,  decorticated  stems,  etc.  The 
plant  remains  bear  evidence  of  transportation,  maceration,  and  trituration,  the 
result  being  that  none  of  them  are  definitely  determinable,  even  generically. 
One  fragment,  about  1 cm.  in  length  and  6 mm.  in  width,  evidently  represents  a 
branch  of  some  lepidophyte  or  gymnosperm.  Although  it  is  partially  decorti- 
cated as  the  result  of  maceration,  so  that  the  epidermal  characters  are  lost, 
the  subepidermal  features  of  this  branch  so  closely  resemble  those  of  certain 
Carboniferous  strobiliar  axes  and  earlier  types  of  phyllotaxy  that  I am  inclined 
to  regard  it  as  probably  belonging  to  one  of  these  Paleozoic  forms.  In  fact, 
though  constrained  to  emphasize  the  poor  condition  and  limited  characters  pre- 
sented by  the  specimen  and  the  consequent  hazard  of  any  attempt  at  identifi- 
cation, I am  nevertheless  disposed  to  regard  this  fragment  as  belonging  to  one 
of  the  Carboniferous  lepidophytes.  Among  the  latter  it  bears  the  closest  resem- 
blance to  some  of  the  early  forms  in  the  basal  Carboniferous,  or  the  late 
Devonian.” 

The  stratigraphy  and  the  invertebrate  faunas  of  the  associated  formations 
strongly  support  the  opinion  that  the  Nation  River  coal  is  of  Carboniferous  age. 
The  coal  seam  occurs  near  the  axis  of  an  anticline,  the  beds  dipping  away  in 
opposite  directions  at  angles  of  30°  to  60°  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the 
Nation  River  Ahilley.  South  of  the  river  they  pass  under  a massive  white  lime- 
stone, carrjung  an  Upper  Carboniferous  fauna,  and  in  which  a series  of  open 
folds  is  developed  along  the  north  side  of  the  Yukon.  Considerable  interest  at- 
taches to  the  beds  at  the  Nation  River  coal  mine  because  it  is  the  only  locality 
in  the  Yukon  Basin  where  beds  of  Carboniferous  age  have  afforded  coal. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


23 


TERTIARY. 

The  rocks  regarded  as  Tertiary  include  sandstone,  clay,  lignite, 
shale,  and  conglomerate.  The  state  of  consolidation  varies  greatly 
at  different  localities,  but  the  plant  remains,  which  are  in  many  places 
very  abundant  in  these  deposits,  have  been  referred,  so  far  as  they  were 
determinable,  to  the  Kenai  formation,  of  Eocene  age.  The  most  ex- 
tensive body  of  these  deposits  is  in  the  valley  of  the  Seventymile, 
where  a well-defined  belt  of  them  extends  northwestward  toward  the 
Birch  Creek  region.  To  the  southeast  a portion  of  this  belt  forms 
the  lower  hills  south  from  Eagle  and  extends  still  farther  southeast- 
ward to  Yukon  River. 

Northward  from  the  areas  of  Paleozoic  rocks  that  form  the  hills’ 
around  the  headwaters  of  American  and  Wolf  creeks  there  are  found, 
in  the  valleys  of  these  streams  and  in  the  ridge  between  them,  brown- 
ish sandstone,  clay,  lignite,  ferruginous  nodules  with  plant  remains, 
and  loosely  consolidated  conglomerate.  These  rocks  were  observed 
about  4 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Wolf  Creek  in  the  valley  of  a small 
tributary  from  the  west.  Farther  north,  on  Wolf  Creek,  about 
miles  above  the  mouth,  a bluff  of  conglomerate  125  feet  high  forms 
the  west  side  of  the  valley.  The  conglomerate  is  composed  essen- 
tially of  black  and  red  chert  pebbles  and  vein  quartz,  with  a few 
pieces  of  granite  and  diorite.  The  conglomerate  in  places  grades 
into  a brownish  sandstone.  On  the  west  side  of  Mission  Creek,  about 
2 miles  above  Excelsior  Creek,  there  is  a bluff  150  feet  high  of  similar 
conglomerate.  Brownish  sandstone  is  associated  with  it  and  there 
are  ferruginous  nodules  with  plant  remains.  The  rocks  at  this 
locality  dip  northwest  about  50°. 

Still  farther  to  the  north,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  Bryant 
Creek,  there  is  an  almost  continuous  section  of  these  rocks  nearly  a 
mile  wide.  About  4 miles  above  the  mouth  of  Bryant  Creek  are 
thin-bedded  gray  and  black  shales,  grits,  and  conglomerate.  In  the 
shales  are  numerous  heavy,  yellow,  ferruginous  nodules  containing 
plant  remains,  which  are  also  abundant  in  the  thin-bedded  grits. 
The  strike  is  about  N.  70°  E.  and  the  dip  15°  N.  About  TOO  feet 
downstream  are  precipitous  slopes  of  conglomerate  with  an  east- west 
strike  and  a nearly  vertical  dip.  These  beds,  with  possibly  some 
shales,  occur  over  a width  of  about  3,000  feet,  and  are  succeeded  by 
GO  feet  of  dark  and  gray  paper  shales  and  grit  with  the  same  strike 
and  dip  and  in  close  contact  with  conglomerate  on  both  sides.  The 
shales  contain  many  plant  remains,  and  the  sandy  beds  of  the  con- 
glomerate next  to  them  exhibit  irregular  impressions  a foot  or  more 
long  and  up  to  4 inches  Avide.  These  show  generally  well-defined 
linear  markings,  and  there  seems  little  doubt  that  they  represent  some 
form  of  vegetable  life.  The  shales  are  succeeded  by  350  feet  of  con- 


24 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


glomerate,  and  this  by  more  fine  sediments,  50  feet  thick,  composed 
of  gray,  micaceous,  somewhat  loosely  consolidated,  leaf-bearing 
shales  and  grits  and  fine-grained  compact  shales,  in  which  leaves 
have  been  very  perfect!}^  preserved.  These  shale  beds,  like  the 
others,  are  in  contact  on  both  sides  with  conglomerate.  That  on  the 
downstream  side  outcrops,  with  possibly  some  interbedded  shales,  for 
nearly  a quarter  of  a mile,  to  a point  where  a wooded  slope  descends 
gradually  toward  the  Seventymile.  Precipitous  slopes  were  seen 
nearly  2 miles  to  the  north,  across  Seventymile.  These  were  not 
visited,  but  the  continuation  of  these  slopes  a few  miles  to  the  west 
is  composed  also  of  conglomerate.  The  maximum  size  of  pebbles 
observed  in  the  conglomerate  was  5 inches;  the  average  was  from 
1 to  3 inches.  The  material  is  mostly  black,  gray,  and  green  chert, 
quartzite,  and  vein  quartz.  The  rock  grades  into  a sandstone  with 
a cement  resembling  mortar.  All  the  way  to  Barney  Creek  the 
ridge  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  is  made  up  of  this  formation, 
either  nearly  vertical  or  dipping  steeply  toward  the  valley.  The 
cement  contains  much  ferruginous  matter,  and  the  rock  breaks  down 
easily  into  its  constituent  materials,  which  form  loose  heaps  of  gravel 
and  sand.  The  spurs  on  the  south  of  Seventymile  are  also  of  this 
material  as  far  as  the  falls.  The  steepness  of  the  dip  is  Avell  shown 
in  the  nearly  vertical  position  of  the  leaves  so  abundant  in  the  shale. 

In  the  Chicken  Creek  area  patches  of  sandstone  Avith  associated 
shale,  clay,  and  lignitic  coal  occur.  There  are  ferruginous  nodules 
containing  fragments  of  dicotyledonous  leaves,  and  there  are  also 
badly  preseiwed  plant  remains  in  tlie  shales  and  sandstones.  So  far 
as  these  are  determinable  they  indicate  the  relationship  of  these  beds 
with  the  Kenai,  to  Avhich  they  are  proAUsionally  referred. 

On  Napoleon  Creek  and  on  the  Fortymile  at  the  mouth  of  IValker 
Fork  there  are  breccias,  conglomerates,  sandstones,  and  coal-bearing 
beds  similar  to  those  of  Chicken  Creek.  The  unconformable  contact 
of  this  formation  Avith  underlining  Paleozoic  rocks  is  Avell  exhibited 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Fortymile  about  900  feet  aboA’e  the  mouth  of 
Walker  Fork.  The  older  formation  is  composed  of  gray,  green,  and 
black  phyllites  Avith  some  cherty  beds.  The  oA^erlying  formation  com- 
mences Avith  a breccia  about  15  feet  thick,  composed  of  fragments  uja 
to  4 inches  or  more  in  diameter  of  the  underlying  greenish  phyllites, 
cemented  Avith  a ferriminous  sandA^  matrix.  This  is  oA^erlain  1)A"  about 

4.'  • ^ 

4 feet  of  fine-grained  bluish  argillaceous  beds,  the  material  of  Avhich 
breaks  Avith  a conchoidal  fracture.  OA^rlying  this  fine  material  is 
about  20  feet  more  of  breccia,  folloAved  by  alternating  beds  of  shale 
and  massive  conglomerate.  The  shales  carry  abundant  poorly  pre- 
serA^ed  plant  remains,  but  unfortunately  none  AA’ere  found  sufficiently 
well  presei’AXKl  to  admit  of  determination.  These  rocks  are  tilted  and 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


25 


exhibit  dips  up  to  40°.  In  the  absence  of  evidence  to  the  contrary 
they  are  correlated  with  the  other  occurrences  and  regarded  as  Kenai. 

A deposit  on  the  west  side  of  Mission  Creek  about  a (juarter  of  a 
mile  above  the  mouth  of  Excelsior  Creek  is  unlike  those  above  de- 
scribed. The  blutf,  about  90  feet  high,  is  composed  mostly  of  very 
slightly  consolidated  angular  material  consisting  largely  of  granite. 
There  are  fragments  of  coarsely  porphyritic  light-colored  granite  2 
feet  or  more  in  diameter,  also  much  fine  material  of  the  same  kind 
and  a few  waterworn  pebbles,  but  apparently  no  chert  pebbles, 
which  are  so  characteristic  of  the  other  deposits.  There  are  some  thin 
beds  of  gray  sandstone  and  clay  with  carbonaceous  matter.  This 
deposit  is  about  miles  beloAV  the  locality  on  Mission  Creek  where 
conglomerate  associated  Avith  rocks  containing  characteristic  Kenai 
fossils  occurs.  It  is  regarded  proAusionally  as  Kenai. 

A conglomerate  of  doubtful  age  occurs  on  Moose  Creek  just  at  the 
eastern  edge  of  the  quadrangle.  It  is  strikingly  coarse,  containing 
bowlders  up  to  6 feet  or  more  in  length.  The  rocks  composing  it  are 
principally  schist,  but  there  is  also  a small  proportion  of  limestone. 
One  boAvlder  of  limestone  Avas  obseiwed,  the  exposed  ])ortion  of  Avhich 
measured  6 by  15  inches.  Vein  quartz  pebbles  are  fairly  abundant. 
The  cement  is  composed  for  the  most  part  of  coarse  sand,  but  in  some 
places  fine  sand  occurs  in  limited  quantities  betAveen  the  boAvlders. 
In  the  vicinity  of  the  limestone  that  forms  the  hill  east  of  the  Forty- 
mile  and  north  of  Moose  Creek  the  deposit  is  finer  and  the  constitu- 
ents are  more  angular. 

Ko  evidence  of  the  stratigraphic  position  of  this  conglomerate  Avas 
observed.  Its  state  of  consolidation  is  similar  to  that  of  the  other 
deposits,  and  it  probably  does  not  differ  greatly  in  age  from  them. 
Provisionally  it  is  included  Avith  them. 

Lithologically  there  is  much  difference  between  the  elements  in- 
cluded above  in  the  Kenai,  and  there  is  also  much  difference  in  the 
degree  of  consolidation,  even  within  narroAv  limits  in  the  same  out- 
crop. All  the  paleontologic  evidence  at  present  available  precludes 
a separation  into  distinct  formations.  It  may  be  stated  that  in 
general  the  loAver  portion  of  these  deposits  seems  to  be  characterized 
by  the  presence  of  finer  material  and  that  the  uppermost  portions 
are  conglomeratic.  The  clays,  sandstones,  and  lignites  are,  Avherever 
observed,  close  to  the  underlying  older  rocks.  The  thickness  of  these 
deposits  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle  is  probably  greatest  in  the 
valley  of  the  Seventymile,  where  it  reaches  perhaps  3,000  feet  or 
more.  The  beds  have  been  closely  folded  in  the  SeA^entymile  Valley 
and  reduplication  is  possible.  The  formation  has  proliably  origi- 
nated from  lacustrine  conditions  giving  place  later  to  fluviatile  con- 
ditions. 


26 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


Following  is  a report  by  F.  H.  Knowlton  on  the  material  collected 
by  the  writer  during  1903  from  the  rocks  assigned  to  the  Kenai : 


3AP  224.  Irene  Gulch,  Chicken  Creek : Fragments  of  stems,  indeterminable. 

SAP  224^.  McDowell  claim.  Chicken  Creek : Equisetum  sp. 

SAP  2S7.  Mouth  of  creek,  1 mile  west  of  Chicken : Black  carbonaceous  shale 
with  minute  plant  fragments,  indeterminable. 

SAP  251.  Chicken  Creek : Fragments  of  dicotyledons,  possibly  Corylm  Mac- 
Quarrii,  but  uncertain. 

SAP  SSO.  Wolf  Creek:  Taxodium  dudiumf  Heer ; Populus  sp. 

SAP  SS6.  Branch  of  Wolf  Creek:  Populus,  cf.  P.  Richardsoni  Heer;  dicotyle- 
donous fragments. 

SAP  SS7.  Branch  of  Wolf  Creek : Only  fragments  of  stems  and  bark. 

SAP  S48.  Bryant  Creek:  Sequoia  Langsdorfii  (Brgt.)  Heer;  Taxodium  duUum? 

Heer;  Populus  arcticaf  Heer;  Populus  Richardsoni?  Heer;  Corylus 
MacQuarrii  (Forbes)  Heer;  Quercus  platania  Heer;  Betula  priscaf 
Ett. 

SAP  S49.  Bryant  Creek:  Sequoia  Lanysdorfii  (Brgt.)  Heer;  Corylus  Mac- 
Quarrii (Forbes)  Heer;  Populus  arcPica  Heer;  Populus  Ricliard- 
sonif  Heer;  Juglans  nigella?  Heer. 

SAP  SSO.  Bryant  Creek:  Sequoia  Langsdorfii  (Brgt.)  Heer;  Equisetum  sp. ; 

Populus  latior  Heer;  Populus  Hookeri  Heer;  Fagus  Deucalionis 
Linger;  Quercus  furcinervis  (Ross  M.)  Unger;  Juglans  sp.V 

SAP  S55.  Mogul  Creek:  Sequoia  hrevifolia?  Heer;  Corylus  MacQuarrii  (Forbes) 
Heer;  Populus  sp.? 

SAP  4S2.  Mission  Creek,  2 miles  above  junction  with  Excelsior:  Corylus  Mac- 
Quarrii (Forbes)  Heer;  Betula  prisca  Ett.;  Fagus  Deucalionis 
Unger. 

Listing  the  species  from  all  the  localities,  we  have  the  following : 


Sequoia  Langsdorfii. 
Sequoia  brevifolia. 
Taxodium  dubium. 
Populus  arctica. 
Populus  latior. 
Populus  Richardsoni. 
Populus  Hookeri. 


Corylus  MacQuarrii. 
Quercus  furcinervis. 
Quercus  platania. 
Fagus  Deucalionis. 
Betula  prisca. 
Juglans  nigella. 


Taking  well  into  account  the  fact  that  not  all  of  the  above  species  are  deter- 
mined with  absolute  certainty,  it  is  nevertheless  perfectly  clear  that  all  are  of 
the  same  age,  and  I do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  this  is  Arctic  Miocene.®  Not 
a trace  of  the  Cretaceous  element  appears. 


ALLUVIAL  DEPOSITS. 

The  alluvial  deposits  include  the  bench  gravels  that  are  common 
on  so  many  of  the  benches  throughout  the  area  and  the  deposits  of 
the  present  streams.  The  deposits  of  the  higher  benches  are  sharply 
differentiated  from  those  of  the  present  streams;  those  of  some  of 
the  lower  benches  merge  into  the  present  stream  deposits.  There  is 
no  definite  evidence  in  the  area  as  to  the  age  of  the  higher  bench 

“This  flora  was  first  described  as  the  Arctic  Miocene.  Subsequent  investigations  have 
shown  that  it  is  of  Eocene  age,  but  the  old  name  is  still  retained. — L.  M.  P. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


27 


gravels,  but  they  are  correlated  with  the  high  gravels  in  other  parts 
of  the  Yukon-Tanana  region  and  referred  to  the  Pleistocene. 

The  high  bench  of  the  Fortymile  is  very  marked  and  is  sufficiently 
distinctive  to  lend  itself  to  topographic  expression,  even  on  the  scale 
of  the  map  of  the  Fortymile  quadrangle.  It  is  especially  well  de- 
veloped between  Steele  Creek  and  the  mouth  of  Canyon  Creek  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river,  and  at  a level  of  about  300  feet  above  the 
stream,  on  this  bench,  gravels  are  found  that  are  reported  to  be  aurifer- 
ous. Nugget  Gulch  cuts  this  bench.  Most  of  the  pay  gravel  found  in 
Nugget  Gulch  is  reported  to  have  been  in  that  portion  of  the  valley 
that  cuts  the  high  bench,  and  is  due  perhaps  to  reconcentration  from 
the  latter.  Gravels  about  200  feet  above  the  F ortymile  were  observed 
near  Bonanza  Bar.  The  high  gravels  of  Lost  Chicken  Creek,  de- 
scribed elsewhere  in  this  report,  proved  to  be  richly  auriferous. 
There  are  extensive  deposits  of  gravels  in  the  Mosquito  Fork  Valley 
at  a height  of  about  300  feet  above  the  stream.  On  Mission  Creek 
20  feet  of  stream  gravels  were  observed  forming  the  capping  of  a 
bluff  TO  feet  high.  There  is  another  bench  in  the  Mission  Creek 
valley  at  a height  of  15  to  20  feet  above  the  stream,  and  a bench  of 
similar  height  has  extensive  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Seventy- 
mile,  where  it  is  distinctly  differentiated  from  the  gravels  of  the 
present  stream.  No  detailed  studies  of  the  material  or  distribution 
of  these  various  bench  deposits  have  been  made,  but  so  far  as  ob- 
served they  are  composed  of  material  of  fluviatile  origin  and  are  all 
definitely  related  to  the  valleys  in  which  they  occur. 

The  stream  gravels  have  been  derived  from  the  bed  rock  within 
the  valleys  of  the  streams  along  which  they  occur,  or  from  the  older 
gravels  present  on  the  benches,  or  from  conglomerates  composed  of 
fluviatile  material,  and  betray  no  evidence  of  other  than  a fluviatile 
origin.  They  are  described  in  relation  to  the  gold  occurrences. 

Silts  have  been  abundantly  deposited  in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  at 
different  levels  down  to  that  of  the  present  flood  plains.  These  were 
probably  laid  down  under  lacustrine  conditions  and  under  the  inter- 
action of  lacustrine  and  fluviatile  conditions,  and  date  probably  from 
the  Pleistocene  to  the  present  time. 

It  has  been  impossible  to  differentiate  these  deposits  upon  the  map. 
The  areas  covered  by  the  deposits  of  the  present  streams  are  roughly 
delimited,  and  it  may  be  accepted  as  a general  fact  that  in  nearly 
every  valley  there  are  deposits,  more  or  less  extensive,  of  bench 
gravels. 

STRUCTURE. 

An  examination  of  the  map  (PI.  IV,  in  pocket)  will  show  that  the 
major  structures  of  the  pre-Carboniferoiis  rocks  trend  in  a north- 
westerly direction.  Thus  they  are  i:>arallel  with  the  dominant  tec- 
tonic features  of  this  part  of  Alaska.  As  has  been  stated,  the  pre- 


28 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


Ordovician  rocks  are  very  intricately  folded,  with  great  complexity 
of  dips. 

The  Devonian  beds  are  somewhat  less  deformed,  but  their  struc- 
ture, too,  owing  to  scarcity  of  outcrops  in  some  areas  and  to  lack  of 
detailed  mapping,  can  not  be  expressed  in  general  terms.  For  this 
reason  it  has  not  seemed  worth  Avhile  to  record  graphically  by  means 
of  a cross  section  an  interpretation  of  the  structure,  which  could  be 
regarded  as  little  more  than  a bold  guess.  From  the  evidence  in  hand 
it  is  perhaps  fair  to  assume  that  the  Devonian  areas,  as  indicated  on 
the  map,  mark  synclinoria  caught  up  in  a highly  deformed  complex 
of  metamorphic  sediments  and  igneous  rocks. 

The  strike  of  the  Carboniferous  rocks  is  at  variance  with  that  of 
the  older  terranes,  being  northeasterlv.  They  occur  as  a series  of 
broad,  open  folds,  the  best  example  of  which  in  this  quadrangle  is  the 
anticline  shown  in  cross  section  along  the  river  between  Eagle  and 
the  mouth  of  Seventymile.  Here  the  two  Carboniferous  formations 
are  exposed  in  the  limbs  of  the  anticline,  while  the  Devonian  occurs 
along  the  axis  of  the  fold.  One  nose  of  the  anticline  is  exposed  at 
Calico  Bluff. 

The  Tertiary  beds  are  but  slightly  deformed,  though  in  places 
they  exhibit  vertical  dips.  The  axis  of  deformation  of  the  Tertiary 
terranes  parallels  that  of  the  pre-Carboniferous  terranes.  This  is 
probably  connected  with  the  form  of  their  deposition  in  basins  or 
valleys  which  were  carved  out  of  the  older  terranes. 

IGNEOUS  ROCKS. 

There  is  a large  variety  of  intrusive  igneous  rocks  in  the  Yukon- 
Tanana  region,  and  these  were  fully  described  by  Spurr.“  Those  that 
have  been  derived  from  the  granito-dioritic  magma  are  especially 
common.  While  extrusives  of  similar  composition  occur  at  short  dis- 
tances outside  of  the  quadrangle,  the  extrusives  Avithin  the  quad- 
rangle, so  far  as  observed,  are  chiefly  diabasic  and  basaltic  and  are 
confined  to  occurrences  contemporaneous  Avith  the  Paleozoic  rocks,  in 
AA  hich  the}^  are  so  abundantl}^  interbedded  as  to  have  impressed  their 
characteristics  upon  a large  part  of  the  entire  group. 

The  intrusive  rocks  range  in  composition  from  persilicic  rocks,  com- 
posed almost  entirely  of  quartz  and  feldspar,  to  rocks  composed  pre- 
.dominantly  of  hornblende  or  of  augite.  They  occur  as  large  intrusiA^e 
masses,  like  Glacier  Mountain  and  the  large  area  that  extends  into  the 
Fortymile  quadrangle  from  the  soutliAvest  and  also  as  innumerable 
dikes  and  sills.  Besides  the  variation  in  composition  and  in  mode  of 
occurrence  there  has  been  a variation  in  time  of  intrusion.  Most  of 
the  intrusiA’e  masses  are  comparatiA’ely  fresh,  but  some  of  them  Avere 

“ Spurr,  .7.  E.,  Goolofry  of  fho  A'ukon  gold  district,  Alaska  : Eighteenth  Ann.  Rep.  TJ.  S. 
Geol.  Survey,  pt.  IStiS,  pp.  224-249. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


29 


intruded  early  enough  to  undergo  nietamorphism  along  Avitli  the 
schists,  and  these  present  themselves  now  as  gneisses  of  varying  com- 
position. 

The  persilicic  rocks,  termed  alaskite  by  Spurr,  occur  as  dikes  or  sills 
from  many  feet  to  a fraction  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  They  are  light 
in  color,  in  some  cases  white,  so  that  at  a distance  they  simulate  out- 
crops of  limestone.  They  are  composed  essentially  of  quartz  and  feld- 
spar with  a little  mica.  The  feldspar  is  orthoclase,  albite,  oligoclase, 
and  in  some  cases  mainly  andesine  with  some  microcline.  * The  con- 
stituents are  xenomorphic  and  range  up  to  3 millimeters  or  more  in 
diameter.  Cataclastic  phenomena  are  general  and  exhibit  themseh^es 
macroscopically  as  crumpling  or  as  separation  of  the  dike  or  sill  into 
lenticular  fragments,  and  under  the  microscope  as  bent  twinning  1am- 
ellse  in  the  feldspars,  as  comminuted  marginal  areas  of  the  grains,  or 
as  fracturing  of  the  grains,  feldspar  grains  being  frequently  crushed 
into  several  fragments  which  have  been  cemented  by  a deposit  of 
quartz.  Sericite  is  sometimes  present  to  a limited  amount  between 
the  grains  of  quartz  and  feldspar,  and  many  of  the  feldspar  grains 
are  sprinkled  with  it.  Where  good  exposures  of  the  schists  intruded 
by  these  acidic  dikes  are  shown  it  is  possible  to  observe  the  transition 
of  these  rocks  to  quartz  veins  through  disappearance  of  the  feldspar. 

Biotite  granite  has  a darker  color,  due  to  the  presence  of  the  biotite. 
There  are  areas  of  considerable  extent  outside  the  quadrangle,  but 
within  the  quadrangle  it  occurs  commonly  as  rather  small  dikes  and 
sills  in  the  schists.  The  rock  is  generally  even  grained,  but  in  some 
localities  has  a porphyritic  development  with  individuals  of  alkali 
feldspar  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter.  Most  of  the  augen  gneisses  in 
the  Yukon-Tanana  region  are  referable  to  old  intrusions  of  this  kind 
of  rock  that  have  been  metamorphosed  along  with  the  schists  into 
which  they  were  intruded. 

A hornblende  granite  composed  of  quartz,  alkali  feldspar,  abundant 
soda-lime  feldspar,  hornblende,  some  biotite,  and  titanite  is  rather 
commonly  distributed.  The  alkali  feldspars  frequently  show  por- 
phyritic development.  Cataclastic  phenomena  are  common. 

The  large  intrusive  mass  forming  Glacier  Mountain  and  adjacent 
areas,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  material  collected  at  several  periph- 
eral points,  and  from  alluvial  material  derived  from  the  mountain, 
is  composed  predominantly  of  a rock  referable  for  the  most  j^art  to 
quartz  diorite.  In  most  of  the  material  examined  the  proportion  of 
soda-lime  feldspar  is  very  abundant,  the  automorphic  individuals  of 
this  mineral  are  in  immediate  contact  with  quartz  grains,  and  the  pro- 
portion of  interstitial  alkali  feldspar  is  small.  There  are  porphyritic 
dikes  of  this  rock  cutting  the  more  evenly  granular  variety,  and  the 
prominent  point  at  the  head  of  Beai*  Creek  is  composed  of  this  rock. 
In  the  schists  surrounding  the  main  body  are  numerous  dikes,  and 


30 


THE  FOKTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


some  of  these  are  more  basic,  containing  a large  proportion  of  horn- 
blende and  approaching  diorite  in  composition. 

The  large  area  of  intrusives  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  quad- 
rangle, forming  the  bed  rock  along  Dennison  Fork  and  a large  part 
of  the  bed  rock  in  the  Chicken  Creek  area,  is  composed  of  the  same 
kind  of  rock.  This  rock  is  porphyritic  in  places  and  is  also  cut  by 
finer-grained  porphyritic  dikes  of  the  same  general  composition. 
This  rock  also,  like  the  granites,  has  its  gneissoid  representatives, 
older  bodies  of  approximately  the  same  composition  having  intruded 
the  schists.  Hornblende-plagioclase  gneisses  along  the  F ortymile  are 
referable  to  this  origin.  Some  of  these  are  thoroughly  recrystallized ; 
others,  presumably  those  intruded  nearer  the  surface,  exhibit  different 
stages  of  reduction  to  gneisses  by  cataclastic  action  combined  with 
some  recrystallization.  The  occurrence  of  gold  on  Mosquito  Fork  is 
in  a brecciated  mineralized  zone  of  this  rock.  Along  Dennison  Fork 
it  is  cut  occasionally  by  felsitic  dikes  and  dikes  of  basalt. 

Dioritic  marginal  facies  of  the  rocks  above  described  and  dioritic 
dikes  occur  to  some  extent.  Dikes  are  found  composed  almost  en- 
tirely of  hornblende  and  biotite  with  a little  plagioclase  and  quartz. 
But  in  general  dioritic  rocks  are  not  so  common  as  those  of  a more  in- 
termediate type. 

A massive  dike  of  pyroxenite  occurs  about  miles  below  the  mouth 

of  Canyon  Creek.  The  rock  is  composed  predominantly  of  xenomor- 
phic  augite  with  some  biotite  and  hornblende,  titanite,  and  iron  min- 
eral. Some  of  it  is  coarse,  with  glistening  biotite  plates  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter  that  attract  attention  to  the  blackish  outcrop  of 
this  rock.  The  rock  in  contact  with  it  is  quartzite  schist.  The  dike 
is  cut  by  some  persilicic  dikes.  Another  dike  of  similar  composition 
was  observed  on  the  Fortymile  just  below  the  mouth  of  Discovery 
Fork. 

The  schists  and  the  intrusives  above  described  are  cut  by  a few 
fresh  basaltic  dikes.  Dikes  of  this  rock  have  been  observed  on  Wade 
Creek,  Walker  Fork,  and  Dennison  Fork.  The  dike  on  Walker  Fork 
is  composed  of  pinkish  augite,  basic  soda-lime  feldspar,  and  olivine. 
A noteworthy  constituent  is  a quartz  inclusion,  corroded,  fractured, 
surrounded  by  a zone  of  augite,  and  entirely  surrounding  augite, 
which  has  crystallized  from  the  magma  in  a corroded  cavity  of  the 
quartz. 

There  is  a considerable  area  of  this  olivine  basalt  in  the  Chicken 
Creek  area.  Part  of  it  at  least  is  probably  intrusive,  like  the  dike 
of  the  same  material  in  the  quartz  diorite  of  Dennison  Fork.  Part  of 
it,  however,  may  be  in  the  form  of  a flow.  The  rock  on  Myers  Fork 
is  composed  of  basic  soda-lime  feldspar,  occasional  large  augites, 
abundant  blades  of  iron  mineral,  and  brownish-black  undifferentiated 
material ; amygdaloidal  cavities  are  numerous. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


31 


The  diabasic  and  basaltic  material  contemporaneous  with  the  Pale- 
ozoic rocks  comprises  both  intrusives  and  extrusives.  The  extrusives 
have  been  accompanied  by  more  or  less  tuffaceous  matter.  These 
rocks  have  all  been  more  or  less  altered  and  are  composed  at  the 
present  time  largely  of  chloritic,  uralitic,  and  serpen tinous  material. 

The  intrusion  at  different  periods  of  so  large  a quantity  of  igneous 
material  and  the  thorough  manner  in  which  much  of  this  has  become 
mingled  with  the  rocks  of  sedimentary  origin  indicate  conditions  fa- 
vorable for  mutual  influence.  That  the  unaltered  intrusions  of  quartz 
diorite  have  brought  about  contact  metamorphism  in  the  intruded 
rocks  is  shown  by  the  andalusite  contact  zone  about  the  intrusive  mass 
that  is  situated  just  off  the  southwestern  border  of  the  quadrangle, 
at  the  head  of  Buckskin  Creek. 

The  age  of  the  latest  intrusions  of  granular  rocks  has  not  been  de- 
termined, but  the  Paleozoic  rocks  are  penetrated  by  them.  The  intru- 
sions like  that  of  Glacier  Mountain  and  that  of  Dennison  Fork  and 
Chicken  Creek  are  similar  in  composition  and  occurrence  to  rocks  of 
the  Eampart  region  that  have  intruded  Upper  Cretaceous  sediments. 
The  end  of  the  Mesozoic  was  a time  of  extensive  intrusion,  and  it  is 
probable  that  some  of  the  rocks  of  intermediate  composition  in  the 
Fortj^mile  quadrangle  were  intruded  at  that  time.  The  age  of  the 
fresh  basaltic  rocks  is  also  indefinite.  There  are  areas  of  fresh  vol- 
canics  outside  the  limits  of  the  quadrangle;  some  of  these  are  prob- 
ably at  least  post-Kenai  in  age,  and  the  degree  of  freshness  of  some 
of  them  would  indicate  a comparatively  recent  origin. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  GOLD. 

There  are  a few  localities  in  the  Fortymile  region  where  gold  has 
been  found  in  the  bed  rock,  and  these  are  described  in  detail  in  the 
following  section  of  this  report.  One  of  these  localities  is  on  Mos- 
quito Fork,  about  2^  miles  west  of  Chicken  Creek.  The  gold  at  this 
locality  occurs  in  a brecciated  zone  of  quartz  diorite  that  has  under- 
gone silicification  and  mineralization.  Another  locality  is  near  the 
head  of  Chicken  Creek,  where  gold  is  found  in  thin  calcite  seams  in 
black  phyllites  in  close  proximity  to  about  the  same  kind  of  rock 
as  that  on  Mosquito  Fork.  The  placers  of  Chicken  Creek  have  prob- 
ably derived  a part  at  least  of  their  gold  from  this  source.  A locality 
on  the  ridge  south  of  Kalamazoo  Creek  contains  gold  in  brecciated 
vein  quartz  in  quartzite  schists  within  the  zone  of  abundant  intru- 
sions. The  alluvial  deposits  of  the  streams  have  been  derived  from 
the  bed  rock  of  the  valleys  in  which  they  occur,  and  there  has  been 
no  interference  by  glaciation  in  this  area  with  the  orderly  deposition 
of  material  by  stream  action.  The  bed  rock  in  some  of  these  valleys, 
especially  those  of  the  Fortymile  region,  is  composed  of  schists  of 


32 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


sedimentary  origin  containing  many  small  quartz  veins.  Gold  has 
been  found  in  such  small  A'cins  on  Davis  Creek,  and  on  many  creeks 
nuggets  occur  with  quartz  attached.  It  is  probable  that  a large  part 
of  the  gold  of  the  Fort^nnile  area  Iras  been  derived  from  this  source. 
The  gold  of  the  Eagle  area  is  derived  apparently  from  mineralized 
areas  or  quartz  veins  in  bed  rock  that  is  composed  of  carbonaceous 
phyllites,  limestone,  and  greenstone  of  Paleozoic  age.  The  origin 
of  the  gold  in  the  Seventymile  area  is  not  clear,  as  there  are  too  many 
possible  modes  of  origin.  It  has  probably  been  concentrated  to  the 
present  stream  gravels  from  bench  gravels  that  were  derived  partly 
from  the  conglomerates  in  which  the  streams  are  cut  and  partly  from 
other  sources.  The  placers  of  AYoodchopper  Creek  are  in  conglom- 
erates of  tlie  same  age  as  those  of  the  Seventymile  and  occur  in  the 
extension  of  the  same  belt  to  the  west.  They  are  believed  by  Brooks 
to  have  originated  from  the  conglomerate,  where  the  gold  had  been 
deposited  as  alluvial  gold  contemporaneously  with  the  constituents 
of  the  conglomerate. 

Some  of  the  minerals  found  associated  Avith  gold  in  the  Fortymile 
quadrangle  are  barite,  galena,  hatiA^e  lead,  argentite  (sih^er  sulphide), 
cinnabar  (mercury  sulphide),  iron  pyrites,  hematite,  limonite,  mag- 
netite, rutile,  and  garnet. 

GEOLOGIC  HISTORY.^ 

In  spite  of  the  absence  of  detailed  information,  it  will  be  Avell  to 
outline  some  of  the  salient  features  of  the  geologic  history  of  this 
area. 

That  the  oldest  sediments,  including  arenaceous,  argillaceous,  and 
calcareous  material,  Avere  deposited  in  a pre-OrdoAucian  sea  seems 
probable,  but  no  more  definite  assignment  of  the  period  when  this 
deposition  took  place  can  be  made.  What  is  knoAAui  of  the  geologs" 
of  the  adjacent  regions  makes  it  probable  that  this  sea  Avas  of  Avide 
extent.  Accumulation  of  sediments  Avent  on  until  a great  but  un- 
knoAvn  thickness,  probably  to  be  measured  in  thousands  of  feet.  Avas 
laid  doAvn,  intrusions  took  place,  and  then,  some  time  before  the 
middle  Devonian,  an  extensiAn  crustal  moA^ement,  Avhich  brought 
about  a metamoiq^hism  of  the  entire  mass,  took  place.  Limestones 
recrystallized,  sandstones  changed  to  quartzites,  and  slates  to  phyllites 
and  schists. 

This  disturbance  Avas  probably  followed  by  erosion,  of  Avhich, 
hoAvever,  no  records  haA^e  been  discoA^ered  in  this  quadrangle.  In 
any  eA^ent,  possibly  during  Silurian  and  certainly  during  DeAmnian 
time,  sedimentation  Avas  again  in  progi*ess  in  this  field.  Sedimenta- 

" Brooks,  Alfred  II..  Bull.  V.  S.  Oeol.  Survey  No.  314,  1907,  p.  199. 

*'This  section  was  prepared  in  cooperation  with  Alfred  H.  Brooks. 


GEOLOGIC  SKETCH. 


33 


tion  during  the  latter  period  was  accompanied  by  volcanic  outbursts, 
which  contributed  the  greenstones  and  tuffs  so  intimately  associated 
with  some  of  the  Devonian  terranes.  The  sediments  deposited  dur- 
ing Devonian  time  were  not  unlike  those  laid  down  during  the  pre- 
ceding epochs.  In  late  Devonian  time  the  deposition  of  at  least  a 
thousand  feet  of  argillaceous  material  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  quadrangle  took  place.  This  material,  now  found  as  slate,  which 
could  not  be  differentiated  from  the  older  Devonian  rocks  in  other 
parts  of  the  quadrangle,  belongs  distinctly  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
system  and  may  very  likely  be  separated  from  the  older  terranes  by 
an  interval  of  erosion.  Tectonically  this  uppermost  Devonian  mem- 
ber is  to  be  grouped  with  the  Carboniferous  horizons,  from  which 
it  is  not  separated  by  an  erosional  interval. 

Carboniferous  time  began  with  an  increase  in  calcareous  matter 
and  the  appearance  of  a new  fauna.  Deposition  of  calcareous  and 
argillaceous  material  continued  until  at  least  a thousand  feet  of 
strata  had  accumulated,  called  the  Calico  Bluff  formation.  It  is 
probable  that  there  was  then  a crustal  movement  which  left  a land 
mass  exposed  and  inaugurated  a period  of  erosion.  In  any  event, 
the  basal  beds  of  the  next  series  of  sediments  (Nation  Diver  forma- 
tion) are  made  of  coarse  fragmental  material,  indicating  a near-by 
land  mass  and  probably  an  unconformity.  The  evidence  therefore 
points  to  the  conclusion  that  the  oldest  Carboniferous  (Calico  Bluff 
formation)  was  eroded  before  the  deposition  of  the  second  member  of 
the  Carboniferous  (Nation  Diver).  Sedimentation  continued  until 
at  least  4,000  feet  of  arenaceous  and  argillaceous  material  was 
deposited.  In  adjacent  areas,  though  not  within  the  Fortymile  quad- 
rangle, there  is  evidence  of  another  epoch  of  erosion  following  the 
deposition  of  the  Nation  Diver.  This  erosional  interval  was  suc- 
ceeded by  deep-sea  conditions,  which  continued  throughout  the  latter 
part  of  Carboniferous  and  into  Triassic  time.  There  is  no  deposi- 
tional  record  of  the  Mesozoic  within  the  quadrangle,  but  the  Lower 
Cretaceous  sea  probably  covered  it.  The  close  of  Lower  Cretaceous 
time  marked  a period  of  mountain  building  and  intrusion  through- 
out most  of  Alaska,  and  some  of  the  granitic  rocks  of  the  Fortymile 
quadrangle  were  probably  intruded  at  this  time. 

Deposition  during  Tertiary  time  is  represented  by  the  fresh-water 
plant-bearing  beds,  here  assigned  to  the  lower  Eocene.  These  were  in 
part  fluviatile,  in  part  lacustrine,  and  probably  never  mantled  any 
considerable  part  of  the  region.  Their  distribution  indicates  deposi- 
tion in  an  extensive  drainage  system,  possibly  partly  broken  by  lakes. 

The  later  history  of  the  province  is  a complex  one  which  has  not 
yet  been  fully  deciphered.  There  was  at  least  one  extensive  period 
of  erosion,  when  much  of  the  area  was  reduced  to  a peneplain.  It 

72G20— Bull.  375—09 3 


34 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


does  not  now  seem  likely  that  all  the  flat-topped  topographic  features 
can  be  assigned  to  this  one  period  of  erosion,  as  has  been  previously 
sujDposed,  but  the  correlation  and  genesis  of  these  varied  topographic 
features  must  await  further  studies.  The  topographic  records,  such 
as  flat-topped  ridges,  spurs,  and  well-marked  stream  benches,  point 
to  intermittent  uplift  since  the  first  widespread  period  of  erosion  of 
which  there  is  evidence  in  the  even  crest  lines  of  the  higher  inter- 
stream areas.  Glaciation  has  played  no  part  in  molding  the  topo- 
graphic forms  within  the  quadrangle,  which  lies  entirely  outside  the 
glaciated  area. 

GOLD  PTACEHS. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

The  material  concerning  the  placers  is  presented  in  the  order  of 
their  areal  distribution,  and  is  followed  by  an  account  of  mining 
methods  and  statistics  of  production. 

The  localities  of  productive  placers  are  indicated  on  the  geologic 
map  (PL  Y,  in  pocket).  It  is  not  practicable  to  show  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  auriferous  gravels,  because  nearly  all  the  alluvium  carries 
at  least  a trace  of  gold,  and  prospecting  has  not  gone  far  enough  to 
disclose  how  much  of  it  may  carry  workable  placers.  The  area  of 
the  Fortymile  and  its  tributaries  contains  the  most  localities  and  the 
widest  distribution  of  gold  known  to  be  in  quantities  sufficient  to  be 
mined.  The  map  shows  that  this  distribution  of  gold  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  pre-Ordovician  metamorphic  rocks  and  associated 
intrusives.  These  are  the  rocks  that  have  proved  most  productive  of 
placer  gold  in  the  Birch  Creek  and  Fairbanks  regions,  and  merit, 
wherever  they  occur,  attention  on  the  part  of  the  prospector.  They 
are  not  everywhere  auriferous,  but  it  is  in  association  with  them 
especially  that  placer  areas  are  likely  to  be  found.  The  occurrence  on 
creeks  in  the  vicinity  of  Eagle  in  Paleozoic  rocks  is  more  local,  being 
limited  thus  far  to  small  areas  on  American  Creek  and  its  tributary, 
Discovery  Fork.  The  Seventymile  area  includes  occurrences  at 
several  rather  widely  separated  localities  in  a region  where  the  bed 
rock  is  predominantly  formed  of  Tertiary  conglomerates.  This  sug- 
gests that  the  gold  of  Seventymile  is  a secondary  concentration  from 
Tertiary  placers.  It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  the  gold  in  the 
Tertiary  beds  is  sufficient  to  pay  for  the  cost  of  extraction.  As  these 
beds  are  indurated,  they  could  not  be  exploited  by  placer-mining 
methods. 

FORTYMILE  AREA. 

The  discovery  of  gold  on  the  Fortymile  in  1886  was  followed  within 
the  next  ten  years  by  the  discovery  of  practicall}^  all  the  localities 
that  have  since  been  productive.  These  include  Walker  Fork  with 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


35 


its  headwaters,  Poker  and  Da^ds  creeks,  Wade  Creek,  Chicken  Creek, 
jind  small  creeks  in  the  vicinity,  Napoleon  Creek,  Franklin  Creek, 
Canyon  Creek  and  tributaries,  the  Fortymile  itself,  and  a few  small 
areas  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Fortymile.  Chicken,  Lost 
Chicken,  and  Wade  creeks  yield  at  the  present  time  the  largest  annual 
output  of  gold.  Most  of  the  localities  were  visited  by  the  writer  in 
1903,  a few  of  them  were  reexamined  in  1905,  and  others  in  1907. 
In  the  following  descriptions  of  the  creeks  free  use  has  been  made  of 
the  writer’s  published  statements.® 

alhev  Forh^  Poker  Creek^  and  Davis  Creek. — The  headwater 
drainage  of  Walker  Fork  includes  a number  of  small  streams  having 
their  sources  in  the  divide  within  Canadian  territory.  Of  these. 
Poker  and  Davis  creeks,  which  carry  gold  placers,  are  deeply  cut 
with  narrow  V-shaped  valleys.  The  grade  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
Walker  Fork  valley  is  approximately  100  feet  to  the  mile.  Here  the 
valley  floor  is  a few  hundred  feet  in  width,  gradually  broadening 
downstream. 

A bench  about  400  feet  high  limits  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  on 
the  south,  and  on  the  north  there  is  a gradual  rise  to  a benched  sur- 
face at  a corresponding  level.  In  the  vicinity  of  Twelvemile  Creek 
there  is  another  bench,  about  100  feet  high,  very  prominently  devel- 
oped. The  valley  narrows  and  becomes  a canyon  below  the  great 
bend  to  the  northwest  about  halfway  from  Twelvemile  to  the  mouth. 
There  is  but  little  timber  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley,  and  the 
adjacent  ridges  are  bare.  The  valley  floor  and  slopes  between  Cherry 
Creek  and  TAvelvemile  are  fairly  well  timbered,  having  produced 
some  spruce  of  sufficient  size  for  mining  purposes.  There  is  abundant 
timber  for  fuel  purposes. 

The  bed  rock  of  the  upper  valley  is  predominantly  quartzite  schist  , 
and  carbonaceous  schist.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  valle}^  there  is  a 
large  amount  of  hornblende  gneiss  with  quartzite  schist  and  quartz- 
mica  schist.  Between  Twelvemile  and  the  mouth  of  Wade  Creek 
granitic  and  pegmatitic  intrusives  are  most  intimately  incorporated 
with  the  schists.  Dikes  and  small  sills  occur  from  a fraction  of  an 
inch  to  several  feet  in  thickness.  These  have  in  many  cases  been 
plicated  with  the  schists  and  even  reduced  to  lenticular  fragments. 
All  of  these  that  have  been  examined  under  the  microscope  exhibit 
the  effects  of  cataclastic  action.  There  are  occasional  basaltic  frag- 
ments in  the  alluvials,  and  at  one  locality  a fresh  basaltic  dike  was 
observed.  Quartz  veins  are  common,  many  of  them  being  parallel  to 
the  predominant  structures.  The  structure  is  complex,  the  attitude 
being  in  places  nearly  vertical  and  in  places  horizontal. 

“ Prindle,  L.  M.,  The  gold  placers  of  the  Fortymile,  Birch  Creek,  and  Fairbanks  regions, 
Alaska  : Bull,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  No.  251,  1905,  pp.  39-59. 


36 


THE  'FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


The  first  mining  was  done  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  and  on 
Poker  and  Davis  creeks,  the  area  of  economic  interest  on  the  Alaskan 
side  extending  from  the  boundary  nearly  to  Cherry  Creek,  a distance 
of  about  4 miles.  In  1907,  however,  a dredge  was  installed  on  Walker 
Fork  about  a mile  above  the  mouth  of  Twelvemile,  at  a locality 
several  miles  below  the  point  where  the  ground  had  been  found 
hitherto  sufficiently  productive  to  be  worked  by  open  cut. 

The  material  on  bed  rock  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  ranges 
from  4 to  12  feet  in  thickness  and  includes  muck,  sand,  gravel,  and  in 
some  cases  clay.  In  places  there  is  no  overburden  of  muck  and  rarely 
no  gravels  are  found  under  the  muck.  The  thickness  of  the  gravels 
generally  exceeds  4 feet  and  the  maximum  is  about  10  feet.  The 
greatest  proportion  of  the  gravel  is  made  up  of  more  or  less  angular 
fragments  of  quartzite  schist  under  a foot  in  diameter.  The  pro- 
portion of  bowlders  is  small.  The  gold  is  found  not  only  on  the 
bed  rock,  but  in  the  gravels  above  bed  rock  through  a distance  of  2 
or  more  feet.  It  is  found  also  to  a depth  of  IJ  feet  or  more  in  the 
bed  rock.  Gravel  has  been  worked  in  places  over  a width  of  50  feet, 
but  on  the  outer  limits  it  carries  only  low  values.  Ground  has  been 
worked  that  is  reported  to  have  carried  values  of  $2  or  somewhat 
more  to  the  cubic  yard.  The  general  run  of  gold  is  made  up  of  small, 
flat  pieces,  but  nuggets  have  been  found  worth  as  high  as  $20. 
Toward  the  head  of  the  creek  there  is  some  gold  of  a blackish  color. 

Wade  Creek. — The  valley  of  AVade  Creek  is  narrow  and  V-shaped 
toward  the  head,  the  lower  portion  is  more  open  and  there  is  a floor 
a few  hundred  feet  in  width  that  merges  finally  into  the  valley  of 
AA^alker  Fork.  The  fall  from  the  upper  limit  of  placer  mining  to  the 
mouth,  a distance  of  about  8 miles,  is  approximately  600  feet.  The 
quantity  of  water  during  dry  seasons  is  insufficient  to  meet  the  de- 
mand. There  is  considerable  timber  on  the  northwest  slopes  of  the 
valley  and  a light  growth  of  spruce  on  the  southeast.  The  valley 
floor  near  the  mouth  of  the  creek  is  fairly  well  timbered  with  spruce 
and  aspen. 

The  bed  rock  in  which  the  valley  of  AA^ade  Creek  has  been  incised 
is  predominantly  schist  with  some  interbedded  ferruginous  limestone. 
The  schists  are  in  places  intruded  by  granitic  rocks,  and  a small 
basaltic  dike  was  observed  near  the  head  of  the  creek.  Quartz  veins 
are  common  in  the  schist.  The  schist  and  quartz  veins  are  in  places 
pyritif erous.  The  gravels  range  from  1 foot  to  3 or  more  feet  in  thick- 
ness and  are  overlain  by  a bed  of  muck  that  in  places  attains  a thick- 
ness of  about  20  feet.  Gold  is  rarelv  found  more  than  14  feet  above 
the  bed  rock  in  the  gravels.  Most  of  it  is  on  bed  rock  and  in  crevices 
and  along  joint  planes  of  the  bed  rock  to  a depth  in  places  of  about 
4 feet.  The  values  are  rather  irregularly  distributed.  Values  were 
first  found  on  the  river  at  the  terminations  of  the  spurs,  and  these 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


37 


became  favorite  localities  for  prospecting,  as  the  gravel  was  shallow 
and  the  values  were  frequently  greater  than  in  the  valley  floor. 

Much  of  the  gold  is  coarse  and  several  nuggets  have  been  found 
ranging  in  value  from  $216  to  $437.  The  nuggets  are  all  well  worn, 
contain  very  little  quartz,  and  are  valued  at  $17  an  ounce.  The 
largest  of  them  have  been  found  in  the  part  of  the  valley  about  mid- 
way between  the  source  and  the  mouth.  The  general  run  of  the  gold 
is  made  up  of  small  flat  pieces,  and  a considerable  proportion  of  that 
found  near  the  head  of  the  creek  is  rusty.  A small  amount  of  gold 
has  been  found  in  the  lateral  gulches,  and  this  differs  from  that  in  the 
main  creek  in  being  but  slightly  worn  and  somewhat  rusty.  Very 
little  fine  gold  is  found.  As  so  large  a proportion  of  the  gold  is  in 
the  nuggety  form  and  as  nuggets  are  of  irregular  distribution,  the 
values  are  extremely  variable.  The  ground  is  reported  to  average 
about  $100  to  the  box  length  of  12  by  12  feet.  The  proportion  of 
black  sand  associated  wfith  the  gold  is  small.  Barite  is  abundant, 
and  the  rounded  pebbles  of  this  mineral  are  characteristic  associates 
of  the  gold.  Hematite  pebbles  are  also  abundant. 

The  alluvial  deposits  have  been  derived  from  the  bed  rock  of  the 
drainage  area.  Pieces  of  gold  with  quartz  attached  are  common, 
and  an  assay  of  quartz  from  a vein  near  the  head  of  the  creek  was 
found  to  carry  0.06  of  an  ounce  of  gold  to  the  ton.  It  seems  probable 
that  the  gold  has  been  derived  from  quartz  veins  and  stringers  in 
the  schist,  and  possibly  also  from  mineralized  areas  in  the  schists, 
which  are  in  places  impregnated  with  considerable  pyrite. 

Mining  developments  are  scattered  along  about  5 miles  of  the  val- 
ley, commencing  at  a point  about  4 miles  above  the  mouth  and  ex- 
tending toward  the  head.  The  gold  is  mined  principally  by  open 
cut,  but  there  is  some  ground  sufficiently  deep  for  drifting. 

Chicken  Creek  and  vicinity. — The  drainage  area  of  Chicken  Creek 
includes  about  20  square  miles  of  a fan-shaped  area  which  is  only 
about  5 miles  long  from  north  to  south.  The  tributaries  converge 
from  their  sources  in  the  divide  between  it  and  Franklin  and  give 
an  amphitheatral  form  to  the  upper  valley.  The  creek  is  a small 
one,  and  Stonehouse  Creek  and  Myers  Fork  are  the  most  important 
tributaries.  The  valley  of  Chicken  Creek  is  open  and  the  lower 
part  has  a grade  of  less  than  80  feet  to  the  mile.  The  valley  has  a 
flat  on  the  west,  which  rises  gradually  to  a broad,  low  spur,  and  south- 
ward merges  into  the  broad,  grassy  meadows  of  Mosquito  Fork. 
The  ridge  east  of  Chicken  Creek  shows  a well-defined  bench  about 
275  feet  above  the  creek,  where  heads  a small  stream  called  Lost 
Chicken,  which  flows  southeast  to  Mosquito  Fork.  Ingle  Creek,  a 
small  tributary  of  Mosquito  Fork  about  2 miles  west  of  Chicken 
Creek  and  just  beyond  the  western  edge  of  this  quadrangle,  is  in- 
cluded in  the  productive  area. 


38 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


There  is  a considerable  variety  of  bed  rock  in  the  Chicken  Creek 
drainage  area.  There  are  schists  in  a part  of  the  divide  between 
Chicken  and  Franklin  creeks.  Phyllites,  limestone,  and  greenstone 
occur,  all  regarded  as  Paleozoic;  there  is  the  northeastern  extension 
of  a large  area  of  intrusives,  mostly  of  the  composition  of  quartz 
diorite,  and  there  is  an  extensive  area  of  basalt.  The  general  distri- 
bution of  these  rocks  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  geologic  map 
(PI.  V). 

The  alluvial  deposits  include  the  present  stream  gravels  and  bench 
gravels.  The  stream  gravels  are  of  a mixed  character.  There  is  a 
large  proportion  of  greenish  hornblendic  rock,  partly  of  tuffaceous 
origin,  derived  from  the  large  body  of  this  rock  present  in  the  hill 
east  of  Chicken  Creek;  there  are  evenly  granular  and  porphyritic 
varieties  of  the  quartz  diorite;  there  is  vein  quartz,  phyllite,  schist, 
crystalline  limestone  and  sandstone,  coal  and  ferruginous  nodules, 
which  in  many  cases  contain  fragments  of  dicotyledonous  leaves. 
The  constituents  are  mostly  under  a foot  in  diameter  and  the  pro- 
portion of  bowlders  is  small.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  in  the  main 
valley  ranges  from  about  G to  45  feet.  A layer  of  muck  from  a few 
feet  to  more  than  20  feet  thick  covers  the  gravels,  forming  frequently 
more  than  half  the  alluvial  deposit.  The  gravels  range  from  about 
6 to  20  feet  in  thickness  and  are  mostly  on  the  west  side  of  the  stream, 
to  a distance  of  1,000  feet  from  it.  The  lower  portion  of  the  gravels 
contains  considerable  clay,  which  often  carries  away  the  gold  in  the 
sluices. 

The  pay  is  found  mostly  on  bed  rock,  but  sometimes  extends  into 
it  and  often  above  it,  where  it  is  found  through  5 feet  or  more  of 
the  gravels.  Most  of  the  work  has  been  done  on  the  west  side  of  the 
creek,  in  places  several  hundred  feet  from  it.  Pay  has  been  found 
nearly  to  the  western  limit  of  the  gravel  and  over  a width  of  about 
80  feet.  The  values  range  from  $50  to  $175  to  the  box  length,  and  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  ground  has  probably  averaged  about  $1 
to  the  square  foot.  The  gold  is  rather  fine,  and  much  of  it  is  granu- 
lar. It  is  generally  dark  in  color  and  some  of  it  has  quartz  attached. 

The  bench  between  Chicken  and  Lost  Chicken  creeks  is  about  275 
feet  above  the  valley.  Claims  Avere  located  on  this  bench  at  the  head 
of  the  Lost  Chicken  in  1901,  and  \uilues  Avere  found  at  a depth  of  33 
feet.  Further  prospecting  resulted  in  the  discoA^ry  of  ground  car- 
rying values  of  about  $1  to  the  square  foot  of  bed  rock.  A 45-foot 
hole  Avas  sunk  through  23  feet  of  muck  and  22  feet  of  graA^el  similar  in 
character  to  the  stream  gravels,  but  someAvhat  finer  and  more  rounded. 
The  bed  rock  is  similar  to  quartz  diorite  in  character,  like  that  at  the 
head  of  Chicken  and  that  on  Mosquito  Fork,  Avliere  gold  has  been 
found  in  the  bed  rock.  The  discoAXU-y  of  gold  on  this  bench  led  to 
great  activity  in  bench  prospecting  throughout  the  region,  but  up  to 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


39 


1907  this  was  the  only  bench  found  to  contain  values  workable  under 
existing  conditions.  During  1907  values  were  found  in  bench  gravels 
at  a locality  near  the  head  of  Chicken  Creek,  known  as  the  Last 
Chance.  The  deposits  at  this  locality  are  18  to  20  feet  deep  and  con- 
sist of  10  feet  or  more  of  muck  overlying  a thin  bed  of  gravels  resting 
on  a hummocky  surface  of  decomposed  basaltic  bed  rock.  These 
gravels  are  apparently  on  about  the  same  level  as  those  of  the  Lost 
Chicken  bench.  Insufficient  work  has  been  done  to  determine  the  ex- 
tent of  the  values. 

On  the  spur  east  of  Stonehouse  Creek,  about  1 mile  north  of  the 
junction  of  Stonehouse  and  Chicken  creeks  and  about  500  feet  ver- 
tically above  the  junction,  gold  has  been  found  in  place  in  dark 
phyllites  lying  on  a surface  of  fine-grained  quartz  diorite  porphyry 
dipping  about  25  degrees.  The  only  exposure  at  this  point  is  in  a hole 
10  feet  deep  which  has  been  sunk  through  the  phyllite  and  about  2 feet 
of  the  underlying  igneous  rock  and  in  a crosscut  which  has  been  car- 
ried to  a distance  of  about  35  feet.  In  immediate  contact  with  the 
igneous  rock  is  about  10  inches  of  soft  black  material  having  the 
consistency  of  clay.  The  phyllites  contain  many  thin  calcite  veins 
and  some  quartz  veins;  the  thickest  observed  were  hardly  more  than 
2 inches  in  thickness.  The  quartz  veins  contain  considerable  pyrite, 
and  the  thinner  calcite  veins  contain  granular  pieces  and  thin  plates 
of  gold.  The  alluvials  on  the  slope  below  this  locality  adjacent  to 
Stonehouse  Creek,  and  those  in  Irene  Gulch,  which  heads  in  similar 
phyllites  only  a short  distance  from  this  locality,  have  been  mined 
for  several  years,  and  it  is  reasonably  sure  that  a part,  at  least,  of  the 
placer  gold  found  has  been  derived  from  these  mineralized  phyllites. 
The  distribution  of  these  rocks  has  not  been  determined  in  detail, 
but  they  have  been  found  at  several  localities  on  both  sides  of  Stone- 
house Creek,  where  prospect  holes  have  been  sunk.  The  rock  out- 
cropping about  the  head  of  the  Stonehouse  is  quartz  diorite,  and  it  is 
probably  in  the  vicinity  of  the  contact  of  this  rock  with  the  phyllite 
that  the  mineralized  areas  occur. 

The  problem  of  the  immediate  origin  of  the  gold  in  the  stream 
gravels  of  Chicken  Creek  and  its  tributaries  is  complicated  by  the 
facts  that  auriferous  bench  gravels  occur  in  a part  of  the  valley  and 
that,  besides  the  occurrence  of  gold  in  place  in  the  phyllites,  gold  has 
also  been  found  in  place  in  the  quartz  dioritic  rock  like  that  forming 
much  of  the  ridge  at  the  head  of  the  Chicken ; but  the  only  locality 
at  which  it  has  been  found  in  this  rock  lies  just  beyond  the  drainage 
area  of  Chicken  Creek,  about  2J  miles  up  Mosquito  Fork. 

At  this  point  Mosquito  Fork  is  limited  by  a steep  canyon  wall  of 
the  quartz  diorite,  and  about  200  feet  above  the  stream  is  a mineral- 
ized zone  about  (>  feet  thick  striking  approximately  N.  25°  W.,  which 
is  very  conspicuous  by  the  brilliant  red  and  yellow  colors  produced  by 


40 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


weathering.  The  rock  has  been  brecciated  and  there  has  been  consid- 
erable silicification.  The  surface  rock  within  the  zone  is  thoroughly 
decomposed  and  contains  abundant  fragments  of  quartz,  which  occurs 
in  thin  intersecting  veins.  This  decomposed  material  yields  fine  flour 
gold  by  panning.  Two  assays  of  material  collected  in  1903  gave,  in 
fine  ounces  per  ton,  for  the  one,  gold  0.58,  silver  0.10 ; for  the  other, 
gold  0.36,  silver  0.10,  or  an  average  per  ton  of  about  $9.70  in  gold. 
Since  that  time  a small  amount  of  drifting  has  been  done  and  higher 
values  have  been  reported,  but  no  systematic  work  has  been  under- 
taken, and  the  extent  of  this  occurrence  has  not  been  determined. 

At  a few  localities  on  Chicken  Creek,  on  Myers  Fork,  on  Stone- 
house  Creek,  and  on  Irene  Gulch  claims  are  worked  by  open  cuts. 
The  bed  rock  on  Myers  Fork  is  mostly  basalt,  and  the  gravels,  from 
8 to  20  feet  in  thickness,  are  composed  largely  of  coarse  fragments 
of  this  rock.  Most  of  the  gold  is  on  bed  rock  and  is  coarser  than  the 
average  of  that  on  Chicken  Creek.  On  Stonehouse  Creek,  where  work 
has  been  done,  there  is  a thickness  of  about  14  feet  of  gravels,  of 
which  about  4 feet  carries  values.  Irene  Gulch  is  a very  small  tribu- 
tary of  Stonehouse  Creek  and  the  gravels  are  shallow.  Mdiile  the 
creek  heads  in  the  phyllites  above  referred  to,  the  bed  rock  near  the 
mouth  is  slightly  consolidated  sandstone  containing  ferruginous 
nodules  with  plant  remains.  At  all  of  these  localities  the  w’ater 
supply  is  limited. 

On  Chicken  Creek  most  of  the  ground  is  suitable  for  drifting  and 
considerable  work  has  been  done.  Indeed,  much  of  the  ground  that 
it  would  pay  to  work  under  present  conditions  has  been  already 
mined  out,  and,  furthermore,  the  ratio  of  water  to  gravel  in  the 
Chicken  area  is  so  small  that  during  a large  part  of  most  summers 
work  is  at  a standstill.  Several  plans  to  bring  water  to  the  gravels 
of  Chicken  Creek  from  Mosquito  Fork  have  been  under  consideration 
at  different  times,  and  during  the  summer  of  1907  a dam  was  being 
constructed  at  Kechumstuk  with  that  end  in  Anew. 

Ingle  Creek,  a small  tributary  of  Mosquito  Fork  west  of  Chicken 
Creek,  just  beyond  the  Avestern  limit  of  this  quadrangle,  has  been 
mined  to  some  extent.  The  graA^el  that  was  being  Avorked  here  in 
1907  Avas  about  4 feet  thick,  and  all  Avas  shoA^eled  into  boxes.  The 
bed  rock  at  this  locality,  like  that  from  Avhich  a large  proportion 
of  the  graA^ls  of  Chicken  Creek  has  been  deriA^ed,  is  mostly  a green 
tuffaceous  rock,  and  here  it  shoAvs  considerable  mineralization  Avith 
sulphides. 

Napoleon  Creeh. — The  A^alley  of  Napoleon  Creek  is  deeply  sunk 
beloAv  the  steep  slopes,  and  the  ATille}"  floor  is  narroAV,  being  about 
300  feet  AA'ide  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek.  The  drainage  area  is  small 
and  the  Avater  su})ply  is  therefore  limited.  The  A^alley,  like  that  of 
Chicken  Creek,  has  a variety  of  bed  rock.  The  upper  part  of  it  is 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


41 


cut  in  schists  intruded  by  granitic  rocks.  In  the  lower  part  of  the 
valley  are  Paleozoic  rocks  (Devonian?),  principally  greenstones  and 
limestones,  and  fragmental  rocks  ranging  from  sandstones  to  con- 
glomerates, regarded  as  Kenai  (Eocene).  There  is  also  fresh  basalt 
like  that  of  Chicken  Creek,  and  this  occurs  probably  as  dikes  in 
the  older  rocks.  Nearly  every  year  since  1898  a small  amount  of 
work  has  been  done  on  Napoleon  Creek,  and  during  1907  work  was 
in  progress  on  Discovery  claim  and  claim  1 above.  The  average  depth 
to  bed  rock  at  the  locality  is  about  11  feet.  The  ground  ranges 
from  3 to  10  feet  in  thickness,  and  the  width  of  workable  ground  is 
about  100  feet.  The  gold  is  practically  all  in  the  bed  rock.  It  is 
coarse  and  of  high  grade,  being  reported  to  assay  someAvhat  in  ex- 
cess of  $19  to  the  ounce. 

Franldin  Greek. — That  part  of  the  valley  of  Franklin  Creek  ad- 
jacent to  the  Fortymile  is  narrowly  V-shaped,  with  a stream  flat  of 
very  limited  extent,  in  places  hardly  50  feet  in  width.  The  valley  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  creek  is  more  open.  The  quantity  of  water 
carried  by  the  stream  is  so  small  that  in  dry  Aveather  the  water  merely 
trickles  through  the  gravel  or  stands  in  disconnected  pools. 

The  bed  rock  includes  micaceous,  garnetiferous,  and  hornblendic 
schists  and  crystalline  limestones  that  strike  nearly  east  and  west. 
They  show  much  crumpling  locally  and  are  cut  in  places  by  gra- 
nitic dikes.  The  gravels  consist  of  more  or  less  angular  fragments 
of  schist,  crystalline  limestone,  granitic  rocks,  dark,  heavy,  rounded 
pieces  of  basalt  reported  to  outcrop  in  the  upper  part  of  the  valley, 
and  brown  and  gTeen  pieces  of  rock  composed  of  garnet,  epidote,  and 
quartz  with  considerable  pyrite.  The  depth  to  bed  rock  ranges 
from  2 to  30  feet,  with  an  average  of  8 to  10  feet.  Pay  gravel  is 
found  mostly  near  bed  rock  and  across  the  entire  Avidth  of  the  creek 
bottom  near  the  mouth,  and  some  of  the  ground  is  reported  to  have 
carried  as  high  as  $5  to  the  cubic  yard.  Most  of  such  ground,  how- 
ever, has  been  Avorked  out.  Of  tAvo  of  the  largest  nuggets  found  on 
the  creek,  one  Avas  Avorth  $239  and  the  other  $500.  Much  Avork  Avas 
done  on  Franklin  Creek  in  the  early  days,  and  at  the  present  time  it 
is  affording  a living  to  several  miners,  Avho  are  Avorking  partly  by 
open  cut  and  partly  by  drifting. 

Canyon  Creek  and  its  tributaries. — The  loAver  part  of  the  valley 
of  Canyon  Creek  is  rather  open,  Avith  a Auilley  floor  up  to  nearly  a half 
mile  in  Avidth.  The  valley  is  deeply  sunk  beloAv  the  inclosing  ridges, 
and  the  valleys  of  the  tributaries  are  acutely  V-shaped.  The  bed  rock 
includes  schists  and  limestones  intruded  by  granitic  rocks  and  green- 
stones partly  fragmental  in  character.  Considerable  work  has  been 
done  on  Squaw  Gulch.  The  stream  is  small,  Avith  a grade  of  about 
150  feet  to  the  mile.  The  gravels  are  predominantly  quartzitic 
schist  and  crystalline  limestone,  with  some  granite  and  vein  quartz 


42 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


ranging  in  thickness  from  3 to  10  feet.  The  proportion  of  bowlders 
is  rather  large.  Gold  has  been  found  in  about  feet  of  gravel  over 
a width  of  about  50  feet.  It  occurs  as  small  flat  pieces,  with  a con- 
siderable proportion  of  fine  flaky  gold;  but  coarse  pieces  have  been 
found,  up  to  nuggets  worth  as  much  as  $43.  The  creek  is  reported 
to  have  produced  a total  of  a few  thousand  dollars.  Work  has  also 
been  done  on  Camp  Creek  and  Woods  Creek,  but  the  results  attained 
are  not  available.  The  valley  of  the  main  creek  has  a large  body  of 
gravels,  to  which  attention  has  been  directed  during  the  season  of 
1907  with  the  object  of  working  the  ground  on  a large  scale. 

Gold  has  been  found  in  place  in  the  ridge  south  of  Kalamazoo 
Creek,  a tributary  of  Canyon  Creek,  that  heads  in  Steele  Dome.  At 
this  locality  there  is  a conspicuous  outcrop  of  vein  quartz  and 
quartzitic  schists  about  1,000  feet  in  length  and  50  to  100  feet  or 
more  in  width.  The  rock  is  partly  brecciated  and  cemented  with 
ferruginous  material.  Specimens  have  been  obtained  showing  specks 
of  fine  gold.  It  is  not  knowm,  however,  whether  the  gold  is  uni- 
formly distributed  through  the  rock  or  whether  it  is  only  of  local 
occurrence.  Placer  gold  found  in  creeks  draining  this  area  is  believed 
by  miners* to  have  been  derived  from  this  locality. 

Bars  and  benches  of  the  Fortymile, — Many  of  the  bars  of  the 
Fortymile  proved  veiy  productive  in  the  early  days,  and  even  in 
1907  a few  miners  were  found  making  wages  with  the  rocker.  The 
Fortymile  follows  a meandering  course  in  a steep- walled  canyon  and, 
swinging  from  side  to  side,  has  left  at  more  or  less  regular  intervals 
considerable  areas  of  the  bed  rock  that  have  been  reduced  b}^  the 
stream  to  a more  or  less  level  surface.  The  bed  rock  is  predominantly 
closely  folded,  thin-bedded  schists  and  crystalline  limestone.  The 
main  structures  are  generally  transverse  to  the  course  of  the  creek, 
and  the  attitude  is  for  the  most  part  nearly  vertical.  The  process 
of  downcutting  is  still  in  progress  and  bed  rock  is  exposed  along  a 
great  part  of  the  stream  in  this  quadrangle. 

The  bed  rock  on  some  of  the  bars  slopes  gradually  from  the  stream, 
leaving  an  area  several  hundred  feet  in  width  at  a distance  of  but 
a feAv  feet  above  it.  The  thin  mantle  of  gravels  with  which  such 
areas  were'  covered  was  easily  removed  and  the  cracks  and  crevices 
of  the  broken  bed  rock,  composed  of  alternating  soft  and  hard 
layers  wdiich  a horded  an  excellent  surface  for  retaining  the  gold, 
w^as  most  thoroughly  cleaned  by  the  miners.  At  the  present  time 
there  is  renew*ed  interest  in  these  shallow^  deposits  that  are  under 
w*ater  at  certain  stages,  and  they  are  being  investigated  with  refer- 
ence to  dredging.  Where  the  Fortymile  is  sufficiently  shallow*  it  is 
possible  in  wdnter  to  sink  holes  through  the  ice  to  the  frozen  gravels 
and  through  them  to  the  underlying  bed  rock  Avithout  being  troubled 
greatly  by  Avater.  The  gravel-covered  flats  that  extend  back  from 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


43 


the  stream  a distance  ranging  from  a few  hundred  feet  to  half  a 
mile  or  more  are  also  being  prospected. 

The  flat  at  the  mouth  of  O’Brien  Creek  was  being  mined  to  a 
small  extent  in  1907  and  was  reported  to  carry  some  gold. 

Work  was  being  done  in  1907  on  gravels  adjacent  to  the  Fortymile 
at  a locality  on  the  right  bank  1 mile  above  Canyon  Creek.  The 
depth  to  bed  rock  is  from  18  to  22  feet.  The  gold  is  mostly  on  bed 
rock  and  to  a depth  of  1 to  2 feet  within  it.  Water  from  adjacent 
creeks  was  stored  in  a small  reservoir  at  a sufficient  height  above  the 
gravels  to  afford  a small  head  for  the  utilization  of  the  water  by 
means  of  a canvas  hose  and  nozzle. 

Discovery  Bar,  about  2 miles  below  Canyon  Creek,  was  being 
worked  by  water  from  Discovery  Creek,  conveyed  by  a ditch  about 
4,500  feet  long.  One  man  was  working  at  this  locality  with  a portable 
set  of  short,  narrow  sluice  boxes.  The  bar  is  reported  to  have  yielded 
in  the  early  days  approximately  $80,000  in  gold. 

The  bar  opposite  the  mouth  of  Smith  (Davis)  Creek  was  being 
worked  in  1907  by  water  brought  from  Smith  Creek.  By  taking 
water  from  a point  about  7,000  feet  up  this  creek  a head  of  120  feet 
is  available,  and  two  sluice  heads  are  reported  as  the  lowest  amount. 
The  water  is  piped  across  the  Fortymile  by  means  of  a cable  bridge 
having  a span  of  280  feet.  The  bar  was  first  worked  in  1887,  and  is 
reported  to  have  produced  in  the  early  days  approximately  $500,000. 

Another  bar  upon  which  much  work  was  formerly  done  is  located 
a mile  above  Moose  Creek.  In  1907  plans  were  being  carried  out  to 
bring  water  to  this  locality,  a distance  of  3 miles,  from  tributaries  of 
Moose  Creek,  by  means  of  a combined  ditch  and  flume.  The  amount 
of  fluming  necessary  is  approximately  7,000  feet.  It  was  expected 
that  100  to  125  inches  of  water  would  be  delivered  with  an  available 
head  of  100  feet.  The  dejDosit  to  be  worked  is  25  feet  thick,  the  gravel 
being  overlain  by  6 to  9 feet  of  muck.  The  auriferous  part  of  the 
deposit  is  16  to  18  feet  thick,  half  gravel  and  half  broken  bed  rock. 
The  muck  was  to  be  ground  sluiced  away  and  the  rest  of  the  deposit 
run  through  the  boxes. 

The  gravels  found  on  the  benches  of  the  Fortymile  have  in  places 
been  found  auriferous  and  considerable  attention  has  been  directed 
to  them.  It  is  a slow  process  to  prospect  these  deposits,  and  in  many 
localities  there  is  no  available  water.  With  the  exception  of  the 
bench  deposits  of  the  Chicken  Creek  area,  already  described,  no 
bench  deposits  have  been  worked  extensively. 

There  has  been  considerable  prospecting  on  the  benches,  and  during 
the  summer  of  1907  bench  deposits  on  the  north  side  of  the  Forty- 
mile  about  2 miles  above  Steele  Creek,  in  the  drainage  area  of  Flat 
Creek,  were  under  investigation  with  reference  to  working  by  the 
hydraulic  method.  By  the  construction  of  a small  reservoir  and  ditch 


44 


THE  FOKTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 


a small  amount  of  water  was  made  available,  sufficient  for  testing 
the  values  to  a certain  extent.  At  this  locality  there  is  an  overburden 
of  6 to  10  feet  resting  on  about  the  same  thickness  of  gravel.  Work 
was  being  done  at  this  locality,  so  far  as  the  conditions  would  permit, 
and  values  were  reported. 

The  stream  that  formerly  occupied  the  old  valley  of  the  Fortymile, 
which  is  so  perfectly  preserved  as  the  present  high  bench,  was  doing 
work  similar  to  that  which  is  now  being  done  in  the  present  valley. 
The  older  valley  was  wider  than  the  present  valley,  the  processes  of 
concentration  had  extended  over  a longer  interval  of  time,  and  if 
there  was  available  at  that  time  aii}^  considerable  body  of  auriferous 
material  the  g’old  would  have  been  concentrated  in  such  localities 
as  the  form  of  the  old  valley,  the  position  of  the  stream  within  it, 
and  the  character  of  the  bed  rock  rendered  most  favorable.  The 
amount  in  the  bench  gravels  at  the  present  time  would  represent  the 
difference  between  that  originally  concentrated  in  the  older  valley 
and  that  reconcentrated  from  that  older  valle}^  into  the  benches  of 
intermediate  height  and  into  the  valley  of  the  present  stream. 
AVhether  such  amount  proves  to  be  of  economic  importance  is  a 
problem  for  the  future. 

Other  localities. — There  are  a few  localities  where  mining  has  been 
done  that  are  of  interest  with  reference  to  the  distribution  of  the 
gold.  Nugget  Gulch,  a short  distance  below  Steele  Creek,  is  an 
acutel}^  V-shaped  valley  that  is  reported  to  have  yielded  in  the  past 
several  thousand  dollars.  The  stream  floor  is  very  narrow  and  has 
been  Avorked  for  about  a mile  above  the  mouth  OA^er  a width  of  about 
30  feet.  The  ATilley  is  cut  in  an  area  of  schists,  limestones,  and  basic 
intrusiA'es,  and  the  graA^els  are  similar  to  those  of  the  other  creeks. 

The  occurrence  of  gold  on  Miller  Creek,  a small  tributary  of  Dome 
Creek,  carries  the  extent  of  the  possibl}^  auriferous  area  to  a con- 
siderable distance  north  of  the  Fortymile.  Gold  Avas  discoA^ered  in 
1893  and  a small  amount  of  Avork  has  been  done.  The  bed  rock  is 
schist  and  the  graA^els  are  predominant!}"  of  the  same  material.  No 
gold  has  been  found  in  the  other  tributaries  of  Dome  Creek  or  in 
Dome  Creek  itself,  except  iimnediately  beloAv  the  mouth  of  Miller 
Creek.  The  occurrence  is  apparently  an  isolated  one. 

EAGLE  AREA. 

The  most  important  gold-producing  area  in  the  A-icinity  of  Eagle 
is  that  of  American  Creek  and  its  tributary.  Discovery  Fork.  These 
streams  floAv  in  acutely  V-shaped  A-alleys  Avith  a rather  steep  grade. 
The  heads  of  the  A^alleys  are  cut  in  carbonaceous  schists  and  lime- 
stones. The  bed  rock  of  the  loAver  parts  of  the  ATilleys  is  mostly 
serpentine  Avith  basic  dikes.  The  graA"els  are  shalloAV — up  to  about 
10  feet  in  thickness. 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


45 


American  Creek  has  been  worked  for  several  years  and  has  pro- 
duced a considerable  quantity  of  coarse  gold.  In  1903  preparations 
were  made  to  work  the  gravels  on  a large  scale  by  the  hydraulic  proc- 
ess. A flume  7,200  feet  in  length,  with  a capacity  of  1,200  miner’s 
inches,  was  built  and  a hydraulic  elevator  installed.  The  quantity 
of  available  water,  however,  was  limited  and  the  plant  could  not  be 
used  to  best  advantage.  On  Discovery  Fork  an  automatic  dam  had 
been  constructed  and  found  to  work  successfully,  and  in  1907  prep- 
arations were  being  made  to  work  the  ground  on  American  Creek 
by  the  same  method.  The  construction  of  the  government  wagon 
road  by  the  road  commission  has  brought  these  localities  into  close 
relation  with  Eagle,  only  about  10  miles  distant. 

SEVENTYMILE  AREA. 

The  valley  of  Seventymile  Creek  as  far  as  the  falls  is  located 
mostly  in  Kenai  (Eocene)  conglomerates.  Above  the  falls  as  far  as 
Barney  Creek  the  Seventymile  flows  close  to  the  contact  of  the  Kenai 
rocks  with  schists.  The  valley  is  elaborately  benched,  and  the  sur- 
face of  the  lowest  bench,  about  20  feet  above  the  stream,  is  covered 
with  gravels  several  feet  in  thickness  that  are  being  prospected  for 
working  on  a large  scale.  At  the  falls,  about  20  miles  from  Eagle, 
the  bench  gravels  have  been  mined  to  some  extent  and  some  gold  has 
been  extracted.  Most  of  the  mining,  however,  has  been  done  on  tribu^ 
taries  of  the  Seventymile,  and  those  that  have  proved  productive 
within  the  quadrangle  are  Broken  Neck,  Sonickson,  and  Nugget 
Creek. 

Broken  Neck  Creek  enters  the  Seventymile  from  the  north,  just 
above  Mogul  Creek.  The  V alley  is  deeply  cut  in  Kenai  conglomerate 
and  shales,  and  where  the  stream  leaves  it  the  valley  floor  is  only 
about  120  feet  wide.  The  rocks  dip  75°  to  the  north  and  the  shales 
contain  many  fossil  leaves.  The  gravels  are  composed  of  the  pebbles 
found  in  the  conglomerate,  pieces  of  shale  and  sandstone,  a small 
proportion  of  quartzitic  bowlders  a foot  or  more  in  diameter,  unlike 
the  constituents  observed . in  the  conglomerate  at  this  locality,  and 
large  bowlders  of  compact,  fine-grained  conglomerate,  composed 
largely  of  chert  pebbles.  The  creek  has  been  worked  to  a width  of 
100  feet  from  the  north  to  a point  about  half  a mile  upstream.  The 
pay  streak  is  reported  to  have  been  about  6 feet  wide.  ' 

Sonickson  Creek  flows  in  a canyon  whose  slopes  exhibit  well-defined 
benching  near  the  Seventymile.  The  bed  rock  at  the  mouth  is  a cal- 
careous schist.  The  gravels  contain  bowlders  of  schist,  conglomerate, 
greenstone,  and  granite.  A small  amount  of  work  has  been  done 
near  the  mouth,  but  the  results  thus  far  obtained  have  not  proved 
very  encouraging. 


46 


THE  FORTYMILE  QUADRANGLE^  ALASKA. 


Barney  Creek  enters  the  Seventymile  from  the  north.  The  valley 
near  the  mouth  is  a very  narrow  cut  in  conglomerate  and  shales  that 
range  in  dip  from  55°  S.  to  vertical.  The  gravels  in  the  creek  bot- 
tom are  from  about  1 to  3 feet  thick  and  are  composed  of  pebbles 
from  the  conglomerate,  pieces  of  bowlders,  and  vitreous  quartzite 
up  to  3 feet  in  diameter.  At  a level  of  50  feet  above  the  mouth  of  the 
creek  are  bench  gravels  about  6 feet  thick  resting  on  the  edges  of  the 
upturned  conglomerate.  These  contain  large  quartzite  bowlders  like 
those  observed  in  the  creek  gravels  and  similar  also  to  those  observed 
in  Broken  Neck  Creek.  These  bench  graA^els  on  Barney  Creek  are 
auriferous  and  it  is  probable  that  part,  at  least,  of  the  gold  in  the 
creek  gravels  has  been  derived  by  reconcentration  from  them. 

The  occurrence  of  gold  on  Nugget  Creek  and  Flume  Creek,  both 
tributaries  of  the  Seventymile  to  the  west  of  the  Fortymile  quad- 
rangle, indicates  the  extension  of  the  auriferous  area  westward. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  a few  of  the  tributaries  of 
Seventymile  have  produced  in  the  past  fairly  good  pay,  Barney  and 
Broken  Neck  creeks  having  been  most  productive,  with  several  thou- 
sand dollars  probably  to  the  credit  of  each,  and  that  there  are  exten- 
sive deposits  of  gravel  along  the  main  stream  that  in  places  have  been 
found  auriferous. 

MINING  METHODS. 

Mining  in  the  Fortymile  quadrangle  has  been  done  by  the  rocker, 
by  open-cut  work,  by  hydraulic  methods,  by  drifting,  and,  during  the 
season  of  1907,  by  dredging.  Various  accessory  means  for  the  utiliza- 
tion of  water  have  been  brought  into  service,  such  as  ditches,  small 
reservoirs,  automatic  dams,  etc. 

Much  work  was  formerly  done  by  the  rocker  on  the  bars  of  the 
Fortymile,  and  even  in  1907  a few  instances  of  reversion  to  this 
original  type  were  observed.  The  prevailing  low  stage  of  water  was 
especially  favorable  for  this  kind  of  work.  With  the  exception  of 
the  mining  on  Chicken  Creek,  most  of  the  work  has  been  done  by 
open  cut.  The  ground  is  generally  stripped  first  of  all  by  ground 
sluicing;  then  a cut  of  sufficient  width  for  one  or  two  sets  of  boxes 
is  opened,  and  a bed-rock  drain  several  hundred  feet  in  length  is 
constructed.  The  pay  gravels  have  generally  been  shoveled  into  the 
boxes  by  hand  work,  but  steam  scrapers  and  bucket  conve}^ers  have 
also  been  used  for  this  purpose.  The  hj^draulic  method  has  been 
used  only  to  a small  extent.  Drifting  is  the  most  common  method  in 
the  valley  of  Chicken  Creek.  The  process  includes  the  sinking  of 
a shaft  to  bed  rock,  a distance  of  20  to  40  feet,  the  timbering  of  the 
shaft,  the  opening  up  of  the  gi'ound  by  drifts  from  which  crosscuts 
are  driven,  the  extraction  of  the  few  feet  of  auriferous  gravels,  and 
the  hoisting  of  this  material  to  the  surface,  where  the  gold  is  recov- 


GOLD  PLACERS. 


47 


ered  by  ordinary  sluicing.  The  method  of  thawing  by  steam  points 
is  the  one  most  commonly  employed. 

The  most  recent  development  of  method  in  the  Fortymile  region 
has  been  the  introduction  of  dredging.  The  season  of  1907  was  an 
experimental  one  for  this  method,  and  while  the  results  were  perhaps 
incommensurate  with  the  expectations,  a considerable  body  of  experi- 
ence was  undoubtedly  acquired  regarding  the  conditions  under  which 
dredging  has  to  be  carried  on  in  this  region.  A dredge  was  installed 
an  Walker  Fork,  about  a mile  above  the  mouth  of  Twelvemile,  in 
the  spring  of  1907 ; a dredge  was  in  the  process  of  construction  on 
Pump  Bar  of  the  Fortymile,  about  2 miles  below  the  mouth  of 
Franklin  Creek,  during  the  summer  of  1907;  a dredge  was  in  opera- 
tion on  the  Fortymile  at  the  Boundary,  and  another  was  working 
Sour  Dough  Bar  of  the  Fortymile  about  4 miles  above  the  mouth, 
in  Canadian  territory. 

The  dredge  on  Walker  Fork  was  freighted  up  the  Fortymile  and 
Walker  Fork  to  its  present  position  during  the  winter  of  1906-7. 
The  valley  floor  where  the  dredge  is  located  is  several  hundred  feet 
wide.  The  bed  rock  in  this  part  of  the  valley  includes  schists, 
gneisses,  and  granitic  intrusions,  partly  parallel  with  the  main  struc- 
tures and  partly  cutting  them.  The  alluvial  deposits  are  reported 
to  range  from  6 to  14  feet  in  thickness,  with  an  average  of  about 
9 feet.  The  muck  ranges  from  IJ  to  4 feet,  in  thickness.  The  gold 
is  said  to  be  mostly  on  bed  rock  or  within  it  to  a depth  of  a few 
inches.  The  deposits  are  frozen.  Insufficient  ground  had  been  pre- 
viously prepared  by  ground  sluicing  for  the  operation  of  the  dredge 
and  it  was  necessary  to  use  steam  points  for  thawing  the  gravels. 
The  dredge  is  a bucket  open-connected  steam  dredge,  the  buckets 
having  a capacity  of  5 cubic  feet.  It  was  reported  capable  of  work- 
ing about  3 acres  a month  to  a depth  of  14  or  15  feet.  The  dimen- 
sions of  the  dredge  are  36  by  76  feet  and  it  draws  about  4J  feet  of 
water.  It  was  held  in  position  by  two  cables  on  each  side  and  one 
in  front,  all  held  by  deadmen.  Three  men  are  required  to  run  it — 
a winchman,  an  engineer,  and  a fireman.  The  working  season  can 
commence  from  the  10th  to  the  15th  of  May  and  continue  till  the 
middle  of  September,  giving  about  120  days.  The  great  difficulty 
encountered  is  the  frozen  character  of  the  ground.  It  has  been  found 
necessary  to  prepare  ground  by  stripping  at  least  a year  in  advance 
in  order  to  give  the  greatest  opportunity  possible  for  thawing  by 
natural  processes  and  thus  for  saving  to  a great  extent  the  extra 
expense  of  thawing  by  steam  points.  Bucket  lips  that  have  a life 
of  perhaps  nine  months  under  such  conditions  as  are  found  in  the 
dredging  areas  of  California  are  worn  down  completely  in  a few 
weeks  where  they  have  to  encounter  frozen  ground. 


48  THE  FOKTYMILE  QUADRANGLE,  ALASKA. 

The  machine  in  process  of  installation  on  Pump  Bar  below  the 
mouth  of  Franklin  is  a dipper  dredge.  The  machinery  had  been 
freighted  up  the  Fortymile  and  was  being  assembled  on  a scow  42 
by  80  feet,  built  of  native  spruce  lumber.  The  capacity  of  the  dipper 
was  cubic  yards  and  the  machine  was  expected  to  handle  about 
1,000  cubic  yards  in  ten  hours.  The  ground  to  be  worked  is  a shallow 
portion  of  the  bed  of  the  Fortymile,  ranging  from  6 to  12  feet  in 
thickness,  and  is  all  unfrozen.  It  was  reported  that  ground  carrying 
25  cents  to  the  cubic  yard  would  pay  the  cost  of  working. 

The  dredge  on  the  Fortymile  at  the  boundary  is  similar  to  that  of 
Walker  Fork  but  of  less  capacity.  It  was  working  on  a bar  of  the 
Fortymile  where  the  average  depth  to  bed  rock  is  about  8 feet. 
While  bowlders  are  somewhat  troublesome  there,  necessitating  fre- 
quent stopping  of  the  machine,  the  ground  is  for  the  most  part  un- 
frozen. 

The  dredge  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  boundary  is  a much  larger 
machine  with  a capacity  of  3,000  cubic  yards  per  day,  and  a capacity 
for  depth  of  35  feet.  This  dredge  also  was  working  on  a bar  of  the 
Fortymile  where  the  ground  was  unfrozen  and  the  bed  rock  soft. 

There  are  many  factors  to  be  taken  into  consideration  in  any  plan 
involving  the  installation  of  a dredge,  and  the  neglect  of  any  one 
of  them  may  be  fatal  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking.  This  is  not 
the  place  for  a detailed  statement  of  the  dredging  problem,  but  inas- 
much as  some  of  these  factors  are  overlooked  so  frequently  with 
apparent  indifference  by  those  in  charge  of  operation  attention  may 
be  drawn  to  some  of  them.  There  is,  for  example,  the  problem  of  the 
determination  of  values  in  the  ground.  It  might  seem  superfluous 
to  insist  on  the  importance  of  a thorough  preliminary  investigation 
of  the  ground,  but  those  familiar  with  the  conditions  will  recall  cases 
where  this  vital  factor  has  been  practically  neglected.  There  are  also 
to  be  considered  the  dimensions  and  character  of  the  alluvial  de- 
posits, the  vertical  and  horizontal  distribution  and  the  character  of 
the  gold;  the  bed-rock  surface,  its  hardness,  receptivity  for  gold, 
and  adaptability  for  dredging;  the  water  and  fuel  supplies;  the 
length  of  the  working  season ; the  costs  of  material,  labor,  and  trans- 
portation; and  the  selection  of  a dredge  best  adapted  to  the  con- 
ditions presented  by  the  ground  under  consideration. 

PRODUCTION. 

The  production  of  placer  gold  of  the  Fortymile  quadrangle,  in- 
clusive of  1907,  has  been  approximately  $5,000,000.  Most  of  the  gold 
is  taken  out  of  Alaska  by  way  of  Fortymile  River,  and  from  records 
furnished  the  Survey  by  the  office  of  the  United  States  Customs 
Service  at  the  subport  of  Fortymile,  Alaska,  the  following  table 
showing  the  production  of  the  Fortymile  area  for  the  years  1901  to 
1907  has  been  prepared.  These  statistics  do  not  include  the  pro- 


SUMMARY. 


49 


duction  from  the  Eagle  and  Seventymile  areas,  for  which  very  in- 
complete data  are  at  hand.  The  production  of  the  entire  Fortymile 
quadrangle  for  1907  was  approximately  $150,000. 

Production  of  the  Fortymile  area  for  the  years  IDOJf  to  1007. 


1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

Creeks. 

Fine 

ounces. 

Value. 

Fine 

ounces. 

Value. 

Fine 

ounces. 

Value. 

Fine 

ounces. 

Value. 

Chicken,  Lost  Chicken,  Myers 
Fork,  Stoiiehouse,  and  Ingle. 

6,819.  74 

$140, 964 

5, 368. 11 

$110, 959 

4, 269. 32 

$88, 247 

2, 377. 74 

$49, 147 

Franklin 

494. 29 

10,217 

581 . 47 

12,019 

783. 79 

16,  201 

100.34 

2, 074 

Wade 

5, 233. 24 

108, 171 

4,521.00 

93, 449 

3,094.87 

63, 971 

3,381.90 

69, 904 

Walker  Fork,  Poker,  and 

Davis 

1,  222. 11 

25, 262 

1, 124. 28 

23. 239 

1,184.32 

24,480 

484.42 

10, 013 

Squaw,  Camp,  and  Woods 

2, 550 

Canyon  

156. 27 

3, 230 

103.62 

2, 142 

63. 32 

1, 309 

123. 36 

Napoleon,  Montana,  Buck- 
skin, Dome,  Eagle,  and 

Twin 

51.00 

1,054 

46.06 

952 

13. 11 

272 

11.51 

238 

Fortymile  bars  and  commer- 
cial dust 

886.  60 

18, 326 

637. 40 

13, 175 

437. 54 

9,044 

266. 47 

5, 508 

14, 863.  25 

307, 224 

12,381.94 

255, 935 

9, 846. 27 

203,524 

6, 745.  74 

139,  434 

SUMMAKY. 

The  topographic  features  of  this  quadrangle  comprise  numerous 
ridges,  of  approximately  uniform  height,  separated  by  deep,  rela- 
tively narrow  valleys.  The  rocks  include  a complex  of  schists  and 
limestones  with  altered  intrusives;  Paleozoic  phyllites,  quartzites, 
limestones,  and  greenstones,  both  intrusive  and  extrusive,  with  asso- 
ciated tuffs;  Tertiary  clays,  lignite,  sandstone,  shale,  and  conglomer- 
ates ; bench  gravels  and  stream  gravels ; and  unaltered  igneous  rocks. 
The  structure  is  exceedingly  complex.  The  dominant  trends  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  quadrangle  are  northwest-southeast;  in  the 
southern  part,  northeast-southwest  to  east-west.  Igneous  rocks  are 
abundant  and  have  been  an  important  factor  in  the  geologic  history. 
The  gold  deposits  are  probably  to  be  referred  indirectly  to  them.  The 
age  of  mineralization  is  not  definitely  established,  but  some  of  the 
auriferous  material  originated  subsequent  to  the  intrusion  of  compar- 
atively fresh  granular  rocks  of  intermediate  composition,  which  may 
have  been  as  late  as  the  Upper  Cretaceous. 

The  quadrangle  has  produced  approximately  $5,000,000  in  placer 
gold,  and  while  the  decreasing  annual  production  indicates  that  the 
ground  which  it  would  pay  to  work  under  present  conditions  will  soon 
be  exhausted,  there  are  still  considerable  bodies  of  low-grade  ground 
that,  under  a lower  cost  of  mining  due  to  improvement  in  the  facili- 
ties of  transportation  and  cheaper  methods  of  handling  material, 
could  probably  be  profitably  mined.  No  workable  deposits  of  (*oal 
have  been  found,  but  a small  amount  of  local  coal  has  been  used  for 
blacksmithing  purposes. 


72020— Bull.  .375-09- 


4 


I 


I 


INDEX 


Page. 

Alaskite,  character  and  distribution  of 29 

Alluvium,  character  and  distribution  of 26-27 

Altitudes,  maxima  of 9 

American  Creek,  gold  on 45 

rocks  on 23 

view  on 8 

Barnard,  E.  C.,  work  of 5,8 

Barney  Creek,  gold  on'. 46 

Benches,  occurrence  of 11 

Broken  Neck  Creek,  gold  on 45 

Brooks,  A.  H.,  on  source  of  gold 32 

prelace  by 5 

Brooks,  A.  H.,  and  Kindle,  E.  M.,  on  rocks 

of  Yukon 20 

Bryant  Creek,  rocks  on 23 

BucksLin  Creek,  rocks  on 31 

Calico  Bluff  formation,  character  and  dis- 
tribution of 20-22 

fossils  from 20-22 

Camp  Creek,  gold  on 42 

Canyoa  Creek,  gold  on 41 

rocks  on ! 18 

Carboiiferous  rocks,  character  and  distribu- 
tion of 20-22, 28 

Chicken  Creek,  gold  on  and  near 31,37-40 

mining  on 46^7 

rocks  on 18,24,30,31 

Climate,  description  of 11-12 

Davis  Creek,  gold  on 32,35-36 

ridge  near,  view  of 10 

Dennson  Fork,  rocks  on 30,31 

Devonian  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 18-19,28 

Dikes  occurrence  of 17,29-30 

Diorite,  character  and  distribution  of 29-30 

Discoi^ery  Creek,  gold  at 43 

Discoi^ery  Fork,  gold  on 45 

Domes,  occurrence  of 9 

Drairage,  description  of 9-11 

Dredjes,  introduction  of 8 

use  of 47-48 

Eagk,  gold  at  and  near 32,34,44^5 

rocks  at  and  near 18,19,23 

Excesior  Creek,  rocks  on 19 

Flat  Creek,  gold  on 43-44 

Flurre  Creek,  gold  on 46 

Fortjmile  area,  gold  in 34-44 

Fort.^mile  River,  benches  on 11,27,42-44 

cinyon  of,  view  of 10 

dredges  on 47-48 

gold  on 8,42-44 

production  of 8 

rocks  on 17,18,24,30 


Page. 

Franklin  Creek,  gold  on 41 

Geography,  sketch  of 9-11 

Geologic  history,  outline  of 32-34 

Geologic  map  of  quadrangle Pocket 

Geologic  surveys,  nature  of 8-9 

Geology,  discussion  of 5 

sketch  of 15-34 

Girty,  G.  II.,  on  Carboniferous  fossils 20-21 

Glacier  Mountain,  elevation  of 9 

rocks  on 18,19,28,31 

Gold,  discovery  of 8 

distribution  of 34-46 

mining  of 46-48 

production  of 48-49 

source  of 31-32 

Granite,  character  and  distribution  of 29 

Igneous  rocks,  character  and  occurrence  of  17, 

19,28-31 

Ingle  Creek,  gold  on 40 

International  boundary,  survey  of 15 

Irene  Gulch,  gold  in 39,40 

Kalamazoo  Creek,  gold  near 31,42 

Kenai  formation,  character  and  distribution 

of 23-25 

fossils  of 26 

Kindle,  E.  M.,  and  Brooks,  A.  H.,  on  rocks  of 

Yukon ‘20 

Knowlton,  F.  II.,  on  Kenai  fossils 26 

Location  of  area,  map  showing 7 

Lost  Chicken  Creek,  gold  on 38 

gravels  of 27 

Maps,  topographic  and  geologic Pocket 

topographic  and  geologic,  preparation  of.  5 

unit  size  of 5 

Metamorphism,  presence  of 31 

Miller  Creek,  gold  on 44 

Minerals,  list  of 32 

Mining  methods,  description  of 46-48 

Mission  Creek,  gravels  of 27 

rocks  on 19,23,25 

Moose  Creek,  gold  at 43. 

rocks  on 25 

Mosquito  Fork,  gold  on 31,38,39,40’ 

gravels  of 27 

rocks  near,  view  of 16 

Myers  Fork,  gold  on 40 

rocks  on 30 

Napoleon  Creek,  gold  on 40-41 

rocks  on 24 

Nation  River  formation,  character  and  dis- 
tribution of 20-22 

fossils  of 22 

Nugget  Creek,  gold  on 46 


51 


52 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Nugget  Gulch,  benches  on 27,44 

O’Brien  Creek,  gold  at 43 

Poker  Creek,  gold  on 35-36 

ridge  near,  view  of 10 

Pre-Ordovician  rocks,  character  and  distri- 
bution of 16-18,27-28 

Roads  and  trails,  description  of 14-15 

Relief,  description  of 9 

Seventjunile  area,  gold  in 32,34,45-46 

rocks  of 18,23-25 

Smith  Creek,  gold  at 43 

Sonickson  Creek,  gold  on 45 

Squaw  Gulch,  gold  on 41 

Storehouse  Creek,  gold  near 39,40 

Stratigraphy,  description  of 15-27 

details  of 16-27 

table  of 16 

Streams,  nature  of 10 

Structure,  description  of 27-28 

Survey  maps,  nature  of ^5 

Surveys,  nature  of 8-9 


I 


o 


Page. 

Temperature,  range  of 11-12 

Tertiarj'  rocks,  character  and  distribution 

of 23-26,28 

Timber,  distribution  of 12 

distribution  of,  map  showing 13 

Transportation,  means  of 14-15 

Valleys,  description  of 0-1  o 

Vegetation,  nature  of 12 

Wade  Creek,  gold  on 3'>-37 


rocks  on  and  near 

view  of 

view  on 

Walker  Fork,  dredging  on 

gold  on 

rocks  on  and  near 

view  of 

Wliite,  David,  on  Nation  River  fossils. 

Wolf  Creek,  rocks  on 

Woodchopper  Creek,  gold  on 

Woods  Creek,  gold  on 


30 

16 

8 

47 

35-36 

24,30 

16 

22 

23 

32 

42 


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